Chapter XIV: Book VII: , chapters 4, 14, 15, 16; Book VIII, chapter 8, Kn. Vol

II. On the Dissection of the Veins and Arteries, chapters 1, 2, 8, 9, Kn. Vol. II. On the Use of the Parts of the Human Body, Books IV, VI, VII, IX, Kn. Vol. II, Dar. Vol. I, Book XVI, Kn. Vol. IV, Dar. Vol. II. On the Causes of Respiration, Kn. Vol. IV. On the Use of Respiration, Kn. Vol. IV. Is Blood Naturally Contained in the Arteries? Kn. Vol. IV. On the Use of the Pulse, Kn. Vol. V. On the Doctrines of Hippocrates and Plato, Book I, chapter 7, Book II, chapter 8, Book III, chapter 8, Book VI, Book VII, chapter 3, Kn. Vol. V. On the Causes of Disease, chapter 3, Kn. Vol. VII. On the Different Kinds of Pulse, Book IV, chapters 2, 6, 17, Kn. Vol. VIII. On the Causes of the Pulse, Book I, chapters 3, 4, Book II, chapter 15, Kn. Vol. IX. On Prognosis by the Pulse, Book II, chapter 1, Kn. Vol. IX. On Methods of Treatment, Book VIII, chapter 5, Book IX, chapter 10, Book XII, chapter 5, Kn. Vol. X. Commentaries on the Book on Nourishment of Hippocrates, Commentary III, chapters 8, 10, 23, Commentary IV, chapters 4, 6, Kn. Vol. XV. Commentaries on the Book on the Humors of Hippocrates, Commentary III, chapter 31, Kn. Vol. XVI. Commentaries on the Sixth Book of Hippocrates on Epidemic Diseases, Commentary VI, chapters 1-3, Kn. Vol. XVII, Pars II.

[147] For the views of Columbus see his book: De Re Anatomica, Lib. VI, VII, XI, cap. 1, 2, 4; XII and XIII.

[148] Columbus: De Re Anatomica, Lib. VII, 180, l. 1-6.

[149] Harvey: Prelectiones, 33 and 35 right; 74 and 75 left. On the Motion, etc., XVI, Syd. 73, l. 12-17 and l. 24-28; Op. Omn. 74, l. 15-19 and l. 24-28; Do., XVIII, Syd. 83, l. 9-27; Op. Omn. 84, l. 31 to 85, l. 14. On Generation, LIII, Syd. 392, l. 14 to 393, l. 5; Op. Omn. 409, l. 13 to 410, l. 5; Do., LX, Syd. 452, l. 20-28; Op. Omn. 472, l. 1-7. On Uterine Membranes and Humours, Syd. 568, l. 8-27; Op. Omn. 587, l. 19 to 588, l. 5.

[150] Harvey: On the Motion, etc., Syd. 32, l. 39 to 33, l. 31; Op. Omn. 34, l. 24 to 35, l. 19. In Galen's book, from which Harvey here quotes, the quoted passage is preceded by a corrected statement of the mechanics of the valves of the heart, and a declaration that their mechanics were unknown to Erasistratus. Then follow these words:--

"If this be so, O followers of Erasistratus, let us omit all
else and consider only what is in controversy. As to the vena
cava, which conveys blood from the liver into the heart, in
which of two ways are its membranes [i.e. the segments of the
tricuspid valve] inserted: do they extend from the interior [of
the ventricle] outward, or contrariwise, from without inward?
But perhaps this is of no great moment!"

The preceding words are immediately followed by the words quoted by Harvey. The context shows that the phrase "from without inward" indicates the true insertion of the "membranes" of the tricuspid valve, according to both Galen and the facts. Harvey himself refers his quotation from Galen to the treatise "On the Doctrines of Hippocrates and Plato, Book VI." It is from chapter 6 of that book. The Latin text quoted by Harvey, and that from which the quotation in this note has been translated, may be found in the Ninth Juntine Edition of Galen's works, consisting of Latin translations by various hands. This edition was published in Venice in 1625, three years before the publication of Harvey's treatise. The title of the edition is: Galeni Opera ex Nona Juntarum Editione, etc. Venetiis, apud Juntas, MDCXXV, Cum privilegiis. The passage quoted in this note is: "Prima classis," folio 264 D, l. 53-56. Harvey's quotation is: folio 264 D, l. 56 to folio 264 (verso) E, l. 3. The Greek text of the passage quoted in this note is to be found in Kn. Vol. V, 550, l. 9-15; Mül. 541, l. 4-9. The Greek text of Harvey's quotation is in Kn. Vol. V, 550, l. 15 to 551, l. 6; Mül. 541, l. 10 to 542, l. 2. The Latin rendering printed in the Juntine edition gives the true meaning of the Greek text, but in a rather lumbering fashion.

[151] The transit of the blood from the right to the left ventricle.

[152] The Galenic work entitled: "Is Blood Naturally Contained in the Arteries?" Kn. Vol. IV, 703-736.

[153] Harvey: On the Motion, etc., V, Syd. 32, l. 39 to 34, l. 22; Op. Omn. 32, l. 24 to 36, l. 15. The second Galenic passage above, which refers to the origin and contents of the arteries and to the aortic valves, is printed in italics and with quotation marks in the first edition of Harvey's treatise, and Harvey's own words regarding this passage seem to mean that it is a verbal quotation from Galen. But neither in Galen's treatise entitled "Is Blood Naturally Contained in the Arteries?" nor in the sixth book of his treatise On the Doctrines of Hippocrates and Plato, does more than the last part of this seeming quotation occur. The rest appears to be merely a sound statement by Harvey of Galenic doctrines, for which abundant authority can be found in the two treatises aforesaid. See especially for the origin of the arteries: On the Doctrines of Hippocrates and Plato, Book VI, chapter 3, Kn. Vol. V, 524, l. 13 to 525, l. 3; Mül. 512, l. 4-13; and for the contents of the arteries: chapter 4, Kn. Vol. V, 537, l. 1-7; Mül. 526, l. 1-7; and chapter 8, Kn. Vol. V, 572, l. 12 to 573, l. 11; Mül. 565, l. 10 to 566, l. 12. Of the words relating to the aortic valves, the first part is a statement justified by the words which occur in the Ninth Juntine edition of Galen's works, Classis I, folio 264C, l. 41-43 and D, l. 49-53. But the last part of the passage aforesaid is a verbal quotation of words on folio 264 verso E, l. 9-11. This passage relating to the valves is all in Galen's treatise On the Doctrines of Hippocrates and Plato, Book VI, chapter 6. The Greek text may be found as follows: Kn. Vol. V, 549, l. 3-8, 549, l. 18 to 550, l. 6, 552, l. 1-3; Mül. 539, l. 10 to 540, l. 1, 540, l. 11 to 541, l. 1, 543, l. 1-3.

[154] Harvey: Letter to Slegel, Syd. 598, l. 21-23; Op. Omn. 614, l. 29-32.

[155] Aristotle: On Soul, 405_b_, 1-8.

[156] Harvey: Prelectiones, 80 right. Compare pp. 42-46 of this paper.

[157] Harvey: Prelectiones, 79 right.

[158] That is, one may suppose, after development _in utero_ has begun.

[159] _Anima._

[160] Harvey: Prelectiones, 33 left.

[161] Harvey: Prelectiones, 75 left.

[162] Harvey: Prelectiones, 76 right.

[163] _Non propria ratione._

[164] _Sanguinis multitudine._

[165] _Pullulare._

[166] The two words "household shrine" represent the one word "_lar_."

[167] Harvey: Prelectiones, 73 left. In the photograph of folio 73 left of Harvey's note-book, the 16th line of text consists, as translated, of the words "Is there only a drop of blood in the auricles?" This line has the appearance of an interlineation. If it be really such, the words which follow it to the end of the passage were meant, when jotted down, to refer to the heart and not to "a drop of blood."

[168] _Rationem._ Compare Harvey: On Generation, LXXI, Syd. 507, l. 16-26; Op. Omn. 528, l. 21-29.

[169] Harvey: Exercise to Riolanus, II, Syd. 136, l. 37 to 137, l. 17; Op. Omn. 136, l. 25 to 137, l. 9.

