Chapter IX (2)

Folded leaves, 15, _16_, 20, 24, 25, 63, _69_, 70, 74

Foreign grasses, 30

Forestry, 3

Forest species, 27, 28, 33

Form of lamina, 19, 20

Foxtail grass--_Alopecurus_

Foxtail type of inflorescence, _9_, 88, 100

Fructification--fruiting, 120

Fruit, 119, 123, 125, _126_, _129_, +134+, +135+-+174+

Fruit-coats, 121, 122

Functions of awns, 95, 125, _126_, 127

Functions of ears, 19

Functions of leaves, 2

Functions of ligule, 18, 19

Functions of lodicules, 96

Functions of spear, 132

Furrows, 23, 78

_Gastridium_--Nit-grass, 90, 91, 101, 103, 105;
_G. lendigerum_, 31

Germination, 123, +131+-+133+

Germination of pollen-grain, _120_, 121

Giant Fescue--_Festuca gigantea_

Girders--supporting bands of sclerenchyma running in the principal
ribs and ridges, _63_, _64_, 65, _66_, _67_, +68+, _69_, 70, 71,
74-80

Glabrous--devoid of hairs, 18, 19, 22, 26, 45, 48, 80, 168

Glaucous--pale sea-green, usually due to a waxy bloom, 22

Glume, 85, 86, _87_, +91+, +92+, 93, +94+, 95, 99-118, 124, 125, 127,
130, 134, 135, 136, 151, _152_, _153_, _154_, _155_, 156

_Glyceria_--Sweet-grass, 6, 14, 20, 21, 37, 40, 54, 67, 90, 91, 92,
136, 137, 138, 146, 148;
_G. aquatica_, 6, 11, 16, 17, 25, 26, 28, +39+ 54, 69, +73+, 103,
111, 112, +113+, 142, +145+;
_G. distans_--_Poa distans_;
_G. fluitans_, 6, 11, 16, 17, 25, 28, 32, +39+, 40, 54, 64, 66, 69,
+73+, +111+, 113, _128_, +145+;
_G. maritima_--_Poa maritima_;
_G. procumbens_--_Poa procumbens_;
_G. rigida_--_Poa rigida_

Grain, 86, 95, 121, _122_, 127, 135

Graminaceæ, characters, 3, 36, 37

Gramineæ, _see_ Graminaceæ

Grass, origin of the word, 3

Grass carpets, 2, 37

Grasses, identification of, 3, 4

Grazing, 27

Grey Hair-grass--_Aira canescens_

Grooved leaf, _69_, 70, _71_, 79

Grooved sheath, 18

_Gynerium_, 89

Habit, 13, 34

Habitats, 27-31

Hair-grass--_Aira_

Hairs, _18_, 19, 21, 24, 26, 62, 64, 66, 67, 91, 125, 130, 131, 138,
139, 144

Hair-tufts, 59, 123, 125, _129_, _158_

Hairy grasses, _18_, 19, 21, 22, _23_, +26+, 57, 76, 81

Hairy Brome--_Bromus asper_

Hairy “seeds,” 168

Half-shade species, 34

Halophytes, 36

Hard Fescue--_Festuca duriuscula_

Hard-grass--_Lepturus_

Hard leaves, 21, 47

Hard Meadow-grass--_Poa rigida_

Hardy Bamboos, 38

Hare’s-tail--_Lagurus_

Harsh leaves, 21

Haulm, 83

Havers--_Avena fatua_

Hay, 27, 37

Heath False-Brome--_Brachypodium pinnatum_

Heath-grass--_Triodia decumbens_

Heath-grasses, 20, +29+, 36

Height, 6

_Heleochloa_, 123

Herbaceous--of the ordinary soft texture of herbs, 6, 21, 91

_Heterodera_, 10

Heterophylly, 71

_Heteropogon contortus_, 127

_Hierochloe_--Holy-grass, 20, 27, 66, 73, 91, 92, 105, 155;
_H. borealis_, 30, 65

