Chapter XIV: Independence (2)

On the question of independence there were three opinions. Nicholas was opposed to separation, for he thought there was still hope for conciliation. Henry wished Congress to establish independence through a declaration. Pendleton argued for a statement by the convention and by Congress that independence already existed by the action of King and Parliament.

In the end Pendleton was directed to prepare a resolution on independence. So, on May 15, Thomas Nelson, Junior, rose and read two resolutions which Pendleton had drawn up:

Forasmuch as all the endeavors of the United Colonies, by the most
decent representations and petitions to the King and Parliament of
Great Britain to restore peace and security to America under the
British government, and a reunion with that people upon just and
liberal terms, instead of a redress of grievances, have produced,
from an imperious and vindictive administration, increased insult,
oppression, and a vigorous attempt to effect our total destruction.
By a late act, all these colonies are declared to be in rebellion,
and out of the protection of the British Crown; our properties
subjected to confiscation; our people, when captivated, compelled
to join in the murder and plunder of their relations and
countrymen; and all former rapine and oppression of Americans
declared legal and just. Fleets and armies are raised, and the aid
of foreign troops engaged to assist in these destructive purposes.
The King's representative in this colony hath not only withheld all
the powers of government from operating for our safety, but, having
retired on board an armed ship, is carrying on a piratical and
savage war against us, tempting our slaves by every artifice to
resort to him, and training and employing them against their
masters. In this state of extreme danger, we have no alternative
left but an abject submission to the will of those overbearing
tyrants, or a total separation from the Crown and government of
Great Britain, uniting and exerting the strength of all America for
defence, and forming alliances with foreign powers for commerce and
aid in war: Wherefore, appealing to the SEARCHER OF HEARTS for the
sincerity of former declarations, expressing our desire to preserve
the connection with that nation, and that we are driven from that
inclination by their wicked councils, and the eternal laws of
self-preservation:

Resolved, unanimously, That the delegates appointed to represent this colony in the General Congress, be instructed to propose to that respectable body to declare the United Colonies free and independent states, absolved from all allegiance to, or dependence upon the Crown or Parliament of Great Britain; and that they give the assent of this colony to such declaration, and to whatever measures may be thought proper and necessary by the Congress for forming foreign alliances, and a confederation of the colonies, at such time, and in the manner as to them shall seem best; Provided, the power of forming government for, and the regulations of the internal concerns of each colony, be left to the respective colonial legislatures.

Resolved unanimously, That a committee be appointed to prepare a DECLARATION OF RIGHTS, and such a plan of government as will be most likely to maintain peace and order in this colony, and secure substantial and equal liberty to the people.

The people of Virginia everywhere applauded this final breach with Great Britain. In Williamsburg the "Union flag of the American states" was raised over the Capitol. The troops, under General Lewis, wheeled and marched in a nearby grove in the presence of the members of the Committee of Safety and of the convention and a crowd of citizens. After the resolutions of the convention had been read to the troops, a toast was proposed to "The American Independent States," which was drunk to the shouts of the crowd and the firing of the artillery. Then followed toasts to "The Grand Congress of the United States and their Respective Legislatures," and to "General Washington and Victory for the American Arms." With coming of night the people illuminated the town amid demonstrations of joy "that the domination of Great Britain was now at an end."[60]

The resolutions of the convention were tantamount to a Virginia declaration of independence. Though it was thought wise to act in concert with the other colonies, the convention did not wait for Congress, but proceeded to draw up a constitution for an independent state, with Governor, Senate, House of Delegates, and judiciary. One hundred and sixty-nine years, almost to a day, after Captain Christopher Newport planted the English flag on the Jamestown peninsula, English authority in Virginia was overthrown.

As the delegates rode home after the convention had concluded its work, the minds of some must have gone over the developments of those seventeen decades, the heritage of self-government which their ancestors had brought with them from England, the struggle to defend their liberty against the assaults of despotic Kings and despotic Governors, the spirit of self-reliance fostered by life in the New World, and now the attempts of a reactionary government in Great Britain to turn back the hands of the clock and deprive them of the rights they had won. It had been James I and Charles I, and even George III who, in their dealings with the colonies, had insisted upon "obedience," but the colonists insisted upon another word, the word "liberty." Now that they had won liberty, it remained to be seen whether they could preserve it against the attacks of the British armies and navy. And none could foresee that at Yorktown, but a few miles away, British armed might in America was destined to be broken, as its political power had already been broken at Williamsburg.

FOOTNOTES:

[1] _Virginia Gazette_, P. and D., Oct. 27, 1768.

[2] _Ibid._

[3] CO5-1332, Feb. 18, 1769.

[4] _Virginia Gazette_, P. and D., May 18, 1769.

[5] _Ibid._

[6] CO5-1332, Botetourt to Hillsborough, May 19, 1769.

[7] _Journals of the House of Burgesses_, 1766-1769: 227.

[8] _Virginia Gazette_, P. and D. Oct. 18, 1770.

[9] _Ibid._, Supplement.

[10] William Smith, _Diary_, Dec. 1, 1770; July 9, 1771.

[11] _Virginia Gazette_, P. and D., Sept. 17, 1771.

[12] _The writings of Thomas Jefferson_, ed. A. A. Lipscomb, 1: 7.

[13] _Ibid._

[14] T. J. Wertenbaker, _Norfolk: historic southern port_, 55.

[15] _Journal of Philip Vickers Fithian_, ed. H. D. Farish, 257.

[16] _The writings of Thomas Jefferson_, ed. A. A. Lipscomb, 1: 9.

[17] _Journals of the House of Burgesses_, 1773-1776: 124.

[18] _Virginia Gazette_, P. and D., June 2, 1774.

[19] _The writings of Thomas Jefferson_, ed. A. A. Lipscomb, 1: 11.

[20] _Ibid._, 10.

[21] _Lower Norfolk County Antiquary_ 5: 32-35.

[22] _Writings of George Washington_, ed. Jared Sparks, 2: 389.

[23] Dunmore papers, No. 22.

[24] _Burke's speech_, ed. S. C. Newsom, 105, 106.

[25] Dunmore papers, Dunmore to Dartmouth, March 14, 1775.

[26] _Ibid._, No. 28.

[27] _Ibid._, No. 30.

[28] _Ibid._, No. 26.

[29] William Wirt, _Life of Patrick Henry_, 139-141.

[30] _Philip Vickers Fithian, journal_, eds. Albion and Dodson, 24.

[31] Dunmore papers, no. 26.

[32] _Ibid._

[33] _The Virginia Gazette_, Pinckney, May 11, 1775.

[34] Dunmore papers, No. 28.

[35] _Ibid._

[36] _Journals of the House of Burgesses_, 1773-1776: 174, 175.

[37] _Ibid._, pp. 219-221.

[38] Dunmore papers, No. 28.

[39] _Ibid._

[40] _Ibid._, No. 29.

[41] _Journals of the House of Burgesses_, 1773-1776.

[42] Dunmore papers, No. 22.

[43] _Proceedings of the Convention_, etc.; C. R. Lingley, _Transition in Virginia_.

[44] _Ibid._

[45] _Dunmore papers_, No. 29.

[46] _Ibid._, No. 22.

[47] T. J. Wertenbaker, _Norfolk: historic southern port_, 57, 67.

[48] Dunmore papers, No. 32.

[49] _American Archives_, Fourth Ser. 4: 343.

[50] _Richmond College historical papers_ 1: 101.

[51] _Ibid._, 115-121.

[52] _Ibid._, 138, 139, 148.

[53] _Lower Norfolk County Antiquary_ 2: 80.

[54] _American Archives_, Fourth Ser. 4: 540; _Virginia Magazine_ 23: 414.

[55] _Ibid._, Fifth Ser. 1: 150, 151, 431, 432.

[56] Dunmore papers, No. 27.

[57] _American Archives_ 4: 391.

[58] _The writings of Thomas Jefferson_, ed. A. A. Lipscomb, 4: 255.

[59] H. B. Grigsby, _The Virginia convention of 1776_.

[60] _Virginia Gazette_, Purdie, May 17, 1776.

