Chapter VI: , that teasing sense of a contrast, a lack of connection,

between the “objective” and “subjective” worlds appears first to have developed. One of these words was ‘phantasia’, from which we have taken indirectly the divergent forms _fantasy_, _phantasy_, and _fancy_. By the third century A.D. the Greek ‘phantasia’ was predominantly used, so we are told, “in cases where, carried away by enthusiasm and passion, you think you see what you describe, and you place it before the eyes of your hearers”.[77] ‘Phantasia’ and ‘imaginatio’ were in use among the Schoolmen, and _fantasy_ and _imagination_ are both found in Chaucer in the sense of ‘a mental image or reflection’, or more particularly ‘an image of something which either has no real existence or does not yet exist’. After the Renaissance Shakespeare suddenly transfigured one of the two words in one of those extraordinary passages which make us feel that genius is indeed something more than earthly:

And as imagination bodies forth
The forms of things unknown, the poet’s pen
Turns them to shapes and gives to airy nothing
A local habitation and a name.

In such a passage we seem to behold him standing up, a figure of colossal stature, gazing at us over the heads of the intervening generations. He transcends the flight of time and the laborious building up of meanings, and, picking up a part of the outlook of an age which is to succeed his by nearly two hundred years, gives it momentary expression before he lets it drop again. That mystical conception which the word embodies in these lines—a conception which would make imagination the interpreter and part creator of a whole unseen world—is not found again until the Romantic Movement has begun.

And then it had to be reached slowly. Seventy years after Shakespeare wrote we find the philosopher, Henry More, cautiously distinguishing from other kinds of imagination “that Imagination which is most free, such as we use in Romantick Inventions”. “Imagining”, wrote Dryden “is in itself the very height and life of poetry”; and in 1712 Addison published in the _Spectator_ his papers on “The Pleasures of the Imagination”, in which he used the two words _fancy_ and _imagination_ synonymously, describing in one of the essays how, because of the faculty of which they are the names,

... our Souls are at present delightfully lost and bewildered in a
pleasing Delusion, and we walk about like the inchanted Hero of a
Romance, who sees beautiful Castles, Woods and Meadows; and at the
same time hears the warbling of Birds, and the purling of Streams;
but upon the finishing of some secret Spell, the fantastic Scene
breaks up, and the disconsolate Knight finds himself on a barren
Heath, or in a solitary Desart.

The tendency among critics to use this sort of imagery, or words suggestive of it, when writing of the _fancy_ and the _imagination_, rapidly increased. Dryden had already distinguished the “fairy” way of writing, and from Addison’s time we constantly hear writers and their art referred to in terms of _fairyland_, _enchantments_, _magic_, _spells_, _wands_,... Shakespeare, we are told by one writer, is “a more powerful magician than his own Prospero”. “The world is worn out to us,” wrote Young. “Where are its formerly sweet delusions, its airy castles, and glittering spires?” And five years later he assured us that “the pen of an original writer, like Armida’s wand, out of a barren waste calls a blooming spring”.

But as the Romantic impulse grew older and crystallized into a philosophy—when the child which had germinated, as feeling, among the ignorant many who spoke the Romance languages, after passing through its Elizabethan adolescence, achieved self-conscious maturity, as thought, among the learned few who were familiar with the complicated literary languages of modern Europe—the need was felt for some way of distinguishing what were merely “sweet delusions” from the more eternal productions of the Romantic spirit. And this Coleridge achieved by his famous distinction between _fancy_ and _imagination_. _Fancy_, since his day, has meant rather the power of inventing illustrative imagery—the playful adornment, as it were, of Nature; but _imagination_ is the power of creating from within forms which themselves become a part of Nature—“Forms”, as Shelley put it,

more real than living man,
Nurslings of immortality.

The next step in the meaning of this word was really taken on the day upon which Coleridge, with his head full of ancient witchery, was introduced to another poet with his heart full of mountains. Under their joint influence we can behold that despised habit of looking at life through the spectacles of the old Romances, the mysterious faculty of superimposing on Nature a magical colour or mood created in the observer by the _fictions_ of genius or the myths of bygone ages, expanding until it includes the contemplation of Nature impassioned by any effluence arising from within—it may be emotion or it may be the individual memory. It was the philosophy of the Lake School that the perception of Nature—that is to say of all in Nature that is not purely mechanical—depends upon what is brought to it by the observer. Deep must call unto deep. To a creation apprehended as automatic by the senses and the reason, only _imagination_ could

Add the gleam,
The light that never was on sea or land;

for imagination was “essentially vital, even as all objects (_as_ objects) are essentially fixed and dead”.[78]

Imagination was, in fact, _organic_; and the application of this adjective to the inner world has not been traced farther back than Coleridge, who, in his lectures on Shakespeare’s plays, emphasized the mistake of confounding “mechanical regularity with organic form”. But perhaps the most brilliant, even epigrammatic, expression which has ever been given to the everlasting war between the unconscious, because creative, vital principle and the conscious, because destructive, calculating principle, is contained in four lines from a little poem of Wordsworth’s called _The Tables Turned_:

Sweet is the lore which nature brings:
Our meddling intellect
Mis-shapes the beauteous forms of things—
We murder to dissect.

