Chapter XII: Hominoxious Arthropods (2)

q. Subcosta and R_1 more or less
coalescent with the costa; wing
pointed at the apex, much longer
than the body; antennae fourteen
segmented, not plumose. India.
_Haasiella_ Kieff.

qq. Subcosta and radius distinct from
the costa.

r. Abdomen petiolate. _Dibezzia_
Kieff.

rr. Abdomen not petiolate.

s. Head semi-globose; hind tarsi
unusually elongate in the
female; antennae of the male not
plumose. Europe. _Macropeza_
Meigen.

ss. Head not globose, more or less
flattened in front; antennae of
the male plumose. Widely
distributed. _Bezzia_ Kieff.

t. Fore femora, at least, armed
with stout spines below.
Subgenus _Bezzia_ Kieff.

tt. Femora unarmed. Subgenus
_Probezzia_ Kieff.

ii. Media of the wing simple, and otherwise not as in
"i". To this group belong numerous Chironomid
genera, none of which are known to be noxious to
man.

ff. The costal vein apparently is continued around the hind
margin of the wing; radius with at least four branches.

g. Wing ovate pointed, with numerous veins; crossveins, if
evident, before the basal third of the wing; veins very
hairy; very small moth-like flies. PSYCHODIDAE

h. With elongate biting proboscis; the petiole of the
anterior forked cell of the wing (R_2) arises at or
beyond the middle of the wing (fig. 163d). PHLEBOTOMUS
Rdi.

hh. With shorter proboscis; the petiole of the anterior
forked cell arises near the base of the wing.
_Psychoda_, _Pericoma_, etc.

gg. The r-m crossvein placed at or beyond the center of the
wing; wings not folded roof-like over the abdomen.

h. Proboscis short, not adapted for piercing; wings bare
(DIXIDAE); or wings scaled (CULICIDAE, Subf.
CORETHRINAE).

hh. Proboscis elongate, adapted for piercing; wings
scaled, fringed on the hind margin; antennae of the
male bushy plumose. Mosquitoes. CULICIDAE (exclusive of
CORETHRINAE)

i. Metanotum without setae.

j. Proboscis strongly decurved; body with broad,
appressed, metalescent scales; cell R_2 less than
half as long as its petiole; claws of female
simple, some of the claws of the male toothed.
Several large southern species believed to feed
only on nectar of flowers. _Megarhinus_ R. D.

jj. Proboscis straight or nearly so, or otherwise
different.

k. Scutellum evenly rounded, not lobed; claws simple
in both sexes. ANOPHELES Meig.

l. Abdomen with clusters of broad outstanding
scales along the sides; outstanding scales on
the veins of the wing rather narrow,
lanceolate; upper side of the thorax and
scutellum bearing many appressed lanceolate
scales. Florida and southward (CELLIA).

m. Hind feet from the middle of the second
segment largely or wholly snow white.

n. With a black band at the base of the last
segment of each hind foot. A.
ALBIMANUS*[H] and TARSIMACULATA*

nn. Without such a band A. ARGYRITARSIS*

mm. Hind feet black, mottled with whitish and
with bands of the same color at the sutures
of the segments. W. I. A. MACULIPES

ll. Abdomen without such a cluster of scales;
outstanding scales of the wing veins rather
narrow, lanceolate; tarsi wholly black.

m. Deep black, thorax obscurely lined with
violaceous, especially posteriorly; head,
abdomen and legs black; no markings on the
pleura; abdomen without trace of lighter
bindings; wing scales outstanding, uniform,
not forming spots, though little thicker at
the usual points indicating the spottings.
Florida. A. ATROPUS

mm. Otherwise marked when the wings are
unspotted.

n. Wings unspotted.

o. Petiole of the first forked cell (R_2)
more than a third the length of the
cell. Mississippi valley. A. WALKERI

oo. Petiole of the first forked cell a third
the length of the cell. Md. A. BARBERI

nn. Wings spotted.

o. Front margin of the wings with a patch of
whitish and yellow scales at a point
about two-thirds or three-fourths of the
way from base to apex of wing.

p. Veins of the wing with many broad
obovate outstanding scales; thorax
with a black dot near the middle of
each side. W. I. A. GRABHAMI*

pp. The outstanding scales of the wings
rather narrow, lanceolate.

q. Scales of the last vein of the wings
white, those at each end black;
R_{4+5} black scaled, the extreme
apex white scaled. Widely
distributed north and south (fig.
131). A. PUNCTIPENNIS

A dark variety from Pennsylvania has
been named A. PERPLEXENS.

qq. Scales of the last vein of the wing
white, those at its apex black;
R_{4+5} white scaled and with two
patches of black scales. South and
the tropics. A. FRANCISCANUS and
PSEUDOPUNCTIPENNIS*

oo. Front margin of the wings wholly black
scaled.

p. Last (anal) vein of the wings white
scaled with three patches of black
scales (fig. 132). New Jersey to
Texas. A. CRUCIANS*

pp. Last vein of the wings wholly black
scaled.

q. Widely distributed north and south
(fig. 130), (= MACULIPENNIS). A.
QUADRIMACULATUS*

qq. Distributed from Rocky Mountains
westward. A. OCCIDENTALIS

kk. Scutellum distinctly trilobed.

l. Cell R_2 less than half as long as its petiole;
thorax with metallic blue scales; median lobe
of the scutellum not tuberculate; few small
species which are not common. URANOTAENIA
Arrib.

ll. Cell R_2 nearly or quite as long as its
petiole, or otherwise distinct.

m. Femora with erect outstanding scales; occiput
broad and exposed. Large species. P.
CILIATA. P. HOWARDI PSOROPHORA R. D.

mm. Femora without erect scales.

n. Clypeus bearing several scales or hairs,
scutellum with broad scales only; back of
head with broad scales; scales along the
sides of the mesonotum narrow; some or the
claws toothed; thorax marked with a pair
of silvery scaled curved stripes; legs
black with white bands at the bases of
some of the segments (fig. 134). Yellow
Fever mosquito. AEDES (= STEGOMYIA)
CALOPUS.

nn. With another combination of characters.
Numerous species of mosquitoes belonging
to several closely related genera, widely
distributed over the country. (_Culex_,
_Aedes_, _Ochlerotatus_, etc.). CULEX in
the wide sense.

ii. Metanotum with setae. _Wyeomyia_ (found in the United
States); and related tropic genera.

bb. Antennae composed of three segments with a differentiated style or
bristle; third segment sometimes complex or annulate, in which
case the empodium is usually developed like the pulvilli, i.e.,
pad-like (fig. 161 g).

c. Empodium developed pad-like (pulvilliform) i.e., three nearly
equal membranous appendages on the underside of the claw (fig.
161g).

d. Squamae, head, and eyes large; occiput flattened or concave;
third segment of the antennae with four to eight annuli or
segments, proboscis adapted for piercing; body with fine
hairs, never with bristles; middle tibia with two spurs; wing
venation as figured (fig. 163f); marginal vein encompasses the
entire wing. Horse flies, greenheads, deer flies, gad flies
TABANIDAE[I]

e. Hind tibia with spurs at tip; ocelli usually present
(PANGONINAE)

f. Third joint of the antennae with seven or eight segments;
proboscis usually prolonged.