ESSAY ON SOURCES

Any political history of Virginia in the colonial period must be based chiefly on the documents in the British Public Record Office. During many months of work in this office the author made more than eight hundred pages of notes and transcripts which he has used freely in the writing of this volume. The notations CO1-3, CO5-1318, etc., in the footnotes all refer to the Public Record Office.

It is especially fortunate that these documents have been preserved, since of the copies left in Virginia, when there were copies, most have been destroyed. Among the scores of manuscript volumes on Virginia in the Record Office, thirty-two are devoted to the correspondence of the Board of Trade, seventeen to the correspondence of the Secretary of State, twenty-two to Entry Books, letters, commissions, warrants, etc., for the period from 1680 to the American Revolution alone.

In this vast collection are found the instructions to governors; memorials concerning the clergy, the revenue, the College of William and Mary; addresses of the Assembly to the Throne; reports of special agents of the Crown; accusations against governors; nominations to office; the journals of the Council and of the House of Burgesses.

During the second half of the nineteenth century William Noel Sainsbury, Assistant Keeper of the Records, made no less than twenty volumes of abstracts of these documents, which have been deposited in the Virginia State Library. They cover the long period from the founding of the colony to 1730. The McDonald Papers, also transcribed from the documents in the Public Record Office, and also deposited in the Virginia State Library, parallel the Sainsbury abstracts, but they are fuller and give some papers overlooked by Sainsbury. The author spent the summer of 1908 in Richmond to study these papers, but they merely whetted his desire to see the original collection. So June, 1910, found him in the chilly old building off Chancery Lane, London, immersed in the musty but fascinating mass of documents.

Virginia historians today no longer have to make the journey across the Atlantic, for the United States Government has had transcriptions made of the papers relating to our colonial history for the Library of Congress. Moreover, the journals of the House of Burgesses and the journals of the Council have been published. Many other documents in the Public Record Office have been published in part or in full in the _Calendar of State Papers_, _Colonial Series, America and West Indies_, and in historical magazines.

The Coventry papers relating to Virginia, Barbados, and other colonies, at Longleat, the magnificent residence of the Marquess of Bath, which have been microfilmed by the American Council of Learned Societies, throw a flood of light on Virginia history, especially upon Bacon's Rebellion. They contain letters from Bacon to Berkeley, from Berkeley to Bacon, and from Philip Ludwell to Lady Berkeley, reports from the Virginia agents who were seeking a charter for the colony, Berkeley's account of the evacuation of Jamestown, and many other valuable documents. They give new and overwhelming evidence that Bacon and his followers rose in arms, not only to protect the people from the Indians, but to right their wrongs under Berkeley's government.

The American Council of Learned Societies was also responsible for the microfilming of the Sackville manuscripts belonging to the Earl of Dorset. They contain letters to the British Government from the Virginia House of Burgesses and from the Council in 1631, and throw a gleam of light on an obscure period.

The correspondence of Lord Dunmore and Lord Dartmouth, in the British Public Record Office, is vital to any account of the early years of the Revolution in Virginia. In his letters Dunmore reports on the committees of correspondence, the boycott, the plight of the Tories, his conflict with the Assembly, the arming of the patriots, his flight from Williamsburg, his seizure of Norfolk, etc. This correspondence is available to scholars in microfilm in the Library of Congress.

W. W. Hening (ed.), _The Statutes at Large_ (1809-1823), in thirteen volumes, are indispensable to the historian. In addition to the Virginia laws it publishes a few extremely important documents.

The county records throw light on local government and the use of the patronage by the governors to control the Assembly. It is unfortunate that many documents in the county courthouses were destroyed in the Revolution and the War between the States. Yet the records of Surry, York, Essex, Rappahannock, Accomac, Elizabeth City, and other counties have been preserved.

Peter Force (ed.), _Tracts and Other Papers_ (1836), has many valuable documents relating to early Virginia history. The accounts of Bacon's Rebellion are of especial interest. Edward Arber (ed.), _The Works of Captain John Smith_ (1910), is a main source for the founding and early history of Jamestown. But Smith's tendency to glorify himself and the probability that he colored his account to further the designs of King James I and the court party have caused many historians to distrust much that he has written.

Alexander Brown, _Genesis of the United States_ (1890), gives many documents on early Virginia history which had long been inaccessible to scholars. Other publications of documents or early histories are Susan M. Kingsbury (ed.), _The Records of the Virginia Company of London_ (1906-1935); J. C. Hotten (ed.), _Original Lists of Emigrants to America, 1606-1700_ (1874); _Lower Norfolk County_ Antiquary; Lyon G. Tyler (ed.), _Narratives of Early Virginia_ (1907); Charles M. Andrews (ed.), _Narratives of Insurrections_ (1915); Clayton C. Hall (ed.), _Narratives of Early Maryland_ (1910); and Edmund Goldsmid (ed.), _Hakluyt's_, _The Principal Navigations_ (1885-1890).

R. A. Brock (ed.), _The Official Records of Robert Dinwiddie_ (1883-1884); while of great value, is incomplete, since many letters in the British Public Record Office have been omitted. R. A. Brock (ed.), _The Original Letters of Alexander Spotswood_ (1882-1885), from the manuscript collection in possession of the Virginia Historical Society, is also far from complete.

Among the historical magazines which have published documents relating to Virginia the most important are _The Virginia Magazine of History and Biography_, _William and Mary College Quarterly_, _Tyler's Quarterly Historical and Genealogical Magazine_, and the _Massachusetts Historical Society, Proceedings_.

Three narratives, Henry Hartwell, James Blair, and Edward Chilton, _The Present State of Virginia and the College_; Robert Beverley, _The History and Present State of Virginia_; and Hugh Jones, _The Present State of Virginia_, have all the value of primary sources. The Hartwell, Blair, and Chilton history was written in 1697 and first published by John Wyat at the Rose, in St. Paul's churchyard, London, in 1727. It was republished in 1940, with an able introduction by Hunter D. Farish. Beverley's volume appeared in 1705, and a new edition was published in 1947. Hugh Jones' history came out in 1724, was reprinted in 1865 in a limited edition, and republished in 1956. The last edition, edited by Richard L. Morton, has a valuable introduction, and more than a hundred pages of illuminating notes.

There are a number of histories of Virginia. William Stith, _The History of the First Discovery and Settlement of Virginia_ (1747), is little more than a rehash of Captain John Smith's story. John Burk, _The History of Virginia_ (1822), though more critical, is out of date since the author did not have access to a mass of documents now available to the historian. The same criticism applies to Charles Campbell, _History of the Colony and Ancient Dominion of Virginia_ (1860). Henry Howe, _Historical Collections of Virginia_ (1845), brings together many facts, traditions, and biographical sketches. It also gives brief descriptions of contemporaneous life in the various counties. John Fiske's _Old Virginia and her Neighbors_ (1900), is interesting, but untrustworthy. Edward D. Neill, _Early Settlement of Virginia and Virginiola_ (1878), _The English Colonization of America during the Seventeenth Century_ (1871), _History of the Virginia Company of London_ (1869), _Virginia Vetusta_ (1885), and _Virginia Carolorum_ (1886), are based on primary sources and are still valuable. John Esten Cooke, _Virginia: A History of the People_ (1884), is interesting but full of mistakes.

Other works on early Virginia history are Alexander Brown, _The First Republic in America_ (1898), T. J. Wertenbaker, _Virginia under the Stuarts_ (1914); Mary Newton Stanard, _The Story of Virginia's First Century_ (1928); Matthew Page Andrews, _The Soul of a Nation_ (1943), and _Virginia, the Old Dominion_ (1937); William Foote, _Sketches of Virginia_ (1850); Robert R. Howison, _A History of Virginia_ (1848); Conway W. Sams, _The Conquest of Virginia_ (1924); and Wesley Frank Craven, _Dissolution of the Virginia Company_ (1932).

