Chapter XX: Appendix: Bibliography

The existing literature of glass manufacture is so limited that a complete bibliography could almost be given on a single page; in the English language, in particular, there are exceedingly few books and papers on the subject. The French and German literature of the subject is a little more extensive. In giving a list of the works, and more particularly in referring to those which he has consulted in the preparation of the present volume, the author thinks it will be an advantage to indicate their scope, and, to some extent, what he believes to be their value, in order to save the student the trouble of seeking out comparatively inaccessible works only to find that they contain little that is of value for his purpose.

_English Books and Papers on Glass Manufacture._

The Principles of Glass Making (George Bell & Sons). By Powell & Chance. An elementary book giving a clear and concise account of the older processes, more especially in connection with flint and plate-glass.

Glass. Articles in 9th Edition of Encyclopædia Britannica. A detailed account of processes, more or less covering the entire subject, but the processes described are mostly obsolete at the present time.

Glass. Article in Supplement to 9th Edition of Encyclopædia Britannica. By Harry J. Powell. A brief summary of more recent developments. Particularly valuable in reference to artistic English flint-glass.

Jena Glass. By Hovestadt, translated by J. D. and A. Everett. Contains a full account of the scientific work on glass and its practical application, done in connection with the Jena Works of Schott. Particularly interesting in connection with the subjects of Chapters I., II., XII., and XIII. As the title indicates, the book is written from the Jena point of view, and scarcely does justice to work done elsewhere. The book has gained considerably at the hands of the translators.

Some Properties of Glass. By W. Rosenhain. (Transactions of the Optical Society of London, 1903.) Gives a brief account of the properties of glass as affecting its optical uses.

Possible Directions of Progress in Optical Glass. By W. Rosenhain. (Proceedings of the Optical Convention, London, 1905.) Has been referred to in the text of this book (Chapter XII.).

Catalogue of the Optical Convention Exhibition, London, 1905. Contains historical and general notices of optical and lighthouse glass, glass-working machinery, etc.

Glass for Optical Instruments. By R. T. Glazebrook. (Cantor Lectures to the Society of Arts.) Gives an account of modern optical glass manufacture.

Old English Glasses. By Albert Hartshorne. Gives an account of the history of glass-making in England.

The Methods of Glass Blowing. By W. Shenstone. Describes the manipulation of glass-blowing for experimental purposes, _i.e._, lamp work.

_French Books on Glass Manufacture._

Guide du Verrier. By G. Bontemps. A classical work by one of the greatest experts of his day. Much of the contents of the book is, however, entirely out of date at the present time. The book is interesting as being the work of the man who introduced optical glass manufacture into England.

Verres et Emaux. By L. Coffignal. Chiefly of interest in connection with the subjects of Chapter VIII.

Le Verre et le Crystal. By J. Henrivaux. (P. Vicq Dunod et Cie., Paris.) A lengthy book profusely illustrated and giving a great wealth of detailed information. The writer was for some time the general manager of one of the largest plate-glass manufactories in Europe; his account of plate-glass manufacture is, therefore, especially valuable. Much space in this book is devoted to historical and æsthetical matter.

La Verrerie au XX^{ieme} Siècle. By J. Henrivaux. (Paris, R. Bernard et Cie., 1903.) Practically a supplement to the preceding; some of the processes and products described are, however, not of a practical nature. Chiefly valuable for recent developments in plate-glass and bottle-glass manufacture.

_German Books on Glass Manufacture._

Die Glasfabrikation. By R. Gerner. (A. Hartleben’s Verlag, Vienna and Leipzig, 1897.) A concise and clear account of most of the more important processes of glass manufacture. Very practical in character. The information given appears to be reliable, although far from complete.