And so it is in the philosophy and poetry of Romanticism that we first feel a true understanding, not indeed of the process itself, but of the results of that process, which has been traced in this book under the name of “internalization”. Slowly the divers of the Romantic expedition brought up to the surface of consciousness that vast new cosmos which had so long been blindly forming in the depths. It was a cosmos in which the spirit and spontaneity of life had moved out of Nature and into man. The magic of Persia, the Muses of Greece, the witches and fairies and charms and enchantments of Romance—all these had been locked safely in man’s bosom, there to sleep until the trump of Romanticism sounded its call to imagination to give back their teeming life to Nature. “O Lady”, wrote Coleridge in that most heartrending of all poems, wherein, like the disconsolate knight awaking on the barren heath, he reports the decay in himself of this very power:

O Lady! we receive but what we give,
And in our life alone does nature live:
Ours is her wedding-garment, ours her shroud!
And would we aught behold, of higher worth,
Than that inanimate cold world allowed
To the poor loveless, ever-anxious crowd,
Ah! from the soul itself must issue forth
A light, a glory, a fair luminous cloud
Enveloping the Earth—
And from the soul itself must there be sent
A sweet and potent voice, of its own birth,
Of all sweet sounds the life and element.

And this re-animation of Nature was possible because the imagination was felt as _creative_ in the full religious sense of the word. It had itself assisted in creating the natural forms which the senses were now contemplating. It had moved upon the face of the waters. For it was “the repetition in the finite mind of the eternal act of creation”—the Word made human.

In tracing the semantic history of important words like these, we must not forget that nine-tenths of the words comprising the vocabulary of a civilized nation are never used by more than about one-tenth of the population; while of the remaining tithe nine-tenths of those who use them are commonly aware of about one-tenth of their meanings. Nevertheless it is just by following those meanings up to the high-water mark which they have reached in a few eager minds that we can observe what may fairly be called changes in the general consciousness. It is true that the new meanings must filter through a graduated hierarchy of imaginative literature, literary journalism, reviews, sermons, journalism, popular novels, advertisements, and cinema captions before what is left of them reaches the general public; but the amount that is left, and the spell which is accordingly exerted on the many, depends on how far they have first been carried by the few.

Thus, to take one example, the extraordinary load of meaning often borne by the word _dream_, in phrases like _dreamland_, _my dreams_, _the land of my dreams_, ... is no doubt traceable ultimately to the use of this word by the great Romantics. When Shelley wrote:

Through the cold mass
Of marble and of colour his[79] dreams pass....

and

He hath awakened from the dream of life....

he was also, we might say, writing the greater part of a good many twentieth-century drawing-room ballads. But to feel the _full_ weight of the semantic burden which this little word can be made to bear in our time we must turn to a modern philosopher, Mr. Santayana, who has brought the use of it to a fine art. “The _Divine Comedy_,” he writes, “marks high noon in that long day-dream of which Plato’s _Dialogues_ mark the beginning....”

Others to-day are fascinated by their _dreams_, because they regard them as messengers from that mysterious inner world in which, like the Christians of old, they are beginning to divine depths hitherto unimagined. They feel “forces” at work there which they are tempted to personify in terms of ancient myth—_Ahriman_, _Lucifer_, _Oedipus_, _Psyche_, and the like. But outside the significant adjective _sub-conscious_, which has almost certainly come to stay, the effect which such tendencies may have on the English language remains a tale to be told a hundred years hence. The numerous secondary implications unfolding within _dream_, however, its popularity, and its obvious power of suggesting images, must interest us as further symptoms of a now almost universal consciousness of at any rate the existence of such an “inner” world. In some lines written as a preface to the _Recluse_—the long, unfinished philosophical poem of which the _Prelude_ and the _Excursion_ were to form parts—Wordsworth has described the holy awe which he, for one, entertained as he realized that he must now set out to explore this world:

Urania, I shall need
Thy guidance, or a greater Muse, if such
Descend to earth or dwell in highest heaven!
For I must tread on shadowy ground, must sink
Deep—and, aloft ascending, breathe in worlds
To which the heaven of heavens is but a veil.
All strength—all terror, single or in bands,
That ever was put forth in personal form—
Jehovah—with his thunder, and the choir
Of shouting Angels, and the empyreal thrones,
I pass them unalarmed. Not Chaos, not
The darkest pit of lowest Erebus,
Nor aught of blinder vacancy, scooped out
By help of dreams—can breed such fear and awe
As fall upon us often when we look
Into our Minds, into the Mind of Man—
My haunt, and the main region of my song.