Hill-pastures, 29

Hispid--covered with stiff and rather long hairs, 58

Histology, 62-71, 122

_Holcus_--Soft grass, 8, 22, 26, 27, 56, 89, 90, 91, 93, +106+, 119,
125, 148, 151, _152_, _153_, 155;
_H. lanatus_, 7, 11, 13, 14, 17, _23_, 26, 28, 30, 32, 34, +59+,
65, 69, +81+, +106+, 143, 151, +152+;
_H. mollis_, 11, 28, 30, 33, 59, +106+, +153+

Holy-grass--_Hierochloe_

Hooded leaf-apex, 21

Hook-hairs, 65

_Hordeum_--Barley, 10, 20, 22, 26, 44, 59, 88, 89, 90, 92, +99+, 100,
108, 127, 134, 163;
_H. jubatum_, 125;
_H. maritimum_, 8, 10, 29, 33, 59, +100+, +163+;
_H. murinum_, 8, 10, 14, 21, 30, 50, +59+, +76+, +100+, 125, 162,
+163+;
_H. pratense_, 7, 11, 14, 21, 22, 28, +58+, +100+, +163+;
_H. sylvaticum_, 7, 11, 14, 28, 34, 44, +58+, 59, +100+, 105, +162+

Humus species, 33, 35

Hybrids, 120

Hydrophytes--plants requiring much water, and therefore aquatic or
semi-aquatic, 37

Hygrophilous species--hydrophytes, 70

Imperfect--rudimentary or staminate, 105

Inconspicuously awned grasses, 93

Indicator-plants, 31, 32, 34

Inflorescence, _5_, _9_, _12_, _15_, 83, +86+-+91+, 97, 99, 102, 103,
105, 106, +109+-+118+, 119

Infolding of leaves, 20, 23, 25, 62, +63+, 64

Inrolling of leaves, 20, 23, 25, 46, 62, +63+, 64, _65_, _66_, _67_,
_69_, 75, 78, 79, 80

Intercellular spaces, 37

Internode, 8, 17

Intra-vaginal shoots, 12, 13

Introduced grasses, 30

Involute--rolled inwards, 20, 47

Irritability of seedlings, 132

Italian Rye-grass--_Lolium italicum_

Keel, 18, _23_, 26, _63_, 68, 69, 91, 113, 127, 140, 144, 146, 147,
148, 149, 151

Keeled grasses, 26, 74

_Knappia_--_Mibora_

Kneed awns, _129_, 130, 151, 153, _154_, _158_

Kneed stem, _9_

Knot-grass--_Polygonum_

_Kœleria_, 11, 14, 19, 20, 25, 26, 90, 91, 92, 101, 103, 110, 141,
146, _149_;
_K. cristata_, 8, 29, 32, 66, +81+, +109+, 148, +149+

Lacunæ--air-spaces, 70, 73

_Lagurus_--Hare’s-tail, 76, 88, 90, 92, 100, 101, 109;
_L. ovatus_, 31

Lamina--the blade of the leaf, 63-71, 95

Lanceolate--narrow and tapering at both ends, 163

Lanceolate-acuminate--lanceolate, but the upper end drawn out to a
long point, 163

Large grasses, 6

Lawns, 10, 37

Lax--loose, the spikelets on slender branches some distance apart,
110, 117

Layed shoots, 15

Leaf, +17+-+27+, 39-61, 95, 133

Leaf anatomy, 62-71, 72-82

Leaf-apex, +21+

Leaf-base, 10, 22, 40

Leaf-blade--Lamina

Leaf characters, 4, +20+-+27+

Leaf-margin, +22+, 44, 66

Leaf-section, _16_, 20, +62+-+72+

Leaf-stalk--Petiole

Leaf-surface, +22+, 65, 66, 67

Least Quaking-grass--_Briza minor_

Leathery leaves, 21

_Leersia_--Cut-grass, 67, 70, 77, 90, 91, 92, 105, 120;
_L. oryzoides_, 30, 66, 137