[170] Harvey: On Generation, Introduction, Syd. 167, l. 2-5; Op. Omn. 180, l. 23-26.

[171] Harvey: On Generation, XIV, Syd. 226, l. 38 to 227, l. 16; Op. Omn. 240, l. 22 to 241, l. 3.

[172] _Animalis._

[173] Harvey: On Generation, XLVI, Syd. 341, l. 25-37; Op. Omn. 357, l. 5-15.

[174] That is, the mammalian embryo.

[175] Harvey: On Generation, LIII, Syd. 392, l. 1-13; Op. Omn. 409, l. 1-12.

[176] Harvey: On the Motion, etc., Dedication to the King, Syd. 3, l. 2-3; Op. Omn. 3, l. 2. On the Motion, etc., VIII, Syd. 47, l. 7-9; Op. Omn. 49, l. 13-14.

[177] _Idque non solum in ovo, sed in omni fœtu, animaliumque conceptu primo contingere, mox palam fiet._ Harvey: On Generation, _Editio princeps_, 149, l. 33-35. In the Opera Omnia, 390, l. 1-3, a comma has been erroneously placed between "_conceptu_" and "_primo_"; the latter word qualifies "_conceptu_," not "_contingere_." Compare Op. Omn. 391, l. 4: _in primis animalium conceptibus_.

[178] _In primis animalium conceptibus._

[179] Harvey: On Generation, LI, Syd. 373, l. 35 to 374, l. 27 and 374, l. 36 to 375, l. 8; Op. Omn. 389, l. 28 to 390, l. 22 and 390, l. 30 to 391, l. 8.

[180] Harvey: Exercise to Riolanus, II, Syd. 137, l. 2-4 and 138, l. 12-13; Op. Omn. 136, l. 29-30 and 138, l. 6-7.

[181] Milton: Areopagitica, edited with introduction and notes by J. W. Hales, Oxford, 1874, 38.

[182] The "point" is the embryonic heart, to which in its earliest visible state the name of "_punctum saliens_," _i.e._, "leaping point," had been given, this technical term having been coined no doubt out of expressions used by Aristotle in speaking of the living rudimentary heart as seen with the naked eye in the hen's egg and in mammalian abortions. Compare Aristotle: History of Animals, 561_a_, 6-17; On the Parts of Animals, 665_a_, 33 to _b_, 2.

[183] Presumably the terminal sinus of modern embryology.

[184] The fourth day of incubation.

[185] _Per totum colliquamentum._ For Harvey's account of this clear liquid see On Generation, XVI, Syd. 232, l. 15 to 234, l. 31; Op. Omn. 246, l. 4 to 248, l. 17.

[186] Aristotle: History of Animals, Book VI, chapter 3. This reference is Harvey's own. Aristotle's words are πόροι φλεβικοί (561_a_, 13), which are given by Harvey as "_meatus venales_."

[187] Harvey: On Generation, XVII, Syd. 237, l. 16 to 238, l. 12 and 238, l. 25-35; Op. Omn. 251, l. 6 to 252, l. 3 and 252, l. 15-22.

[188] Harvey: On Generation, XIX, Syd. 252, l. 1 and l. 9-11; Op. Omn. 266, l. 3 and l. 11-13.

[189] Harvey: On Generation, XVI, Syd. 415, l. 22-24; Op. Omn. 433, l. 22-24.

[190] Harvey: On Generation, LVI, Syd. 415, l. 32-38; Op. Omn. 433, l. 31 to 434, l. 4.

[191] Harvey: On the Motion, etc., IV, Syd. 30, l. 14-22; Op. Omn. 32, l. 8-14.

[192] Harvey: On Generation, LI, Syd. 373, l. 35 to 374, l. 27; Op. Omn. 389, l. 28 to 390, l. 22.

[193] ἡ ἀρχή.

[194] ἀλλὰ καὶ περὶ τὴν τελευτήν.

[195] ὤσπερ τῆς φύσεως διαυλοδρομούσης καὶ ἀνελιττομένης ἐπὶ τὴν ἀρχὴν ὄθεν ἠλθεν.

[196] Aristotle: On the Generation of Animals, 741_b_, 15-24.

[197] In his lecture notes Harvey, in dealing with the heart, speaks of the right auricle as "the last to pulsate." Prelectiones, 74 right, l. 17.

[198] Harvey: On the Motion, etc., IV, Syd. 28, l. 23-34 and 29, l. 6-16; Op. Omn. 30, l. 13-24 and 31, l. 1-8.

[199] Leviticus XVII, 11 and 14--Harvey's own reference.

[200] Harvey: On Generation, LI, Syd. 376, l. 14 to 377, l. 2; Op. Omn. 392, l. 15 to 393, l. 6.

[201] Harvey: On Generation, XVII, Syd. 239, l. 32 to 240, l. 7; Op. Omn. 253, l. 19-31.

[202] Harvey: On the Motion, etc., IV, Syd. 28, l. 15-21; Op. Omn. 30, l. 7-12.

[203] Harvey: On Generation, LI, Syd. 374, l. 28-35; Op. Omn. 390, l. 23-29. Compare: On the Motion, etc., XVII, Syd. 76, l. 11-29; Op. Omn. 77, l. 21 to 78, l. 9.

[204] Harvey: Exercise to Riolanus, II, Syd. 122, l. 31 to 123, l. 18, 124, l. 28-37, 130, l. 29 to 132, l. 25; Op. Omn. 122, l. 16 to 123, l. 2, 124, l. 11-17, 130, l. 15 to 132, l. 17. On Generation, LXXI, Syd. 503, l. 15-18; Op. Omn. 524, l. 21-24. Letter to Morison, Syd. 604, l. 13-19; Op. Omn. 620, l. 24 to 621, l. 3.

[205] Harvey: Exercise to Riolanus, II, Syd. 137, l. 15-16; Op. Omn. 137, l. 7-9.

[206] Harvey: Exercise to Riolanus, II, Syd. 136, l. 37 to 138, l. 16; Op. Omn. 136, l. 25 to 138, l. 10.

[207] Harvey: On Generation, LI, Syd. 375, l. 8-39; Op. Omn. 391, l. 9 to 392, l. 2.

[208] ἡ ζύμη.

[209] πνευματυμένου.

[210] Aristotle: On the Generation of Animals, 755_a_, 18-21.

[211] ζέσις.

[212] πνευματουμένου.

[213] Aristotle: On Respiration, 479b, 26-27 and 30-32.

[214] πρὸς τὸν ἔσχατον χιτῶνα.

[215] ἀναθυμίασις.

[216] διά τὸ ἠρτῆσθαι ἐκ τῆς καρδίας.

[217] ὄτε.

[218] πήδησις, _i.e._, the "palpitation" of modern medicine.

[219] πνευμάτωσις.

[220] Aristotle: On Respiration, 480_a_, 2-15.

[221] Aristotle: History of Animals, 521_a_, 6-7.

[222] Galen: On Local Affections, Kn. Vol. VIII, 429, l. 10-12; Dar. Vol. II, 693, l. 35-37. Plutarch: On the Opinions of the Philosophers, Book IV, chapter 22, Diels: Doxographi Graeci, Berlin, 1879, 412, l. 7-9.

[223] Galen: On the Motion of the Muscles, Kn. Vol. IV, 367, l. 1-3 and 382, l. 14 to 383, l. 2; Dar. Vol. II, 321, l. 1-3 and 330, l. 3-8.

[224] Harvey: On the Motion, etc., XVII, Syd. 81, l. 20-31 and 82, l. 29 to 83, l. 8; Op. Omn. 83, l. 9-18 and 84, l. 15-30.

[225] Harvey: Exercise to Riolanus, II, Syd. 137, l. 17-22; Op. Omn. 137, l. 27-32.

[226] _Cuius vero rei gratia? Aristotelis. Nullius sed passio ut in pulte ebulliente WH sed vulneratum non flatum sed sanguinem Emittit._ Harvey: Prelectiones, 79 right.

[227] _Non ab attractione aliqua._

[228] Harvey: Exercise to Riolanus, II, Syd. 140, l. 15-29; Op. Omn. 140, l. 11-22.