BIBLIOGRAPHY

The immense debt which the foregoing pages owe to the _Oxford English Dictionary_—now practically complete—is, I hope, too obvious from the text to need further emphasis. Without access to that unrivalled monument of imaginative scholarship a great deal of the first part, and nearly all the second part, of this book could never have been even attempted. Readers who wish to study history in English words for themselves should lose no opportunity of consulting its fascinating volumes. And in case the fear of wearisome repetition has induced me to mislead, I should like to take advantage of this opening to point out that the _O.E.D._ is the authority for practically all the English etymological and semantic material on which my book is based. For example, the incautious but conveniently brief statement that such a word “was first used by” Chaucer or “first appeared in” the fourteenth century must be regarded as the abbreviated form of a longer statement to the effect that the earliest illustrative quotation given in the _O.E.D._ under the heading of the word in question is drawn from Chaucer or from a book written during that century.

On the subject as a whole—history, and the outlook of men upon the world, as they are embodied in the histories of words—comparatively few people seem to have written in English. Trench led the way with his little book _On the Study of Words_, which is interesting, both for itself and because the Archbishop was the first to attach as much or more importance to the semantic than to the etymological side of his subject, being, in fact, himself the originator of the _Oxford Dictionary_. Max Müller’s numerous essays and writings are fresh and keen and full of interest. The material adduced by both these writers should always be verified by reference to the _Dictionary_.

I do not know if anyone has hitherto attempted to treat the subject chronologically and systematically, apart from one solitary English writer, Mr. Pearsall Smith. To his invaluable little book, _The English Language_ (Home University Library), I am indebted throughout, not only for very much of my material, but also for many extremely fruitful suggestions as to the best way of dealing with it. I have also made extensive use of two essays (“English Words Abroad” and “Four Romantic Words”), printed in _Words and Idioms_ (Constable), of which, as of _The English Language_, it would, in my opinion, be very difficult to speak too highly, partly because of the imaginative treatment of the material and partly because of its solid background of careful scholarship and wide reading. It is a great pleasure to acknowledge here the more direct and personal help which I have been fortunate enough to receive from time to time from this distinguished writer.

For the rest, I have attempted to skim over such a wide area that a full bibliography is impossible. As an introduction to a closer study of the English language, the late Henry Bradley’s _The Making of English_ is practically indispensable. Skeat’s _Etymological Dictionary_ and _Concise Etymological Dictionary_ (of which it is important to get the latest editions), and Weekly’s _Etymological Dictionary of Modern English_ are extremely useful works of reference, while for those who wish to acquire some sort of _feeling_ for the relationship between apparently dissimilar Aryan words, such as _wheel_ and ‘kuklos’, _brother_ and ‘frater’, Skeat’s _Primer of Classical and English Philology_ (Clarendon Press) is inexpensive, brief, and to the point.

In conclusion, out of the very large number of books which I have looked into, I append a list of a few which, either in whole or in part, seem to have proved especially useful for my particular purpose. But before laying down my pencil I must say a word on the somewhat sweeping title given to the second part of this book. The choice lay between an accurate and unwieldy title and a brief but inaccurate one. I chose the latter evil, and the result, I believe, is at any rate less misleading than a limiting phrase such as _The English Outlook_ would have been.

It remains to add that such efficiency and precision as this little volume may possess have been increased by the kindness of my wife, who assisted me in the irksome task of indexing it, and of my father, who undertook the equally exacting business of reading the sheets.

The list follows:

O. SCHRADER (translated by Jevons): The Prehistoric Antiquities of
the Aryan Peoples.

A. CARNOY: Les Indo-Européens.

WEISE: The Language and Character of the Roman People.

I. TAYLOR: Words and Places.

SKEAT: Place-names of Hertfordshire.

G. H. MCKNIGHT: English Words and their Background.

M. MÜLLER: Biographies of Words; On Comparative Mythology;
Theosophy.

L. NOIRÉ: The Origin and Philosophy of Language.

L. GEIGER (translated): Language and its Importance in the History
of the Development of the Human Race.

O. JESPERSEN: The Philosophy of Grammar; Language, its Nature,
Development, and Origin.

BRÉAL (translated): Semantics.

R. R. MARETT: Anthropology (Home University Library). (The chapter
on Language.)

LEWIS AND SHORT: A Latin Dictionary.

LIDDELL AND SCOTT: Greek-English Lexicon.

E. WALLACE: An Outline of the Philosophy of Aristotle (Cambridge
University Press).

R. STEINER (translated): Christianity as Mystical Fact.

J. S. REID: The Academica of Cicero. (The excellent notes and
indexes with which this book is provided make it a work of
reference concerning the terms in use in Greek philosophy and their
Latin translations.)

R. EUCKEN: Geschichte der Philosophischen Terminologie.

R. EUCKEN (translated): Fundamental Concepts of Modern Philosophic
Thought.

A. S. PRINGLE-PATTISON: Article on “Scholasticism” in the
Encyclopedia Britannica.

S. T. COLERIDGE: Biographia Literaria.

M. W. STEINKE: Edward Young’s _Conjectures on Original Composition_
in England and Germany. (F. C. Stechert Co., Inc., New York.) The
appendices, consisting of long quotations from English and German
writers, together with a few from Longinus, are excellent.