g. Each section the third antennal segment branched. Central
American species, _P. festae_. _Pityocera_ G. T.

gg. Sections of the third antennal segment not branched.

h. Upper corner of the eyes in the female terminating in
an acute angle; wings of both sexes dark anteriorly.
_G. chrysocoma_, a species from the eastern states.
_Goniops_ Ald.

hh. Upper corner of the eye in the female not so
terminating; wings nearly uniform in color, or
hyaline.

i. Proboscis scarcely extending beyond the palpi; front
of the female wide; much wider below than above. S.
W. States. _Apatolestes_ Will.

ii. Proboscis extending beyond the palpi.

j. Wing with cell M_3 closed. Tropic America. (=
_Diclisa_) _Scione_ Wlk.

jj. Cell M_3 open; ocelli present or absent. Two or
three eastern species; many south and west
PANGONIA Rdi.

ff. Third segment of the antenna with five divisions; ocelli
present.

g. First and second segments of the antenna short, the
second only half as long as the first, three western
species. SILVIUS Rdi.

gg. First and second segments of the antenna long, the
second distinctly over half as long as the first. Deer
flies. Many species, widely distributed. CHRYSOPS Meig.

ee. Hind tibia without spurs; ocelli absent.

f. Third segment of antenna with four divisions, no tooth or
angulation; wings marked with rings and circles of darker
coloring; front of the female very wide. Widely
distributed. _H. americana_, _H. punctulata_. HAEMATOPOTA
Meig.

ff. Third segment of the antenna with five divisions (fig.
161b).

g. Third segment of the antenna not furnished with a tooth
or distinct angular projection.

h. Body covered with metallic scales; front of female of
normal width; front and middle tibiae greatly dilated.
_L. lepidota_. _Lepidoselaga_ Macq.

hh. Body without metallic scales; antennae not very long,
the third segment not cylindrical, not situated on a
projecting tubercle; front of the female narrow.
South. _D. ferrugatus._ (= _Diabasis_) _Diachlorus_ O.
S.

gg. Third segment of the antenna furnished with a tooth or a
distinct angular projection.

h. Hind tibiae ciliate with long hairs. S. W. and tropics.
_Snowiella_ and _Stibasoma_.

hh. Hind tibiae not ciliate.

i. Species of slender build, usually with a banded
thorax and abdomen; third segment of the antenna
slender, the basal prominence long; wings mostly
with brownish markings. Tropic America.
_Dichelacera_ Macq.

ii. Species of a stouter build; third segment of the
antenna stout, its basal process short (fig. 161b).
Many species, widely distributed TABANUS L.

dd. With another group of characters.

e. Squamae small, antennae variable, thinly pilose or nearly
bare species, without distinct bristles; wing veins not
crowded anteriorly, R_4 and R_5 both present, basal cells
large; middle tibiae at least with spurs. LEPTIDAE

f. Flagellum of the antenna more or less elongated, composed
of numerous more or less distinct divisions. XYLOPHAGINAE
and ARTHROCERATINAE.

ff. Antennae short, third segment simple, with arista or style;
face small, proboscis short LEPTINAE

g. Front tibiae each with one or two spurs, or if absent,
then no discal cell. _Triptotricha_, _Pheneus_,
_Dialysis_, _Hilarimorpha_.

gg. Front tibiae without terminal spurs, discal cell
present.

h. Hind tibiae each with a single spur.

i. Anal cell open (fig. 163g); third antennal segment
kidney-shaped with dorsal or subdorsal arista; first
antennal segment elongate and thickened. About a
dozen species have been described from the United
States, of which at least one (S. PACHYCERAS) is
known to be a vicious blood sucker. SYMPHOROMYIA
Frauenf.

ii. Anal cell closed; third antennal segment not
kidney-shaped. _Chrysopila_, _Ptiolina_, _Spania_.

hh. Hind tibiae each with two spurs.

i. Third segment kidney-shaped, the arista subdorsal;
anal cell closed. _Atherix_ Meig.

ii. Third segment of the antenna short and with terminal
arista; anal cell open _Leptis_ Fabr. Two European
species of this genus have been accused of blood
sucking habits, but the record seems to have been
based upon error in observation.

ee. With another combination of characters. STRATIOMYIIDAE,
CYRTIDAE, etc.

cc. Empodium bristlelike or absent.

d. Antennae apparently two segmented, with three-segmented arista,
wings (rarely wanting) with several stout veins anteriorly,
the weaker ones running obliquely across the wing (fig. 163h);
small, quick running, bristly, humpbacked flies. Several
genera; APHIOCHAETA, PHORA, TRINEURA, etc. PHORIDAE

dd. Flies with other characters.

e. No frontal lunule above the base of the antennae; both R_4
and R_5 often present; third segment of the antenna often
with a terminal bristle. ASILIDAE, MYDAIDAE,
APIOCERIDAE, THEREVIDAE, SCENOPINIDAE, BOMBYLIIDAE,
EMPIDIDAE, DOLICHOPODIDAE, LONCHOPTERIDAE.

ee. A frontal lunule above the base of the antennae; third
segment of the antenna always simple, i.e., not ringed,
usually with a dorsal arista; R_4 and R_5 coalesced into a
simple vein.

f. A spurious vein or fold between the radius and the media,
rarely absent; the cell R_{4+5} closed at the apex by vein
M_1; few or no bristles on the body, none on the head;
flies frequently with yellow markings. ERISTALIS (fig.
163i), HELOPHILUS, and many other genera. SYRPHIDAE

ff. No spurious vein present.

g. Body without bristles; proboscis elongate and slender,
often folding; front of both male and female broad.
CONOPIDAE

gg. Bristles almost always present on head, thorax, abdomen
and legs.

h. Arista terminal; hind metatarsus enlarged, sometimes
ornamented, hind tarsus more or less flattened beneath.
PLATYPEZIDAE

hh. Flies having a different combination of characters.

i. Head large, eyes occupying nearly the entire head;
cell R_{4+5} narrowed in the margin; small flies.
PIPUNCULIDAE

ii. Head and eyes not unusually large.

j. Squamae (tegulae, or calyptrae, or alulae)
not large, often quite small, the lower one
lacking, or at most barely projecting from below
the upper one (antisquama); front of both male and
female broad, the eyes therefore widely separated;
posthumeral and intraalar macrochaeta not
simultaneously present; thorax usually without a
complete transverse suture; postalar callus
usually absent; the connectiva adjoining the
ventral sclerites always visible; hypopleural
macrochaetae absent; last section of R_{4+5}
and M_{1+2} with but few exceptions nearly
parallel; subcostal vein often wanting or
vestigial or closely approximated to R_1; the
latter often short, basal cells small, the
posterior ones often indistinct or wanting;
vibrissae present or absent. ACALYPTRATE
MUSCOIDEA

k. Subcosta present, distinctly separated from R_1
at the tip; R_1 usually ends distad of the
middle of the wing; the small basal cells of the
wing distinct.