Leguminosæ, 3

_Lepturus_, 87, 90, 99;
_L. filiformis_--_L. incurvatus_;
_L. incurvatus_, 31

Ligule, _18_, _19_, 45, 46, 51, 95, 113, 133

Limestone species, 32

Linear--at least five times as long as broad, with parallel straight
sides, 19

Linear-acuminate--linear, but tapering to a long point at the apex, 19

Linear-acute--linear, but pointed at the apex, 39

Linear-lanceolate--linear, but tapering at both ends, 19, 20, 163, 168

Linear-oblong--oblong, but drawn out so that the sides are parallel
for some distance, 16

Local grasses, 30, 31

Lodicules, 86, _87_, 95, _96_, 97

_Lolium_--Rye-grass, 13, 14, 18, 22, 25, 49, 50, 53, 57, 59, 82, 88,
90, 91, +107+, 108, 109, 144, 151, 167;
_L. italicum_, 7, 11, 28, 31, +49+;
_L. perenne_, 8, 11, 16, _19_, 20, 28, 30, 32, +49+, +81+, 82, 93,
+107+, 128, 131, +142+, 143, 144, 150, 168;
_L. temulentum_, 8, 10, 30, +49+, 50, 82, 92, +107+, _129_, 130,
142, 150, 167, +168+

Loose Panic-grass--_Panicum Crus-galli_

_Lygeum_, 36

Lyme-grass--_Elymus_

Maize, 1, 89, 120

Male flowers, 89, 90, 119

Manna-croup--_Glyceria fluitans_

Many-flowered spikelets, 90

Margin of leaf, 21, +22+, 66

Marginal asperities, 22

Maritime grasses, 29

Marram--_Psamma_

Marsh Bent--_Agrostis alba_

Marsh Foxtail--_Alopecurus geniculatus_

Marsh grasses, 28, 29

Mat-grass--_Psamma arenaria_

Maydeæ, 122

Meadows, 1

Meadow Barley--_Hordeum pratense_

Meadow Fescue--_Festuca elatior_--_Festuca pratensis_

Meadow Foxtail--_Alopecurus pratensis_

Meadow-grass--_Poa pratensis_, 83

Meadow grasses, +27+, +28+, 37, 113

Meadow Soft-grass--_Holcus lanatus_

Mechanical tissues--tissues composed of hard-walled cells
(sclerenchyma) serving for support, 62, _63_, _64_, 68

Medium grasses, 7

_Melica_--Melick, 11, 14, 16, 19, 20, 23, 25, 26, 34, 63, 90, 91, 92,
110, +136+, 137, 142;
_M. ciliata_, 32;
_M. nutans_, 7, 17, 33, +41+, 78, 104, 105, +137+;
_M. uniflora_, 7, 17, 28, 33, +40+, 41, 78, 104, +105+, 137

_Melocanna_, 123

Membranous ligule, 19

Mesophytes--plants adapted to ordinary conditions of moisture, 37

_Mibora_, 68, 87, 89;
_M. verna_, 31, +74+, +99+

Micropyle, _121_

Microscopic characters, 62, 122

Mid-rib, 15, 20, 21, 25, _63_, 67, 68, 74

_Milium_--Millet-grass, 6, 11, 14, 20, 22, 27, 34, 89, 91, 92, 137;
_M. effusum_, 6, 28, 33, +103+, +136+

Millet--_Panicum_, 135

Millet-grass--_Milium_

Millet-seed type, 127, +135+

Moist soils, 26, 32

_Molinia_, 8, 14, 19, 20, 40, 60, 77, 90, 91, 92, 146, 148, 151, 171;
_M. cærulea_, 7, 26, 29, 32, 33, 36, 37, 40, +59+, +110+, +148+,
_149_

Monocotyledons, 97, 134

Monœcious--male and female flowers on the same plant, 119

Moor-grass--_Sesleria_

Moor-grasses, 8, 20, +29+, 37

Moor Mat-grass--_Nardus stricta_, 83

Morphology of flower, 95, 96, 97

Morphology of spikelet, 94

Motor-cells, 25, 41, 62, +63+, 64, _65_, _66_, _67_, _69_, 70, _71_,
73, 74, 75, 76, 77, 78, 79, 80

Mountain Melick--_Melica nutans_

Movements of awns, 125, _126_, 127

Movements of seedlings, 132

Mucronate--with a short point suddenly springing from a rounded apex,
22, 138, 139, 146, 149, _150_