[229] Harvey: Letter to Morison, Syd. 604, l. 22-33; Op. Omn. 621, l. 6-15.

[230] Harvey: Exercise to Riolanus, II, Syd. 132, l. 26 to 133, l. 14; Op. Omn. 132, l. 18 to 133, l. 11.

[231] Harvey: Exercise to Riolanus, II, Syd. 113, l. 24-25; Op. Omn. 113, l. 19-20.

[232] Harvey: On the Motion, etc., XVII, Syd. 80, l. 32; Op. Omn. 82, l. 15-16.

[233] Compare Harvey: Exercise to Riolanus, II, Syd. 122, l. 19-28; Op. Omn. 122, l. 8-14.

[234] Harvey: On the Motion, etc., IV, Syd. 27, l. 25-27; Op. Omn. 29, l. 12-14.

[235] _Ad constitutionem suam._ Harvey: On the Motion, etc., XVII, Syd. 80, l. 39 to 81, l. 3; Op. Omn. 82, l. 22-26.

[236] Harvey: Prelectiones, 79 left, l. 19 and 80 left, l. 8-10; Columbus: De Re Anatomica, Lib. XI, 223, l. 37-39 and 224, l. 16-21.

[237] Harvey: Exercise to Riolanus, II, Syd. 132, l. 11-15; Op. Omn. 132, l. 4-7.

[238] _Quia non pulsant. sed potius attrahi._ The jotting would seem to leave the verb "_videntur_" or the like, to be understood. Harvey: Prelectiones, 80 left, l. 8-13.

[239] _Eodem tempore tactu sentitur pulsus Arteriae quasi attrahitur vena cava._ Harvey: Prelectiones, 77 right, l. 11-12.

[240] Harvey: On the Motion, etc., Syd. 21, l. 23-27; Op. Omn. 23, l. 16-19. Compare Exercise to Riolanus, II, Syd. 139, l. 26 to 140, l. 29; Op. Omn. 139, l. 21 to 140, l. 22.

[241] _Auriculae pulsant post emotum cor sanguinis multitudine._ Harvey: Prelectiones, 73 left, l. 10.

[242] Harvey: Prelectiones, 77 right, l. 15.

[243] _Quorum radicale humidum glutinosum magis, aut pingue, et lentum est, et non ita facile dissolubile._

[244] Harvey: On the Motion, etc., IV, Syd. 28, l. 4-14; Op. Omn. 29, l. 29 to 30, l. 6.

[245] Harvey: Exercise to Riolanus, II, Syd. 138, l. 9-11; Op. Omn. 138, l. 4-6.

[246] Galen: On Anatomical Manipulations, Kn. Vol. II, 614, l. 8-11. On the Doctrines of Hippocrates and Plato, Kn. Vol. V, 238, l. 7 to 239, l. 1; Mül. 198, l. 4-16.

[247] Cicero: On the Nature of the Gods, Müller, Leipsic, 1903, 55, l. 20-22. Harvey says in his lecture notes: "_Item_ Cicero [has] much about the use of the parts in De Natura Deorum libro 2°." Prelectiones, 98 left, l. 25.

[248] Vesalius: De Humani Corporis Fabrica, Lib. VI, cap. 8, 584, l. 53-57.

[249] Harvey: On the Motion, etc., Syd. 53, l. 26 to 54, l. 15; Op. Omn. 55, l. 21 to 56, l. 11.

[250] For the references to Galileo Galilei, Evangelista Torricelli and Blaise Pascal, see J. C. Poggendorff, Geschichte der Physik, Leipsic, 1879, 251-255, 319-325 and 328-334.

[251] S. Hales: Statical Essays, containing Hæmastaticks, etc. Vol. II, London, 1733. Preface, pp. xvii, l. 13 to xviii, l. 22 and Experiment III, 13, l. 13 to 17, l. 3. See also P. M. Dawson: The Biography of Stephen Hales, D.D., F.R.S., Johns Hopkins Hospital Bulletin, Vol. XV, No. 159, June, 1904, 185-192. Stephen Hales the Physiologist, Do., Vol. XV, Nos. 160-161, July-August, 1904, 232-237.

[252] Harvey: Exercise to Riolanus, II, Syd. 134, l. 7-16; Op. Omn. 134, l. 8-15.

[253] Harvey: Exercise to Riolanus, II, Syd. 135, l. 12-16; Op. Omn. 135, l. 11-15.

[254] Harvey: Exercise to Riolanus, I, Syd. 93, l. 37 to 94, l. 5; Op. Omn. 95, l. 29 to 96, l. 4.

[255] Harvey: Letter to Slegel, Syd. 598, l. 36 to 602, l. 34; Op. Omn. 615, l. 10 to 619, l. 7.

[256] _Cacochymica._

[257] Harvey: Exercise to Riolanus, II, Syd. 124, l. 5-10; Op. Omn. 123, l. 25-29.

[258] Harvey: Exercise to Riolanus, II, Syd. 122, l. 9-12; Op. Omn. 122, l. 1-3.

[259] Harvey: Letter to Slegel, Syd. 602, l. 7-10; Op. Omn. 618, l. 18-21.

[260] _Quasi versus principium._

[261] _Et contra spontaneum moveatur._

[262] Harvey: On the Motion, etc., XV, Syd. 70, l. 33 to 71, l. 11; Op. Omn. 72, l. 4-17.

[263] _Lacuna._

[264] _Declinante sponte sanguine et, venarum motu, compresso ad centrum._ Harvey: On the Motion, etc., IV, Syd. 27, l. 33-35; Op. Omn. 29, l. 19-21.

[265] Malpighi: Letter II Regarding the Lungs, Bologna, 1661. Marcelli Malpighii Opera Omnia, Leyden, 1687, Vol. II, 328.

[266] Harvey: Exercise to Riolanus, I, Syd. 96, l. 37 to 97, l. 13; Op. Omn. 99, l. 2-15. The term "circulatory vessels" is one repeated by Harvey from Riolanus, whose views he is here refuting. Riolanus speaks of the region outside the liver, to which the branches of the portal vein are distributed, as the "first region." The "second and third regions" appear to comprise all the rest of the body. See Harvey: Exercise to Riolanus, I, Syd. 90, l. 30 to 91, l. 23; Op. Omn. 92, l. 21 to 93, l. 18. See also Joannes Riolanus, Filius: Encheiridium Anatomicum et Pathologicum, 154, l. 1-13; 155, l. 17 to 156, l. 17; 297, l. 7-17.

[267] _Quibus absorptus et exhaustus traducitur._ Harvey: Exercise to Riolanus, II, Syd. 133, l. 30-39; Op. Omn. 133, l. 25 to 134, l. 1.

[268] _In sinistri ventriculi locum._ Harvey: On the Motion, etc., VII, Syd. 45, l. 5-9; Op. Omn. 47, l. 7-10.

[269] Harvey: Exercise to Riolanus, II, Syd. 133, l. 3-6; Op. Omn. 132, l. 30 to 133, l. 2.

[270] Harvey: Prelectiones, 86 left, l. 30-32.

[271] Harvey: Prelectiones, 33 left, l. 31.

[272] Shakspere: Hamlet, Act I, Scene IV, l. 70-73.

[273] ἀύτη γὰρ ὀυσία ὀφθαλμοῦ ἡ κατὰ τὸν λόγον.

[274] κίνησις. Cf. p. 52.

[275] δύναμις.

[276] ὅτι ἐστὶν ἡ ψυχὴ τῶν ἐιρημένων τούτων ἀρχὴ καὶ τούτοις ὥρισται.

[277] θρεπτικῷ, ἀισθωτικῷ, διανοητικῷ, κινήσει.

[278] The foregoing passages from Aristotle's treatise On Soul occur respectively as follows: 412_a_, 14-15; 414_a_, 12-14; 412_b_, 18-22; 413_a_, 26; 413_a_, 31; 413_a_, 20-26; 413_a_, 31 to _b_, 16.

[279] ὀυθὲν γὰρ ἀυτοῦ τῇ ἐνεργείᾳ κοινωνεῖ [σωματικὴ ἐνέργια.]