INDEX

_Absolute_, 95, 123

_abstract_, 123

_academy_, 25, 90

_accident_, 122

_accuse_, 176-7

_acid_, 134, 148

_acre_, 22

_action_, 139

_actual_, 95, 123

_adapt_, 175

Addison, 174, 190, 195, 198

_address_, 67

_adore_, 140

_advantageous_, 138

_advice_, 8

_advocate_, 47

_aesthetic_, 195_n._

_affecting_, 158

_agitation_, 158

_agnostic_, 178

_agony_, 116

_air_, 90

_alchemy_, 126

_alcohol_, 126

_ale_, 66

_alembic_, 126

Alexander, 28, 93, 95, 98

Alexandria, 28-9, 96-102, 111, 179

_algebra_, 121, 129

_alkali_, 126

_alligator_, 58

_allure_, 55

_almanac_, 128

_aloof_, 57

_alphabet_, 87

_altar_, 38, 42

_amalgam_, 126

_amazement_, 138

Amazons, 15

_amber_, 72

_ambrosial_, 23

_amendment_, 152

_ammonia_, 98

_amorous_, 77, 113

_amuck_, 59

_amusing_, 158-9

_anachronism_, 151

_analogy_, 90, 91, 95

_analyse_, _-sis_, _-tic_, 94-5, 135, 147

_anatomy_, 97, 134

_ancient_, 134, 150

_anguish_, 116

_animal_, 125, 175

_animal spirits_, 125_n._

_antic_, 136

_antimacassar_, 64

_antipodes_, 91

_antiquated_, 150

_apathy_, 158

_aphrodisiac_, 77

_Apolline_, 77

_apology_, 54, 138

_apostrophe_, 54

Aquinas, Saint Thomas, 122

Arabs, the, 34, 56, 58, 120-1, 126, 128-9, 193

_arabesque_, 121

Archimedes, 169

_argent_, 42

_argumentum ad hominem_, 123

_aristocrat_, _-cracy_, 62, 90

Aristotle, 87, 93-8, 119-24, 131_n._, 133-5, 148, 159, 169, 187, 190-1

_arms_, 42

_army, the_, 59

_arrange_, 163, 180

_arsenic_, 126

_art_, _-ist_, 186-7, 191, (192)

_arteries_, 125

_artisan_, 187

_ascendant_, 124, 126

_aschet_, 56-7

_Asia_, 77

_aspect_, 124

_ass_, 31

_assassin_, 120_n._

_assault_, 42

_assets_, 48

_assize_, 47, 61

_astringency_, 148

Astrology, 4, 125-7

_astronomy_, 90

_atavism_, 175

Atlantis, 15

_atlas_, 77

_atmosphere_, 124, 126, 131

_atom_, 98_n._, 132_n._

_atone_, 143

_attic_, 24

_attitude_, 136, 186

_attraction_, 132

_attribute_, 123

_augury_, 78

Augustine, Saint, 39, 109

Augustus, 26

_auspice_, _-ious_, 78, 159

Austen, Jane, 186, 194

_authoritarian_, 182

_authority_, 26, 118

_auto-da-fé_, 118

_autograph_, 157

_automatic_, 54, 169, 170-1, (200)