Die Herstellung Grosser Glaskoerper and Die Bearbeitung Grosser Glaskoerper. By C. Wetzel. (Hartleben’s Verlag, Vienna and Leipzig, 1900 and 1901 respectively.) Describes numerous special processes and appliances devised for use in connection with large glass objects. Some of these descriptions, however, appear to be little more than transcripts from patent specifications.

Glasfabriken und Hohlglasfabrikation. By R. Dralle. (Leipzig, Baumgaertner, 1886.) Looked upon as a classic in Germany. Gives detailed plans and drawings of entire bottle-works, including furnaces and all accessories. Deals principally with bottle manufacture.

Die Glasfabrikation. By Dr. E. Tscheuschner. (Weimar, B. H. Voigt, 1888.) A full detailed account of all processes known at the time. The rapid progress of modern practice has, however, already rendered this book to some extent obsolete.

Jenaer Glas. By Hovestadt. Already referred to in respect of the English translation.

Der Sprechsaal. (Schmidt, Weimar.) A trade journal devoted to the discussion of technical matters relating to the glass and ceramic industries. Occasionally contains articles and abstracts of technical or scientific interest in connection with glass manufacture.

* * * * *

In addition to the books and papers named in the above list, a great number of scientific papers, notes, etc., are to be found scattered throughout the technical and scientific publications of the world; those that have proved of real interest and importance have, however, left their mark on the industry, and will be found described or referred to in connection with the various branches of manufacture described in the present volume or in the books named above.

INDEX

A.

Abbé, 8, 10, 210, 218

Absorption of light in glass, 32, 179

Acid, action of, on glass, 11
boric, action of, on glass, 11, 186
carbonic, action of, on glass, 12
hydrofluoric, action of, on glass, 12
phosphoric, action of, on glass, 11

Air, compressed, 91, 105, 117

Alkali chlorides, use of, in glass manufacture, 41
content of hygroscopic glass, 6
metals, 184
nitrates, 44, 78
sources of, 40

Alkaline liquids, action of, on glass, 11

Aluminium, 51, 186

Ammonia soda, 41

Anastigmatic photographic lenses, 213

Ancient windows, colours of, 16, 202

Annealing bottles, 103
kiln, 103
for optical glass, 235
for plate glass, 135
for rolled plate glass, 127

Anthracite coal, 42, 53, 79

Antimony, 188

Apochromatic objectives, 213

Arsenic, 52, 78, 105, 117, 188

Artificial gems, 246

Auerbach, 22

Aventurine, 185

B.

Bacteria, action of, on glass, 13

Barium compounds, 47, 186
crown glass, 212
glass, 7

Barytes, 48

Bases other than alkalies, sources of, 45

Beads, 244

Behaviour, chemical, of glass, 6

Bending plate glass, 144

Bevelling, 145

Black ash, 41

Blisters in sheet glass, 160, 168

Blocks, fire-clay, 58
tank, 59

Blower, sheet glass, 158

Blower’s chair, 111

Blowing glass, 89
holes, 91, 161, 189
sheet glass, 161

Blown glass, decoration of, 114
plate glass, 171

Bohemian glass, 109, 240

Boiling up, 81

Bottles, annealing of, 103
blowing, improvements in, 99
machines, 100
colour of, 96
manufacture, furnace for, 97
moulds for blowing, 98
production of, by hand, 98
raw materials for, 95
strength of, 18

Boric acid, 11

Boron, 186

Boro-silicate crown, 212

Boucher’s bottle-blowing machine, 101

Bricks, fire-clay, 58
silica, 60

Bubbles in optical glass, 230
removal of, 81

Burning, pots, 58

C.