[280] Aristotle: On the Generation of Animals, 736_a_, 24 to 737_b_, 7. The quoted passage is 736_b_, 28-29. Compare On Soul, 413_b_, 24-29.

It was not Greek philosophy alone in which in ancient times the word corresponding to "soul" was used in a wider sense than that of the quotation from "Hamlet." In the English Authorized Version of the Old Testament, first published in 1611, we read in Genesis II, 7: "Man became a living soul." The reading is the same in the Revised Version of 1885. In Genesis I, 30, we read in both versions: "And to every beast of the earth, and to every fowl of the air, and to every thing that creepeth upon the earth, wherein _there is_ life, _I have given_ every green herb for meat." In both versions it is noted in the margin that the expression translated by the single English word "life" is, in the Hebrew, "a living soul." Accordingly we find this Hebrew expression of Genesis I, 30, rendered "a soul of life"--ψυχὴν ζωῆς,--in the ancient translation of the Old Testament into Greek, known as the "Septuagint," which was probably completed less than two hundred years after the death of Aristotle and more than one hundred and fifty years before the Christian era. In the early Latin translation of the Scriptures which was finished in A.D. 405, and is largely embodied in the "Vulgate" of to-day, we read in the same verse--Genesis I, 30, "_anima viviens_"--"a living soul." In Genesis II, 7, where the reference is to man himself and the English Bible reads "a living soul," the Vulgate reads "_animam viventem_," using the same Latin words as for the lower creatures of I, 30. In like manner the Septuagint reads in Genesis II, 7, ψυχὴν ζῶσαν, as it reads in I, 30, ψυχὴν ζωῆς. Other instances from the Book of Genesis could be cited of the wide significance given therein to the expression which corresponds to "soul."

[281] _Domi._ Compare Aristotle: On the Generation of Animals, 736_a_, 24 to 737_b_, 7.

[282] Harvey: On Generation, LXXI, Syd. 511, l. 1-24; Op. Omn. 532, l. 9-29.

[283] _Neque sanguinis vim, virtutem, rationem, motum, aut calorem, ut cordis domum, habet._ Harvey: Exercise to Riolanus, II, Syd. 137, l. 16-17; Op. Omn. 137, l. 8-9.

[284] Hippocrates: On the Nature of Man, Lit. Vol. VI, 44, l. 7-10.

[285] Harvey: On Generation, XVII, Syd. 239, l. 13-23 and l. 29-31; Op. Omn. 253, l. 3-11 and l. 15-18.

[286] Harvey: On Generation, LVII, Syd. 430, l. 23-33; Op. Omn. 449, l. 11-21.

[287] _Promanat._

[288] Harvey: On Generation, XLVII, Syd. 347, l. 26 to 348, l. 3; Op. Omn. 363, l. 18 to 364, l. 2.

[289] _Primigenia._

[290] Harvey: On Generation, LI, Syd. 375, l. 40 to 376, l. 8; Op. Omn. 392, l. 3-10.

[291] Leviticus XVII, 11 and 14--Harvey's own reference. Not these two verses merely, but the whole of chapter XVII, should be read, not only in the Authorized Version, but in the Revised Version also.

[292] Harvey: On Generation, LI, Syd. 376, l. 19-21; Op. Omn. 392, l. 20-22.

[293] Harvey: On Generation, LI, Syd. 377, l. 3-11; Op. Omn. 393, l. 7-14.

[294] Harvey: On Generation, LII, Syd. 380, l. 14-16; Op. Omn. 396, l. 18-20.

[295] Harvey: On Generation, LII, Syd. 381, l. 26-35; Op. Omn. 398, l. 1-8.

[296] Harvey: On Generation, LII, Syd. 391, l. 11-30; Op. Omn. 408, l. 8-22.

[297] Aristotle: On Soul, Book I, chapter 2--Harvey's own reference. For Thales, Diogenes, Heraclitus, Alcmæon, and their views, see also Zeller, Die Philosophie der Griechen, I Theil, 5 Auflage, Leipsic, 1892. For Critias, see William Smith, Dictionary of Greek and Roman Biography and Mythology, Vol. I, London, 1880, 892.

[298] Aristotle: History of Animals, I, chapter 19--Harvey's own reference. This should read III, chapter 19, 520_b_, 14-17 and 521_a_, 6-9. The reference to Book I is an error of the press which has been copied without correction from the _Editio Princeps_ in both the Opera Omnia and the Sydenham translation. Aristotle: On the Parts of Animals, II, chapter 3 (Harvey's own reference), 650b, 2-8.

[299] Harvey: On Generation, LII, Syd. 380, l. 37 to 381, l. 20; Op. Omn. 397, l. 8-27.

[300] Plato: Phædo, 96_b_: Platonis Dialogi, Hermann-Wohlrab, Vol. I, 142, l. 2-3.

[301] Censorinus: De Die Natali, chapter VI, § 1, Edition Hultsch, 1867, 10.

[302] Empedocles: Fragment 105, l. 3; Diels, Poetarum Philosophorum Fragmenta, Berlin, 1901, 146, constituting Vol. III of Wilamowitz- Moellendorf, Poetarum Græcorum Fragmenta. See also Zeller, Die Philosophie der Griechen, I Theil, 5 Auflage, 1892.

[303] Theophrastus: Opera Omnia: On Sensation and Sensible Things, II, (10), Edition Wimmer, 323_a_, Paris, Didot, 1866.

[304] Compare Aristotle: On Soul, 404_b_, 27-30.

[305] Aristotle: History of Animals, 520_b_, 14-17.

[306] Harvey: On Generation, LII, Syd. 382, l. 18-21; Op. Omn. 398, l. 24-27.

[307] Harvey: On Generation, LII, Syd. 380, l. 3-6; Op. Omn. 396, l. 9-12.

[308] Harvey: On Generation, LII, Syd. 390, l. 35 to 391, l. 2; Op. Omn. 407, l. 25-30.

[309] See Harvey: Letter to Hofmann, Syd. 595, l. 6-15; Op. Omn. 635, l. 10-17.

[310] See J. B. Meyer: Aristoteles' Thierkunde, 1855, 411, l. 14 to 413, l. 2.

[311] _Calor animalis._

[312] Harvey: On Generation, LXXI, Syd. 501, l. 29 to 502, l. 16 and 502, l. 38 to 503, l. 20; Op. Omn. 523, l. 1-16 and 524, l. 8-24.

[313] Harvey: On Generation, LXXI, Syd. 504, l. 6-10; Op. Omn. 525, l. 13-16.

[314] Harvey: On Generation, LXXI, Syd. 504, l. 16-34; Op. Omn. 525, l. 20 to 526, l. 2.

[315] Aristotle: On the Generation of Animals, Book II, chapter 3 (Harvey's own reference), 736_b_, 29-31.

[316] The Latin translation of this passage which is quoted by Harvey reads: "_Omnis animae sive potentia_, etc." The Greek text of Aristotle reads: "πάσης μὲν ὀῦν ψυχῆς δὺναμις," κ.τ.λ., meaning "the faculty of every soul." In the part of the chapter which just precedes this passage Aristotle discourses of "the nutritive soul," "the sensory soul," and "the intellectual soul"; and the context makes it clear that the words of the passage quoted by Harvey refer to the faculty of every kind of soul, and not simply to the faculty of the soul of every living being.

[317] ἑτέρου σώματος ἔοικε κεκοινωνηκέναι, κ.τ.λ. The Latin translation of these words, which is quoted by Harvey, reads: "_corpus aliud participare videtur_." Regarding the significance of κεκοινωνηκέναι in this passage compare Aristotle: Economics, 1343a, 10-12; although this treatise is now believed to be not by Aristotle himself, but by a later member of his school.

[318] Aristotle: On the Generation of Animals, 736_b_, 33 to 737_a_, 1.

[319] πνεῦμα (_Pneuma_).

[320] The following are the words of Aristotle which Harvey omits from his quotation:--

"and, moreover, as the souls differ one from another in nobility
and ignobleness, so too does the nature aforesaid differ."
(Aristotle: On the Generation of Animals, 736_b_, 31-33.)

