Chapter XXIII: Conclusion

And so I must take leave of the Wall; and Wall must make its exit from this little stage.

"Thus have I, Wall, my part discharged so,
And, being done, thus Wall away doth go."
(_Midsummer Night's Dream._)

It has not been possible within the limits of this book to say all I should have liked.

The romance of the Museums I have left untouched, with their pathetic relics of the loves, the vanities, the hopes and fears, the sufferings, and the victories of the great people who colonized our land so many years ago.

There is abundant proof that there was some measure of family life enjoyed by the Romans on the wild outposts of the Wall.

The officers had their wives with them; children were born (and lost); sorrowing husbands have left memorials to their wives; disconsolate wives lament, on stone, their husbands.

And trinkets there are in plenty: gold, and silver, and bronze, inlaid with stones; and beautiful {240} enamel work. At Chesters there is a jet ring inscribed with a monogram, and the legend:

QVIS · SEPA · MEVM · ET · TVVM · DVRANTE · VITA
"Who shall separate me and thee during life?"

Has mankind changed much in eighteen hundred years?

Only one definitely Christian inscription has been found, and that is a British tombstone.

Nearly all the inscribed stones show signs of having been purposely smashed; possibly by "Christian" Britons, who thought later that by that means they were doing God service.

It is so much easier to smash stones than to live the Christian life! No doubt the smashing was sometimes a symbolic act, to indicate the renunciation of the old pagan habits, and to remove temptation.

I was very sorry to take leave of the Wall; perhaps even more sorry to take leave of the kindly friends I had made. I met with many instances of the blunt outspokenness of the northern character, but never with a spark of rudeness nor unpleasant familiarity.

As I travelled south in the train, I remembered what Hutton has said: that the Wall "would exhibit its proud head many thousand years"; but that the mounds of the Vallum, "being native earth, would continue to the last trump."

{241}

Is this indeed so? Is it, for example, possible that the bunkers on the golf-links I was then passing are the most enduring portion of our civilization? Will pilgrims in the far distant future travel hundreds and thousands of miles to see these, our only contemporary "earth-works," as to a shrine, wondering what great chiefs are buried under them? It might be so, if "native earth" were indeed the most enduring form of construction. But I beg leave to doubt it.

Back in London, it seemed cold and dull at first. I missed the freedom of the Wall, where every one I met had said, "It's a gran' day, the day," as naturally as they had smiled as we passed each other.

Ah! but London has a kind heart too, though circumstances prevent her from wearing it on her sleeve. Many have testified to this in the past, and will testify to it in the future. And therefore in London also there is much that we may surely count amongst the "things that endure."

Old Londinium, older than the Romans, who colonized and fortified but did not found her, is dear to us, in spite of all her fog and smoke and turmoil, for of her also it is true that

"Only the fashion of the soul remains."

{243}

INDEX

Æsica (Great Chesters), xix, 29, 142, 143-5.

Agricola, 2, 3, 9-13, 17, 18, 77, 107, 153, 154, 180, 227, 230.

Allectus, 16.

Allolee, 145.

AMBOGLANNA (Birdoswald), xviii, xix, 29, 30, 86, 166-9.

"Amphitheatre" at House-steads, 116, 122.

Antonine Wall, 15, 38, 230.

Antoninus Pius, 12, 14, 169.

Antoninus (son of Severus), 15.

Apple-tree turret, 169.

_Archæologia Æliana_, xvi.

Askerton Castle, 235.

Asturians, 29, 30, 92.

Augustus, 7.

Aulus Platorius Nepos, 14, 21.

Aulus Plautius, 7, 8.

Banks, village of, xviii, xix, 169, 171.

Barcombe Hill, 21, 111, 126, 227.

Bardon Mill, xix.

Barracks in forts, 92, 122, 141.

Basalt rock, 105, 112, 126, 127, 152.

Batavians, cohort of, 29, 107.