Cadmium, 186

Calcium carbonate, 46
oxide, 45, 186
sulphate, 47

Carbon, 53, 79, 186

Carbonate of soda, 41

Carbonic acid, action of, on glass, 12

Carboys, blowing of, 104

Casting plate glass, 132

Chair, glass-blower’s, 111

Chalk, 46

Chamotte, 57

Chance, 211

Charcoal, 42, 58, 79

Charging furnaces, 75

Chemical behaviour of glass, 6
composition of glass, 5
of optical glass, 217
reactions during fusion, 76

Chilled glass, 247

Chimneys, gaslight, 23
lamp, 238

Chromium, colouring effect of, 190

Cleaning of lenses, 220

Coal, anthracite, 42, 53, 79

Cobalt, colouring effect of, 197

Coke, 42, 53, 79

Colour of ancient windows, 16
glass, 32
theory of, 181
optical glass, 208
sheet glass, 167

Coloured blown glass, 113
glass, 178
technical uses of, 203

Combustion tubing, 7, 241

Compressed air for glass blowing, 91, 105, 117

Conductivity, electrical, of glass, 30
thermal, of glass, 24, 29

Copper, colouring effect of, 184
ruby, 184, 188, 198

Corrosion of glass, 11

Covered pots, 56, 109

Crown, boro-silicate, 219
glass, 175, 211
hard, 212, 219
soft, 212
telescope, 215

Crowns, furnace, 60

Crucibles, manufacture of, 56
for glass melting, 54

Crushing strength of glass, 19

Cryolite, 52

Crystallisation of glass, 3

Crystals, mineral, 218

Cullet, 74
for optical glass, 224

Cutting rolled plate glass, 128

Cylinders, sheet glass, 161, 171

D.

Decolourisation of glass, 52, 188, 190, 193, 197

Decoration of blown glass, 114

Defects in rolled plate glass, 129
sheet glass, 166

Definition of glass, 1

De la Bastie, 248

Devitrification, 3, 11

Diamond, refractive index of, 216

Dimming of glass surfaces, 12

Dinas bricks, 61

Dipping of sheet glass, 166

Dispersion of optical glass, 209
partial, 214

Double refraction in optical glass, 221
rolling machine, 130

Drawing tubes, 239

Ductility of glass, 20

Durability of glass, tests for, 14

Dust, action of, on lenses, 220
glass, 245

E.

Elasticity of glass, 20, 24

Electrical properties of glass, 29

Epinal, 39

Etching of glass, 12

Expansion, coefficient of thermal, 24, 25

F.

Felspar, 40, 44

Fibres, glass, 245
silica, 245

Figured rolled plate glass, 87, 130
cutting of, 131

Finger-marks on lenses, 219

Fining of glass, 81
optical glass, 229

Fire-clay, action of, on glass, 6
for pots, 55
wetting up, 57

Fire-polish, 117

Flashed glass, 25, 199

Flint, 40
boro-silicate, 212
dense, 212, 246
densest, 212
extra dense, 212
glass, 7, 49, 78, 108, 211
light, 212
soda, 212
telescope, 215

Fluorite, refractive index of, 216

Fontainebleau, 38

Founding of optical glass, 227

Fourcault process, 174

Fresnel, 251

Furnace crowns, 60
gas, 63

Furnaces for bottle manufacture, 97
glass melting, 54, 62
optical glass, 225
plate glass, 133
rolled plate glass, 122
sheet glass, 151, 170
ports, 67
recuperative, 66, 156
regenerative, 66, 155
tank, 59, 69
economy of, 72

Fusion, process of, 73
temperature of glass, 5

Freezing of glass, 2

G.

Gaslight, chimneys for, 23

Gas producers, 62, 64

Gatherer, 158

Gathering of glass, 85, 88, 158

Gauge tubes, 10, 18, 23, 26

Gems, artificial, 246

Ghosts, photographic, 16

Glauber’s salt, 43

Gold, colouring effect of, 185

Grinding plate glass, 137

Gypsum, 47

H.

Hardened glass, 20

Hardness of glass, 21
tests for, 22

Heavy spar, 48

Henrivaux, 19

Hertz, 22

Hock-bottle colour, 195

Hohenbocka, 38

Hollow glass-ware, 108

Horse-shoe flame, 69

Hydrofluoric acid, action of, on glass, 12

Hygroscopic glass, alkali content of, 6

I.