_automaton_, 171

_autonomy_, 182

_avast_, 57

_aversion_, 158

_axiom_, 94, 134

_axle_, 17

_azure_, 42, 120_n._

Bacon, Francis, 51, 53, 132-5, 150, 173_n._, 187, 194

_bacon_, 41

_badinage_, 145

_balance_, 169, 173

_baleful_, 159

_ballad_, 195

_bamboo_, 59

_banana_, 58

_bank_, 61

_banner_, 42

_banquet_, 41

_banshee_, 33

_banter_, 145

_bard_, 23, 33, 195

_battery_, 5

_battle_, 42

Baumgarten, 195_n._

_bean_, 22

_bearish_, 147

_beautiful_, 115

_beauty_, 91, 141

_bed_, 17

_beech_, 21

_beef_, 41-2

_beefsteak_, 66

_bees_, 16

_beg_, 65

_belay_, 57

_Bench_, 61

_benign_, 159

Berkeley, Bishop, 158

_bias_, 56

Bible, the, 7, 28, 53, 77, 87-8, 92, 99, 104-5, 109, 115-16, 178,
180, 192

_Bible_, 87

_bigot_, 34_n._, 142

_bile_, 125

_bill_, 67

_blackguard_, 64

_bless_, 38

_blood_, 125

_blow_, 65

_bog_, 33

Bonaparte, 25

_bonus_, 61

_boom_, 57

_boring_, 158

_boss_, 26

Boswell, 157

Botanical Terms, 96

_botany_, 96

_bow_, 57

_bowdlerize_, 64

_bowsprit_, 57

_box_, 66

_boycott_, 64

_Boyle, Robert_, 171

_breeze_, 58

_Britons_, 33

_broadcast_, 5

_broad-minded_, 182

_brother_, 10

Browne, Sir Thomas, 170

_brute_, 26

_budget_, 62, 67

_buoy_, 57

_burglar_, 48

_burgle_, 65

_burke_, 64

_burlesque_, 145

_bust_, 136

_butler_, 41, 65

_butter_, 16_n._

_buttery_, 41

_button_, 5

Byron, 193

_Cabal_, 59

_Cabinet Council_, 59

_cad_, 57

_caddie_, 56-7

_caddy_, 59

_cadet_, 57

Caesar, Julius, 15_n._, 33, 37

_calamity_, 27

_call_, 9, 40

_calf_, 41

_cameo_, 135

_camouflage_, 63

_camp_, 31, 42

_cancel_, 48

_candle_, 38, 42

_cannibal_, 58

_canoe_, 58

_cant_, 66, 180

_canto_, 136

_capital_, 47, 60

_capitalist_, 61

_capriole_, 136

_captain_, 26

_car_, 12, 33

Carlyle, 155, 183

_carol_, 64

_carriage_, 12

_case_, 90

_cashier_, 57

_catastrophe_, 25

_category_, 94, 163

_cattle_, 47_n._, 60

_cause_, 49, 123, 176-7

_cavalier_, 59

Celts, the, 14, 20-1, 29, 32, 35-6, 38-9, 60, 79-83, 107, 189

_century_, 150

_cereal_, 71, 78

Ceres, 165

_chagrin_, 158

_chair_, 41, 61

_chaos_, 149_n._

_chap_, 31, 66

_character_, 156-7

_charity_, 113, 183

_charm_, 138, 138_n._, (201)

_charmer_, 160

_charming_, 158-9

_chattel_, 47

Chaucer, 43, 50, 111-12, 114-15, 118, 123, 128, 136, 156, 196-7

_cheap_, 31

_check_, 56, 173

_checkmate_, 56

_cheque_, 56

_chequer_, 56

_chess_, 56

_chest_, 31

_Chester_, 37, 42

_chiaroscuro_, 136

_chief_, 26

_children_, 114

_chimera_, 77

_chocolate_, 58

_choler_, _-ic_, 124-5

_chord_, 90

_chorus_, 25

Christianity, 29, 38, 79, 82, 89, 98, 102, 104-13, 117-18, 121,
141-2, 152, 161, 179, 181, 183, 185, 191-2_n._, 203

Church, the, 29, 38, 50, 92, 104-6, 108-10, 113-17, 121-3, 141, 150,
155, 157, 159, 178-9, 180