In 1957 the Virginia 350th Anniversary Celebration Corporation published a series of booklets on seventeenth-century Virginia history under the able editorship of Dr. Earl G. Swem. Among them are E. G. Swem and John M. Jennings, _A Selected Bibliography of Virginia_, 1607-1699; William W. Abbot, _A Virginia Chronology_, 1585-1783; Samuel M. Bemiss (ed.), _The Three Charters of the Virginia Company of London_; Wesley Frank Craven, _The Virginia Company of London_; Charles E. Hatch, Jr., _The First Seventeen Years at Jamestown_, 1607-1634; Thomas J. Wertenbaker, _Bacon's Rebellion_ and _The Government of Virginia in the Seventeenth Century_; Richard L. Morton, _Struggle against Tyranny and the Beginning of a New Era_; Martha W. Hiden, _How Justice Grew_. Dr. Wilcomb E. Washburn, _Virginia under Charles I and Cromwell_, takes issue with most Virginia historians by coming to the defense of Governor John Harvey who was kicked out of Virginia because of his despotic rule, abuse of the courts, and disregard of law.

Among the special studies relating to the political history of Virginia are Philip A. Bruce, _The Institutional History of Virginia_ (1910); Julian A. C. Chandler, _The History of Suffrage in Virginia_ (1901); Oliver P. Chitwood, _Justice in Colonial Virginia_ (1905); Percy S. Flippin, _Financial Administration of the Colony of Virginia_ (1915); Armistead C. Gordon, _The Laws of Bacon's Assembly_ (1914); Albert O. Porter, _County Government in Virginia_ (1947); Mary N. Stanard, _The Story of Bacon's Rebellion_ (1907); R. T. Barton, _Colonial Decisions_ (1909); Edward Ingle, _Virginia Local Institutions_ (1885); Elmer I. Miller, _The Legislature of the Province of Virginia_ (1907); Lyon G. Tyler, _The Cradle of the Republic_ (1906); Moncure D. Conway, _Omitted Chapters_ (1888); H. J. Eckenrode, _The Revolution in Virginia_ (1916); Hugh Blair Grigsby, _The Virginia Convention of 1776_ (1855); Charles R. Lingley, _The Transition in Virginia from Colony to Commonwealth_ (1910); Charles S. Sydnor, _Gentlemen Freeholders, Political Practices in Washington's Virginia_ (1952); Curtis P. Nettels, _George Washington and American Independence_ (1951).

Biographies of prominent Virginians seem to come in pairs. There are two biographies of William Claiborne, Norton C. Hale, _Virginia Venturer_ (1951), and John H. Claiborne, _William Claiborne of Virginia_ (1917); two biographies devoted to the Lee family, Burton J. Hendrick, _The Lees of Virginia_ (1935), and Cazenove G. Lee, Jr., _Lee Chronicle_ (1956); two short studies of James Blair, Daniel E. Motley, _Life of Commissary James Blair_ (1901), and Edgar L. Pennington, _Commissary Blair_ (1936); two biographies of Edmund Pendleton, Robert L. Hilldrup, _The Life and Times of Edmund Pendleton_ (1939), and David J. Mays, _Edmund Pendleton_ (1952); there are several biographies of Captain John Smith.

Philip A. Bruce, _The Virginia Plutarch_ (1929), gives brief biographies of Sir William Berkeley, Nathaniel Bacon, Alexander Spotswood, William Byrd II, Patrick Henry, and others. Among other biographies are Richmond C. Beatty, _William Byrd of Westover_ (1932); Thomas J. Wertenbaker, _Torchbearer of the Revolution, The Story of Bacon's Rebellion and Its Leader_ (1940); Leonidas Dodson, _Alexander Spotswood_ (1932); Louis K. Koontz, _Robert Dinwiddie_ (1941); Louis Morton, _Robert Carter of Nomini Hall_ (1941); Kate Mason Rowland, _Life and Correspondence of George Mason_ (1892); William Wirt Henry, _Patrick Henry_ (1891); A. T. S. Goodrick, _Edward Randolph_ (1898-1909); Thomas Jefferson, _Autobiography_.

There are numerous Virginia local histories, among them W. Asbury Christian, _Richmond, Her Past and Present_ (1912); (1931); Ralph T. Whitelaw, _Virginia's Eastern Shore_ (1951); John B. Bodie, _Seventeenth Century Isle of Wight County, Virginia_ (1938); Marshall Wingfield, _A History of Caroline County, Virginia_ (1924); and Herbert C. Bradshaw, _History of Prince Edward County, Virginia_ (1955).

_The Virginia Gazette_ is a major source for the history of Virginia in the eighteenth century. The scattered numbers still in existence have been photostated and copies deposited in some of the larger libraries. Their usefulness has been greatly enhanced by the preparation of an Index by Lester J. Cappon and Stella F. Duff.

Virginia historians will always be grateful to Dr. Earl G. Swem for his _Virginia Historical Index_, covering _The Virginia Magazine of History and Biography_, volumes 1-38; _William and Mary College Quarterly_, first series, volumes 1-27; second series, volumes 1-10; Hening's _Statutes at Large_, and other publications.

Index

Acadians: ejected, 204

Allerton, Isaac:
bribed with seat in Council, 20, 119;
refuses oath of allegiance, 126

Amherst, General Jeffrey: replaces Loudoun, 210

Andros, Sir Edmund:
Governor, 127;
despotic in New England, 127;
mild in Virginia, 129;
quarrels with Blair, 131;
suspends Blair from Council, 131;
resigns, 132

Appomatox Indians: hostile, 86

Argall, Samuel:
Governor, 6;
cruelty of, 7

Aristocracy:
effect of slavery on, 152, 153;
libraries, 153;
mansions, 153;
intermarriages, 153;
dominate General Court, 153, 154

Armistead, Col. John:
Councillor, 119;
refuses oath of allegiance, 126

Association:
to boycott British goods, 239;
successful, 240, 241

Attainder: bill of in 1677, 29

Auditor:
duties of, 33;
William Byrd, 34;
Philip Ludwell, 34

Bacon, Nathaniel:
early life of, 84;
quarrels with Berkeley, 84;
knew Lawrence and Drummond, 84;
his overseer murdered, 86;
frontiersmen make leader, 87;
denounces Berkeley, 87;
defeats Occaneechees, 87;
elected Burgess, 88;
captured, 88;
submits, 88, 89;
reappointed Councillor, 89;
blames Assembly, 90;
escapes, 90;
takes Jamestown, 90;
made general, 90;
pleads with Burgesses, 91;
master of Virginia, 92;
conversation with Goode, 92, 93;
at Middle Plantation, 92;
plans of, 93;
captures Jamestown, 93, 94;
burns Jamestown, 94;
secret burial of, 94;
people mourn, 94

Bacon, Nathaniel, Sr.: ousted from Council, 71

Bacon's Laws:
aimed at Berkeley, 91;
credit due Bacon, 91;
a victory for democracy, 91, 92

Ballard, Thomas: expelled from Council, 20

Baltimore, Lord:
visits Virginia, 38;
refuses oath, 38;
Harvey aids, 43;
settles Maryland, 43;
recognizes Commonwealth, 69

Barre, Col. Isaac: denounces Stamp Act, 225, 226

Bennett, Richard:
favors Parliament, 58;
sent to get Puritan ministers, 60;
commissioner for Parliament, 64;
Governor, 67;
Cromwell continues, 70

Berkeley, Lady Frances:
marriage, 76;
insults Jeffreys, 100, 101;
heads faction, 101, 102

Berkeley, Lord John: brother of Sir William, 80

Berkeley, Sir William:
limits franchise, 27;
appointed Governor, 54;
early life, 54;
arrives, 55;
popular, 55, 56;
favors jury trial, 56;
gift of houses to, 57;
salary, 57;
fights for King, 57;
defeats Indians, 58;
expels Puritan preachers, 61;
prosecutes Puritans, 62;
proclaims Charles II, 62;
defies Parliament, 63;
to resist Parliamentary forces, 65, 66;
surrenders, 66;
under Commonwealth, 68;
elected Governor, 73;
reappointed by Charles II, 75;
dictatorial, 76;
greed, 76;
marriage, 75;
distrusts self-government, 76;
use of patronage, 77;
corrupts Assembly, 77;
the Long Assembly, 77, 78;
accused by Charles City, 77, 78;
grants of land, 78, 79;
people hate, 78;
favorites of, 79;
asks free trade, 80;
denounces Navigation Acts, 80, 81;
makes Bacon Councillor, 84;
despotism of, 84;
sends force against Indians, 86;
Indian policy, 86;
people in arms, 87;
calls an election, 88;
captures Bacon, 88;
forces Bacon's submission, 88, 89;
overawes Burgesses, 89;
submits to Bacon, 90, 91;
starts civil war, 92;
flees to Eastern Shore, 92;
executes patriots, 95, 96, 99;
illegal seizures, 98;
quarrels with Jeffreys, 98, 99;
ordered to England, 99;
picks Burgesses, 99, 100;
sails, 101;
death, 101

