Chapter I: Front Matter

HAWKINS
ELECTRICAL GUIDE
NUMBER
FOUR

QUESTIONS
ANSWERS
&
ILLUSTRATIONS

A PROGRESSIVE COURSE OF STUDY
FOR ENGINEERS, ELECTRICIANS, STUDENTS
AND THOSE DESIRING TO ACQUIRE A
WORKING KNOWLEDGE OF

ELECTRICITY AND ITS APPLICATIONS

A PRACTICAL TREATISE

by

HAWKINS AND STAFF

THEO. AUDEL & CO. 72 FIFTH AVE. NEW YORK]

COPYRIGHTED, 1914,

BY

THEO. AUDEL & CO.,
NEW YORK.

Printed in the United States.

TABLE OF CONTENTS GUIDE NO. 4

DISTRIBUTION SYSTEMS 697 to 720

=Classification=—series system—danger in series arc light
system—constant current system—parallel system—arrangement
of feeder and mains in parallel system—series-parallel
system—center of distribution—=Edison three wire
system=—evolution of the three wire system—balanced
three wire system—balancing of three wire system—=copper
economy in three wire systems=—Dobrowolsky three wire
system—modifications of three wire system—three
wire storage battery system—three wire double dynamo
system—three wire bridge system—three wire three brush
dynamo system—Dobrowolsky three wire system—three
wire auxiliary dynamo system—three wire compensator
system—=extension of the three wire principle=—five wire
system—=dynamotor=—connections of balancing set—=balancing
coils=—distribution by dynamo motor sets—=boosters and their
uses=—=auxiliary bus bar.=

WIRES AND WIRE CALCULATION 721 to 764

Preliminary considerations—=various wires=—copper
wire—iron wire—German silver wire—=standard of copper wire
resistance=—relative conductivity of different metals and
alloys—conductors—cable for elevator annunciators—covered
conductors—rubber covered conductors—rubber
insulated telephone and telegraph wires—weather proof
conductors—twisted weather proof wires—precautions in
using weather proof conductors—slow burning wire; where
used—slow burning weather proof wire; where used; how
installed—miscellaneous insulated conductors—=safe
carrying capacity of wire=—pothead wires—=circular
mils=—square mils—mil foot—lamp foot—ampere foot—=center
of distribution—wire gauges—=B. & S. standard wire
gauge—micrometer screw gauge—calculating gauge—=table of
various wire gauges=—table of lamp feet for rubber covered
wires—lamp table for weather proof wires—symmetrical
and unsymmetrical distribution—=wiring table for light
and power circuits=—table of wire equivalents; how to
use—table of cable capacities—=incandescent lamps on
660 watt circuits=—"tree" and "modified tree" system of
wiring—distribution with sub-feeders—wrong and right methods
of loop wiring—table, of amperes per motor; of amperes per
dynamo—calculations for three wire circuit—=three wire
circuit panel board=—size of the neutral wire.

INSIDE WIRING 765 to 798

The term "wiring"—=open or exposed wiring=—selection
of wires—=installation=—disadvantages of open
wiring—=splicing=—pitch of wires—crossing of wires—wiring
across pipes—=practical points relating to exposed
wiring=—methods of carrying wires, through floors; on
walls—protecting exposed wiring on low ceilings—=various
porcelain knobs and cleats=—wires used in mouldings—standard
wooden moulding—=kick box=—usual character of moulding
work—practical points relating to wiring in mouldings—tapping
outlets—=arc light wiring=—arc lamps on low pressure
service—circular fixture block—=concealed knob and tube
wiring=; objections; method of installation—arrangement of
switch and receptacle outlet in knob and tube wiring—switch
boxes—=rigid conduit wiring=; advantage—types of rigid
conduit; requirements—-conduit box—disadvantages of unlined
conduit—=flexible conduit wiring=—Greenfield flexible steel
conduit—"fishing"—insulating point—canopy insulator—fish
plug and method of insertion—=method of installing conduits
in fireproof buildings=—service entrance to rubber conduit
system—condulet outlet to arc lamp—=hickey=—methods of
bending large conduits—=armoured cable wiring=; features;
installation.

OUTSIDE WIRING 799 to 824

=Materials for outside conductors=—tensile strength of
copper wire—=pole lines=—pole constructing tools—wooden
poles—preservation of wooden poles—preservation
processes—methods of setting wooden poles in unsuitable
soil—reinforced concrete poles—cross arms—lineman's
portable platform—poles for light and power wires—spacing
of poles—=erecting the poles=—guy anchors—method of
raising a pole—method of pulling anchor into place—=guys
for poles=—head and foot guying—guying corner poles—guy
stubs and anchor logs—climbers—=wiring the line=—pay out
reels—method of stringing wires—"come alongs"—tension
on wires—=sag table=—lineman's block and fall with
"come alongs"—attaching wire to insulator—=splicing;
American wire joint=; McIntire sleeve and sleeve
joint—=transpositions—insulators—overhead cable
construction=—petticoat insulator—Clark's "antihum"—service
connections and loops—method of making series, and parallel
service connections—=joint pole crossing=—service wires.