Bath-house at Chesters, 95.

Baths in forts, 93.

Beaumont, 204.

Beck, 186.

Bede, 22, 24, 68, 69.

Benwell Hill, 29, 43, 47.

Berm, or safety platform, 19, 34.

Bewcastle, 154, 234-8; Cross, 237.

Birdoswald, viii, xvi, xviii, 29, 30, 109, 154, 164.

Black Carts Farm, 102.

Blackgate Museum, Newcastle, 45, 158.

Black Pasture Quarry, 72, 77.

Blair, Mr. Robert, xvi.

Bleatarn, 190, 191.

Bloody Gap, 139.

Bogle Hole, 139.

BORCOVICIUM, xvi, xix, 28, 29, 116, 119-124.

Bosanquet, Professor, 117, 121.

Boudicca, Queen of the Iceni, 9.

Bowness, xix, 24, 181, 219-223.

Bradley, xviii, 226.

Brewis, Mr. Parker, vii.

Bridge, Roman, at Chesters, xvi, 72, 74-80, 97; at Corbridge, 78; at Newcastle, 42; over Irthing, viii-x.

Brigantes, 9.

Britannicus, 8.

Broomlee Lough, 115, 124, 126.

Bruce, Dr. Collingwood, v, xi, xv, 25, 40, 56, 74, 80, 92, 117, 140, 151, 158, 180, 198, 204, 223, 237.

Brunstock Park, 192.

Brunton House, 73.

Burgh-by-sands, vi, 109, 204.

Burnhead, 142.

Burtholme family, 173; village, 179.

Busy Gap, 115, 125.

Byker Bridge, 39; Hill, 40, 42.

Caedwallon, 68.

Caligula, 7.

Cam Beck, 183, 185.

Cambeck Hill, 185.

Camden, the antiquary, 22, 25, 28, 111, 112, 115, 221.

Camp, Roman, 142.

Caracalla, 15.

Caratacus, or Caradoc, 8.

Carausius, 16.

Carlisle, xiv, xix, 12, 18, 154, 196-7.

Carlisle, Lord, quoted, 168.

Carraw, 107.

Carrawburgh 29, 30, 106.

Carr Hill, 63.

Carvoran, xviii, 25, 29, 30, 112, 114, 153.

Cassivelaunus, British king, 6.

Castle Nick, 127.

Castles: Askerton, 235; Haughton, 98; at Sewingshields, 115; Thirlwall, xviii, xix, 155; Triermain, 235.

Castlesteads, 184, 185.

Cat Gate, 112, 113.

Cat Stairs, 124, 128.

Causeways of Vallum, 34-37, 62, 145.

Caw Burn, 141, 144.

Cawfields, 137, 139, 141.

Caw Gap, xviii, 136, 139.

Centurial Stones, 25, 55, 109, 158, 161, 187.

Chapel of the Standards, vii, 89.

Chapel House, 158.

Chariot-wheel marks, 94, 119.

Chesterholm, 29, 30, 126, 226.

Chesters, Great, 29; Halton, 29; Walwick, xviii, 29, 84.

Chives, 150.

Chollerford, xvii, 76, 82.

Chollerton, 44, 99.

CILURNUM (Walwick Chesters), xviii, xix, 29, 82, 84-97, 154.

Claudius, 7.

Clayton, Mr. John, v, xv, 76, 84, 140.

Cockmount Hill, 145.

Cogidumnus, King, 8.

Cold Knuckles, 131.

Collingwood, Mr. R. G., vi, xii.

Collingwood, Mr. W. G., vi, xvi.

Colonnades, 91, 119, 120.

Commodus, Emperor, 15.

CONDERCUM (Benwell Hill), 29, 44-47.

Constantine, Emperor, 16, 103.

Corbridge, xvii, 12, 18, 53, 61, 78, 229.

Cornovii, cohort of, 29.