Berry, Sir John: committee on Bacon's Rebellion, 92

Beverley, Peter: court of oyer and terminer, 170

Beverley, Robert:
Green Spring faction, 101, 102;
Assembly minutes seized from, 103;
testifies against Nicholson, 148

Bill of Ports:
Burgesses reject, 128;
Spotswood secures, 162-165;
patronage from, 163, 164;
Gooch secures, 191, 192

Blair, Archibald: hates Spotswood, 172, 173

Blair, Rev. James:
defends Harrison, 22;
founds college, 31;
Commissary, 130;
church reform plans, 130, 131;
Quarrel with Andros, 131;
Andros ousts from Council, 131;
restored, 131;
ousts Andros, 132;
for Nicholson, 133;
Nicholson angers, 136;
accuses Nicholson, 147, 148;
called King maker, 149;
called hypocrite, 171;
visits England, 175;
to be "Prime Minister," 175, 176

Blair, John:
meets Dinwiddie, 194;
calls Assembly, 209;
prepares expedition, 209, 210

Bland, Gyles: executed, 99

Bland, Col. Richard:
defends Two-penny Act, 214;
for self-government, 216;
to submit to Stamp Act, 226;
General Committee of Safety, 249;
convention of 1776, 255

Botetourt, Lord:
Governor General, 232;
welcomed, 232;
popular, 232;
warns British government, 233;
promises repeal of Townshend Acts, 234, 235;
death, 235

Braddock, General: defeat of, 203

Braxton, Carter: predicts independence, 255

Buck, Rev.: Minister at Jamestown, 5

Buckner, John: sets up press, 117

Burgesses, House of:
bribed by Governors, 19, 20;
represent people, 25;
privileges, 26;
franchise, 26;
wages, 27, 28;
county pays, 28;
Speaker, 28;
committees, 29;
guards elections, 29;
as a court, 29;
control of taxation, 29-31;
act of 1680, 30;
rule under Commonwealth, 67, 68;
elect Governor, 70;
Berkeley corrupts, 77;
end of Long Assembly, 87, 88;
Bacon's victory in, 88;
Bacon's Laws, 91, 92;
pro-Berkeley in 1677, 99;
protest appeals to England, 114;
James II scorns petition, 114;
protest fees, 115;
sole right to tax, 115;
dispute King's authority, 115, 116;
reject royal bills, 127;
rile Edward Randolph, 128;
refuse aid to New York, 128;
L500 for New York, 128, 129;
name Treasurer, 128, 129;
Nicholson wheedles, 138;
Spotswood bribes, 163, 164;
new election, 164;
oppose Spotswood, 165;
Spotswood rebuffs, 165, 166;
judges elections, 166;
strike at Governors' power, 167;
Spotswood denounces, 168;
deride Spotswood, 171;
charges against Spotswood, 173;
praise Drysdale, 177, 178;
contempt of punished, 179;
praise Gooch, 180;
growth of, 182;
salaries, 183;
power of grows, 184;
aristocrats in, 184;
praise Gooch, 193;
protest pistole fee, 197;
fee called arbitrary taxation, 197;
appeal to King, 198;
audacity of, 204;
eject Acadian exiles, 204;
vote L60,000, 205;
emit treasury notes, 205;
reply to Fauquier, 219;
declaration of rights, 220;
protest Stamp Act, 224, 225;
Henry's resolutions, 226;
Botetourt opens, 1768, 233;
reassert sole right to tax, 233;
meet unofficially, 233, 234;
Botetourt promises repeal, 235;
call convention, 239;
take lead in Revolution, 242;
many in uniform, 246;
last session, 248

Burke, Edmund: on "Conciliation," 241

Burwell, Lewis:
land holdings, 135;
Nicholson threatens, 143

Burwell, Lucy:
Nicholson in love with, 142-145;
returns gifts, 144, 145

Butler, Nathaniel: his "Unmasking of Virginia," 11

Butts, Thomas:
refuses to certify grievances, 165;
House asks arrest, 165, 166

Byrd, William I:
auditor, 34;
makes rent roll, 135;
respect due to, 152

Byrd, William II: Receiver General, 168;
Spotswood ousts, 169;
opposes new court, 170;
Spotswood denounces, 171;
agent for Burgesses, 173

Byrd, William III: 221

Camm, Rev. John:
takes clergy protest to King, 213;
sues for salary, 214;
Fauquier denounces, 214;
case thrown out, 216;
supports Dunmore, 242

Capitol:
plan, 146;
burns, 182;
rebuilt, 183;
soldiers lodge in, 248;
convention of 1776, 255

Carter, Landon: defends Two-penny Act, 214

Carter, Robert:
Speaker of House, 28;
Treasurer, 130;
influence of, 140;
charges against Nicholson, 147, 148;
haughty, 171;
President, 1726, 179;
slaves of, 184

Carter, Robert, of Nomini Hall:
refuses tea, 238;
not a "courtier," 242

Charles City County:
grievances of, 32;
accuse Berkeley, 77;
grievances neglected, 78;
illegal voting in, 100

Charles I:
will not restore Company, 13;
calls Assembly, 15;
offers to buy tobacco crop, 15;
needs money, 16;
illegal taxes, 36;
tobacco contract, 44;
executed, 62

Charles II:
Berkeley proclaims, 63;
restoration, 73;
proclaimed in 1660, 74;
reappoints Berkeley, 75;
Arlington-Culpeper grant, 82;
on causes of Bacon's Rebellion, 97;
sends troops, 97;
angered at Assembly, 103;
gold from Louis XIV, 107;
despotism in Virginia, 108-113;
prohibits printing, 117

Charter:
granted Virginia Company, 4, 5;
sought by Virginians, 17, 18;
Assembly asks, 83;
again asked, 1689, 123;
to confirm Assembly, 123, 124

Cheeseman, Major: Berkeley's brutality to, 95

Chicheley, Sir Henry:
leads force against Indians, 86;
Deputy Governor, 106;
rules impartially, 106

Civil War in England:
influence on colonies, 3;
affects Virginia, 36

Claiborne, William:
agent against Baltimore, 38;
settlement on Kent Island, 43;
battle with Marylanders, 43;
commissioner for Parliament, 64;
negotiates for peace, 65, 66;
Secretary, 67

Clergy:
thank Spotswood, 163;
Two-penny Act, 211;
protest, 211, 212;
address to King, 212

Cocke, William: in Indian Company, 171

Cole, William: election of thrown out, 166, 167

Committees of Correspondence: 236, 237, 239

Committees of Safety: take over courts, 248

Commons, House of:
opposes James I, 3;
in Civil War, 36

Commonwealth:
Virginia surrenders to, 66;
Virginia constitution under, 66, 67;
rule of, 70;
anarchy, 73;
influence of on Virginia, 75

Constitution of State of Virginia: drawn up, 257

Continental Congress:
proposed, 236, 237, 239;
delegates to, 240;
Declaration of Rights, 240;
makes Washington commander, 245

Convention, Provincial:
in 1774, 240;
at Richmond, 1775, 243;
Henry's address, 243, 244;
prepare for war, 244;
take over government, 248, 249;
in 1776, 255;
instruct for independence, 255, 256

Conway, Edwin: baits Spotswood, 165

Corbin, Gawin: baits Spotswood, 165, 172

Corbin, Richard:
protests paper money, 219;
complains to Board of Trade, 219;
pays for powder, 245