_Myosotis_, 3

Naked fruits, 136

_Nardus_, 8, _9_, 11, 14, 20, 21, 64, 65, 66, 67, 70, 80, 83, 87, 88,
89, 90, 91, 93, 94, 130, 146, 171;
_N. stricta_, 8, _9_, 29, 33, 36, +46+, 64, _69_, 70, +99+, 171,
_173_, +174+

Narrow-leafed Oat--_Avena pratensis_

Narrow Small-reed--_Calamagrostis stricta_

Naviculate--Boat-shaped, but pointed at both ends, 16

Nematode worms, 10

Nerves--minute veins on paleæ, 113, 115, _128_, _140_, 144, 168

Nodes, 6, 8, 12, 14, 15

Nodules, 10

Northern Holy-grass--_Hierochloe borealis_

Nucellus--the body of the ovule or young seed, _122_

Nuclei, 121

Numbers of grasses, 2

Oat--_Avena_, 85, 89, +133+

Oat-type of “seed,” 156

Obsolete--so much reduced as to be practically absent, 19, 45, 48,
115, 116

Obtuse--rounded off and blunt at the apex, 19, 91

Odours, 27

Offsets, 12

_Olyra_, 6

One-flowered spikelets, 89

One-glumed Fescue--_Festuca uniglumis_

Open panicle--one where the primary branches stand off at right
angles from the rachis, 112

Orange spiked Foxtail--_Alopecurus fulvus_

Orchids, 2

Ovary, 86, _87_, 89, 95, _96_, 97, 119, 121

Ovate-acute--egg-shaped in outline, but the free narrow end pointed, 61

Ovate-lanceolate--ovate, but tapering above, 168

Pale--Palea, 86, 89

Palea, _84_, _85_, 86, _87_, +92+, _93_, 95, _96_, 97, 99-118, 119,
120, _124_, 125, 127, _128_, _129_, 130, 131, 134, +135+-+174+

Pampas-grass, 1

Panic-grass--_Panicum_

Panicle, _5_, _12_, 87, 88, 90, 91, 103, 105, 109-118

_Panicum_, 4, 19, 67, 69, 72, 87, 90, 92, 101, 105, 109, 124, 135,
136, 137, 142;
_P. Crus-galli_, 137;
_P. glaucum_, 30;
_P. plicatum_, 21;
_P. sanguinale_, 30;
_P. verticillatum_, 30

Papillæ--protruding cells not long enough to be termed hairs, 64, 67

Pappus, 125

Parallel venation, 21, 22

Parenchyma--ordinary soft cellular tissue of herbaceous parts, 64, 65

Partial inflorescence, 86

Pasture, 1, 10

Pasture-grasses, +27+, +28+, 37

Perennial Beard-grass--_Polypogon littoralis_

Perennial grasses, 10, 11, 40, 43, 58, 114

Perennial Oat--_Avena pratensis_

Perennial Oat-grass--_Avena pratensis_

Perfect flowers, 89, 90, 99, 100, 105, 106

Perianth--the floral coverings, 96

Pericarp--the coats of the true fruit, _121_, _122_

Petiole, 5, 17

_Phalaris_--Canary grass, 88, 101, 109, 136;
_P. arundinacea_--_Digraphis arundinacea_;
_P. canariensis_, 31, 139

_Phleum_, 66, 88, 89, 90, 91, 93, +102+, 109, 110, 136, 137, 142;
_P. alpinum_, 30, 102;
_P. arenarium_, 7, 10, 29, 37, +55+, +102+, 136;
_P. asperum_, 31, 55, 102, 136;
_P. Bœhmeri_, 8, 31, 55, 102, 136;
_P. nodosum_--var. of _P. pratense_;
_P. phalaroides_--_P. Bœhmeri_;
_P. pratense_, 7, 8, 11, 13, 25, 28, 32, +55+, 70, +76+, +102+,
_128_, +135+