l. A bristle (vibrissa) on each side of the face
near the margin of the mouth. CORDYLURIDAE,
SEPSIDAE, PHYCODROMIDAE, HETERONEURIDAE,
HELOMYZIDAE.

ll. No vibrissae present.

m. Head nearly spherical, cheeks broad and
retreating; proboscis short; the cell R_5
closed or narrowed in the margin; legs very
long; tarsi shorter than the tibiae. CALOBATA
and other genera. MICROPEZIDAE

mm. Flies with another combination of
characters. RHOPALOMERIDAE, TRYPETIDAE,
ORTALIDAE, SCIOMYZIDAE.

kk. Subcosta absent or vestigial, or if present,
then apparently ending in the costa at the point
where R_1 joins it; R_1 usually ends in the
costa at or before the middle of the wing.

l. Arista long plumose, or pectinate above; oral
vibrissae present; anal cell complete; costa
broken at the apex of R_1. DROSOPHILA,
PHORTICA, and other genera. DROSOPHILIDAE

ll. With another combination of characters.

m. The cell M and first M_2 not separated by a
crossvein; anal cell absent; front bare or
only bristly above; usually light colored
flies. HIPPELATES, OSCINUS, and other
genera. (See also m m m.) OSCINIDAE

mm. Cell M and cell first M_2 often separated by
a crossvein; anal cell present, complete,
though frequently small; scutellum without
spines or protuberances; oral vibrissae
present; arista bare or short plumose; front
bristly at vertex only; small dark flies.
PIOPHILA (fig. 99), SEPSIS and other genera.
SEPSIDAE

mmm. The GEOMYZIDAE, AGROMYZIDAE,
PSILIDAE, TRYPETIDAE, RHOPALOMERIDAE,
BORBORIDAE and DIOPSIDAE differ in
various particulars from either the
OSCINIDAE and the SEPSIDAE noted above.

jj. Squamae well developed, usually large, the lower
one frequently projecting from below the upper
one; both posthumeral and intraalar macrochaetae
present; thorax with a complete transverse suture;
postalar callus present and separated by a
distinct suture from the dorsum of the thorax;
front of the female broad, of the male frequently
narrow, the eyes then nearly or quite contiguous;
the connectiva adjoining the ventral sclerites
either visible or not; hypopleural macrochaetae
present or absent; subcosta always distinct in its
whole course, R_1 never short. CALYPTRATE
MUSCOIDEA[J]

k. Oral opening small, mouth parts usually much
reduced or vestigial. This family is undoubtedly
of polyphyletic origin but for convenience it is
here considered as a single family. OESTRIDAE.

l. The costal vein ends at the tip of R_{4+5},
M_{1+2} straight, not reaching the wing
margin, hence cell R_5 wide open (fig. 163j);
squamae small; arista bare; ovipositor of the
female elongate. Larvae in the alimentary canal
of horses, etc. GASTROPHILUS

m. Posterior crossvein (m-cu) wanting; wings
smoky or with clouds. Europe. G. PECORUM

mm. Posterior crossvein (m-cu) present, at least
in part.

n. Wing hyaline with smoky median cross band,
and two or three spots; posterior
trochanters with hook in the male and a
prominence in the female. World wide
distribution. G. EQUI.

nn. Wings without spots.

o. Posterior crossvein (m-cu) distad of the
anterior crossvein (r-m); legs,
particularly the femora, blackish brown.
Europe and North America. G.
HAEMORRHOIDALIS

oo. Posterior crossvein opposite or proximad
of the anterior crossvein. Europe and
North America. G. NASALIS

ll. The costal vein ends at the tip of M_{1+2},
M_{1+2} with a bend, the cell R_5 hence much
narrowed in the margin, or closed.

m. Proboscis geniculate, inserted in a deep
slit; female without extricate ovipositor;
arista either bare or plumose; squamae large;
facial grooves approximated below.

n. Arista bare, short. Larvae in rodents.
Tropic America. _B. princeps_. _Bogeria_
Austen

nn. Arista pectinate above.

o. Tarsi broadened and flattened, hairy,
anal lobe of the wing large. Larvae in
rodents. A number of American species.
_Cuterebra_.

oo. Tarsi slender, not hairy; anal lobe of
the wing moderate. Larvae in man and
other mammals. Tropic America. D.
CYANIVENTRIS. DERMATOBIA Br.

mm. Mouth parts very small, vestigial; arista
bare.

n. Facial grooves approximated below, leaving
a narrow median depression or groove.

o. Cell R_5 closed and petiolate, body
nearly bare. Larvae in the nasal cavities
of the smaller Ungulates. The sheep bot
fly. O. OVIS. Widely distributed OESTRUS
L.

oo. Cell R_5 narrowly open, body hairy.
Larvae parasitic on deer. Europe and
America. _Cephenomyia_ Latr.

nn. Facial grooves far apart, enclosing
between them a broad shield-shaped
surface; squamae large; female with
elongate ovipositor. Larvae hypodermatic on
Ungulates HYPODERMA Clark

o. Palpi wanting; tibiae thickened in the
middle.

p. Hair at apex of the abdomen yellow;
legs including femora yellowish brown.
H. DIANA

pp. Hair at the apex of the abdomen
reddish yellow. Europe and America.

q. Tibiae and tarsi yellow; femora black.
H. LINEATA

qq. Legs black with black hair; tips of
hind tibia and tarsi yellowish
brown. H. BOVIS

oo. Palpi small, globular; tibiae
cylindrical, straight. On reindeer. _O.
tarandi_ _Oedemagena_ Latr.

kk. Oral opening of the usual size; mouth parts not
vestigial.

l. Hypopleurals wanting; if three sternopleurals
are present the arrangement is 1:2;
conjunctiva (fig. 161c) of the venter usually
present; if the terminal section of M_{1+2} is
bent it has neither fold nor appendage
(ANTHOMYIIDAE of Girschner).

m. Sternopleurals wanting; M_{1+2} straight
toward the apex, costa ends at or slightly
beyond the tip of R_{4+5}; mouth parts
vestigial. GASTROPHILINAE. See OESTRIDAE

mm. Sternopleurals present, if rarely absent
then differing in other characters.