Council of Virginia:
powers of, 4;
quarrels of, 4, 5;
under constitution of 1621, 21;
patronage of, 21;
powers of, 23-25;
as cabinet, 23;
as Upper House, 23, 24;
as supreme court, 24;
prestige of, 24, 25;
Virginia House of Lords, 25;
conflict with Harvey, 41-47;
arrest Harvey, 46;
Burgesses oust, 71;
power of from England, 72;
dissolve Assembly, 1659, 72;
lose fat jobs, 134;
Nicholson abuses, 140, 141;
six accuse Nicholson, 147-150;
represent aristocracy, 151, 152;
titles of, 152;
respect for, 152;
Nott defers to, 154, 155;
appeal for peace, 155;
Burgesses back, 155;
a threat to Liberty, 159;
land holdings of, 162;
preserve judicial power, 169-171;
for large land grants, 178;
negative role in Revolution, 242

County courts:
undemocratic, 21;
Governor's power over, 22;
duties of, 31;
Governor appoints, 78;
taxation by, 78;
Bacon's Laws, 92

Coventry, Attorney General: issues _quo warranto_ against Company, 12

Cromwell, Oliver:
neglects Virginia, 70;
death, 72

Cromwell, Richard:
Lord Protector, 72;
resigns, 72

Culpeper, Lord Thomas:
despotism under, 18;
limits franchise, 27;
grant to, 82;
Governor, 102;
Cavalier, 109;
delays sailing, 109;
brings peace, 110;
forces act for "perpetual revenue," 110-112;
returns to England, 112;
robs soldiers, 113;
hangs rioters, 113;
Effingham succeeds, 113

Curtis, Edmund:
commissioner to Virginia, 64;
negotiates surrender, 65

Dale, Sir Thomas:
Governor, 6;
brings harsh laws, 6;
cruelty of, 7

Dawson, Commissary William:
meets Dinwiddie, 194;
denounces Two-penny Act, 212

Day of Prayer: June 1, 1774, 238, 239

Debts:
due merchants, 189;
appeals to Privy Council, 189, 190

De la Warr, Lord:
Governor, 5, 6;
ill, 6;
leaves Virginia, 6;
humane, 7;
sails with Magna Carta, 8;
death, 8

Democracy:
New World favorable for, 3;
yeomen build up, 3;
Quary warns of, 35;
gains under Commonwealth, 75;
Glorious Revolution, 122;
small slave holders for, 185

Dennis, Captain Robert:
heads commission to Virginia, 64;
lost on the _John_, 64

Digges, Cole:
election thrown out, 166, 167;
named to new court, 170;
Indian Company, 171

Digges, Edward: Governor, 71

Dinwiddie, Robert:
Lieutenant Governor, 194;
career, 195;
backs Assembly, 195;
pistole fee, 196-200;
calls Virginians republicans, 198, 199;
cautioned by King, 199, 200;
horrors of Indian war, 201;
warns British, 201;
sends Washington to the Ohio, 201;
asks funds, 201;
vetoes bill with rider, 202;
wants Parliament to tax, 202, 204;
expends funds, 206;
resigns, 206;
sounds alarm bell, 207;
suggests union of colonies, 208

Drummond, Sarah: property confiscated, 104

Drummond, William:
hates Berkeley, 80;
influences Bacon, 84;
Bacon consults, 88;
burns own house, 94;
Berkeley's brutality to, 95

Drysdale, Hugh:
popular, 18;
Lieutenant Governor, 175, 176;
arrives, 1722, 177;
character, 177;
opposes huge land grants, 178;
upholds House, 178, 179;
death, 179

Dunbar, Colonel: retreat of, 203

Dunmore, Earl of:
Governor, 236;
conduct in New York, 236;
treaty with Indians, 243;
seizes powder, 244;
threatened, 245;
suggests "compromise," 246, 247;
on the _Fowey_, 248;
escapes capture, 249;
asks troops, 249;
controls water, 250;
in Elizabeth River, 250;
seizes press, 250;
seizes Norfolk, 250, 251;
evacuates Norfolk, 251;
threatens bombardment, 251, 252;
at Gwynn's Island, 252;
leaves Virginia, 253;
says Virginia wants independence, 253

Dunmore, Lady:
ball in honor of, 239;
flees Williamsburg, 245, 247

Duquesne, Fort:
Forbes to attack, 209;
French evacuate, 210

Durand, William: persecuted for dissent, 62

Dutch:
trade to Virginia, 68, 69;
trade protected, 69;
wars with, 81

Effingham, Lord Howard:
despotism of, 18, 118;
Governor, 113;
character, 113;
ends appeals to Assembly, 114;
uses patronage for political ends, 118;
favors Roman Catholics, 119;
leaves Virginia, 120

Elections:
Nicholson interferes in, 138;
foul play at, 172

Embargo:
opposed in England, 59;
enforced in 1650, 63

English, William:
denounces Harvey, 44, 45;
arrested, 45;
released, 47

Fauquier, Francis:
Lieutenant Governor, 209;
erudite, 209;
tact, 210;
reprimanded, 211, 213;
upholds Two-penny Act, 212;
London criticises, 213;
denounces Camm, 214;
thinks Henry extreme, 227;
protects Mercer, 228;
death, 231

Fees:
Bacon's Laws fix, 92;
bill to limit vetoed, 167;
pistole controversy, 196-200

First Stuart Despotism: influence on colonies, 3

Fithian, Philip: sees drilling in Valley, 244

Forbes, General:
to attack Fort Duquesne, 209;
takes fort, 210

Fouace, Rev. Stephen:
Nicholson jealous of, 143;
flees Virginia, 144;
testifies against Nicholson, 148

_Fowey_: powder taken to, 244

Franchise:
changes in, 26;
under Commonwealth, 70;
all freemen have in June, 1676, 88;
Bacon's Laws widen, 91;
Spotswood tries to restrict, 166;
act to limit, 181

French and Indian War:
horrors of, 201;
Washington warns French, 201;
Braddock's defeat, 203;
raids in Valley, 205;
influence on Revolution, 207, 208

Gates, Sir Thomas:
Governor, 6;
brings cruel laws, 6

General Assembly:
Magna Carta authorizes, 8;
under Constitution of 1621, 9;
meets, 1619, 9, 10;
acts of in 1619, 10;
right to tax, 10;
Charles I ignores, 13;
meets unofficially, 14;
Charles I summons, 15;
oppose reviving Company, 17;
powers of grow, 34, 35;
accuses Harvey, 47;
reapportions taxes, 56;
gift to Berkeley, 57;
permits free trade, 59;
recognizes Charles II, 62;
surrenders to Parliament, 66;
ousts Governor and Council, 71;
elects Berkeley Governor, 73;
powers of, 74;
proclaim Charles II, 1660, 74;
Berkeley corrupts, 77;
Long Assembly, 77, 78;
protest grant, 82;
ask charter, 85;
Bacon demands election, 87, 88;
in 1677 picked by Berkeley, 99, 100;
bill of attainder, 100;
protest seizure of records, 103;
Charles II assails, 108, 109;
King to initiate bills, 108;
no appeals to, 109, 113, 114;
"perpetual revenue" to King, 110-112;
attempt to repeal revenue act of 1680, 156;
Quary on, 156, 157;
Queen Anne vetoes revenue act, 157;
Jenings dissolves, 159;
bill of ports, 162-165;
Queen's death dissolves, 164;
Spotswood angers, 164;
bills to limit Governor's power, 167;
use of rider by, 167, 168;
thwart Spotswood, 172;
protest debt ruling, 189;
gift to Dinwiddie, 195, 196;
war an opportunity for, 201;
vote L10,000, 201;
expenditure of funds, 201, 202;
vote L20,000 with rider, 202;
support war, 203;
ask paper money issue, 203, 204;
aid to Royal American Regiment, 205;
Governor spends funds, 206;
right of to govern, 216;
last sessions, 248

General Committee of Safety: ablest men on, 249

General Court:
court of appeals, 113, 114;
Nicholson's violence in, 139;
Nicholson packs juries, 139, 140;
on Burgesses' salary, 166