Indentation modulus, 22

Index, refractive, 216

Insulating properties of glass, 29

Iron, 96
colouring effect of, 196
oxidation of, in glass, 195

Irregularities caused by rolling, 86

J.

Jena, 7, 10, 14, 26, 29, 203, 210, 213, 241

K.

Kelp, 40

Kowalski, 19

L.

Laboratory ware, 10, 23

Ladling glass, 85
rolled plate glass, 124

Lagre, 166

Lamp-chimneys, 110, 238

Lamp-work, 240, 244

Large vessels, production of, 105

Lead, 49, 183, 188

Lear for rolled plate glass, 127
sheet glass, 165

Leighton, 39

Lenses, cleaning of, 220
finger-marks on, 220
pressing small, 94

Light, action of, on glass, 15

Lighthouse glass, 178, 250

Lime, slaked, 45

Lime-stone, 46

Limited range of vitreous bodies, 4

Lippe, 38

Lynn, 39

M.

Machines, bevelling, 145
double rolling, 130
grinding, 139
polishing, 141

Magnesia, 48, 186

Manganese, 15, 52, 80

Mangin mirrors, 252

Marver, 111

Massive glass, 249

Mechanical properties of glass, 18

Metal, attachment of, to glass, 26

Minerals, crystalline, 217

Mirrors, 145
searchlight, 251

Mixing of materials, 73

Moulds for glass-blowing, 90, 110, 116
pressed glass, 119

Muffled glass, 172

Muranese glass, 123

N.

Nickel, 96
colouring effect of, 197
steel, 27, 148

Nitrates, alkali, 44, 78

O.

Objectives, apochromatic, 213
telescope, 218

Opal glass, 45, 52, 186

Opaque plate glass, 146

Open pots, 56

Optical glass, annealing, 235
chemical composition of, 217
cooling of, 233
cost of, 237
fining, 229
founding, 227
furnaces for, 225
hardness of, 220
moulding, 235
pressing, 93
range of, 216
raw materials for, 223
sorting, 235
stability of, 219
strain in, 221
stirring, 231
yield of, 236
properties of glass, 205

P.

Painting on glass, 201

Parason, 102

Patent plate glass, 171

Paving stones, glass, 249

Pearl ash, 43

Phosphoric acid, 11

Phosphorus, 188

Photographic ghosts, 16
lenses, anastigmatic, 213
colour of, 209

Pipe, glass-maker’s, 89
sheet-blower’s, 158
warmer, 158

Plate glass, annealing kiln for, 135
bending of, 144
blown, 171
casting, 132
colour of, 33
figured rolled, 87
flatness of, 134
furnaces for, 133
grinding machines, 139
of, 137
mirrors, 145
opaque, 146
polishing machines, 141
polishing of, 137
raw materials for, 132
rolled, 86, 123
silvering, 146
sizes of, 143
strength of, 15
striæ in, 143
wired, 27, 147

Platinum, 27

Polishing, theory of, 141

Pontil, 98, 176, 239

Potash, 43

Potato, use of, in glass melting, 81

Ports, furnace, 67

Pots, burning of, 58
covered, 56
drying of, 58
for flint glass, 109
optical glass, 226
manufacture of, 56
open, 56

Pouring of glass, 85, 87

Pressed glass, 92, 118
composition of, 120

Presses for glass, 119

Proofs, 82, 231

Purity of materials, 36

Q.

Quartz, 40

R.