_church_, 31, 45

Cicero, 6, 90-1, 94, 101, 123, 174, 176

_cipher_, 121

Civil War, the, 59

Clarendon, Lord, 60, 156_n._-7, 160

_classical_, 47

_classify_, 163

_clericalism_, 179

_clerk_, 38

Clockwork, 165, 171-2

_club_, 64, 67

_coach_, 12

_cobalt_, 81

_cockatoo_, 59

_cocoa_, 58

_cocoanut_, 58

_cohesion_, 148

Coleridge, 154_n._, 195-6, 199, 200

Columbus, 58

_comedy_, _-ic_, 25, 186

_comfort_, 66

_command_, 26

_commercial_, 61

_committee_, 67

_common sense_, (49), 124

_compassion_, 110

_competition_, 175, 178

_complexion_, 124-5

_comprehension_, 101

_conceit_, 95, 136

_concept_, 95, 123, 136

_concrete_, 123

_conductor_, 5

_conscience_, 52, 117, 155-6

_conscious_, 164

_consciousness_ (72_n._), (73_n._), (90_n._), 154, 164

_conscription_, 63

_consider_, 124

_consistency_, 155

_consols_, 61

_Constantinople_, 108

Constitution, British, 40, 45-9, 59-61, 67, 68, 173

_constitution_, 67

_constraint_, 158

_Consulate_, 61

_contemplate_, 78

_contemporary_, 150

_contract_, 47

_control_, 26

_conventional_, 48

_convey_, 48

Cook, Captain, 59

_coolie_, 58

Copernicus, 129-30, 154

_cordial_, 124

_corn_, 22, 78

_corroborate_, 51

_cosmos_, 90

_costermonger_, 31

_cotton_, 34, 120_n._

_council_, 61

_count_, 41

_countrified_, 147

_county_, 47

_couple_, 55

_court_, 47

_Coventry, send to_, 60

_cove_, 18

_cravat_, 30

_create_, _etc._, 174_n._, 90-1, 96, 201

_credulous_, 143

_creed_, 38, 138

_crestfallen_, 56

Crete, 14

_critic_, _etc._, 90, 138, 187

_cross_, 39

_crucial_, 133-4

_cruelty_, 114

_cruise_, 57

Crusades, the, 120_n._

_cupidity_, 78

_culprit_, 48

_cupola_, 135

_curfew_, 42

_curious_, 135

_currency_, 61

_current_, 5

_curry_, 58

Cyclops, 18, 188

_cynic_, 101

_Dado_, 136

_daedal_, 77

_dainty_, 113

_dalliance_, 113

_damask_, 120_n._

_dandelion_, 41

Danes, the, 39-40

_danger_, 112

Dante, 43, 92, 203

Darwin, Charles, 174-5, 179

_day_, 75

_deacon_, 38

_death_, 110

_debt_, 53

_decade_, 150

_deduction_, 95, 123

_defendant_, 48

_definition_, 95

Degrees, University, 187_n._

_delicate_, 113

_delight_, 113, 116

_delirious_, 27

_demagogue_, 59

_democrat_, _-cy_, 62, 90

Democritus, 98_n._, 101

_demon_, 80, 192_n._

_demure_, 146

_depression_, 158

_Derby_, 66

_derrick_, 64

Descartes, 154, 164, 171

_despair_, 116

_despot_, 26

_Determinism_, 183

_develop_, _-ment_, 151, 160, 174

_devotion_, 113

_dew_, 37

_dial_, 74

_dialectic_, 91

_diary_, 74-5

_dictator_, 26

_difference_, 95

_diffidence_, 158

_dinner_, 41

_Dionysiac_, 77

_disagree_, 142

_disappointment_, 158

_disaster_, 124

_discipline_, 85

_disclaim_, 48

_discomposure_, 158

_discount_, 61

_discover_, _-y_, 135, 148

Diseases, 97

_dish_, 31

_dishearten_, 138

_disposition_, 4, 124, 126, 155, 157

_dissatisfaction_, 158

_dissection_, 134

_dissent_, 142, 155

_distemper_, 124-5

_distinguish_, 51, 135, 147

_district_, 47

_diurnal_, 74

_diverting_, 158

_dividend_, 61

_divine_, 75

_dock_, 57

_doctrinaire_, 67

_dome_, 136

_domineer_, 57

_dominion_, 26

_doubt_, 53

_down_, 131

_drama_, _-tic_, 25, 54, 186

_dream_, 202-3

_drill_, 57

_drub_, 58

_druid_, 39

Dryden, 185_n._, 190, 197_n._, 198

_Dualism_, 179

_dubious_, 134

_ducat_, 136

_duke_, 41-2

_dunce_, 136

Dutch, the, 57

_duty_, 156

_dwindle_, 138

_Ear_, 22

_earl_, 41

_earth_, 81, 131

_Easter_, 81

_eccentric_, 157

_ecclesiastical_, 32

_eclipse_, 90

_ecliptic_, 128

_economic_, 90

_edit_, 65

_ego_, _-ism_, 154

Egypt, 11, 13, 24, 73_n._, 79, 86-90, 98-100, 102-3, 108, 111, 116

_eisteddfod_, 33

_elasticity_, 148

_electric_, _-ity_, 3, 5, 72

_element_, 90

_elf_, 81

_elm_, 21

_Elysian_, 77

_emancipate_, 47

_embarrassment_, 158

_emolument_, 27

_emotion_, 158

_empire_, 26

_empirical_, 97

_enchant_, _-ment_, 159, 98, (201)

Encyclical Letter, 178

_energy_, 94, 148, 167, 172

_engine_, 192

English language, 68

English words abroad, 66-8

_enlightenment_, 182

_ennui_, 158

_entelechy_, 94

_entertaining_, 158

_enthralling_, 158

_enthusiasm_, _-tic_, 90-1, 161, 193

_entity_, 123

_environment_, 155, 174

_envy_, 8, 158

Epicureans, 79, 101

_epidemic_, 54, 97

_episode_, 25, 54

_epoch_, 150

_equality_, 67

_equator_, 128

_equilibrium_, 148

_equinox_, 128

_equivocal_, 95

_erotic_, 77-8

_essence_, 90, 123

_ether_, 124-5, 132_n._, 148

_ethical_, _-s_, 90, 94

_etymology_, 102

_Europe_, 77

_evangelical_, 142

_evil_, 159

_evolution_, 151-2, 174

_excel_, 27

_excitement_, 158-9

_existence_, 123

_experiment_, _-al_, 51, 67, 95, 133, 135

_extravagant_, 162, 193

_eyewash_, 63

_Fable_, 189

_facts_, 175

_faction_, 143

_fairy_ (_faery_), 80, 189, 196, (201)