Glorious Revolution: 3, 119-121;
effect on liberty, 122;
effect on Virginia, 122, 123, 132

_Godspeed_: sails for Virginia, 1

Gooch, William:
says frontiersmen disobedient, 3;
character, 177;
Lieutenant Governor, 179;
popular, 179;
courtesy of, 179, 180;
praised by Burgesses, 180;
voted gifts, 180;
new bill of ports, 180, 181, 191, 192;
for limiting franchise, 181, 182;
for westward expansion, 182;
resists merchants, 186;
for duty on liquors, 187;
denounces merchants, 190;
_A Dialogue_, 191;
leads expedition, 192;
wounded, 192;
resigns, 192;
dies, 1749, 193;
peace and plenty, 193

Gosnold, Bartholomew:
member of Council, 4;
dies, 4, 5

Governor:
office established, 5;
King appoints, 18;
vary greatly, 18;
qualities of, 18;
powers of, 19;
bribe Burgesses, 19;
nominate Councillors, 20;
use of patronage, 19-21;
calls Assembly, 21;
veto, 22;
hold over courts, 22;
heads Church, 22, 23;
Council restricts, 25, 171;
Burgesses elect under Commonwealth, 70;
many military officers, 194

Great Bridge:
Dunmore fortifies, 250;
battle of, 251

Green Spring:
plundered, 98;
faction meets at, 101, 102

Green Spring faction:
Lady Berkeley heads, 101;
to recover losses, 102;
suppress King's pardon, 102;
pillaging by, 104, 105

Grenville, George: wants consolidated empire, 224

Grievances:
against Harvey, 47;
against Berkeley, 77;
against law of ports, 165

Grymes, John:
Deputy Auditor, 162;
conceited, 171;
hates Spotswood, 172, 173

Gwynn's Island: Dunmore at, 252

Habeas Corpus:
settlers claim, 2;
denied by Effingham, 118

Hamilton, Lord George:
Earl of Orkney, 159;
Governor General, 159;
career of, 159;
patron of Spotswood, 160

Hansford, Thomas: executed patriot, 95

Harrison, Benjamin:
Nicholson abuses, 22;
Blair defends, 22;
criticizes Secretary's office, 33;
Councillor, 133, 140;
land holdings, 135;
charges against Nicholson, 147, 148

Harrison, Nathaniel: proposes reconciliation, 175

Harrison, Rev. Thomas:
Puritan minister, 60;
banished, 61

Hartwell, Henry: on Governor's patronage, 20, 21

Harvey, Sir John:
egocentric, 18;
expelled, 35;
Governor, 37;
arrives, 38;
despotic, 39;
misuse of courts, 39, 40;
persecutes Pott, 39, 40;
conflict with Council, 41-47;
appeals to King, 41, 42;
strikes Stevens, 42;
aids Baltimore, 43;
urges tobacco contract, 44;
detains petition, 44;
people's grievances against, 44;
arrests Pott, English, and Martian, 45;
appeals to Council, 45;
Council arrest, 46;
leaves for England, 47;
reappointed, 48;
returns to Virginia, 48, 49;
revenge of, 49, 50;
restores Mathews' property, 50;
prosecutes Panton, 51, 52;
recalled, 51;
prosecuted, 51, 52;
escapes from Virginia, 52;
significance of expulsion, 52, 53

Harwood, Thomas:
agent of Assembly, 47;
hastens to London, 48

Henry, Patrick:
Two-penny Act, 215;
denounces clergy, 215, 216;
says people must govern, 216;
resolutions of, 226, 227;
accused of treason, 227;
alarm bell of Revolution, 229;
committee of correspondence, 237;
marches on Williamsburg, 245;
convention of 1776, 255

Hill, Col. Edward:
Green Spring faction, 101;
defies King, 104;
Treasurer, 129

Holt, John: his press seized, 250

Hopkins, William:
contempt of House, 179;
forced to apologize, 179

Howe, Col.:
at Norfolk, 251;
hints at burning, 251

Hunter, Col. Robert:
Governor, 158;
French capture, 158

Independence:
not wanted, 253;
forced by British, 253, 254;
_Common Sense_, 254;
sentiment for grows, 254, 255;
Virginia instructs for, 255, 256;
people celebrate, 256

Indiana Company:
fort at Christanna, 171;
King dissolves, 171;
ask compensation, 171

Indians:
attack Jamestown, 4;
massacre by, 57, 58;
war with Susquehannocks, 85;
frontier forts, 86;
threaten Charles City, 86;
attack feared in 1689, 120, 121;
raids in Valley, 204, 205;
Dunmore's War, 242, 243;
Point Pleasant, 243

Intolerable Acts: 238

James I:
on kingly power, 2, 3;
conflict with Parliament, 3;
charter to Virginia Company, 4;
assails London Company, 11;
offers compromise, 12

James II:
scorns Burgesses' petition, 114;
repeals act of Assembly, 115, 116;
revives a law, 116;
favors Catholics, 119;
deposed, 120

Jamestown:
founded, 2;
first Assembly at, 9;
capitol at, 25, 26;
Lord Baltimore at, 38;
Charles II proclaimed at, 74;
Bacon's Assembly, 88;
Berkeley occupies, 93;
Bacon captures, 93;
burnt, 94;
William and Mary proclaimed, 121;
statehouse burns, 1698, 146

James, Thomas:
missionary to Virginia, 60;
driven out, 61

Jefferson, Thomas:
friend of Fauquier, 209;
committee of correspondence, 237;
answers British "compromise," 247;
prefers independence to slavery, 254;
on independence, 254

Jeffreys, Col. Herbert:
ousts Councillor, 20;
Lieutenant Governor, 97;
insulted, 100, 101;
promises reforms, 101;
ill, 102;
ousts Beverley, 104;
indicts Philip Ludwell, 104, 105;
dies, 105;
wife imprisoned, 105

Jeffries, Jeffrey: agent for charter, 123, 124

Jenings, Edmund:
Councillor, 126;
acting Governor, 157, 158;
career of, 158;
dissolves Assembly, 159;
suspended from Council, 179

The _John_:
sails to Virginia, 64;
sinks, 65

Johnson, Edward: on God's revenge on Virginia, 61

Johnson, Samuel: denounces Americans, 223

Kemp, Matthew: insulted in House, 179

Kemp, Richard:
advises Harvey to leave, 46;
carries off Mathews' property, 50;
prosecutes Panton, 50, 51;
Secretary, 51;
escapes to England, 52;
acting Governor, 57

Kendall, George:
member of Council, 4;
expelled, 4;
executed, 5

Knowles, Rev. John:
missionary to Virginia, 60;
driven out, 61

_Laissez faire_: 177;
passing of, 224

Land:
Berkeley's grants, 78, 79;
rent roll, 135;
must cultivate to hold, 162;
law defied, 162;
Drysdale opposes large grants, 178;
much unpatented, 198

Lawrence, Thomas:
cheated by Berkeley, 79, 80;
influence on Bacon, 84;
Bacon consults, 88;
burns own house, 94;
fate unknown, 95

Laws, Military:
severe, 6, 7;
cruelly enforced, 7

Lee, Arthur: repulsed in England, 254

Lee, Henry: convention of 1776, 255

Lee, Philip Ludwell: protests paper money, 219

Lee, Richard Henry: 219;
protests Stamp Act, 224;
committee of correspondence, 237;
Continental Congress, 240;
convention of 1776, 255

Lewis, Gen. Andrew:
at Point Pleasant, 243;
bombards Gwynn's Island, 252

Liberty:
taxation and, 2;
threatened in England, 2;
Glorious Revolution aids, 122;
new charter to guarantee, 124;
Nicholson assails, 146, 147;
Council threatens, 159;
victory for, 181;
Virginians called republican, 198;
Bland argues for, 216;
Burke on, 240;
won, 257

Lightfoot, John:
Nicholson upbraids, 141;
charges against Nicholson, 147, 148

Littlepage, Richard:
refuses to certify grievances, 165;
House asks arrest of, 165