If these words be read in their proper connection, it becomes clear that "the nature which is analogous to the element of the stars" is the same as "the nature aforesaid" (ἡ τοιαύτη φύσις), which is the "body other than the so-called elements and more divine." Fire is repeatedly styled a "body" by Aristotle, it being one of the four "simple bodies" (ἁπλᾶ σώματα) or elements. Compare Aristotle: On Generation and Corruption, 330_b_, 1-3. We shall find that Harvey in his turn styles fire a "body" (_corpus_). See Harvey: On Generation, LXXI, Syd. 506, l. 26-31; Op. Omn. 527, l. 28 to 528, l. 1.

The Latin translation of Aristotle which Harvey quotes reads, in dealing with the "spirits": "_spiritus qui in semine spumosoque corpore continetur, et natura quae in eo spiritu est proportione respondens elemento stellarum_." (Aristotle: On the Generation of Animals, Vol. III, 360_b_, 4-5.) The Greek text reads: τὸ ἐμπεριλαμβανόμενον ἐν τῷ σπέρματι καὶ ἐν τῷ ἀφρώδει πνεῦμα καὶ ἐν τῷ πνεύματι φύσις, ἀνάλογον ὀῦσα τῷ τῶν ἄστρων στοιχείῳ (736_b_, 35 to 737_a_, 1). Two manuscripts omit "ἐν" before "τῷ πνεύματι."

In the chapter immediately preceding Aristotle says:--

"Not only does a liquid become thick which is made of water and
earthy matter, but also one made of water and spirits; even as
foam thickens and whitens; and the smaller and less conspicuous
the bubbles are, the whiter and stiffer does the mass appear.
Oil, too, is affected in the same way; for it becomes thick when
mixed with spirits, so that, as it whitens, it thickens; what
is watery within it being separated by the heat, and becoming
spirits.... For the reasons aforesaid the semen, too, is stiff
and white as it issues from within, since it contains much hot
spirits due to the interior heat. But after the exit of the
semen, when its heat has exhaled and its air has cooled, it
liquefies and darkens. For in drying semen, as in phlegm, the
water remains and perhaps some little earthy matter. The semen
then is a combination of spirits and water, the spirits being
hot air; so the semen, being derived from water, is naturally
liquid.... The cause of the whiteness of the semen is that the
generative medium (ἡ γονή) is foam, and that foam is
white.... It seems not to have escaped even the ancients that
the nature of semen is foamy; at all events they named from this
property (δυνάμεως) the goddess who rules coition."
(Aristotle: On the Generation of Animals, 735_b_, 8-16; 735_b_,
32 to 736_a_, 2; 736_a_, 13-14 and _a_, 18-21.)

A very ancient poem, ascribed to Hesiod, relates the myth of Aphrodite and says that she was so called by gods and men "because she was produced in foam." (Theogony, l. 197-198.) The "air" ἀήρ o f one of the foregoing passages from Aristotle is of course not atmospheric air, but something aëriform produced by heat, as the context shows. In the same treatise he speaks of the presence, within the early embryo which has never breathed, of spirits (πνεῦμα) due to heat and moisture, "the one active, the other passive." (On the Generation of Animals, 741_b_, 37 to 742_a_, 16.)

[321] The Latin translation quoted by Harvey renders the Greek words "ὀυδὲ φαίνεται συνιστάμενον πυρουμένοις ὀύτ' [ἐν] ὑγροῖς ὀύτ ἐν ξηροῖς ὀυθέν" (737a, 1-3) by the misleading words "_neque constitui quidquam densis vel humidis vel siccis videntur_." Therefore, in translating this passage into English, it has seemed necessary to make it intelligible by giving to the word "πυρουμένοις" its proper meaning, rather than by rendering literally the earlier translator's ill-chosen Latin word "_densis_."

[322] The Latin quoted by Harvey, viz.: "_qui semine continetur_," scarcely gives the force of the original Greek "ἡ διὰ τοῦ σπέρματος" (737_a_, 3-4), which Greek words, rather than the Latin, are rendered in the present English translation.

[323] ἀλλὰ κἄν tι περίττωμα τύχῃ τῆς φύσεως ὂν ἕτερον. κ.τ.λ. (737_a_, 4-5). Compare the construction of this passage with that of the following: διά τὸ πλησιαίτερα ἡμῶν ἐῖναι καὶ τῆς φύσεως ὀικειότερα. κ.τ.λ. Aristotle: On the Parts of Animals, 645_a_, 2-3.

[324] Aristotle: On the Generation of Animals, 736_b_, 33 to 737_a_, 7. In translating into English the foregoing Aristotelian passages the present writer has sought rather to indicate than to smooth away the ruggedness of the original Greek. Harvey quotes these passages verbatim from a Latin translation which may be found in Volume III of the Berlin Academy's quarto edition of Aristotle's works. This translation was made in the fifteenth century by Theodore Gaza, a learned Greek of Thessalonica, who had fled from the conquering Turks to Italy, where he learned Latin not long before his thirtieth year. Gaza was neither physician nor biologist. In view of these facts we need not wonder that his Latin version of Aristotle On the Generation of Animals is occasionally unsatisfactory, as we have seen. In the edition of the Greek text of Aristotle's History of Animals, published by Teubner in 1907 (Aristotelis De Animalibus Historia, textum recognovit Leonardus Dittmeyer, 1907, Leipsic, p. XXII, l. 1-5), the editor says in his Latin preface, regarding Gaza's Latin Translation of the History of Animals: "There is need of caution, if we wish to unearth the Greek text from his interpretation."

[325] _Respondens_, not _proportione respondens_.

[326] Harvey: On Generation, LXXI, Syd. 505, l. 18 to 506, l. 16; Op. Omn. 526, l. 20 to 527, l. 20.

[327] Harvey: On Generation, LXXI, Syd. 508, l. 22-38; Op. Omn. 529, l. 24 to 530, l. 5.

[328] The sources, contained in Aristotle's own works, of the foregoing brief sketch of his conception of the universe, are as follows: On Heaven, the whole of the treatise; On Generation and Corruption, the whole of the treatise; Physics, Book IV, chapter 14, 223_b_, 15 to 224_a_, 2; Meteorology, Book I, chapters 1, 2, 3, and 9; Metaphysics, Book XI, chapter 7, 1072_b_, 28-30, and chapter 8; Nicomachean Ethics, Book VI, chapter 7, 1141_a_, 33 to _b_, 2; On the Parts of Animals, Book I, chapters 4 and 5, 644_b_, 20-25; Book II, chapter 10, 656_a_, 3-8; On the Generation of Animals, Book IV, chapter 10. The treatise entitled "On the Universe: To Alexander," is not a genuine work of Aristotle. See V. Rose: De Aristotelis Librorum Ordine et Auctoritate, 90-100. Besides the foregoing Aristotelian texts, see Prantl's note, number 37, on pages 303-307 of his edition of Aristotle's treatise On Heaven and On Generation and Corruption, and the references to other writers contained in the said note.

[329] Aristotle: On Heaven, 269_a_, 5-7.

[330] Aristotle: Meteorology, 339_b_, 25-26.

[331] Aristotle: On Heaven, 269_a_, 30-32.

[332] Aristotle: On Heaven, 269_b_, 15-17.

[333] Aristotle: On Heaven, 270_b_, 1-5 and 20-24. Aristotle accepts the derivation of αἱθέρα from ἀεὶ θεῖν. Modern philology rejects this.

[334] Aristotle: Meteorology, 339_b_, 17-19.

[335] Aristotle: On Heaven, 289_a_, 13-16.

[336] Milton: Paradise Lost, III, l. 716-721.

[337] See pp. 119-121.

[338] Aristotle: Physics, 194_b_, 13.

[339] Aristotle: On the Generation of Animals, 731_b_, 35 to 732_a_, 1. This is a small part of a passage of which the whole should be read, viz.: 731_b_, 24 to 732_a_, 6. Compare On Generation and Corruption, 337_a_, 34 to 338_b_, 19.

[340] Aristotle: History of Animals, 511_b_, 1-4.

[341] Aristotle: On the Parts of Animals, 652_b_, 23-26. On the Generation of Animals, 742_b_, 35 to 743_a_, 1.

[342] Compare Aristotle: On the Parts of Animals, 645_a_, 26 to 645_b_, 14.