n. Caudal margin of the fifth ventral
abdominal sclerite of the male deeply
notched on the median line usually to
beyond the middle; abdomen often
cylindrical or linear; abdomen often with
four to eight spots; eyes of the male
usually widely separated; sternopleurals
three, arranged in an equilateral
triangle; subapical seta of the hind tibia
placed very low; M_{1+2} straight; anal
vein abbreviated; wings not rilled.
_Caenosia_, _Caricea_, _Dexiopsis_,
_Hoplogaster_, _Schoenomyia_, etc.
(COENOSINAE)[K]. ANTHOMYIIDAE in part

nn. Caudal margin of the fifth ventral
abdominal sclerite of the male incurved,
rarely deeply cleft, rarely entire, in a
few genera deeply two or three notched;
M_{1+2} straight or curved; abdomen
usually short or elongate oval;
sternopleurals, if three are present,
arranged in the order 1:2 in a right
triangle. (MUSCINAE-ANTHOMYIINAE of
Girschner)

o. M_{1+2} straight, hence cell R_5 not
narrowed in the margin. ANTHOMYIIDAE in
part

p. Underside of the scutellum more or less
sparsely covered with fine hairs; anal
vein nearly always reaches the hind
margin of the wing; extensor surface
of the hind tibiae with a number of
stout setae; squamae often small and
equal. ANTHOMYIA, _Chortophila_,
_Eustalomyia_, _Hammomyia_,
_Hylemyia_, _Prosalpia_, _Pegomyia_,
etc. HYLEMYINAE-PEGOMYINAE

pp. Underside of the scutellum bare; anal
vein does not reach the wing margin.

q. First anal vein short, second anal
suddenly flexed upwards; hind tibiae
each with one or two strong setae on
the extensor surface. FANNIA (=
HOMALOMYIA), _Coelomyia_,
_Choristoma_, _Euryomma_, _Azelia_,
etc. FANNINAE-AZELINAE

qq. Anal veins parallel or divergent.

r. Setae on the exterior surface of the
hind tibiae wanting (except in
_Limnaricia_ and _Coenosites_),
lower squama not broadened to the
margin of the scutellum.
_Leucomelina_, _Limnophora_,
_Limnospila_, _Lispa_, _Mydaea_,
_Spilogaster_, etc.
MYDAEINAE-LIMNOPHORINAE

rr. One (rarely more) seta on the
extensor surface of the hind
tibia; squamae usually large and
unequal. HYDROTAEA, _Aricia_,
_Drymeia_, _Ophyra_, _Phaonia_ (=
_Hyetodesia_), _Pogonomyia_,
_Trichophthicus_, etc. ARICINAE

oo. M_{1+2} curved or bent, hence the cell
R_5 more or less narrowed in the margin.
(MUSCINAE). MUSCIDAE in part. See
page 303 for generic synopsis.

ll. Hypopleurals present; when three
sternopleurals are present the arrangement is
2:1 or 1:1:1. (TACHINIDAE of Girschner)

m. Conjunctiva of the ventral sclerites of the
abdomen present, frequently well developed,
surrounding the sclerites.

n. Mouth parts vestigial. OESTRIDAE. See page
297 for generic synopsis.

nn. Mouth parts well developed.

o. M_{1+2} straight, hence cell R_5 wide
open in the margin; costa ending at the
tip of R_5; three sternopleurals
present; antennal arista plumose.
_Syllegoptera_. Europe.
(SYLLEGOPTERINAE). DEXIIDAE in part

oo. M_{1+2} bent, hence cell R_5 narrowed in
the margin; sternopleurals rarely
wanting, usually 1:1 or 0:1; facial
plate strongly produced below vibrissal
angle like the bridge of the nose;
antennal arista bare. Parasitic on
Hemiptera and Coleoptera. _Allophora_,
_Cistogaster_, _Clytia_, _Phasia_, etc.
(PHASIINAE) TACHINIDAE in part.

mm. Conjunctiva of the ventral sclerites
invisible (fig. 161a).

n. Second ventral sclerite of the abdomen
lying with its edges either upon or in
contact with the ventral edges of the
corresponding dorsal sclerite.

o. Outermost posthumeral almost always lower
(more ventrad) in position than the
presutural macrochaeta; fifth ventral
abdominal sclerite of the male cleft
beyond the middle, often strongly
developed; body color very frequently
metallic green or blue, or yellow;
arista plumose. (CALLIPHORINAE)
MUSCIDAE in part.

See page 303 for generic synopsis.

oo. Outermost posthumeral macrochaeta on
level or higher (more dorsad) than the
presutural macrochaeta; arista bare,
pubescent, or plumose only on the basal
two-thirds; body coloring usually
grayish (fig. 106). SARCOPHAGIDAE

p. Fifth ventral sclerite of the male
either wanting or with the caudal
margin straight; presutural intraalar
rarely present. (SARCOPHAGINAE)

q. Fifth ventral abdominal sclerite of
the male much reduced, the remaining
segments with straight posterior
margin, overlapping scale-like; in
the female only segment one and two
scale-like, the others wholly or in
part covered; sternopleurals usually
three or more. SARCOPHAGA and
related genera.

qq. Fifth ventral sclerite of the male
plainly visible; sternopleurals
usually two. SARCOPHILA,
WOHLFAHRTIA, _Brachycoma_,
_Hilarella_, _Miltogramma_,
_Metopia_, _Macronychia_, _Nyctia_,
_Paramacronychia_, _Pachyphthalmus_,
etc.

pp. Fifth ventral abdominal sclerite of
the male cleft to beyond the middle;
ventral sclerites usually visible,
shield-like. _Rhinophora_, _Phyto_,
_Melanophora_ RHINOPHORINAE

nn. Second ventral abdominal sclerite as well
as the others more or less covered,
sometimes wholly, by the edges of the
dorsal sclerite.

o. The presutural intraalar wanting; ventral
sclerites two to five nearly or quite
covered by the edges of the
corresponding dorsal sclerites; base of
the antennae usually at or below the
middle of the eye; arista usually
plumose; legs usually elongate;
abdominal segments with marginal and
often discal macrochaetae. DEXIIDAE

oo. Presutural intraalar present, if absent,
then the ventral sclerites broadly
exposed or the fifth ventral sclerite
vestigial; base of the antennae usually
above the middle of the eye; arista
bare; at least two posthumerals and
three posterior intraalars present.
Parasitic on caterpillars, etc.
TACHINIDAE

SYNOPSIS OF THE PRINCIPAL GENERA OF THE MUSCIDAE OF THE WORLD

a. Proboscis long, directed forward, adapted for piercing, or oral
margin much produced, snout-like.

b. Oral margin produced snout-like; vibrissa placed high above the
oral margin; antennal arista either pectinate or more or less
plumose.

c. Antennal arista short or long-plumose; neither sex with distinct
orbital bristles.

d. No facial carina between the antennae. RHYNCHOMYIINAE

e. Arista short-plumose. _R. speciosa._ Europe. _Rhynchomyia_ R.
D.

ee. Arista long-plumose. _I. phasina_. Europe and Egypt.
_Idiopsis_. B. B.

dd. With flattened carina, the bases of the antennae separated; no
abdominal macrochaetae. COSMININAE _C. fuscipennis_. South
Africa. _Cosmina_

cc. Antennal arista pectinate; bases of the antennae separated by a
flattened carina. RHINIINAE R. D.

d. Cell R_5 open, or closed at the margin.

e. Third segment of the antenna twice as long as the second;
claws of both sexes short; cell R_5 open. _I. lunata._
Eastern Hemisphere. _Idia_ Meigen

ee. Third segment of the antenna three times as long as the
second; cell R_5 open or closed; claws of the male long and
slender, of the female shorter than the last tarsal joint.
_I. mandarina_, China. _Idiella_ B. B.