London, Bishop of: calls Two-penny act treason, 213

Loudoun, Earl of:
praises Burgesses, 205;
embargo defied, 205, 206;
Governor, 207

Ludwell, Philip:
auditor, 34;
marries Lady Berkeley, 76;
insults Jeffreys, 100;
Green Spring faction, 101;
indicted, 104, 105

Ludwell, Philip, Jr.:
accuses Nicholson, 138;
Nicholson challenges, 145;
auditor, 168;
Spotswood ousts, 169;
leaves new court, 170;
Spotswood denounces, 171

Ludwell, Thomas:
seeks charter for Virginia, 1;
fears rebellion, 80;
reports disasters, 81;
agent for Virginia, 82;
presides over Council, 104

Madison, James: convention of 1776, 255

Magna Carta of Virginia:
drawn up, 8;
De la Warr sails with, 8;
Yeardley takes to Virginia, 8;
Assembly authorized, 8, 9

Mandeville, Lord Henry:
heads commission on Virginia, 13;
reappoints Yeardley, 13

Martin, John: member of Council, 4

Martin, Nicholas:
denounces Harvey, 44, 45;
arrested, 45

Maryland:
Baltimore founds, 43;
surrenders to Parliament, 67;
Virginia seeks to annex, 69

Mason, George:
general committee of safety, 249;
convention of 1776, 255

Mathew, Thomas: says Berkeley cheated Lawrence, 79

Mathews, Samuel:
resists Harvey, 42, 43;
opposes founding of Maryland, 43;
opposes tobacco contract, 44;
compares Harvey with Richard III, 45;
arrests Harvey, 46;
King orders arrest of, 48;
sent to England, 49;
his property seized, 50;
favors Parliament, 56;
Governor, 71;
recalled, 71;
re-elected, 72;
dies, 73

Maury, Rev. James:
sues for salary, 214;
Patrick Henry attorney against, 215

Menefie, George:
Harvey questions, 45;
accused of treason, 46;
withholds Harvey's commission, 47

Mercer, Col. George:
stamp distributor, 227, 228;
crowd threatens, 228;
will not distribute, 228

Merchants, British:
oppose free trade, 68, 69;
conflict with planters, 185;
Royal African Company, 186;
oppose duty on slaves, 186;
taxed, 186;
Virginians angered at, 188;
Virginians in debt to, 188, 189;
petition Parliament, 189, 190;
protest paper money, 217;
renew complaints, 219;
for legal tender, 220

Meriwether, Nicholas: Spotswood removes, 164

Milner, Col. Thomas: Nicholson praises, 126

Molasses Act: resented in Virginia, 188

Moryson, Francis:
seeks charter for Virginia, 1;
agent for Virginia, 81;
committee on Bacon's Rebellion, 97

Navigation Acts:
Berkeley protests against, 80;
impoverish Virginia, 81

Nelson, Thomas: protests paper money, 219

Nelson, William: protests paper money, 219

New Granada:
expedition against, 192;
failure, 192

New Kent: Bacon invades, 87

Newport, Capt. Christopher: member of Council, 4

Nicholas, Robert Carter:
defends Two-penny Act, 216;
Treasurer, 222;
burns notes, 222;
to submit to Stamp Act, 226;
day of prayer, 238;
prevents storming of Palace, 245;
constitution of 1776, 255

Nicholson, Sir Francis:
on ideal Governor, 18;
use of patronage, 20, 21;
power over courts, 22;
calls Virginians republicans, 35;
Lieutenant Governor, 124;
character, 124, 125;
abuses clergymen, 124, 125;
in New York, 125;
cautious, 125;
defends prerogative, 126, 127;
aids college, 127;
Governor General, 133;
program of, 133, 134;
violent temper, 134;
offends Councillors, 134;
rent roll, 135;
offends vestries, 136;
tries to control Church, 136;
threatens Burgesses, 137;
gives aid to New York, 137;
wheedles Burgesses, 138;
browbeats voters, 138;
abuses Burgesses, 138;
threatens Speaker, 139;
violent in General Court, 139;
packs juries, 139;
heckles Council, 140;
abuses Wallace, 142, 143;
loves Lucy Burwell, 142-145;
threatens Fouace, 143, 144;
derided in England, 144;
challenges Philip Ludwell, Jr., 145;
founds Williamsburg, 146;
despotism resented, 146, 147;
charges against, 147-150;
denies charges, 148, 149;
Quary defends, 149;
"addresses" praise, 149;
removed, 150

Norfolk:
protests Stamp Act, 229;
Dunmore seizes, 250;
evacuated, 251;
Americans enter, 251;
Dunmore threatens, 251, 252;
Americans burn, 252

Northern Neck: granted to favorites, 83

Norwood, Col. Henry: criticizes courts, 79

Nott, Col. Edward:
Governor, 150;
mild, 151;
defers to Council, 154;
Assembly weakens patronage, 155;
veto, 156;
death, 157

Nuthead, William: his printing press closed, 117

Ohio Region: French in, 196

Opechancanough: captured, 58

Ordinance and Constitution: Virginia government under, 9

Oyer and Terminer, Court of:
Spotswood sets up, 169;
non-Councillors in, 170

Page, John, Jr.: keeps day of prayer, 242

Page, Matthew:
Councillor, 133;
charges against Nicholson, 147, 148

Palace:
mob threatens, 245, 247;
raided, 247, 248

Pamunkeys:
hostile, 86;
flee from Bacon, 87

Panton, Rev. Anthony:
accuses Harvey, 49;
fined and banished, 50, 51;
vindicated, 52

Parke, Daniel: announces Berkeley's death, 102

Parliament:
expedition against Virginia, 64;
Virginia surrenders, 66;
less representative, 222;
rotten boroughs, 222, 223;
out of step with age, 223;
ignorant of colonies, 223

Paper money:
Assembly issues, 205;
new issues, 206;
to finance war, 217;
rate of exchange, 218;
continues issues, 218;
to finance war, 217;
rate of exchange, 218;
continues issues, 218;
illegal loans, 221

Patronage:
props Governor's power, 19, 20, 21;
Bacon's Laws restrict, 92;
Effingham uses, 118;
Nicholson uses, 137, 138;
bill to limit vetoed, 167;
no Burgess to hold office, 181;
victory for liberty, 181

Pendleton, Edmund: 219;
protests Stamp Act, 224;
to submit, 226;
committee of correspondence, 237;
Continental Congress, 240;
lionized, 246;
General Committee of Safety, 249;
for independence, 255;
convention of 1776, 255

Pierce, William:
King orders arrest, 48;
sent to England, 49

Pistole Fee:
for use of seal, 196-200;
counties complain of, 196;
Stith opposes, 196;
Attorney General upholds, 197;
Burgesses appeal to King, 198;
Dinwiddie says not a tax, 199;
King restricts use of, 199, 200;
results of, 200;
Fauquier cautious of, 200

Pitt, William: supports Americans, 241

Poll tax:
hated, 31;
people protest, 83;
Bacon's men protest, 90;
crushes poor in 1677, 103;
liquor duty eases, 187

Pott, Francis:
circulates petition, 44;
arrested, 45;
released, 47;
leaves for England, 47;
arrested in England, 48

Pott, Dr. John:
acting Governor, 37;
poisons Indians, 37, 38;
Harvey persecutes, 39, 40;
pardoned, 40;
aids in arresting Harvey, 46

Powder Horn, Williamsburg:
powder seized, 244;
trap wounds two, 246

Prerogative of King:
whittled away, 34, 35;
James II stretches, 116;
weakened, 123;
Two-penny Act, ignores, 212

Press: free prohibited, 116, 117

Purifie, Thomas: warns Harvey, 46

Puritans:
in Virginia, 58;
Berkeley persecutes, 59;
strong on Hampton Roads, 60;
send for ministers, 60;
ministers driven out, 61;
ordered to conform, 61

Quartering of troops: ended in Virginia, 117

Quary, Col. Robert:
describes powers of Council, 24, 25;
on decline of prerogative, 35;
warns English government, 123;
defends Nicholson, 149

Quit rents:
paid to King, 31;
tax on land, 115;
proposed to quadruple, 115;
Nicholson's rent roll, 135;
Dinwiddie reports loss, 198