UNDERGROUND WIRING 825 to 844

=City conditions=—underground systems—=various
conduits=—vitrified clay pipe conduit—vitrified clay
or earthenware trough conduit—joints in multiple-duct
vitrified clay conduit—concrete duct conduits—=methods of
laying conduit=—method of laying single duct vitrified clay
conduit—method of laying multiple duct clay conduit—wooden
duct conduits—=objection to use of wood;= remedy; adaptation
wooden built-in conduits; method of installation—wrought iron
or steel pipe conduits; method of installation—porcelain
bridgework or carriers—cast iron pipe and trough
conduit; advantages—fibre conduits; joints—=Edison tube
system=—underground cables—metal sheaths on underground
cables—=pot heads=—General Electric manhole junction
box—=pot head connections.=

WIRING OF BUILDINGS 845 to 864

=Preliminary considerations=—electrician's
instructions—=location of receptacles=—ceiling
buttons—hallway wiring—=selection of wiring system=—three
wire convertible system—method of wiring—=location
of panel boards=—current required on each floor of
building—=arrangement of feeders=—installation of
motors—largest size of feeder permissible—=method of cutting
pocket in floor=—outlet baseboard—completed pocket—how
to examine partition interiors—house plan of conduit
wiring—attachment of mains to knobs—=precautions in making
joints=—wiring for heating appliances—wiring with combination
of moulding, flexible tubing or conduit in non-fire proof
building—feeder system for large hotel.

SIGN FLASHERS 865 to 884

=Classification=—Carbon flashers—wiring diagram for Dull's
carbon flashers—brush flashers—knife flashers—flasher
transmission gearing—simple on and off flashers—=flash
system of gas lighting=—high speed flashers—lighting
flashers—wiring diagram for flags—diagram showing method
of wiring for high speed effects on single lines—method of
wiring for a torch—=wiring diagram for high speeds=—Dull's
lightning—=script breakers=—chaser flashers—thermo
flashers—=carriage calls=—monogram for carriage calls—wiring
diagrams for sign illumination—-National carriage call
operating keyboard—clock monogram—Bett's clock mechanism for
operating electric monogram time flasher—=talking signs=—two
way thermal flasher.

LIGHTNING PROTECTION 885 to 892

Lightning rods; =why sharp points are used=; erection—diagram
showing principle of air gap arrestor—=variable gap arc
breaker=—location of lightning arrestor—carbon arresters with
fuses for telephone lines—=ground connection.=

STORAGE BATTERY 893 to 968

Early experiments—=theory=—description of storage
cell—electrolyte—effect of current passing through
electrolyte—types of storage batteries—=Plant
cells=—Willard plates; wood separator—parts of "Autex"
automobile cells—=Faure or pasted type=—comparison
of Plant and Faure plates—=the electrolyte;= kind
generally used; preparation; test; mixing acid and water;
kind of vessel used;—=specific gravity table=—effect
of deep vessel—density of electrolyte—=hydrometer
syringe=—impurities in electrolyte—=tests for impurities=;
chlorine, nitrates, acetic acid, iron, copper, mercury,
platinum—=old electrolyte=—voltage of a secondary
cell—=charging=—connections for charging—charging;
first time; period; regulation of voltage—Edison cell
data—=frequency of charging=—cadmium test—emergency
connections for weak ignition battery—portable testing
instruments—=charge indications=—two methods of charging from
a direct current lighting system—colors of the plates—how
best results are obtained in charging—=charge voltage=—two
ways of charging—diagram of charging connections—how
to keep charging current constant—=tests while charging;
after charging=—charge indications—behavior of electrolyte
during discharge—lead burning outfit—"=boiling=";
causes—hydrogen gas generator for lead burning—=quick
charging=—charging through the night—charging period for new
battery—Willard underhung battery box for automobiles—=high
charging rates=—"National" instructions for taking voltage
readings—=mercury arc rectifier=—capacity—table of capacity
variation for different discharge rates—how to increase
the capacity—=discharging=; too rapidly rating; maximum
rate—=Edison alternating current rectifier=—attention
after discharging—=the battery room=—battery
attendants—points on care and management—=placement of
cells=—how to avoid leakage—precautions when unpacking
cells—=assembling cells=—connections—precaution in joining
terminals—=battery troubles=—short circuiting; indication;
location—overdischarge; buckling—sulphation of plates—data
on National cells; American cells; Autex cells—action in idle
cell—lack of capacity—=how to prevent lead poisoning=—low
specific gravity without short circuits; causes—=treatment
of weak cells=—pole testing paper—disconnecting
cells—=sulphuric acid specific gravity table=—how to take
a battery out of commission—Witham charging board—putting
batteries into commission—cleaning jars—table of voltage
charge as affected by discharge rate—=condensed rules for the
proper care of batteries=.

STORAGE BATTERY SYSTEMS 969 to 996

=Uses of storage batteries=; their importance in power
plants—load curve showing use of storage battery as aid to
the generating machinery—parallel connection of battery and
dynamo—"=floating the battery on the line="—diagram showing
effect of battery in regulating dynamo load—=connections and
circuit control apparatus=—diagram showing action of battery
as a reservoir of reserve power—three wire system with battery
and dynamo—methods of control for storage batteries—diagram
of connections for ignition outfit—variable resistance—end
cell switches—diagram of connection of battery equipment for
residential lighting plant—end cell switch diagram—features
of end cell switch construction—=end cell switch
control=—circuit diagram for charging battery in two parallel
groups and discharging in series—reverse pressure cells;
regulation—Holzer-Cabot dynamotor—=boosters=—application
of series booster system—Bijur's battery system—load
diagram—characteristics of series booster—shunt boosters;
with battery—Entz' carbon pile booster system—=application
of shunt booster=—circuit diagram for non-reversible shunt
booster and battery system—=compound boosters=; their
connections—method of charging battery at one voltage and
supplying lights at a different voltage—connections of one
form of differential booster—=differential boosters=; with
compensating coil; adaptation.