Phloem, 67

_Phragmites communis_--_Arundo Phragmites_

Physiognomy, 36, 37

Piercing of soil, 132

Pilose--with scattered, rather long soft hairs, 59

Plaited vernation, 21

_Plantago_, 3

Plicate--plaited

Plume-like inflorescence, 91, 103

Plumule, _121_, 123, 132, 133

_Poa_, 2, 15, 20, 21, 23, 25, 26, 47, 54, 61, 74, 83, 84, 88, 89, 90,
91, 92, 103, 104, 109, 110, +113+, 114, 115, 116, 118, 127, 131, 140,
141, 144, 146, 151, 162;
_P. alpina_, 8, 11, 13, 14, 16, 17, 31, +44+, 54, 63, 114, 134,
+146+;
_P. annua_, 8, 10, 14, 16, 30, 34, 42, +53+, 54, _63_, 68, 74, 75,
+114+, _127_, 141, +146+;
_P. aquatica_--_Glyceria aquatica_;
_P. bulbosa_, 8, 11, 14, 29, +54+, 69, 111, 114, 146;
_P. compressa_, 8, 11, 14, 15, 16, 30, 32, 42, +53+, 54, 63, 69,
74, 111, +114+, 139, +140+;
_P. distans_, 29, 30, 114, 146;
_P. fertilis_--_P. serotina_, 45;
_P. fluitans_--_Glyceria fluitans_;
_P. laxa_, 31, 134;
_P. loliacea_, 31, 108, 114, 146;
_P. maritima_, 8, 11, 14, 16, 20, 22, 26, 29, +47+, 54, +111+, 114,
146;
_P. nemoralis_, 7, 11, 14, 15, 28, 34, 45, +54+, 63, 74, 75, 113,
+114+, 139, _140_, +141+, 161;
_P. pratensis_, 7, 11, 13, 14, 16, 17, 27, 32, 33, 41, 42, +44+,
45, 54, 55, 67, 75, 113, +114+, 139, +140+, 141;
_P. procumbens_, 31, 111, 114;
_P. rigida_, 10, 14, 30, +111+, 114, 146;
_P. stricta_--var.of _P. alpina_, 134;
_P. trivialis_, 7, 11, 13, 14, 16, 17, _18_, 27, 32, +42+, 44, 45,
54, +74+, 90, 112, +113+, 139, _140_, +141+, 146, 148

Pollen, _93_, 94, 119

Pollen-grain, _120_, +121+

Pollen-tube, _120_, +121+

Pollination, _93_, 119, +120+, +121+

_Polygonum_, 3

_Polypogon_--Beard-grass, 69, 90, 91, 92, 100, 101, 109;
_P. littoralis_, 31;
_P. monspeliensis_, 31

Ponds, grasses of, 28, 29

Popular names, 6

Potassium salts, 32

Prairies, 1, 36, 38

Prickle-hairs, 66

Primary root, 123, 131

Procumbent Meadow-grass--_Poa procumbens_

Protandrous--when the pollen is mature and shed before the stigma of
the same flower is ready for pollination, 119

Proterogynous--when the stigma is receptive before the pollen of the
same flower is mature, 119

_Psamma_, 4, 11, 13, 14, 21, 25, 36, 48, 79, 81, 89, 90, 92, 95, 138;
_P. arenaria_, 7, 29, 33, 35, 36, +48+, 70, +79+, +102+, 138, +139+

Pubescence--hairiness, 26

Pungent--spine-like, 22

Purple-flowered Small-reed--_Calamagrostis lanceolata_

Purple-stalked Cat’s-tail--_Phleum Bœhmeri_

Purple-veined sheaths, 18

Quadrangular shoot-section, 16, 40

Quake-grass--_Briza_

Quaking-grass--_Briza media_

Racemous--like a raceme, 105

Rachilla, 85, _123_, _124_, _128_, _129_, 131, _137_, 138, 142,
_143_, 144, _149_, _150_, _164_, _167_, _169_, _170_, _172_