dd. Cell R_5 petiolate. _Rhinia_; and _Beccarimyia_ Rdi.

bb. Proboscis long, directed forward, adapted for piercing. STOMOXINAE

c. Arista flat, pectinate above with plumose rays; sternopleurals
1:2; bases of the veins R_1 and R_{4+5} without setae; base of
the media bowed down; apical cell opens before the apex of the
wing. African species. GLOSSINA Wied.

d. Species measuring over twelve mm. in length. _G. longipennis_
and FUSCA.

dd. Species less than twelve mm. in length.

e. All segments of the hind tarsi black.

f. The fourth and fifth segments of the fore tarsi black;
antennae black (fig. 164). G. PALPALIS R. D.

ff. Otherwise marked. _G. bocagei_, _tachinoides_,
_pallicera._

ee. First three segments of the hind tarsi are yellow, the
fourth and fifth segments are black.

f. Fourth and fifth segments of the first and second pair of
tarsi are black.

g. The yellow bands of the abdominal segments occupy a third
of the segment (fig. 165). G. MORSITANS Westw.

gg. The yellow band on each segment of the abdomen occupies
a sixth of the segment. G. LONGIPALPIS Wied.

ff. Tarsi of the first and second pairs of legs wholly yellow.
_G. pallidipes_ Austen

cc. Rays of the arista not plumose; only one or two sternopleurals;
base of the media not strongly bowed down; apical cell opens at
or very near the apex of the wing.

d. Vein R_{4+5} without setae at the base; palpi about as long as
the proboscis.

e. Arista pectinate (i.e. rays on one side only), the rays often
undulate; two yellow sternopleurals often difficult to
detect; vein M_{1+2} only slightly bent, the apical cell
hence wide open. The horn fly, H. IRRITANS (= _Lyperosia
serrata_) and related species. Widely distributed (figs.
167, 168). HAEMATOBIA R. D. not B. B.

ee. Arista also with rays below; vein M_{1+2} more strongly
bent, the apical cell hence less widely open.

f. Palpi strongly spatulate at the tips, lower rays of the
arista about six in number, B. SANGUINOLENTUS. South Asia.
BDELLOLARYNX Austen

ff. Palpi feebly spatulate; apical cell of the wing narrowly
open slightly before the tip; sternopleurals black,
anterior bristle sometimes absent. H. ATRIPALPIS. Europe.
HAEMATOBOSCA Bezzi

dd. Vein R_{4+5} with setae at the base.[L]

e. Veins R_1 and R_{4+5} with setae at the base; two equally
prominent sternopleural macrochaetae; arista with rays both
above and below; palpi as long as the proboscis; apical cell
of the wing wide open. L. TIBIALIS. (_Haematobia_ B. B. not
R. D.). LYPEROSIOPS Town.

ee. Only vein R_{4+5} with basal setae; anterior sternopleural
macrochaeta wanting; arista pectinate.

f. Palpi as long as the proboscis, the latter stout, with
fleshy terminal labellae; apical cell narrowly open;
sternopleural macrochaetae black. S. MACULOSA from Africa
and related species from Asia. STYGEROMYIA Austen

ff. Palpi much shorter than the proboscis, the latter pointed
at the apex, without fleshy labellae; apical cell of the
wing wide open. S. CALCITRANS, the stable fly and related
species. Widely distributed in both hemispheres (fig.
110). STOMOXYS Geof.

aa. Proboscis neither slender nor elongate, the labellae fleshy and not
adapted for piercing.

b. Hypopleurae without a vertical row of macrochaetae. MUSCINAE

c. Arista bare; distal portion of M_{1+2} broadly curved at the end;
hypopleurae with a sparse cluster of fine hairs. _S.
braziliana_, Southern States and southward. _Synthesiomyia_ B.
B.

cc. Arista pectinate or plumose.

d. Arista pectinate. _H. vittigera_, with the posterior half of
the abdomen metallic blue. Mexico. _Hemichlora_ V. d. W.

dd. Arista plumose.

e. Middle tibia with one or more prominent setae on the inner
(flexor) surface beyond the middle, or inner surface very
hairy.

f. R_1 ends distad of the m-cu crossvein; M_{1+2} with a broad
curve near its apical end. (= _Neomesembrina_ Schnabl. =
_Metamesembrina_ Town). _M. meridiana._ Europe.
_Mesembrina_ Meigen

ff. R_1 ends proximad of the m-cu crossvein.

g. Eyes pilose, sometimes sparsely in the female.

h. Female with two or three stout orbital setae; the hind
metatarsus of the male thickened below at the base and
penicillate. _D. pratorum._ Europe. _Dasyphora_ R.
D.[M]

hh. Neither sex with orbital setae.

i. Abdomen without macrochaetae; arista plumose. _C.
asiatica._ Eastern Hemisphere. _Cryptolucilia_ B. B.

ii. Abdomen with strong macrochaetae; arista very
short-plumose, nearly bare. _B. tachinina._ Brazil.
_Reinwardtia_ B. B.

gg. Eyes bare.

h. Body densely pilose; thoracic macrochaetae wanting;
middle tibiae much elongate and bent; last section of
M_{1+2} with a gentle curve. H. (_Mesembrina_)
_mystacea, et al._, Europe and _H. solitaria_, N.
America. _Hypodermodes_ Town.

hh. Body not densely pilose.

i. Dorsocentrals six; last section of M_{1+2} with a
gentle curve.

j. Inner dorsocentrals ("acrostichals") wanting;
sternopleurals arranged 1:3. _P. cyanicolor_,
_cadaverina_, etc. Europe and America _Pyrellia_
R. D.

jj. Inner dorsocentrals ("acrostichals") present;
sternopleurals arranged 1:2. E. _latreillii._
North America. _Eumesembrina_ Town.

ii. Dorsocentrals five; inner dorsocentrals present;
last section of M_{1+2} with a rounded angle;
sternopleurals arranged 1:2. _P. cornicina_ Europe
and America. (_Pseudopyrellia_ Girsch.) _Orthellia_
R. D.

ee. Middle tibia without a prominent bristle on the inner
surface beyond the middle.

f. Squamula thoracalis broadened mesad and caudad as far as
the scutellum.

g. Sternopleural macrochaetae arranged in an equilateral
triangle; front of both sexes broad; genae bare;
dorsocentrals six, small; wing not rilled. (To
COENOSINAE). _Atherigona_ Rdi.

gg. Sternopleural macrochaetae when three are present,
arranged in a right triangle.

h. Last section of M_{1+2} with a more or less rounded
angle (fig. 163l).

i. Eyes of the male pilose or pubescent, of the female
nearly bare; m-cu crossvein usually at or proximad
of the mid-distance between the r-m crossvein and
the bend of M_{1+2}. P. (= _Placomyia_ R. D.)
_vitripennis_. _Plaxemyia_ R. D.

