Chapter I: Front Matter

Transcriber's Notes:

Underscores "_" before and after a word or phrase indicate _italics_
in the original text.

Equal signs "=" before and after a word or phrase indicate =bold=
in the original text.

Small capitals have been converted to SOLID capitals.

Illustrations have been moved so they do not break up paragraphs.

Misprints in the table SAVING DUE TO HEATING THE FEED WATER, Pg. 1936
have been corrected, they are:

Init. Temp. Pressure Old Value New Value
130 40 .0954 .0934
200 40 .0900 .0999
210 40 .1000 .1010
230 100 .0117 .1012

In the original text, there are two Fig. 2769's and two Fig. 2770's. The second of each has had an "a" suffix added, i.e. 2769a and 2770a.

On line 7397 the word "impedence" was corrected to "impedance".

Superscripts are shown as ^{d} and subscripts are shown as _{d}, where "d" is an integer.

Inconsistent spelling and hyphenation has been left as in the original.

THE THOUGHT IS IN THE QUESTION
THE INFORMATION IS IN THE ANSWER

HAWKINS ELECTRICAL GUIDE NUMBER EIGHT

QUESTIONS ANSWERS & ILLUSTRATIONS

A PROGRESSIVE COURSE OF STUDY FOR ENGINEERS,
ELECTRICIANS, STUDENTS AND THOSE DESIRING TO
ACQUIRE A WORKING KNOWLEDGE OF

ELECTRICITY AND ITS APPLICATIONS

A PRACTICAL TREATISE by HAWKINS AND STAFF

THEO AUDEL & CO. 72 FIFTH AVE. NEW YORK.

COPYRIGHTED, 1915, BY THEO. AUDEL & CO.,

NEW YORK.
Printed in the United States.

TABLE OF CONTENTS
GUIDE No. 8

=WAVE FORM MEASUREMENT= 1,839 to 1,868

Importance of wave form measurement--=methods=:
step by step; constantly recording--=classes of
apparatus=: wave indication; _oscillographs_--=step
by step methods=--Joubert's; four part commutator;
modified four part commutator; ballistic galvanometer;
zero; Hospitalier ondograph--=constantly recording
methods=: cathode ray; glow light; moving iron; moving
coil; hot wire--=oscillographs=--moving coil type;
construction and operation; production of the time scale;
oscillograms--falling plate camera; its use.

=SWITCHBOARDS= 1,869 to 1,884

=General principles=: diagram--small plant a.c.
switchboard--=switchboard panels=; =generator
panel=; diagram of connections--simple method of
determining bus bar capacity--feeder panel--diagrams of
connection for two phase and three phase installations.

=ALTERNATING CURRENT WIRING= 1,885 to 1,914

Effects to be considered in making
calculations--=induction=; self- and mutual; mutual
induction, how caused--=transpositions=--inductance
per mile of three phase circuit, table--=capacity=;
table--=frequency--skin effect=; calculation;
table--=corona effect=; its manifestation;
critical voltage; spacing of wires--=resistance of
wires--impedance--power factor=; apparent current;
usual power factors encountered; example--=wire
calculations--sizes of wire--table of the property of
copper wire--drop=; example--current--example covering
horse power, watts, apparent load, current, size of wire,
drop, voltage at the alternator, and electrical horse power.

=POWER STATIONS= 1,915 to 1,988

Classification--=central stations=; types: a.c.,
d.c., and a.c. and d.c.; reciprocating engine vs.
turbine--=location of central stations=; price of
land; trouble after erection; water supply; service
requiring direct current--=size of plant=; nature
of load; peak load; load factor; machinery required;
example; factors of evaporation; grate surface per
horse power--=general arrangement of station=;
belt drive with counter shaft; desirable features of
belt drive; conditions, suitable for counter shaft
drive; location of engine and boilers; the steam pipe;
piping between engine and condenser; number and type
of engine; superheated steam; switchboard location;
individual belt drive; direct drive--=station
construction=--=foundations=--=walls=--
=roofs=--=floors=--=chimneys=;
cost of chimneys and mechanical draft; high chimneys
ill advised--=steam turbine=; types: impulse
and reaction; why high vacuum is necessary; the
working pressure--=hydro-electric plants=--water
turbines; types: impulse, reaction--=isolated
plants=--=sub-stations=; arrangement; three phase
installations; reactance coils in sub-stations; portable
sub-stations.

=MANAGEMENT= 1,989 to 2,114

The term "management"--=selection=; general
considerations--=selection of generators=;
efficiency of generators; size and number;
regulation--=installation=; precautions;
handling of armatures; assembling a machine; speed
of generators; calculation of pulley sizes; gear
wheels--=belts=; various belt drives; horse
power transmitted by belts; velocity of belt; endless
belts--=switchboards=; essential points of difference
between single phase and three phase switchboard wiring;
assembling a switchboard; usual equipment.

=Operation of Alternators--alternators in parallel=;
synchronizing; lamp methods; action of amortisseur winding;
synchronizing three phase alternators; disadvantage of
lamp method--=cutting out alternator=; precautions;
hunting--=alternators in series=.

=Transformers=; selection; efficiency; kind of oil
used; detection of moisture; drying oil; regulation;
transformers in parallel; polarity test--=motor
generators=; various types and conditions requiring
same--=dynamotors=; precautions--=rotary
converters=; objections to single phase type; operation
when driven by direct current, by alternating current; most
troublesome part; efficiency; overload; starting; starting
current.

=Electrical measuring instruments=; location;
readings; station voltmeters; points relating to
ammeters; attention necessary; usual remedies to correct
voltmeter--=how to test generators=; commercial
efficiency; various tests.

=Station Testing:= resistance measurement by "drop"
method--methods of connecting ammeter voltmeter and
wattmeter for measurement of power--=motor testing:=
single phase motor--three phase motor, voltmeter and
ammeter method; two wattmeter method; polyphase wattmeter
method; one wattmeter method; one wattmeter and Y box
method--three phase motor with neutral brought out; single
wattmeter method--temperature test, three phase induction
motor--=three phase alternator testing:= excitation
or magnetization curve test--synchronous impedance
test--load test--three phase alternator or synchronous
motor temperature test--=direct current motor= or
=generator testing:= magnetization curve--(shunt)
external characteristic--direct current motor testing;
load and speed tests--temperature test, "loading back"
method--=compound dynamo testing=: external
characteristic, adjustable load--=transformer testing=:
external characteristic, adjustable load--=transformer
testing=: core loss and leakage or exciting current
test--copper loss--copper loss by wattmeter measurement
and impedance--temperature--insulation--internal
insulation--insulation resistance--polarity--winding
or ratio tests.