Rachis, _9_, 85, 88, 106, 107

Radicle, _121_, 123

Rare grasses, 6, +30+, +31+, 89, 90, 91, 92

Rat’s-tail Fescue--_Festuca Myurus_

Red-sheathed grasses, 18, 49, 59

Reed, 2

Reed Canary grass--_Digraphis arundinacea_

Reed Fescue--_Festuca sylvatica_

Reed-grass, 1, 6

Reed Meadow-grass--_Glyceria aquatica_

Reed Sweet-grass--_Glyceria aquatica_

Reflexed leaves, _16_

Reflexed Meadow-grass--_Poa distans_

Rhizomes, 10, 11, 35, 36, 37

Rhomboidal shoot-section, 16, 42

Rib-grass--_Plantago_

Ribbon-grass--_Digraphis arundinacea_

Ribs--the more opaque veins due to the larger vascular-bundles, 22,
25, 62, 91, _127_

Rice, 1

Ridgeless grasses, 25

Ridges, _18_, 21, 22, +23+, _24_, +25+, 26, 47, 51, 53, 54, _65_,
_66_, _67_, 68, _69_, _71_, 73, 77, 78, 79, 80, 91

River-banks, 28, 29

Road-sides, 29

Rolled leaves, 15, _16_, 20, 24, 25, 63

Rolling of leaves, 24, 25, 36

Root-cap, _121_

Roots, 8, 12, 35, _121_, 123, 131, 132, 133

Rough Cock’s-foot--_Dactylis glomerata_

Rough Meadow-grass--_Poa trivialis_

Rough Phleum--_Phleum asperum_

Rough-stalked Meadow-grass--_Poa trivialis_

Round shoots, 15, _16_, 42, 50, 57

Ruderal grasses, 29, 32, 34, 35

Rudimentary flowers, 89, 90, 105

Runners, 12, 13, 14

Rushes, 4, 33

Rushy Wheat-grass--_Agropyrum junceum_

Rye--_Secale_, 120, 132, +133+

Rye Brome--_Bromus secalinus_

Rye-grass--_Lolium perenne_

Salt species, 33

Sand-binders, 13, 35, 36, 48, 102, 107, 108

Sand Cat’s-tail--_Phleum arenarium_

Sand dunes, 35, 36

Sand species, 29, 32, 36

Sandy situations, 8, 29, 33

Savannahs, 1, 38

Scaberulous--slightly rough to the touch, 22, 45, 164

Scabrid--rough to the touch, 22, 47, 54

Scarious--as if scorched by fire, 92, 145

Scents, 27

Sclerenchyma--mechanical tissue, 62, _65_, _66_, _67_, +68+, _69_,
70, _71_, 74, 75, 76, 79, 80

_Sclerochloa_--_Poa_

_Sclerochloa maritima_--_Poa maritima_;
_S. procumbens_--_Poa procumbens_;
_S. rigida_--_Poa rigida_

Scorpion-grass--_Myosotis_

Scutellum, _121_, 123

Sea Barley--_Hordeum maritimum_

Sea Cat’s-tail--_Phleum arenarium_

Sea-grass--_Zostera_

Sea Hard-grass--_Lepturus incurvatus_

Sea Lyme-grass--_Elymus arenarius_

Sea Mat-grass--_Psamma arenaria_

Sea Mat-weed--_Psamma arenaria_

Sea Meadow-grass--_Poa maritima_

Sea Poa--_Poa maritima_

Sea Reed--_Psamma arenaria_

Sea-side grasses, 27, 29

Secondary roots, _121_, 123, 131, 133

Secund--turned to one side, _9_, 89, 108, 109, 114

Sedges, 3, 4, 33, 35, 121

Seed--strictly the contents of the caryopsis (fruit), but in practice
the fruit and its adherent paleæ etc. (chaff) are termed “seed,”
119, 120, 121, 123, +124+, 125, _127_, 128, 129, 130, _131_, +134+,
+135+-+174+

Seed-coats, 121, _122_

Seedlings, 132, +133+

Semi-aquatic species, 28, 29

Separation of fruits, _124_

Serrulæ--minute tooth-like asperities, 22, 91, _173_

_Sesleria_--Moor-grass, 22, 25, 63, 64, 68, 90, 91, 93, 101;
_S. cærulea_, 17, +42+, 67, +108+, 149, +151+