[343] Aristotle: On the Generation of Animals, Book II, chapter 3--Harvey's own reference.

[344] Harvey: On Generation, XXVIII, Syd. 285, l. 22-36; Op. Omn. 300, l. 9-21.

[345] Compare Harvey: On Generation, LXXI, Syd. 502, l. 25-37; Op. Omn. 523, l. 24 to 524, l. 7.

[346] _E.g._ Harvey: On Generation, LXXI, Syd. 507, l. 32-36; Op. Omn. 529, l. 2-5.

[347] See pp. 119-121.

[348] Cicero _et al._

[349] See Aristotle: On Heaven, 269_b_, 18 to 270_a_, 12. Compare J. B. Meyer: Aristoteles' Thierkunde, II Abschnitt, § 2, 407, l. 20 to 413, l. 27.

[350] Aristotle: On the Parts of Animals, 645_a_, 26 to _b_, 14; especially 645_b_, 6-10. See also Poetics, 1457_b_, 16-19.

[351] See p. 120.

[352] See pp. 119-121.

[353] See p. 120.

[354] Harvey: On Generation, LXXI, Syd. 507, l. 37 to 508, l. 13; Op. Omn. 529, l. 6-16.

[355] Harvey: On Generation, LXXII, Syd. 513, l. 1-24 and 516, l. 14-17; Op. Omn. 534, l. 12 to 535, l. 6 and 537, l. 26-28.

[356] Harvey: On Generation, LXXII, Syd. 517, l. 19-22; Op. Omn. 539, l. 3-5. For the views of Empedocles and Democritus, see Zeller: Philosophie der Griechen, 1 Theil, 2 Hälfte, 5 Auflage, 750-777 and 837-898. For the views of the chemists, see Roscoe and Schorlemmer: A Treatise on Chemistry, Vol. I, 1878, 3-11.

[357] Harvey: On Generation, LXXII, Syd. 517, l. 27-32; Op. Omn. 539, l. 9-14. The words at the end of the quotation read, in Harvey's text: "_aut principia esse corporum similarium_." The "_corpora similaria_" or "_partes similares_" are the ὁμοιομερῆ of Aristotle, which in anatomy answer, nearly, to the "tissues" of modern parlance. See Aristotle: On the Parts of Animals, 646_a_, 12-24.

[358] See p. 105.

[359] See p. 116.

[360] See p. 117.

[361] See pp. 119-121 and notes 321-324.

[362] Harvey: On Generation, LXXI, Syd. 507, l. 32-36; Op. Omn. 529, l. 2-5.

[363] _Sanguinis calor est animalis, quatenus scilicet in operationibus suis ab anima gubernatur_; etc.

[364] Harvey: On Generation, LXXI, Syd. 508, l. 14-17; Op. Omn. 529, l. 17-20.

[365] Compare Aristotle: Meteorology, 339_a_, 11-32.

[366] κόσμος means both "order" and "ornament."

[367] Harvey: On Generation, LXXI, Syd. 508, l. 22-29; Op. Omn. 529, l. 24-30.

[368] Compare Aristotle: On the Generation of Animals, 737_a_, 16 to _b_, 7, especially _a_, 30-34; 741_a_, 3-32; 750_b_, 3-26; 757_b_, 14-19, and _b_, 23-27.

[369] Harvey: On Generation, LII, Syd. 381, l. 20-25; Op. Omn. 397, l. 27-30. Compare the same, LIV, Syd. 402, l. 10-27; Op. Omn. 419, l. 23 to 420, l. 8.

[370] See p. 121.

[371] _Fateatur._

[372] Harvey: On Generation, XLVII, Syd. 350, l. 2-16; Op. Omn. 365, l. 31 to 366, l. 11.

[373] See pp. 122-123.

[374] See p. 119. See also Aristotle: On the Generation of Animals, 736_b_, 30.

[ 375] Harvey: On Generation, LXXI, Syd. 506, l. 26-29; Op. Omn. 527, l. 28-31. Compare Aristotle: On Generation and Corruption, 330_b_, 1-3, and elsewhere.

[376] Harvey: On Generation, LXXI, Syd. 506, l. 17 to 507, l. 15; Op. Omn. 527, l. 21 to 528, l. 20. Do., Syd. 508, l. 30 to 509, l. 24; Op. Omn. 530, l. 5-27.

[377] Harvey: On Generation, LXXI, Syd. 506, l. 29-30; Op. Omn. 527, l. 32.

[378] _Participare._

[379] Harvey: On Generation, LXXI, Syd. 507, l. 6-15; Op. Omn. 528, l. 13-20.

[380] Aristotle: On the Generation of Animals, 736_a_, 24 to 737_b_, 7. Gaza's Latin translation of this chapter may be found on page 350 of the third volume of the Prussian Academy's edition of Aristotle's Works.

[381] Compare p. 120.

[382] Aristotle: Meteorology, 382_a_, 6-7.

[383] Aristotle: Meteorology, 340_b_, 22-23.

[384] Harvey: On Generation, LXXII, Syd. 518, l. 15-36; Op. Omn. 540, l. 1-17.

[385] Harvey: Prelectiones, 98 left.

[386] Cicero: On the Nature of the Gods, Mül. 60, l. 23 to 61, l. 2.

[387] Aristotle: On Youth and Old Age and on Life and Death, 469_b_, 15-16.

[388] Aristotle: On Respiration, 474_a_, 26-28.

[389] συναίτιον.

[390] τῶν δὲ φύσει συνισταμένων σάντων.

[391] λόγος.

[392] Aristotle: On Soul, 416_a_, 9-18.

[393] See pp. 119 and 140.

[394] Compare Aristotle: History of Animals, 539_a_, 15-25; 550_b_, 30 to 551_a_, 13: On the Generation of Animals, 761_a_, 12 to 763_b_, 16.

[395] κινοῦσα.

[396] Aristotle: Meteorology, 364_b_, 20-23.

[397] κινοῦντα.

[398] Aristotle: Metaphysics, 1071_a_, 11-17. Compare Physics, 194_b_, 29-32 and On the Generation of Animals, 716_a_, 4-7.

[399] τὸ δημιουργοῦν. Aristotle: On the Generation of Animals, 738_b_, 20-21.

[400] Aristotle: On the Generation of Animals, 762_b_, 2-4.

[401] Aristotle: On the Generation of Animals, 738_b_, 25-26; Compare 716_a_, 4-7.

[402] Aristotle: On Respiration, 479_a_, 29-30.

[403] Aristotle: On the Generation of Animals, 741_a_, 3-32, 757_b_, 14-27.

[404] Aristotle: On the Generation of Animals, 716_a_, 13-17.

[405] Strictly speaking, it is left uncertain by the Greek text whether the verb translated by the words "when ... inclusion ... has taken place" refers to "heat," or to "soul," or to both. This uncertainty, however, does not affect the sense, as both the expression "psychical heat," and the words which follow it, imply the association of heat and soul with one another. A line or two beyond this quoted passage, Aristotle speaks of "the inclusion of the psychical principle."

[406] Owing to the vagueness of the word συνιστάται this must be translated here by a periphrasis such as "an individual is formed." The verb συνιστάναι is used by Aristotle to express not only the immediate result of spontaneous generation, or the production of the embryo in sexual generation, but also the curdling of milk, the condensation of vapor into water, and even the constitution of the universe.

[407] θερμαινομένων τῶν σωματικῶν ὑγρῶν.

[408] Aristotle: On the Generation of Animals, 762_a_, 18-24.

[409] ἡ δὲ θάλαττα ... σωματώδης, πολλῷ μᾶλλον τοῦ ποτίμου ... ἐστί. Aristotle: On the Generation of Animals, 761_b_, 8-12. Compare 761_a_, 33 to _b_, 2.

[410] περίττωμα.

[411] _I.e._, the female animal.

[412] _I.e._, in the higher animals.

[413] συνίστησιν.

[414] κίνησιν ἐντίθησιν.

[415] Aristotle: On the Generation of Animals, 762_a_, 35 to _b_, 19.

[416] Aristotle: On the Generation of Animals, 729_a_, 34 to _b_, 21; and the passages cited on p. 145.

