Chapter I: Introduction: BY

WM. ELLIOT GRIFFIS

_With One Hundred Illustrations and Maps_

VOLUME I

CHICAGO
A. C. McCLURG & CO.
1906

COPYRIGHT
A. C. MCCLURG & CO.
1906

Published September 29, 1906

THE UNIVERSITY PRESS, CAMBRIDGE, U.S.A.

CONTENTS

VOLUME I.

PAGE

“ADVERTISEMENT” TO ORIGINAL EDITION. RICHARD HILDRETH xiii
EDITOR’S INTRODUCTION ERNEST W. CLEMENT xix
FOREWORD WM. ELLIOT GRIFFIS xxv
JAPANESE PRONUNCIATION xxxi

CHAPTER I

Earliest European Knowledge of Japan—Japanese Histories—Marco
Polo’s Account of the Mongol or Tartar Invasion—Accounts
of the Same Event given by the Chinese and Japanese
Annalists—A. D. 1281 or 1283 1

CHAPTER II

Portuguese Empire in the East—Discovery of Japan—Galvano’s
Account of it—Fernam Mendez Pinto’s Account of his First
Visit to Japan, and Adventures there—Japanese Account of
the First Arrival of Portuguese—A. D. 1542-1545 11

CHAPTER III

Pinto’s Second Visit to Japan—Anjirō, or Paul of the Holy Faith—A.
D. 1547-1548 34

CHAPTER IV

Religious Faith Three Centuries ago—Zeal of the Portuguese
Conquerors—Antonio Galvano—Missionary Seminaries at
Ternate and Goa—Order of the Jesuits—Francis Xavier—His
Mission to India—His Mission to Japan—His Companion,
Cosme de Torres—The Philippine Islands—A. D. 1542-1550 40

CHAPTER V

Political and Religious Condition of Japan, as found by the
Portuguese—The Yakatas, or Kings, and their
Vassals—Revenues—Money—Distinction of Ranks—The Kubō-Sama—The
Dairi—Shintō—Buddhism—Judō—A. D. 1550 57

CHAPTER VI

Civilization of the Japanese—Animals—Agriculture—Arts—Houses
—Ships—Literature—Jurisprudence—Character of the Japanese—Their
Custom of cutting themselves open—A. D. 1550 75

CHAPTER VII

Preaching of Xavier—Pinto’s Third Visit to Japan—A. D. 1550-1551 81

CHAPTER VIII

Progress of the Missions under Fathers De Torres and Nugnes
Barreto—Mendez Pinto a Fourth Time in Japan—A. D. 1551-1557 87

CHAPTER IX

Louis Almeida—The Missionaries establish themselves at Miyako
[Kyōtō]—Louis Froez—Princes converted in Shimo—Rise
of Nobunaga—Prosperity of the Missions—Noble and Princely
Converts—Nagasaki built—Nobunaga makes himself Emperor—A. D.
1557-1577 93

CHAPTER X

Father Valignani—State of the Missions—Conversion and Baptism
of the King of Bungo—Growth of Nagasaki—Embassy
to the Pope—Documents relating to this Embassy—A. D. 1577-1586 100

CHAPTER XI

Events meanwhile in Japan—Downfall of Nobunaga—Accession
of Hashiba, afterwards known as Kwambacudono, and, finally,
as Taikō-Sama—Edict against the Jesuits—Return of the
Ambassadors—A. D. 1582-1588 116

CHAPTER XII

Recapitulation—Extent of the Japanese Empire—Valignani
arrives at Nagasaki—Progress hitherto of the Catholic Faith—The
Emperor’s Projects against China—Valignani’s Visit to
the Emperor at Miyako—Ukondono—The returned Japanese
Ambassadors—Audience given to Valignani—The Viceroy’s
Letter—The Interpreter Rodriguez—A. D. 1588-1593 123

CHAPTER XIII

New Troubles of the Missionaries from their own Countrymen—The
Emperor claims Homage of the Governor of the Philippines—Mutual
Jealousies of the Portuguese and Spaniards—Spanish
Adventurers in Japan—The Emperor’s Suspicions
excited—His Reply to the Viceroy of Goa—A. D. 1591-1592 134

CHAPTER XIV

The Expedition against Corea—The Emperor associates his
Nephew—City of Fushimi—Correspondence of the Emperor
with the Governor of Manila—The Jesuits denounced by
the Spanish Envoys—Consequences thereof—Departure of
Valignani—A. D. 1592 140

CHAPTER XV

Progress of the Corean War—Success of the Japanese—Konishi
Settsu-no-Kami, Viceroy of Corea—Edict of the Emperor for disarming
the Converts in Shimo—Disgrace and Downfall of the
Royal Family of Bungo—Terazawa, Governor of Nagasaki—His
Conversion and Friendly Acts—A. D. 1592-1593 144

CHAPTER XVI

Jealousy on the Part of the Dominicans and Franciscans towards
Jesuits—This Jealousy coöperates with the Mercantile Jealousy
of the Spaniards at Manila—Franciscan Friars establish themselves
at Miyako, Ōsaka, and Nagasaki—Edicts against them—Deposition
and Death of the Emperor’s Nephew—A. D. 1593-1595 147

CHAPTER XVII

Great Earthquake—Mission from China—Arrival of a Spanish
Galleon—Friars on Board her—New Accusations on her Account
against the Jesuits—Connection of the Jesuits with the
Trade to Japan—Arrest of Missionaries and Converts—First
Martyrs—A. D. 1595-1597 151