Randolph, Edmund: convention of 1776, 255

Randolph, Sir John: Tory, leaves Virginia, 242

Randolph, Peyton:
takes Burgesses' protest, 198;
ousted as Attorney General, 199;
reinstated, 200;
protests Stamp Act, 224;
to submit, 226;
moderator, 234;
committee of correspondence, 237;
Continental Congress, 240;
prevents storming of Palace, 245

Ratcliffe, John: member of Council, 4

Rebellion:
Secretary Ludwell fears, 80;
Virginia "ripe for," 82;
Berkeley fears, 83;
outbreaks in 1674, 83, 84;
Virginia ready for, 85;
led by Bacon, 87-96;
influence of Bacon's rebellion, 95, 96;
causes of, 96;
threatened in 1677, 100;
in 1689, 120, 121

Richmond, Duke of: supports colonists, 241

Rights, Declaration of: committee to prepare, 256

Robinson, John:
Speaker and Treasurer, 28;
Fauquier wins support, 210;
death, 221;
illegal loans of, 221

Rolfe, John: cures tobacco, 15

Sandys, Sir Edwin:
Puritan, 8;
Treasurer of London Company, 8;
gets new charters, 8;
Virginia Magna Carta, 8;
sent to Tower, 11;
fights to save charter, 12;
advises restoring Company, 13;
champions English liberty, 15

Sandys, George: asks revival of Company, 17

Second Stuart Despotism: influence on colonies, 3, 106-121

Secretary of State: duties of, 33

Sheriffs:
political use of by Berkeley, 78;
Bacon's Laws, 91;
Effingham uses, 118;
Nicholson uses, 137, 138

Slavery:
effect on aristocracy, 152;
cheapens tobacco, 184;
small planters buy, 184, 185;
slave plots, 186;
duty on slaves vetoed, 186, 187;
Virginia resents vetoes, 187;
Dunmore recruits slaves, 250

Smith, Capt. John:
imprisoned, 4;
hanging threatened, 5;
sole Councillor, 5

Smith, Col. Joseph:
accused by court, 178;
Burgesses reprimand, 178;
Drysdale removes, 179

Smith, Col. Lawrence: sued for quit rents, 135

Sons of Liberty: 229

Speaker:
prestige, 28;
Nicholson threatens, 139;
made Treasurer, 210;
Fauquier ordered to separate, 210

Spencer, Nicholas: fears mutiny in 1677, 100

Spotswood, Col. Alexander:
able, 18;
on Burgesses salary, 27, 28;
Lieutenant Governor, 159;
career, 160;
Orkney his patron, 160;
explores west, 161;
instructions, 161;
act for ports, 162-165;
jobs handed out, 163, 164;
House angers, 165;
to limit franchise, 166;
Council balks, 166;
vetoes bills, 167;
denounces Burgesses, 168;
court of oyer and terminer, 169-171;
defends new court, 170, 171;
foul play at elections, 172;
defeated, 172;
charges against, 173;
seeks flattering addresses, 173;
answers charges, 174;
Board of Trade upholds, 174;
to live in Virginia, 174;
Tubal Cain, 175;
reconciled to Council, 175;
administration of, 176

Stamp Act:
dismay at, 224;
Barre denounces, 225;
ready to resist, 227;
Mercer distributor, 227, 228;
stamps not landed, 228;
Norfolk protests, 229;
criticized in England, 230;
English merchants protest, 230;
repealed, 230

Statehouse:
at Jamestown, 24;
burned, 1698, 129

Stegg, Thomas:
aids Kemp escape, 52;
favors Parliament, 58;
commissioner for Parliament, 64;
lost on the _John_, 65

Stith, Rev. William: incites against pistole fee, 196

_Susan Constant_: sails for Virginia, 1

Susquehannocks:
fort besieged, 85;
torture victims, 85

Taxation:
by first Assembly, 10;
Burgesses control, 29-31, 115;
perpetual revenue to King, 30, 110-112;
call fees taxes, 115;
protest pistole fee, 197;
in colonial history, 225;
role in self-government, 225;
Jefferson on, 247

Tea:
tax on, 236;
resistance to tax, 237, 238;
banned, 238;
Carter refuses, 238

Thompson, Rev. William:
missionary to Virginia, 60;
driven out, 61

Thrale, John: defends Nicholson, 148

Tobacco:
staple of Virginia, 15;
Dutch buy, 59;
cutting riots, 113;
Spotswood's bill of ports, 162-165;
prices rise, 163;
George I vetoes bill of ports, 168;
Gooch's bill of ports, 180-181, 191, 192;
slaves cheapen, 184;
Gooch argues for bill of ports, 191;
_A Dialogue_, 191;
poor standard of value, 211

Tobacco cutting riots: 113.

Tories: few in Virginia, 242

Townshend Acts:
anger America, 232;
unconstitutional, 234

Treasurer:
Burgesses name, 128, 129;
usually also Speaker, 210;
separation ordered, 210;
illegal loans by, 221

Utie, John:
opposes tobacco contract, 44;
arrests Harvey, 46;
King orders arrest, 48;
sent to England, 49

Vestries:
govern parishes, 32;
Bacon's Laws, 92;
Nicholson attacks power of, 136

Virginia Company of London:
charter of 1606, 1, 4;
set up despotism, 5;
members consider going to Virginia, 7;
James I attacks, 11;
_A True Answer_, 11;
blamed by commission, 11;
rejects King's offer, 12;
appeals to Parliament, 12;
charter revoked, 12;
reasons for, 13;
restoring of opposed, 17

Wallace, Rev. James:
sermon enrages Nicholson, 141, 142;
testifies against Nicholson, 148

Washington, George:
warns French on Ohio, 201;
expedition to Ohio, 202;
commands in Valley, 205;
Continental Congress, 240;
wears uniform to Congress, 245;
commander-in-chief, 245;
predicts independence, 254, 255

West:
expansion into, 182;
aids democracy, 184

West, Capt. Francis: Governor, 37

West, John:
acting Governor, 47;
sent to England, 49

William III: joint monarch, 121, 122

Williamsburg:
capitol at, 146;
Nicholson founds, 146;
celebrates Stamp Act repeal, 230;
day of prayer, 239;
powder seized, 244;
an armed camp, 248;
celebrates independence, 256, 257

Wingfield, Edward:
member of Council, 4;
ousted, 5;
accuses other Councillors, 5

Wormeley, Ralph: supports Dunmore, 242

Wyatt, Sir Francis:
receives constitution, 9;
Governor, 51

Wythe, George: 219;
protests Stamp Act, 224

Yeardley, Capt. George:
Governor, 6;
brings Magna Carta, 9;
calls first Assembly, 10;
reappointed, 13;
pleads for Assembly, 14;
death, 36

* * * * *

Transcriber's Corrections

Following is a list of significant typographical errors that have been corrected.

- Page 7, missing close quote added according to original source text by Brown (of the Court.").

- Page 23, missing close quote added based on transcriber assumption because original source text was not found for confirmation (King in Council.").

- Page 47, "Harvery" changed to "Harvey" (forced Harvey to deliver).

- Page 90, "hubub" changed to "hubbub" (hearing the hubbub).

- Page 123, "aproved" changed to "approved" (he approved of it).

- Page 126, missing open quote added based on transcriber assumption because original source text was not found for confirmation ("but he hath not estate).

- Page 128, close quote removed based on transcriber assumption because open quote is missing and original source text was not found for confirmation (he dissolved them.).

- Page 128, missing close quote added based on transcriber assumption because original source text was not found for confirmation (the King's "goodness").

- Page 143, missing close quote added based on transcriber assumption because original source text was not found for confirmation (to live here.").

- Page 148, "perscution" changed to "persecution" (persecution and injustice).

- Page 170, missing open quote added based on transcriber assumption because original source text was not found for confirmation ("extraordinary emergency").

- Page 171, missing close quote added based on transcriber assumption because original source text was not found for confirmation (the people of Virginia?").

- Page 187, missing close quote added according to original source text by Lipscomb (of a whole country.").