Sessile--sitting directly on an axis without an intervening stalk,
87, 99, 107

Setaceous--bristle-like, _16_, 19, 20, 21, _24_, 45, 111, 113

_Setaria_--_Panicum_

Sexual organs, 134

Shade action of grasses, 35

Shade-grasses, 20, +28+, 33, 34, 70

Shapes of caryopsis, 127

Shapes of leaves, 4, 19, 20

Shapes of shoot, 16

Sharp-edged shoots, 16

Sheath, 5, 8, 12, 15, _16_, 17, _18_, _19_, 20, 22, 51, 95, 133

Sheep’s Fescue--_Festuca ovina_

Shelving sheath-margin, 22

Shoot, 10, 12, 15, 16, 123

_Sieglingia decumbens_--_Triodia decumbens_

Siliceous--impregnated with flint--silex, 64, 65, 66

Silky Bent-grass--_Agrostis Spicaventi_

Silvery Hair-grass--_Aira caryophyllea_

Single-husked Fescue--_Festuca uniglumis_

Slender Foxtail--_Alopecurus agrestis_

Small grasses, 7

Small Reed--_Calamagrostis_

Smooth Brome--_Bromus racemosus_

Sociable plants, 36

Sod, 37

Sodium chloride, 33

Soft Brome--_Bromus mollis_

Soft-grass--_Holcus_

Soft Holcus--_Holcus mollis_

Soil formation, 36

Soil protection, 36

Solid leaves, 46

Solid stems, 4

Sour soils, 33

_Spartina_--Cord-grass, 69, 87, 90, 99, 105;
_S. stricta_, 27, 31, 78

Spear, 123, 132

Spikate inflorescence, 99, 106

Spike, _9_, 87, 88, 90, 99, 100, 101, 102, 106, 108

Spiked Fescue--_Festuca loliacea_

Spikelet, 9, _84_, _85_, +86+, _87_, 88, +89+, +90+, _93_, _94_, 95,
97, 99-118, 119, 120, 123, _124_

Spike-like panicle, _9_, 88, 90, 102

Spinescent leaf, 22

_Spinifex_, 125

Split sheath, 5, 17, _18_, _19_

Split-sheathed grasses, 17, _18_, _19_, 45, 50

_Sporobolus_, 123, 134

Squirrel-tail grass--_Hordeum maritimum_

Stamen, 86, _87_, 89, _93_, 94, 95, _96_, 97, 102, 103, 119

Staminate--a flower with stamens and no ovary, 100, 105, 106

Starch, 120, 121, 122

Stem, 4, 6, 8

Steppes, 1, 36, 38

Stigma--stigmatic plumes, 86, _87_, _93_, 94, 96, 97, +119+, _120_, 121

_Stipa_, 36, 96, _126_;
_S. capillata_, 125;
_S. pennata_, 32, 125;
_S. spartea_, 125

Stolon, 10, 12, 35, 114

Stoloniferous grasses, 8, 13, 14, _15_

Stomata, 25, 36, 62, 64, 65, 67, 70, 73, 77, 80, 95

Strand-plants, 36

Stringy roots, 8

Striped grass--_Digraphis arundinacea_

Struggle for existence, 2, 37, 38

Style, 94, 97, 99

Sub-acute--hardly pointed, 142

Sub-sessile--very shortly stalked, so as to be all but sessile, 99,
106

Sub-terminal awn, 95, 115, _129_, 130, _150_, 151, _152_, 162,
163-168, _169_

Subulate--awl-shaped: stouter than setaceous, 19, 20, 21, 70, _71_, 79

Sugar, 120, 121, 122

Sugar-cane, 1

Sun-plants, 36

Sweet-tasting grasses, 39

Sweet Vernal grass--_Anthoxanthum odoratum_

Sympodium, 11

Tall Brome--_Bromus giganteus_

Tall Fescue--_Festuca elatior_

Tapering leaves, 21

Tastes, 27

Temperate species, 2

Terete--cylindrical and gradually tapering, 6, 54, 163, 171

Terminal awn, 92, 111, 115, 116, _126_, +130+, 162, 168-174, _173_

Texture of leaf, +21+

Three-flowered spikelets, 90

Timothy--_Phleum pratense_

Tomentose--softly hairy, 59

Transpiration, 20

Transverse sections of leaves, _16_, _23_, _24_, _63_, _64_

Transverse section of shoot, 15, 16

_Triodia_--Heath-grass, 11, 14, 19, 25, 26, 90, 91, 103, 139;
_T. decumbens_, 8, 29, 34, +110+, _123_