[417] Compare Aristotle: On the Generation of Animals, 743_a_, 26 to _b_, 5.

[418] φρόνησισ Hippocrates: On the Sacred Disease, Lit. Vol. VI, 390, l. 10 to 394, l. 8.

[419] Genesis: II, 7.

[420] Aristotle: On Soul, 410_b_, 27 to 411_a_, 2.

[421] Aristotle: On the Generation of Animals, 736_a_, 22 to 737_b_, 7.

[422] Aristotle: On Soul, 410_b_, 16 to 411_a_, 22.

[423] Aristotle: On the Generation of Animals, 728_b_, 21-32.

[424] Aristotle: On the Generation of Animals, 728_a_, 9-11.

[425] Aristotle: On the Generation of Animals, 763_a_, 24 to _b_, 4.

[426] Aristotle: On the Generation of Animals, 736_b_, 35-37. Gaza translates the foregoing as follows: _spiritus qui in semine spumosoque corpore continetur_. Aristotle: Op. Ed. Acad. Reg. Boruss. Vol. III, 360_b_, l. 4.

[427] Hesiod: Theogony, l. 188-200. Compare Aristotle: On the Generation of Animals, 736_a_, 18-21, and see note 320. The same myth is referred to by Harvey in his turn: On Generation, L, Syd. 368, l. 1-7; Op. Omn. 383, l. 18-22.

[428] Aristotle: On Heaven, 289_a_, 11-19. The derivation now accepted of the word "ether," αἰθήρ, is from ἄθω, "I kindle"; which substantiates Aristotle's account of the view which he combats. Indeed, Aristotle himself says: "Anaxagoras, however, has not employed this word correctly; for he uses the word 'ether' in place of 'fire.'" On Heaven, 270_b_, 24-25.

[429] The ether.

[430] Aristotle: On Heaven, 289_a_, 19-22 and 26-35.

[431] Aristotle: Meteorology, 341_a_, 35-36.

[432] See pp. 119 and 140.

[433] Harvey: On Generation, L, Syd. 368, l. 12-25; Op. Omn. 383, l. 26 to 384, l. 4.

[434] _Quod sponte nascentibus fæcunditatem affert._

[435] Harvey: On Generation, L, Syd. 370, l. 27-34; Op. Omn. 386, l. 14-20. See note 439.

[436] _In sponte nascentibus vermis._

[437] _Conclusae humiditatis._

[438] Harvey: On Generation, LVI, Syd. 414, l. 32 to 415, l. 9; Op. Omn. 433, l. 5-11.

[439] Compare Aristotle: History of Animals, 539_b_, 17-25. Harvey: On the Motion, etc., XVII, Syd. 75, l. 23-29; Op. Omn. 77, l. 1-6. Harvey: On Generation, I, Syd. 170, l. 32-36; Op. Omn. 182, l. 20-23; Do. L, Syd. 367, l. 30-36; Op. Omn. 383, l. 10-15; Do. LXII, Syd. 457, l. 18-27; Op. Omn. 477, l. 4-12. Harvey: On Parturition, Syd. 524, l. 31-39; Op. Omn. 544, l. 13-19. T. H. Huxley: Encyclopædia Britannica, 9th ed., Vol. VIII, Article on "Evolution," 746, especially 746_a_, 43 to _b_, 2. W. K. Brooks: William Harvey as an Embryologist, Johns Hopkins Hospital Bulletin, Vol. VIII, 1897, 169_a_, 7 to 170_b_, 26.

[440] Compare Aristotle: On the Generation of Animals, 724_a_, 14 to 727_b_, 33.

[441] Harvey: On Generation, LII, Syd. 381, l. 36 to 383, l. 7; Op. Omn. 398, l. 9-16.

[442] _Intellectu._

[443] _Ratiocinio._

[444] Harvey: On Generation, LXXI, Syd. 507, l. 16-26; Op. Omn. 528, l. 21-29.

[445] Aristotle: Meteorology, 339_a_, 21-24.

[446] Aristotle: Physics, 223_b_, 24-26.

[447] Milton: Paradise Lost, Book VIII, l. 15-178.

[448] Harvey: Exercise to Riolanus, II, Syd. 132, l. 9-11; Op. Omn. 132, l. 2-3.

[449] Harvey: Exercise to Riolanus, II, Syd. 123, l. 21-33; Op. Omn. 123, l. 15-17.

[450] _Aërem_; _i.e._, aëriform vapor.

[451] Compare Aristotle: On Sleep and Waking, 457_b_, 29 to 458_a_, 5.

[452] Harvey: On the Motion, etc., VIII, Syd. 46, l. 25-33; Op. Omn. 48, l. 28 to 49, l. 2.

[453] _Quatenus est elementaris._

[454] The goddess of the domestic fire.

[455] Compare Plato: Timæus, 48_e_ to 50_a_; 54_c_ to 62_c_, and 76_c_ to 80_d_; Plato: Philebus, 28_e_ to 30_a_.

[456] Harvey: On Generation, LXXI, Syd. 510, l. 5-40; Op. Omn. 531, l. 12 to 532, l. 9.

[457] Æschylus: Agamemnon, l. 5-6.

INDEX

Air, and fire, 14;
and respiration, 15, 23, 31, 40;
and spirits, Harvey on, 29;
soul in, 147.

Alcmæon, 111.

Ancients, Harvey and, 2, 3.

_Anima_, 23, 103, 147.
See also Soul.

Animal spirits, 22, 25, 127.

Animals, Aristotle on, 105.

Aorta, 62.

Aphrodite, 149.

Aretæus, 55.

Aristotle, 2;
on air and fire, 14;
on animals, 105;
and "artery," 49;
on causes of man, 144;
on cosmos, 121;
on chick's heart, 48;
on ether, 123, 125;
on faculties, 104;
on fire and soul, 143;
onmfunction of heart, 48, 113;
on heart as psychological center, 50;
on heart as seat of motion, 52;
ignorant of function of muscle, 53, 84;
on innate heat, 14, 44, 139;
as leader of Harvey, 48, 53, 67;
on life, 104; on movement of blood, 53;
on pulsation of heart, 82;
on respiration, 15, 30;
on semen, 120, 128;
on sexes, 145;
on soul, 51, 104, 114;
on spirits, 21;
on spontaneous generation, 143, 145;
on sun and fire, 150;
on sun and generation, 151.

Arterial vein, 57.

Artery, Aristotle's use of word, 49;
bronchial, 38;
flow in, 99;
Galen's demonstration of blood in, 3;
venous, 30, 57.

Aselli, Gasparo, 10.

Aubrey, John, 2, 12.

Auricles, action of, 75, 87;
fibrillar contractions of, 75.

Automatic generation, 143.

Avicenna, 2.

Blood, as arising in liver, 56, 60;
Aristotle on movement of, 53;
arterial and venous, 35;
color of, 35;
as constructor, 153;
as divine, 156;
as the first to live, 68, 69, 75, 109;
Galen on movement of, 56;
Harvey on arterial and venous, 35;
as innate heat, 116;
as the last to die, 73, 109;
life in, 76;
palpitation of, 75;
primacy of, 64, 81;
the seat of soul, 103, 105, 156;
as source of heat, 80, 109;
and spirits, 117, 120, 127.

Bloodletting, Harvey on, 110.

Blood pressure, Hales on, 96;
Harvey on, 97.

Bronchial arteries, 38.

Capillaries, circulation of blood in, 98.

Chemistry, Harvey on, 12.

Chick, development of, 47, 71.

Chyle, 9.

Cicero, 2, 141.

Circulation of blood, in capillaries, 98;
and circulation of heavens, 154;
according to Columbus, 58;
and feeding of tissues, 7;
first announcement of, 4, 42;
Harvey on use of, 1, 43;
opposition to, 5, 62;
and primacy of blood, 64;
and primacy of heart, 42;
pulmonary, 27, 38, 58, 101;
physicians and philosophers on, 55, 60;
and respiration, 11;
use of, 1, 5, 8, 43.

Circulation of heavens, 154.

Cleanthes, 141.

Columbus, Realdus, on pores of septum, 27;
and pulmonary circulation, 27, 38, 58;
on spirits, 27, 30.