ii. Eyes bare; the m-cu crossvein always nearer to the
bend of M_{1+2} than to the r-m crossvein.

j. Apex of the proboscis when extended reveals a
circlet of stout chitinous teeth. P. INSIGNIS
Austen, of India, bites both man and animals. (=
_Pristirhynchomyia_.) PHILAEMATOMYIA Austen

jj. Apex of the proboscis without black teeth.

k. Eyes of male separated by a distance equal to a
fourth the width of the head. House or typhoid
fly. M. DOMESTICA L. Widely distributed. MUSCA
L.

kk. Eyes of the male contiguous. E. CORVINA. Europe.
EUMUSCA Town

hh. Last section of M_{1+2} with a gentle curve (fig.
102).

i. Eyes pilose.

j. Claws in the male somewhat elongated; no orbitals
in either sex; antennae separated at the base by a
flat carina; abdomen marked with red or yellow.
_G. maculata._ Europe and America. _Graphomyia_ R.
D.

jj. Claws short and equal in the two sexes; two or
three stout orbital macrochaetae in the
female; R_1 scarcely produced beyond the r-m
crossvein; eyes contiguous in the male. _P.
obsoleta._ Brazil. _Phasiophana_ Br.

ii. Eyes bare; fronto-orbital macrochaetae in a double
row, antennae contiguous at the base.

j. One or more pairs of well developed anterior inner
dorsocentral (acrostichal) macrochaetae; seta on
extensor surface of hind tibia. M. ASSIMILIS,
STABULANS, etc. Europe and America. MUSCINA R. D.

jj. Anterior inner dorsocentrals and the setae; on the
extensor surface of the hind tibia wanting. _M.
micans_, etc. Europe and North America. _Morellia_
R. D.

ff. Squamula thoracalis not broadened mesad and caudad, not
reaching the margin of the scutellum; macrochaetae on
extensor surface of the hind tibia wanting.

g. Eyes pubescent. _M. meditabunda._ Europe and America.
_Myiospila_ Rdi.

gg. Eyes bare; R_1 ends before the middle of the wing. A
number of species from the tropics of both hemispheres.
_Clinopera_ V. d. W.

bb. Hypopleurae with a vertical row of macrochaetae.

c. Eyes pubescent.

d. R_1 ends about opposite the r-m crossvein; basal section of
R_{4+5} bristly nearly to the crossvein; _S. enigmatica_.
Africa. _Somalia_ Hough

dd. R_1 ends distad of the r-m crossvein.

e. Eastern hemisphere. Australasia. _N. ochracea_,
_dasypthalma_. _Neocalliphora_ Br.

ee. Western Hemisphere. _T. muscinum._ Mexico. _Tyreomma_ V. d.
W.

cc. Eyes bare.

d. The vibrissal angle situated at a noticeable distance above the
level of the margin of the mouth.

e. Sternopleural macrochaetae arranged in the order 1:1.

f. Genae with microchaetae.

g. Body grayish, with depressed yellow woolly hair among the
macrochaetae; wings folded longitudinally over the body
when at rest. Cluster flies. _P. rudis_ and related
species, widely distributed. _Pollenia_ R. D.[N]

gg. Body metallic blue or green. Eastern Hemisphere.

h. Vibrissal angle placed very high above the oral margin;
a carina between the antennae; outer posthumeral
wanting; anterior intraalar present. _T. viridaurea_.
Java. _Thelychaeta_ Br.

hh. Vibrissal angle moderately high above the oral margin;
carina small or wanting; no post humeral macrochaeta;
lower squamae hairy above. (= _Paracompsomyia_ Hough)
(fig. 166). _Pycnosoma_ Br.

ff. Genae bare. _S. terminata_. Eastern Hemisphere.
_Strongyloneura_ Bigot

ee. Sternopleurals arranged 2:1.

f. Body metallic green or blue, with gray stripes; genae hairy
to the lower margin; post humerals often wanting; lower
squamae bare above. (= _Compsomyia_ Rdi.). CHRYSOMYIA R. D.

g. With one or two orbitals; height of bucca less than half
the height of the eye. South and east U. S. (fig. 107).
C. MARCELLARIA

gg. No orbitals; height of bucca about a third less than
height of eye. West U. S. _C. wheeleri_ Hough

ff. Body black or sordidly metallic greenish gray, usually
yellow pollinose or variegate; genae at most hairy above.
_N. stygia_. Eastern Hemisphere. _Neopollenia_ Br.

dd. Vibrissal angle situated nearly on a level of the oral margin.

e. Species wholly blackish, bluish, or greenish metallic in
color.

f. First section of R_{4+5} with at most three or four small
bristles at the immediate base.

g. The bend of M_{1+2} a gentle curve; costal spine present;
cell R_5 closed, ending before the apex of the wing. _S.
cuprina._ Java. _Synamphoneura_ Bigot

gg. Bend of M_{1+2} angular; or the insect differs in other
characters; dorsal surface of the squamula thoracalis
hairy (except in _Melinda_); arista plumose only on the
basal two-thirds (except usually in _Calliphora_ and
_Eucalliphora_).

h. Arista plumose only on the basal two-thirds.

i. Base of the antennae ventrad of the middle of the
eye; eyes of the male nearly contiguous; genae
hairy; second abdominal segment with median marginal
macrochaetae; two, rarely three, postsutural
intraalar macrochaetae.

j. Squamula thoracalis dorsally with long black hairs;
male hypopygium two-segmented, large, projecting;
claws and pulvilli of the male elongate; three
strong sternopleural macrochaetae; genae at
least half the width of the eye; buccae (cheeks)
half the height of the eyes; oviviparous. _O.
sepulcralis._ Europe. _Onesia_ R. D.

jj. Dorsal surface of the squamula thoracalis bare;
male hypopygium small, scarcely projecting below;
claws and pulvilli not elongate; two stout
sternopleural macrochaetae, sometimes with a
delicate one below the anterior; genae nearly
linear in the male; buccae about a third of the eye
height; oviparous. _M. caerulea_. Europe.
_Melinda_. R. D.

ii. Base of the antennae dorsad of the middle of the eye;
eyes of both sexes distinctly separated; dorsal
surface of the squamula thoracalis with black hairs;
two postsutural intraalar macrochaetae.

j. Hypopygium of the male large, with a pair of
slightly curved forceps whose ends are concealed
in a longitudinal slit in the fifth ventral
sclerite; third posterior inner dorso-central
(acrostichal) macrochaetae absent; anterior
intraalar rarely present; abdomen usually not
pollinose; the second segment without median
marginal macrochaetae; face yellow. _C.
mortuorum_, _cadaverina_, and related species.
Both hemispheres. _Cynomyia_ R. D.[O]

jj. Three pairs of posterior inner dorsocentrals
(acrostichals) present; second abdominal segment
with a row of marginal macrochaetae; genae
hairy, at least above.

k. Hypopygium of the male with a projecting style.
_S. stylifera_. Europe. _Steringomyia_ Pok.

kk. Hypopygium of the male without style. _A.
stelviana_ B. B. _Acrophaga_ B. B.