Range, limited, of vitreous bodies, 4

Recuperative furnaces, 66, 156

Red lead, 49

Refraction, double, in optical glass, 221
of light in optical glass, 209

Refractive index, 216

Regenerative furnace, 66, 155

Reichsanstalt, 10

Resistance to crystallisation of glass, 4

Rings for lighthouse lenses, 251

Rod, glass, 245

Rolled plate glass, 86, 123
annealing, 127
cutting, 128
defects of, 129
figured, 130
furnaces, 123
ladling, 124
raw materials for, 124
rolling, 126
sorting, 129
surface of, 122

Rolling of glass, 86

Rubies, artificial, 247

Ruby, copper, 184, 188, 198
flashed, 184
gold, 185

Rupert’s drops, 248

S.

Salt-cake, 37, 42, 79, 189

Sand, 38

Sandstone, 39

Schott, 8, 19, 203, 213, 241

Scratches on sheet glass, 169

Searchlights, 250

Seed in sheet glass, 167

Selenium, colouring effect of, 190

Sheet glass, 70
blisters in, 160, 168
blowing, 161
colour of, 33, 167
compared with plate, 149
cylinders, 161, 171
defects of, 166
dipping, 166
flattening, 165
furnaces, 151, 170
lear, 165
mechanical production of, 173
raw materials for, 150
sorting, 166
splitting, 164
strength of, 18

Siedentopf, 182

Siege blocks, 59

Siemens, 248

Sievert, 92, 105, 117, 172
processes, 105, 117

Signal glasses, 203

Silica bricks, 61
glass, 5, 26, 241
sources of, 37

Silicon, colouring effect of, 187

Silver, colouring effect of, 185

Silvering plate glass, 146

Sizes of plate glass, 142

Soda ash, 41
carbonate, 41
sulphate, 37, 42, 79
sulphide, 80
sulphite, 79

Solidification of glass, 1

Solutions, analogy of, with glass, 206

Sorting rolled plate glass, 129

Specific heat of glass, 25, 29
inductive capacity of glass, 29

Stains, coloured, 200

Stassfurth, 44

Stones in rolled plate glass, 129
sheet glass, 167

Storage of materials, 37

Strain in optical glass, 221

Strength of glass, 19

Striæ in coloured glass, 203
optical glass, 206, 227
plate glass, 143
testing apparatus, 207

String in sheet glass, 168

Strontium, 86

Structure of glass, 1

Sulphur, colouring effect of, 189

Surfaces, chemical behaviour of glass, 8, 10

Szigmondi, 182

T.

Table, rolling, 126

Tank blocks, 59
furnaces, 59, 69
economy of, 72
for sheet glass, 152

Telescope objectives, 213

Temperature of fusion of glass, 5

Tempered glass, 20, 248

Tensile strength of glass, 19

Thallium, 183, 188

Theory of colours in glass, 181
polishing, 141

Thermal endurance of glass, 23
properties of glass, 23

Thermometer glass, 7, 8, 28

Tin, colouring effect of, 187

Tonnelot, 7

Transparency of glass, 31
optical glass, 208

Trautwine, 19

Tubing, 238
combustion, 7
drawing of, 239

Tumblers, 111

U.

Ultra-violet microscope, 243

V.

Vanadium, colouring effect of, 189

Veins in optical glass, 206, 227

W.

Water, action of, on glass, 10
glass, 250

Wetting up clay, 57

Winkelmann, 19

Wired plate glass, 27, 147

Witherite, 48

Wool, glass, 245

Y.

Young’s modulus, 20

Z.

Zaffre, 197

Zeiss, 213, 244

Zinc, colouring effect of, 49, 186

Zschimmer, 14

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Transcriber’s Notes

Punctuation, hyphenation, and spelling were made consistent when a predominant preference was found in this book; otherwise they were not changed.

Simple typographical errors were corrected; occasional unbalanced quotation marks retained.

Ambiguous hyphens at the ends of lines were retained.

The appearance of the Table of Contents has been altered slightly.

Index not checked for proper alphabetization or correct page references.

In the Index, it was unclear to the Transcriber whether some of the indentations indicated sub-entries or implied ditto marks, so the indentations have been treated here as multiple levels of sub-entries.