CORSTOPITUM, 12, 95, 154, 229-232, 233.

Coventina, water-goddess, 106.

Crag Lough, 126.

Craggle Hill, 174.

Craster, Dr. H. H. E., 232.

Criffel, 147, 220.

Crosby, 188.

Cross Fell, 148.

Cuddy's Crag, 125.

Cumrenton, 184.

Cunobelin, British king, 7.

Curlews, 65, 106, 111.

Cymbeline, 7.

Dacians, cohort of, 29, 168.

Dalmatians, cohort of, 29.

Denton Burn, 47.

Denton, East, 47.

Denton Hall, 48.

Denton, Over, 161; West, 49.

Dere Street, 64, 230.

Diocletian, Emperor, 16.

Domitian, Emperor, 12, 13, 154.

Dooven Foot, 156.

Dovecote, 181.

Down Hill, 23, 63.

Draw-dykes Castle, 193.

Drumburgh, 30, 209-215.

Dykesfield, 24, 209.

East Denton, 47.

East Wallhouses, 59.

Eden, River, 25, 195-200, 221.

Edges Green, 136.

Edwin, King of Northumbria, 147.

Emperor-worship, 89-90.

Erdeswick, Samson, 25.

Erinus Alpinus, 94.

Errington Arms, 65.

Fairclough, H. Rushton, quoted, 17.

Fallowfield Fell, 70, 71.

Far-Glow, 156.

Faustinus, Consul, 170.

Flavius Carantinus, 70.

Flowers along the Wall, 61, 66, 67, 68, 73, 94, 103, 140, 179, 182.

Forts on the Wall, list of, xxv.

Foul Town, 158.

Fourstones, xix.

Forster, Mr. R. H., 232.

Frixagi (Frisii), cohort of, 29.

Furnaces, 93, 96.

Gap, 158.

Garthside, 179, 184.

Gateways of forts, 85-88, 120, 122, 143.

Gauls, cohort of, 29.

George Inn, Chollerford, xvii, 80-83, 98.

Geta, 15, 233.

Giant's Grave, 55.

Gibson, Mr. J. P., 141, 147, 160, 169.

Gilsland, x, xviii, xix, 111, 154, 158-162, 234, 238.

Glasson, 215.

Granaries, at Chesters, 91; at Housesteads, 120; at Corstopitum, 230; at Birdoswald, 167.

Graupius, Mons, 12, 107, 180.

Great Chesters, 29, 143.

Greenhead, xix, 151.

Greenlee Lough, 126.

Green Slack, 138.

Grinsdale, 198-201.

Hadrian, builder of the Wall, 2, 14, 18-21, 76, 158, 169, 228; constructor of the Vallum, 20, 33; Bridge over the Tyne at Newcastle, 42.

Hadrian Street, Wallsend, 40, 42.

Halton Chesters, 29, 63; Shields, 63; Tower, 63.

Haltwhistle, xix, 137, 148.

Haltwhistle Burn, xviii, 141; Fort, 141.

_Handbook_, Dr. Bruce's, see under Bruce.

Hare Hill, xviii, 29, 171.

Harlow Hill, 56, 57.

Harrow's Scar mile-castle, 164, 169.

Haughton Castle, 98.

Haverfield, Professor, 166, 184, 190, 232.

Haydon Bridge, xix, 44, 49, 111.

Hayton-gate, 174, 179.

Headswood, 186.

Heavenfield, 69.

Heddon-on-the-Wall, 52.

Hen Gap, 103.

Hexham, xix, 71, 101, 107, 232.

High House turret, 169.

Highshield, 226; Crag, 126.

High Wall Houses, 61.

Hodgson, Mr. and Mrs. T. H., xvi, 166, 184, 190, 192.

Holmhead, 155, 156.

Honorius, 17.

Hope-Alone, 137, 156.

Horsley, 53.

Hotbank, 126.

Housesteads, xviii, 29, 30, 116; Mile-castle, 124.