_fare_, 30

_fancy_, 101, 197-9

_fanatic_, 59, 162

_fantasy_, 101, 197

_fascinating_, 159

_fashion_, 139

_fate_, 78

_fatuous_, 147

_fear_, 30, 158

_fee_, 47_n._

“_feelings_,” 158

_felon_, 48

_feminist_, 181

Feudal System, 41

_fiction_, 189-90, 200

_filigree_, 136

_finance_, 61

_finch_, 21

“_finny drove_,” 161

_fire_, 18

_fish_, 21

_fit_, 175

_fitful_, 196

_flippant_, 147

_flotsam_, 48

_fluid_, 148

_flyboat_, 57

_foible_, 55, 157

_foray_, 195

_force_, 5, 132_n._, 148, 177

_forfeit_, 48

_forlorn hope_, 57

_form_, 123

_formula_, 47

_forte_, 55, 157

_fortress_, 42

_fortune_, 78

_franchise_, 48

_fraternity_, 67

_freak_, 180

_free will_, 123

_freebooter_, 57

_freemason_, 67

_freight_, 57

French Revolution, 62

French words in Scottish, 57

_fresco_, 135

_Friday_, 81

_function_, 139, 177

_furlough_, 57

_furrow_, 22

_fury_, 78

_Gadget_, 63

Galen, 124, 157

Galileo, 130-1, 171

_galligaskins_, 136

_galore_, 33

Galton, F., 175

_galvanize_, 64

_gamp_, 64

_garden_, 15-16

_gas_, _-eous_, 148-9_n._

Garrick, 4

_gawky_, 147

_gazelle_, 34

_geese_, 16

_general_, 123

_generous_, 138

_genesis_, 90

_genius_, 78, 191-3, 195-6

_gentle_, 41, 44, 112, 155

_gentleman_, 66, 139, 156

_get_, 40

_gin_, 66

_giraffe_, 34

_glamour_, 118, 195

_glen_, 33

_goblin_, 81

_God_, 74, 110, 156

_godly_, 142

Goethe, 195

Goldsmith, 4

_good_, 91

_Gothic_, 150, 162, 193

_government_, 26

Gower, 128, 159

Gnostics, 104

_grace_, 78

Grammar, 7, 90

_grammar_, 25, 90

_gravity_, _-ate_, 131

_greed_, _-y_, 65, 158

Greeks (Greece), 5, 12, 20-2, 27, 29, 71-4, 77, 81, 84-104, 116, 119,
146, 150-1, 169, 176, 189, 191

Greek Language, 7-9

Greek words in English, 44-5, 54

_gregarious_, 175

Grimm, J., 9

_grog_, 66

_grovel_, 65

_guillotine_, 62

_gules_, 42

_gybe_, 57

_Hades_, 77

Haeckel, 176

_haggard_, 55

_hammock_, 58

_handicap_, 66

_happy_, 158

_harmony_, 25, 77, 90

_harness_, 42

Hartley, David, 170

Harvey, William, 173_n._

_hauberk_, 42

_hazard_, 121_n._

_hazel_, 21

_heart_, 125

_hearty_, 124

_heaven_, 38, 74, 110

Hebrew (_see_ Semitic)