Copernicus, 118, 155.

Cosmos, 121, 154.

Critias, 112.

Cruor, 76, 117, 156.

Democritus, 132.

Descartes, 85.

Diastole as caused by heat, 80.

Diogenes, 111.

Empedocles, 20, 112, 132.

Empyema, 29.

Erasistratus, and valves of heart, 55;
and Galen, 61;
on spirits, 21.

Ether, 123, 125, 129.

Fabricius ab Aquapendente, 1.

Faculty, intellectual, 105;
motor, 105;
nutritive, 104;
sensory, 105.

Female, function of, 145.

Fernel, Jean, 118;
on innate heat, 117.

Fever, Harvey's view of, 46.

Fire, and air, 14;
not the source of innate heat, 119, 139;
and soul, 143;
and sun, 150.

Galen, 2, 3;
circulation opposed by followers of, 62;
demonstration of blood in arteries by, 3;
and Erasistratus, 61;
on function of muscle, 84;
and Harvey, 61;
on innate heat, 17, 44;
on mitral valve, 58;
on movement of blood, 56;
on net-like plexus, 24;
on respiration, 16, 22, 27;
on spirits, 22, 27.

Galileo, 96, 155.

Generation, automatic, 143;
causes in human, 144;
eternity in, 126;
spontaneous, 143, 145, 152;
and sun, 145, 151.

Hales, Stephen, 96.

Hamlet, 103.

Harvey, William, and ancients, 2, 3;
on arterial and venous blood, 35;
on blood-letting, 110;
on blood pressure, 97;
on cause of heart-beat, 79, 81, 86, 90;
on chemistry, 12;
on development of chick, 47, 71;
on eternity in generation, 126;
on fever, 46;
first announcement of circulation by, 4, 42;
on flow in arteries, 99;
on flow in veins, 95, 100;
as follower of Aristotle, 48, 53, 67;
on functions of blood, 114;
on function of heart, 45;
on function of muscle, 84;
and Galen, 61;
and "heart," 56, 92;
on heart as seat of sensation, 107;
on innate heat, 19, 33, 39, 44, 116;
Lecture Notes of, 4, 18;
on mechanism of heart-beat, 86;
on moderns, 2;
on nerve impulse, 32;
as observer, 6, 70, 78;
at Padua, 1, 155;
publications of, 3, 4, 18, 66, 67;
on pulmonary circulation, 38, 101;
on respiration, 12, 18, 26, 28, 31, 39;
on soul, 103, 106;
as speculator, 6, 7;
on spirits, 28, 31, 33, 127, 133;
on spontaneous generation, 152;
on sun and generation, 151;
on use of circulation, 1, 5, 8, 43;
on venous return, 95.

Heart, action of excised, 92;
action of heat on, 76;
Aristotle on function of, 48, 113;
Aristotle on pulsation of, 82;
Aristotelian primacy of, 42;
of chick, 47, 71;
as common sense-organ, 51;
as the first to live, 47;
Harvey's use of word, 56, 92;
as origin of life, 45;
pores of septum of, 27, 57;
primacy of, 42;
as psychological center, 50;
the seat of motion, 52, 107;
the seat of sensation, 107;
the seat of soul, 51, 114;
the source of innate heat, 43, 49, 113;
valves of, 15, 16, 55, 58, 62.

Heart-beat, cause of, 79, 81, 90;
mechanism of, 81, 86, 89.

Heat, action of, on heart, 76;
in semen, 119, 124, 128, 140, 143.

Heat, innate, Aristotle on, 14, 44;
blood as, 116;
blood as source of, 80, 109;
as cause of diastole, 80;
as cause of pulse, 81, 93;
Fernelius on, 117;
Galen on, 17, 44;
Harvey on, 19, 33, 39, 44, 116;
heart as source of, 43, 49, 113;
not from fire, 119, 139;
and respiration, 14, 15, 16, 18, 33, 39;
Scaliger on, 117;
and spirits, 126, 129.

Heavens, 121, 149;
circulation of, and circulation of blood, 154.

Heraclitus, 111.

Hibernating animals, 77.

Hippocrates, on respiration, 15, 20;
on spirits, 20;
works of, 15.

Hofmann, Caspar, 5.

Intellectual faculty, 105.

Intellectual soul, 105.

Lacteals, discovery of, 10.

Laurentius, 29.

Life, Aristotle on, 104;
in blood, 76.

Ligature, 42.

Liver as source of veins and blood, 56, 60.

Male, function of, 145.

Milton, 70, 124, 155.

Mitral valve, 58.

Moderns, Harvey on, 2.

Motor faculty, 105.

Motor soul, 105.

Muscle, function of, 84;
function of, unknown to Aristotle, 53, 84.

Natural spirits, 25, 27.

Nerve impulse, 26, 32.

Nervous system and spirits, 31.

Net-like plexus, 22, 24.

Nutritive faculty, 104.

Nutritive soul, 50, 105, 145.

Oxyhæmoglobin, 26.

Paracelsus, 118.

Pascal, Blaise, 96.

Philosophers _versus_ physicians, 55, 60, 65.

Physicians _versus_ philosophers, 55, 60, 65.

Planets, 122.

Plato, 23, 51, 112.

_Pneuma_, 20, 23, 127, 147, 148.
See also Spirits.

Pores of septum, 27, 57.

Porosities of tissues, 98, 100.

Portal vein, 8.

Powers of the elements, 130.

Primitive moisture, 131.

_Psyche_, 23, 104, 147.

Psychical spirits, 23.

Pulmonary circulation, 27, 38, 58, 101.

Pulse, as caused by heat, 81;
as dependent on heart, 83.

Quintessence, 124.

Respiration, and air, 15, 23, 31, 40;
Aristotle on, 15, 30;
and circulation, 11;
Galen on, 16, 22, 27;
Harvey on, 12, 18, 26, 28, 31, 39;
Hippocrates on, 15, 20;
and innate heat, 14, 15, 16, 18, 33, 39.

_Rete mirabile_, 24.

Scaliger, Julius Cæsar, 118;
on innate heat, 117.

Semen, Aristotle's view, of, 120, 128;
heat in, 119, 124, 128, 140, 143;
spirits in, 119, 128, 140, 148.

Semilunar valves, 15, 16, 55, 62.

Sensory faculty, 105.

Sensory soul, 51, 105, 145.

Sexes, Aristotle on, 145.

Socrates, 112.

Soul, in air, 147;
Aristotle on, 51, 104, 114;
in the blood, 103, 105, 156;
as cause of vital activity, 143;
and fire, 143;
Harvey's view of, 103, 106;
in the heart, 51, 114;
intellectual, 105;
motor, 105;
nutritive, 50, 105, 145;
sensory, 51, 105, 145.

Spirits, 20, 23, 127, 147, 148;
and air, Harvey, on, 29;
animal, 22, 25, 127;
Aristotle's view of, 21;
and blood, 117, 120, 127, 133;
Columbus on, 27, 30;
Erasistratus's view of, 21;
Galen's view of, 22, 27;
Harvey's view of, 28, 31, 33, 127;
Hippocrates's view of, 20;
and innate heat, 126, 129;
natural, 25, 27;
and nervous system, 31;
psychical, 23;
in semen, 119, 128, 140, 148;
vital, 22, 24, 27.

_Spiritus_, 20, 147.

Spontaneous generation, 143, 145, 152.

Sun and fire, 150.

Sun and generation, 145, 151.

_Taenia_, 42.

Thales, 111.

Tissues, feeding of, and circulation, 7.

Torricelli, Evangelista, 96.

Tricuspid valve, 55.

Universe of Aristotle, 121.

Uranus, 149.

Valves of heart, 15, 16, 55, 58, 62.

Veins, arising in liver, 56, 60;
flow in, 9, 95, 100.

Vena cava, as distributer of blood, 55;
Galen's view of, 56.

Venous artery, 30, 57.

Vesalius, 118;
on pores of septum, 27.

Vital spirits, 22, 24, 27.

Wind-egg, 135, 145, 151.

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Transcriber's note:

Minor typographical and punctuation errors have been corrected without note. Irregularities and inconsistencies in the text have been retained as printed.