hh. Arista usually plumose nearly to the tip; posterior
dorsocentrals and inner dorsocentrals (acrostichals)
well developed; dorsal surface of the squamula
thoracalis hairy; abdomen metallic and usually
pollinose; genae hairy.

i. With one pair of ocellar macrochaetae. C. VOMITORIA,
ERYTHROCEPHALA, VIRIDESCENS, and related species.
Both hemispheres. CALLIPHORA R. D.

ii. With two strong pairs of ocellar macrochaetae. _E.
latifrons._ Pacific slope of the U. S.
_Eucalliphora_ Town.

ff. First section of R_{4+5} bristly near or quite half way to
the small crossvein; dorsal surface of the squamula
thoracalis is bare; the hypopygium of the male is
inconspicuous.

g. Genae bare; posterior inner and outer dorsocentrals
distinct and well developed. _L. caesar_, _sericata_,
_sylvarum_, and related species. Widely distributed in
both hemispheres (fig. 103). LUCILIA R. D.

gg. Genae with microchaetae, at least down to the
level of the base of the arista.

h. Mesonotum flattened behind the transverse suture.

i. Posterior dorsocentrals inconstant and unequally
developed; one pair of posterior inner
dorsocentrals. _P. terraenovae._ North America.
_Protophormia_ Town.

ii. Posterior dorsocentrals well developed, the inner
dorsocentrals (acrostichals) unequally developed.
_P. azurea_, _chrysorrhoea_, etc. Europe and America.
_Protocalliphora_ Hough

hh. Mesonotum not flattened behind the transverse suture;
posterior inner and outer dorsocentrals inconstant and
unequally developed. _P. regina._ Europe and America.
_Phormia_ R. D.

ee. Species more or less rufous or yellow in color.

f. Anterior dorsocentrals wanting; first section of the
R_{4+5} at most only bristly at the base, bend near apex
of M_{1+2} rectangular, R_1 ends over the crossvein;
fronto-orbital macrochaeta absent; eyes of the male
contiguous. _C. semiviridis._ Mexico. _Chloroprocta_
V. d. W

ff. With another combination of characters.

g. Body robust, of large size, abdomen elongate, not round;
genae with several ranges of microchaetae;
vibrissal ridges strongly convergent; abdomen with well
developed macrochaetae; costal spine usually absent;
eyes of the male widely separated.

h. Peristome broad, pteropleural macrochaetae
distinct; one or two sternopleurals; in the female a
single orbital macrochaeta; last abdominal segment
without discal macrochaetae; hypopygial processes
of the male with a long stylet; second abdominal
segment of the female sometimes much elongate. A.
LUTEOLA (fig. 86). Africa. The sub-genus
_Choeromyia_ Roub. is included here. AUCHMEROMYIA B.
B.

hh. Peristome narrow; no pteropleurals, two
sternopleurals; two orbitals in the female; second
segment not elongate; the fourth with two well
developed discal macrochaetae. B. DEPRESSA. Africa.
BENGALIA R. D

gg. With another combination of characters.

h. Costal spine present; body in part black; antennae
noticeably shorter than the epistome, inserted above
the middle of the eye and separated from each other by
a carina; abdominal segments with marginal
macrochaetae; sternopleurals 2:1 or 1:1.
_Paratricyclea_ Villen.

hh. Costal spine not distinct, or if present, insect
otherwise different.

i. Genae with several ranges of microchaetae;
vibrissal ridges strongly converging; peristome
broad; arista moderately plumose; sternopleurals
usually 1:1; color entirely testaceous. C.
ANTHROPOPHAGA (fig. 87) and GRUNBERGI. Africa.
CORDYLOBIA Grunb.

ii. Genae bare or with but one range of setae;
vibrissal ridges less converging; peristome narrow;
arista long plumose.

j. Genae with a single row of microchaetae.

k. Sternopleurals 2:1; color entirely testaceous.
_Ochromyia_ Macq.[P]

kk. Sternopleurals 1:1. _P. varia_ Hough. Africa.
_Parochromyia_ Hough

jj. Genae bare.

k. Basal section of R_{4+5} bristly only at the
immediate base, distally M_{1+2} with a broad
curve; distal portion of the abdomen metallic;
sternopleurals usually 1:1, rarely 2:1. _M.
aeneiventris_ Wd. Tropic America.
_Mesembrinella._ G. T.

kk. R_{4+5} bristly at least nearly half way to the
small crossvein; sternopleurals 1:1.

l. Macrochaetae of the abdomen marginal;
neither sex with orbitals; no carina between
the base of the antennae; three pairs of
presutural inner dorsocentrals. Eastern
hemisphere. _T. ferruginea._ _Tricyclea V. d.
W_. (= _Zonochroa_ B. B. according to
Villeneuve 1914).

ll. Abdomen without macrochaetae; wing
usually with a marginal streak and gray
markings. Brazil. Hemilucilia B. B.

SIPHONAPTERA. Fleas

Adapted from a table published by Oudemans.

a. Elongated fleas, with jointed (articulated) head, with combs
(ctenidia) on head and thorax; with long, oval, free-jointed
flagellum of the antenna (fig. 92d). Suborder FRACTICIPATA

b. With ctenidia in front of the antennae and on the genae (cheeks);
maxillae with acute apices; labial palpi five-segmented,
symmetrical; eyes poorly developed or wanting. On rodents.
HYSTRICHOPSYLLIDAE

c. Abdominal segments without ctenidia.

d. Post-tibial spines in pairs and not in a very close set row;
head with ctenidia. _Ctenophthalmus_ Kol.

dd. Post-tibial spines mostly single and in a close set row.
_Ctenopsyllus_ and _Leptopsyllus_. The last genus has recently
been erected for _L. musculi_, a widely distributed species
occurring on rats and mice.

cc. Abdominal segments with one or more ctenidia; post-tibial spines
in numerous, short, close-set transverse rows on posterior
border with about four spines in each row. _H. americana._
_Hystrichopsylla_ Taschenb.

bb. With only two pairs of subfrontal ctenidia; labial palpi
five-segmented, symmetrical; eyes vestigial or wanting. On bats.
(= ISCHNOPSYLLIDAE). NYCTERIDIPSYLLIDAE

With more or less blunt maxilla; all tibiae with notch; a single
antepygidial bristle; metepimeron without ctenidium. _N.
crosbyi_ from Missouri was found on bats. Rothschild suggests
that this is probably the same as _N. insignis_. (=
_Ischnopsyllus_ = _Ceratopsyllus_), _Nycteridiphilus_

aa. Head not jointed, i.e. the segments coalescent, traces of the
segmentation still being visible in the presence of the vertex
tubercle, the falx (sickle-shaped process), and a suture. Suborder
INTEGRICIPITA

b. Flagellum of the antennae long and oval.

c. Usually elongate fleas, with a free-segmented flagellum of the
antenna; thorax not shorter than the head, longer than the first
tergite.