Howgill, 180, 181.

Humshaugh, xvii.

HUNNUM (Halton Chesters), 29, 63.

Hutton, William, xiii-xv, 46, 47, 50, 57, 63, 66, 72, 76, 100, 164, 171, 196, 219, 240.

Hypocausts, 63, 93, 96.

Hyssop Holme Well, 196.

Iron Sign, the, 56.

Irthing, River, viii-x, 162-165, 175.

Julius Cæsar in Britain, 6.

King Edward the First's Monument, 208, 209.

King Water, 182, 183, 238.

"King's Stables," the, 160.

King's Well, 147.

Kirkandrews, 199, 203, 204, 223.

Knag Burn, 118, 122.

Lanercost, 173, 175.

Lanercost Priory, xix, 174, 178.

Leahill, 170.

Leland, John, antiquary, 42.

Lewis-holes, 78.

Limestone Bank, 102, 103, 104.

Lingones, cohort of, 29.

Lodham Slack, 138.

Lollius Urbicus, 15.

Long Stone, 126, 227.

Low Wall, 180.

LUGUVALLIUM (Carlisle), 12.

MAGNAE (Carvoran), xviii, 29, 153.

Maiden Way, 154, 235.

Marcus Aurelius, 15.

Martin, painter, 49.

Matfen, 45, 59, 62.

Matfen Piers, 62.

Mile-castles, 18, 20, 30, 49, 50, 68, 72, 102, 105, 108, 115, 124, 125, 127, 139, 140, 141, 160, 169, 173, 179, 181.

Milestone, Roman, 227, 228.

Military roads, Roman, 12, 18, 20, 32, 76, 105, 154, 191, 193.

Milking Gap, xviii, 126.

Millbeck, 199.

Mona (Anglesey) subdued by Rome, 8, 10.

Montague, Mrs. Elizabeth, 48.

Mould's Close, 70.

Mucklebank, 147.

Naworth Castle, 175; Railway Station, xix.

Newcastle, xvi, xix, 24, 28, 29, 39-42.

Newtown of Irthington, 186.

Nine Nicks of Thirlwall, xviii, xix, 25, 139, 147.

_Notitia_, the, 29, 30, 168, 226.

Old Castle, vii.

Old Wall, 188.

Ordovices, 10.

Ostorius Scapula, 8.

Oswald, King of Bernicia, 68.

Ouseburn, 39.

"Out-by" Farms, 130, 137.

Over Denton, Saxon church, 161.

Peat-cutting, 130.

Peel, xviii.

Peel Crag, 124, 132, 133.

Peewits, 106.

Pendower, 44.

Pilgrims' Gap, xviii, 139, 141.

Plane-trees Farm, 72.

Poltross Burn, 159, 160.

Pomponia Græcina, 8.

PONS AELII (Newcastle), 29, 42.

Port Carlisle, 181, 209, 215, 216.

Portgate, 64.

Powburgh Beck, vii, 205.

Principia or Headquarters buildings, 88, 89, 91, 119, 166.

PROCOLITIA (Carrawburgh), 29, 106.

_Purpose and Date of the Vallum and its Crossings_, xvii.

Quarries on Barcombe, 227; Black Pasture, 72; Bleatarn, 190; Cawfields, 141, 152; Coome Crag, 170; Greenhead, 151-153; at Housesteads, 117.

Rabbits, 112-114.

Rampart-walk, 87.

Randelands, 179.

Rapishaw Gap, 124, 125.

Rattlingstones, 197, 199.

Ridley, Sir Christopher, 25.

Ridley, John, 148-150.

Roads, Roman, 12, 18, 20, 32, 64, 76, 105, 154, 191, 193, 230.

Robin Hood Inn, 57, 59.

Roofing, methods of, 89.

Rudchester, vii, 29, 53-56, 122.

Rufus, Consul, 170.

