Chapter I: Preface

My aim in the preparation of this book has been to present in an elementary way the leading facts concerning the organization and activities of national, state, and local government in the United States. I have given rather greater emphasis than is customarily done in textbooks of this character to what may be called the dynamics of government, that is, its actual workings, as contradistinguished from organization. Likewise, I have laid especial stress upon the activities and methods of political parties, party conventions, primaries, the conduct of political campaigns, the regulation of campaign methods, and the like. The increasing importance of citizenship has led me to devote a chapter to that subject. To encourage wider reading among students, I have added to each chapter a brief list of references to books which should be in every high school library. The great value of illustrative material as a means of acquainting students with the spirit and actual methods of government is now recognized. For the convenience of teachers, I have therefore added at the end of each chapter a list of documentary and other illustrative material, most of which can be procured without cost and all of which may be used to advantage in supplementing the descriptive matter in the textbook. To stimulate the spirit of research and to encourage independent thinking among students, I have also added at the end of each chapter a list of search questions bearing upon the various subjects treated in the chapter.

I am under obligations to a number of teachers for reading the proof sheets of this book and for giving me the benefit of their advice. Among those to whom I am especially indebted are Mr. Clarence O. Gardner, formerly assistant in political science in the University of Illinois, Mr. W. A. Beyer, of the Illinois State Normal University, Mr. C. H. Elliott, of the Southern Illinois State Normal University, Mr. E. T. Austin, of the Sterling Township (Ill.) High School, and Mr. William Wallis, Principal of the Bloomington (Ill.) High School.

J. W. GARNER

URBANA, ILLINOIS.

CONTENTS

CHAPTER PAGE

I. LOCAL GOVERNMENT: TOWNS, TOWNSHIPS, AND COUNTIES 5

II. LOCAL GOVERNMENT, CONTINUED: CITIES AND VILLAGES 25

III. THE STATE GOVERNMENTS 57

IV. THE STATE LEGISLATURE 73

V. THE STATE EXECUTIVE 91

VI. THE STATE JUDICIARY 109

VII. SUFFRAGE AND ELECTIONS 125

VIII. POLITICAL PARTIES AND NOMINATING METHODS 144

IX. THE ESTABLISHMENT OF THE UNION 159

X. THE TWO HOUSES OF CONGRESS 174

XI. ORGANIZATION AND PROCEDURE OF CONGRESS 197

XII. FEDERAL FINANCE, TAXATION, AND MONEY 217

XIII. THE REGULATION OF COMMERCE 236

XIV. OTHER IMPORTANT POWERS OF CONGRESS 248

XV. THE PRESIDENCY: ORGANIZATION AND MODE OF ELECTION 274

XVI. THE PRESIDENCY, CONTINUED: INAUGURATION, POWERS AND DUTIES 298

XVII. THE CABINET AND THE EXECUTIVE DEPARTMENTS 324

XVIII. THE FEDERAL JUDICIARY 353

XIX. GOVERNMENT OF THE TERRITORIES AND DEPENDENCIES 369

XX. CITIZENSHIP 383

ARTICLES OF CONFEDERATION 393

CONSTITUTION OF THE UNITED STATES 399

INDEX 411

GOVERNMENT IN THE UNITED STATES