d. Genae of the head and the pronotum with ctenidia. NEOPSYLLIDAE

e. Labial palpi four or five-segmented; symmetrical; hind coxae
with patch of spines inside; row of six spatulate spines on
each side in front of the antennae. _C. ornate_ found on a
California mole. _Corypsylla_

ee. Labial palpi two-segmented, transparent, membranous. On
hares. _Spilopsyllus_ Baker

dd. No ctenidium on the head.

e. Pronotum with ctenidium. DOLICHOPSYLLIDAE

f. Labial palpi five-segmented, symmetrical.

g. Antepygidial bristles one to three; eyes present.

h. Inner side of hind coxae distally with a comb of minute
teeth; falx present. On rodents and carnivores.
_Odontopsyllus_ Baker

hh. Inner side of hind coxae without comb or teeth. Many
North American species on rodents. CERATOPHYLLUS
Curtis

gg. Antepygidial bristles five on each side; eyes absent;
suture white. _D. stylosus_ on rodents. _Dolichopsyllus_
Baker

ff. Labial palpi four or five-segmented; asymmetrical
(membranous behind), apex acute. _Hoplopsyllus anomalus_
found on Spermophiles in Colorado. HOPLOPSYLLIDAE

ee. Pronotum without ctenidium. _Anomiopsyllus californicus_ and
_nudatus_ on rodents. ANOMIOPSYLLIDAE

cc. Very short fleas; flagellum of the antenna with pseudo-segments
coalescent; thorax much shorter than the head and than the first
tergite. HECTOPSYLLIDAE

Flagellum of the antenna with six coalescent pseudo-segments;
maxilla blunt. The chigger on man (fig. 93). D. PENETRANS. (=
RHYNCHOPRION = SARCOPSYLLA) DERMATOPHILUS Guerin

bb. Flagellum short, round, free portion of the first segment shaped
like a mandolin.

c. Thorax not shorter than the head, longer than the first tergite;
flagellum either with free segments or in part with the segments
coalescent.

d. Head and pronotum with ctenidium; labial palpi asymmetrical.
ARCHAEOPSYLLIDAE

With four subfrontal, four genal, and one angular ctenidia.
Widely distributed. CTENOCEPHALUS Kol.

e. Head rounded in front (fig. 92a). Dog flea. C. CANIS

ee. Head long and flat (fig. 92b). Cat flea. C. FELIS

dd. Neither head nor pronotum with ctenidium. Labial palpi
asymmetrical, membranous behind. PULICIDAE

e. Mesosternite narrow, without internal rod-like thickening
from the insertion of the coxae upwards. Human flea, etc.
PULEX L.

ee. Mesosternite broad with a rod-like internal thickening from
the insertion of the coxae upwards (fig. 89). X.
(LOEMOPSYLLA) CHEOPIS, plague or rat flea. XENOPSYLLA

cc. Thorax much shorter than the head and than the first tergite.
ECHIDNOPHAGIDAE. E. GALLINACEA, the hen flea also attacks man
(fig. 96). (= ARGOPSYLLA = XESTOPSYLLA) ECHIDNOPHAGA Olliff.

FOOTNOTES:

[E] Adapted from Banks, Nuttall, Warburton, Stiles, _et al._

[F] Dr. C. W. Stiles considers the species which is responsible for spotted fever distinct from the _venustus_ of Banks, separating it as follows:

Goblet cells about 75 in the male or 105 in the female. Texas. _D. venustus._

Goblet cells 157 in the male, or 120 in the female; stigmal plate shaped as shown in the figure (figs. 150 a, b). Montana, etc. D. ANDERSONI.

[G] Professor C. R. Crosby who has been working upon certain capsids states that he and his assistant have been bitten by LYGUS PRATENSIS, the tarnished plant bug, by CHLAMYDATUS ASSOCIATUS and by ORTHOTYLUS FLAVOSPARSUS, though without serious results.

[H] Species marked with an * are known to transmit malaria. Species found only in tropical North America and not known to carry malaria have been omitted from this table, but all found in the United States are included.

[I] This table to the North American genera of the Tabanidae is adapted from one given by Miss Ricardo.

[J] The classification of the Muscoidea as set forth by Schiner and other earlier writers has long been followed, although it is not satisfactory, being admittedly more or less artificial. Within the last two or three decades several schemes have been advanced, that of Brauer and Bergenstamm and of Girschner, with the modifications of Schnabl and Dziedzicki having obtained most favor in Europe. Townsend, in 1908, proposed a system which differs from Girschner's in some respects, but unfortunately it has not yet been published in sufficient detail to permit us to adopt it. From considerations of expediency we use here the arrangement given in Aldrich's Catalogue of North American Diptera, though we have drawn very freely upon Girschner's most excellent paper for taxonomic characters to separate the various groups.

It may sometimes be found that a species does not agree in all the characters with the synopsis; in this case it must be placed in the group with which it has the most characters in common.

[K] There are several genera of flies of the family _Cordyluridae_; (i.e. _Acalyptratae_) which might be placed with the _Anthomyiidae_ (i.e. _Calyptratae_), owing to the relatively large size of their squamae. As there is no single character which will satisfactorily separate all doubtful genera of these two groups we must arbitrarily fix the limits. In general those forms on the border line having a costal spine, or lower squama larger than the upper, or the lower surface of the scutellum more or less pubescent, or the eyes of the male nearly or quite contiguous, or the eyes hairy, or the frontal setae decussate in the female; or any combination of these characters may at once be placed with the _Anthomyiidae_. Those forms which lack these characteristics and have at least six abdominal segments (the first and second segments usually being more or less coalescent) are placed with the Acalyptrates. There are other acalyptrates with squamae of moderate size which have either no vibrissae, or have the subcosta either wholly lacking or coalescent in large part with R_1 or have spotted wings; they, therefore will not be confused with the calyptrates.

[L] _Pachymyia_ Macq. is closely related to _Stomoxys_. It differs in having the arista rayed both above and below. _P. vexans_, Brazil.

[M] The genus _Eudasyphora_ Town. has recently been erected to contain _D. lasiophthalma_.

[N] _Nitellia_, usually included in this genus has the apical cell petiolate. _Apollenia_ Bezzi, has recently been separated from _Pollenia_ to contain the species _P. nudiuscula_. Both genera belong to the Eastern hemisphere.

[O] The following three genera are not sufficiently well defined to place in this synopsis. In color and structural characters they are closely related to _Cynomyia_ from which they may be distinguished as follows. _Catapicephala_ Macq., represented by the species _C. splendens_ from Java, has the setae on the facial ridges rising to the base of the antennae and has median marginal macrochaetae on the abdominal segments two to four: _Blepharicnema_ Macq., represented by _B. splendens_ from Venezuela has bare genae, oral setae not ascending; tibiae villose; claws short in both sexes; _Sarconesia_ Bigot with the species _S. chlorogaster_ from Chile, setose genae; legs slender, not villose; claws of the male elongate.

[P] _Plinthomyia_ Rdi. and _Hemigymnochaeta_ Corti are related to _Ochromyia_, though too briefly described to place in the key.