Runic Cross at Bewcastle, 237.

_Sacellum_ or Chapel of the Standards, 89, 90.

St. Nicholas' Church, Newcastle (the Cathedral), 40, 42.

St. Oswald's Church, 68, 70.

Sallyport gateway, Newcastle, 39, 42.

Sandysike, 183.

Savinian _ala_, 29.

Scott, Sir Walter, 140, 214, 234.

SEGEDUNUM (Wallsend), 29, 41.

Seldom Seen, 131, 156.

Severus, Septimius, x, 15, 16, 21, 27, 76, 78, 103, 125, 132, 169, 170, 233.

Sewingshields, xix, 107-116; Crags, 122.

Shaw, Dr. R. C., viii, x, xvii, 34.

"Shield," meaning of, 111; Shield on the Wall, 139.

Side Fell, 237.

Silures, subdued, 9.

Simpson, Mr. F. Gerald, xvi, xvii, 34, 77, 141, 160, 169.

"Slacks," 138.

Solway, 24, 41, 220, 221.

Spadeadam, 238.

Stanegate, 12, 18, 32, 131, 143, 153, 227, 230.

Stanwix, 195, 196.

Steel Rigg Gap, 127.

Strong room at Chesters, 90.

Stukeley, 76.

Suetonius Paulinus, 8, 9.

Tacitus' "Agricola" (Professor M. Button's translation), 3, 7-13, 180.

Tarraby, 193-195.

Thirlwall Castle, xviii, xix, 155; Nine Nicks of, xviii, xix, 139, 147.

"Thorngrafton Find," 21, 228.

Thorny Doors, 139.

Throckley, 50, 51.

Tindale Fell, 106, 111.

Tipalt Burn, 155, 156.

Tower Taye, 101.

Trajan, 13.

Trajan's Column, fortifications shown on, 86, 87.

_Transactions_ of the Cumberland and Westmorland Archæological Society, xvi, xvii.

Triermain Castle, 235.

Tullie House Museum, Carlisle, 196, 197.

Tungrians, cohort of, 29, 107, 184.

Turf-wall, 37, 169.

Turrets on the Wall, 18, 20, 31, 32, 73, 86, 103, 132, 147, 151, 169.

Twice Brewed Inn, 133, 135.

Underheugh, 165, 167.

Vallum, xvii, 14, 18-24, 33-38; First seen, 46.

Vespasian, 7, 9, 107.

VINDOBALA (Rudchester), vii, 29, 53.

VINDOLANDA (Chesterholm), xix, 29, 126, 226-227.

Vitruvius, 141.

Wade's Road, xi, xviii, 28, 63, 104, 107, 108, 109, 116, 125, 133, 226.

Walbottle, 49.

Walbottle Dene, 50.

Walby, 191.

Wallbowers, 37, 38, 169.

Wallend, 158.

Wallfoot, 192.

Wallhead, 188, 191.

Wall Houses, 61.

Wall Knoll, 42.

Wallsend, xiv, 24, 29, 39-41.

Walltown, 147-150.

Walton, 183; Wood, 179.

Walwick Chesters, xviii, 29, 30, 100.

Ward, Mr. John, F.S.A., xvi, 86, 87, 88, 121.

"Wastes, The," 110, 111.

Water-mill, Roman, 141.

Watling Street, 64.

Well, at Chesters, 91; Coventina's, 106; King's, 147.

Welton, 57.

Wesley, John, 47, 53.

Whinstone, 27, 152.

White Flat, 186.

White Moss, 191.

Whittledene Reservoirs, 57.

Will of Welton, 58.

William of Malmesbury, 64.

Willowford, x, 162.

Window-glass, 96.

Windows, Roman, 96, 231.

Winshields, xix, 28, 127, 132, 136, 139.

Written Rocks, Fallowfield, 70; Coome Crag, 170.

Wylam, 54.

Zosimus, historian, 16.