CHAPTER XVIII

New Edict for the Deportation of the Jesuits—Its Partial Evasion—New
Correspondence between the Philippines and Japan—Taikō-Sama’s
Justification of his Recent Proceedings—New
Destruction of Churches in Shimo—Taikō-Sama’s Death—His
Preceding Efforts to secure his own Deification and the Succession
of his Infant Son, Hideyori—Regency—Iyeyasu, its
Head, with the Title of Daifu-Sama—A. D. 1597-1599 158

CHAPTER XIX

Evacuation of Corea—Return of the Converted Princes—Favorable
Disposition of Daifu-Sama—Third Visit of Father
Valignani—Civil War between Daifu-Sama and his Co-Regents—His
Triumph—Disgrace and Execution of Settsu-no-Kami—Daifu-Sama
takes the Title of Ōgosho-Sama and still
favors the Converts—Influx of Dominican and Franciscan
Friars—Flourishing Condition of the Church—Local
Persecutions—A. D. 1599-1609 162

CHAPTER XX

Attempt of the English and Dutch to discover a New Route to the
Far East—Voyages round the World—Attempted English
Voyage to Japan—English and Dutch Voyages to India—First
Dutch Voyage to Japan—Adams, the English Pilot—His
Adventures and Detention in Japan—A. D. 1513-1607 166

CHAPTER XXI

Spanish Friars in Japan—Extension of Japanese Trade—Progress
of the Dutch in the Eastern Seas—They open a Trade
with Japan—Emperor’s Letter—Shipwreck of Don Rodrigo
de Vivero on the Japanese Coast—His Reception, Observations,
and Departure—Destruction of a Portuguese Carac by
the Japanese—Another Dutch Ship arrives—Spex’s Charter—Embassies
from Macao and New Spain—Father Louis
Sotelo and his Projects—A. D. 1607-1618 179

CHAPTER XXII

Origin and Commencement of English Intercourse with Japan—Captain
Saris’ Voyage thither, and Travels and Observations
there—New Spanish Embassy from the Philippines—Commercial
Rivalry of the Dutch and English—Richard Cocks,
Head of the English Factory—A. D. 1611-1613 206

CHAPTER XXIII

Ecclesiastical Retrospect—New Persecution—Edict of Banishment
against the Missionaries—Civil War between Hideyori
and Ōgosho-Sama—Triumph of Ōgosho-Sama—His Death—Persecution
more Violent than ever—Mutual Rancor of the
Jesuits and the Friars—Progress of Martyrdom—The English
and Dutch—A. D. 1613-1620 227

CHAPTER XXIV

Collisions of the Dutch and English in the Eastern Seas—The
English retire from Japan—The Spaniards repelled—Progress
of the Persecution—Japanese Ports, except Hirado and
Nagasaki, closed to Foreigners—Charges in Europe against
the Jesuits—Fathers Sotelo and Collado—Torment of the
Fosse—Apostasies—The Portuguese confined to Deshima—Rebellion
of Shimabara—The Portuguese excluded—Ambassadors
put to Death—A. D. 1621-1640 236

CHAPTER XXV

Policy of the Dutch—Affair of Nuyts—Haganaar’s Visits to
Japan—Caron’s Account of Japan—Income of the Emperor
and the Nobles—Military Force—Social and Political Position
of the Nobles—Justice—Relation of the Dutch to the Persecution
of the Catholics—The Dutch removed from Hirado and
confined in Deshima—Attempts of the English, Portuguese,
and French at Intercourse with Japan—Final Extinction of
the Catholic Faith—A. D. 1620-1707 251

CHAPTER XXVI

Portuguese Trade to Japan—Dutch Trade—Silver, Gold, and
Copper the Chief Articles of Export—Export of Silver
prohibited—Chinese Trade—Its Increase after the Accession of
the Manchu Dynasty—Chinese Temples at Nagasaki—A
Buddhist Doctor from China—Edict on the Subject of Household
Worship—Restrictions on the Dutch Trade—Increase
in the Number of Chinese Visitors to
Nagasaki—Their Objects—Restrictions on the Chinese Trade—The
Chinese shut up in a Factory—Trade with Lew Chew
[Riūkiū]—A. D. 1542-1690 269

CHAPTER XXVII

Engelbert Kämpfer—His Visit to Japan—Deshima and its
Inhabitants as described by him—A. D. 1690 282

CHAPTER XXVIII

Particular Statement as to the Dutch Trade as it existed in
Kämpfer’s Time—Arrival of the Ships—Unlading—Passes—Imports—Company
and Private Goods—Kambans, or
Public Sales—Duties—Profits—Exports—Departure of
the Ships—Smuggling—Execution of Smugglers 316

CHAPTER XXIX

Nagasaki and its Vicinity as seen by Kämpfer—Imperial Governors—Their
Officers and Palaces—Municipal System—Street
Government—Mutual Responsibility—Administration
of Justice—Taxes—Government of other Towns—Adjacent
Country—The God Suwa and his Matsuri—A. D. 1690-1692 337

CHAPTER XXX

Kämpfer’s Two Journeys to Court—Preparations—Presents—Japanese
Attendants—Packing the Baggage and Riding on
Horseback—Japanese Love of Botany—Accoutrements—Road-Books—Norimono
and Kago—A. D. 1690-1692 366