_Trisetum flavescens_--_Avena flavescens_

_Triticum_--Wheat;
_T. acutum_--_T. laxum_;
_T. junceum_--_Agropyrum junceum_;
_T. laxum_--_Agropyrum laxum_;
_T. pungens_--_T. laxum;_
_T. repens_--_Agropyrum repens_

Tropical species, 1, 2

Truncate, 92, 142

Tuber, 8

Tufted grasses, 13, 14

Tufted Hair-grass--_Aira cæspitosa_

Tufted inflorescences, 90, 99, 102, 103, 109

Tufts, _5_, _9_, 12, 13, 37

Tumble-weeds, 125

Turgescence--the distension of cells with water which they have
absorbed, 63

Tussocks, 13

Twisted awns, 116, 125, _126_, _129_, 130, 151, 154, _158_

Twisting of seedling leaves, 133

Twitch--certain persistent weeds belonging to the genera _Agropyrum_,
_Agrostis_, _Holcus_, etc.: _see_ Couch-grass, 52, 57, 59

Two-flowered spikelets, 90

+U+-shaped leaf-sections, 20

_Uniola_, 97

Upright Brome--_Bromus erectus_.
Also _B. madritensis_

Uses of grasses, 1, 2

+V+-shaped leaf-sections, 20, 53, 73

Vagabond grasses, 29, 32, 34

Variability, 26

Vascular bundles, 21, 22, 62, _63_, _64_, _65_, _66_, _67_, +68+,
_69_, 70, _71_, 75, 76, 78, 80, 81

Vascular-bundle sheath, 68, 95, _122_

Vegetative organs, 4

Veins, 18, 21, 22, 68, 76, 91

Venation, +21+, 62, +67+, 68

Vermin, 35

Vernal grass--_Anthoxanthum_, 83

Vernation--folding of the leaves in bud, 21

Versatile--hung loosely so as to turn freely, 94

Vessels, 67

Violet-brown sheath, 18

Viviparous grasses, 112, 114, 134

_Vulpia Myurus_--_Festuca Myurus_;
_V. uniglumis_--_Festuca uniglumis_

Wall Barley--_Hordeum murinum_

Wall Fescue--_Festuca Myurus_

Walls, grasses of, 29

Waste-places, 29

Water-storing tissues, 36, 70

Water Whorl-grass--_Catabrosa aquatica_

Wavy Hair-grass--_Aira flexuosa_

Wavy Meadow-grass--_Poa laxa_

Wax, 36, 70

Web--minute tufted soft hairs at the base of the caryopsis, 113, 114,
_127_, 131, 138, 139, _140_, 141

Weeds, 27, 28, 29, 35

Wheat--_Triticum_, 1, 120, 127, 132, +133+

Wheat-grass--_Agropyrum_

Whorl-grass--_Catabrosa_

Wild Oat--_Avena fatua_, 117

Wind-borne seeds, 125, _126_

Wings, 125, 142

Wood Barley--_Hordeum sylvaticum_

Wood False-Brome--_Brachypodium sylvaticum_

Wood Meadow-grass--_Poa nemoralis_

Wood Melick--_Melica uniflora_

Wood Poa--_Poa nemoralis_

Wood-species, +28+, 33

Woolly Holcus--_Holcus lanatus_

Xenia--cases where the direct influence of the pollen is evident on
the seed resulting from its action, 120

Xerophilous--of the nature of a xerophyte, 70

Xerophytes--plants adapted to dry situations, 24, 25, 36, 37, 38, 68, 70

Xylem, 67

Yellow Oat-grass--_Avena flavescens_

Yellow-sheathed grasses, 18

Yorkshire Fog--_Holcus lanatus_, 152

_Zostera_, 3

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