Hegel, 195

_heir_, 47

_hell_, 110

_heredity_, 44, 175

_heresy_, 105, 108

_hermetically sealed_, 77, 126

_hero_, 77

Herodotus, 90

Hesiod, 90

_hickory_, 59

Hindoos, the, 7, 10, 21, 62, 76, 83-4

Hippocrates, 97, 124-5

History, 89, 123, 50-2, 88

_history_, 25, 89

_hit_, 40, 65

Hobbes, 155_n._, 164, 192, 194

_holy_, 159

Homer, 23-4, 87, 169_n._

_homesickness_, 158

_honest_, 41

_horizon_, 128

_hospital_, 45

_Host_, 78

_hounds_, 16

_hoy_, 57

_hoyden_, 147

_humane_, 182-3

_humanism_, 183

_humanitarian_, _-ist_, 182-3

_humbug_, 66

Humour in word-formation, 65

_humour_, 66, 124-5, 127, 157

_hun_, 34

_hurricane_, 58

_husband_, 40

Huxley, 132_n._, 167-8, 172, 178, 180_n._

_hydraulic_, 134, 173_n._

_hymn_, 38

_hyperbole_, 90

_hypochondria_, 125

_hypotenuse_, 90

_hypothesis_, 54, 90

_hysteria_, _-cal_, 54, 97

Ideas, 120, 141, 188

_idea_, _-l_, 90-1, 94, 123

_idealogue_, 67

_identity_, 123

_idiosyncrasy_, 157

_ignite_, 76

_image_, 101

_imagination_, 101, 191, 197-9

_improper_, 64

_improve_, 48, 149

_incarnadine_, 136

_inch_, 31

_independent_, 59

_Indian_, 58

_indisposed_, 124

_individual_, 89-90, 123, 153, 183

Individualism, 117-18, 153-4, 182

_induction_, 95

_influence_, 124, 126, 127, 138

_ingenious_, 192

_initiate_, 88

_Inquisition_, 118

_inquisitive_, 135

_inspect_, 148

_inspiration_, 191-2

_instance_, 95, 133-4

_instinct_, 174, 192

_insurance_, 61

_intaglio_, 136

_intelligence_, 117, 123

_intensity_, 148

_intention_, 123

_interesting_, 159

“Internal Evidence,” 5

“Internalization,” 124-7, 153-60, 164, 192, 201

_interval_, 27

_intrigue_, 147

_introspection_, 185_n._

_intuition_, 123

_invention_, 190

_investigate_, 51, 135, 147

_investment_, 61

_invulnerable_, 138

_iridescent_, 77

_iris_, 77

_isosceles_, 90, 178_n._

Jerome, Saint, 109

Jesus Christ, 29, 99, 103-4, 107, 110, 114, 115, 117, 122-3, 152, 183

_jetsam_, 48

_jettison_, 48

_jockey_, 66

Johnson, Dr., 3, 157

Jonson, Ben, 164

_jot_, 87

_journal_, 74

_jovial_, 124-6

_judge_, 47

_June_, 78

_jurisdiction_, 45

_jurisprudence_, 45

_jury_, 47, 67

_justice_, 45

_Kangaroo_, 59

Kant, 195

_karma_, 77

Keats, 83

_keel_, 57

Kepler, 130-1, 154

_kettle_, 31

_kind_, 41

_king_, 26

_kitchen_, 31

_knickerbocker_, 64

_knife_, 40

_knout_, 30

_kopje_, 63

_Laconic_, 24

_lacquey_, 34

_lady_, 111

_lance_, 42

Latin language, 7-9

Latin words in English, 25-6, 42, 44-5, 51

_latitude_, 128

Law, 45-9

_law_, 40, 132

Laws of Nature, 132, 162, 175-7, 180

_learn_, 30, 86

_lease_, 48

_leg_, 40

Leibnitz, 132_n._, 172

_lethal_, 77

_lever_, 169

_liberalism_, 182

_libertine_, 143, 182

_liberty_, 67

_lie_, 81

_life_, 110, 175

_lighter_, 57

_lilliputian_, 64

_little_, 114

_liver_, 125

_lock-out_, 67

Locke, 154, 194

_logic_, 25, 94, (180_n._)

_long-suffering_, 115

Longinus, 197_n._

_longitude_, 128

_lord_, 26

_lough_, 39

_love_, 91-2, 110, 141

_love-longing_, 114

_lovingkindness_, 115, 183

_lunatic_, 53, 124, 126

_lyrical_, 186

_Machine_, 169

_madonna_, 136

_maffick_, 65

_magazine_, 64

_magic_, _-al_, 76, 138, 198, (201)

_magnet_, 5

_mainspring_, 171

_maize_, 58

_majestic_, 138

_majority_, 67

_make_ (_maker_), 188_n._, 191

_malice_, 158

_malign_, 159

_malignant_, 59, 143

_man_, 83-4, 175

_manager_, 26

_manor_, 47

_marline_, 57

_marquis_, 41

_martyr_, 38, 108

_mass_, 38

_Mass, the_, 131

_master_, 26, 41-2

_mathematics_, _-al_, 85, 90-1

Matriarchies, 15

_matter_, 123

_matter-of-fact_, 48

_mavourneen_, 33

_mawkish_, 147

_maya_, 77

_mead_, 17

_meal_, 22

_mechanic_, _-al_, _-s_, 94, 168, (187)

Mechanical terms, 168

_meeting_, 67

_melancholy_, 125, 127, 157

_melodramatic_, 186

_melody_, 25, 90

Memory, language compared to, 33

_merchant_, 66

_mercifulness_, 115

_mercurial_, 126

_mercy_, 112, 158, 183

_mere_, 21, 48

_meridian_, 128

_mermaid_, 21

_mesh_, 57

_mesmerism_, 64

_metaphor_, 90

_metaphysics_, 94

_method_, 89-90, 133, 163

_mezzotinto_, 136

_Middle Ages_, 151

_midriff_, 167, 172

_mildheartness_, 158

_mile_, 31, 42

Mill, J. S., 180, 182

_mill_, 31

_milk_, 16

Milton, 60, 164, 196

_mind_, 84

_minority_, 67

_mint_, 78

_minute_, 128

_mirth_, 116

_miscreant_, 120_n._

Mithras, 79

_moccasin_, 59

_model_, 135

Modern metaphors, 63

_modern_, 134, 150

_modification_, 175

Mohammedanism, 121

_money_, 78

_-monger_, 31

_monkish_, 143

_monster_, 180

Montesquieu, 68, 173

_moot_, 40

_moral_, 95

Morality in language, 145-7

More, Henry, 150, 161, 198

_morris_, 64

_morse_, 63-4

_mortgage_, 48

_motion_, 67

_motive_, 123

_motor_, 167, 172

_mow_, 22

Mozart, 89_n._

_mugwump_, 14

_mule_, 31

Müller, Max, 9

_muscle_, 167, 173

_muse_, to, 55-6

Muses, the, 77, 191, 201

_music_, 25, 77, 91

_mutton_, 41

_muzzle_, 56

Mysteries, 79, 88-9, 91, 103, 108-10

_mystery_, 77, 88, 110, 174_n._

_myth_, 83

_Nabob_, 62

_nadir_, 128-9

_name_, 9

_narrow-minded_, 182

_natural_, 125

_Nature_, 156, 175, 180_n._

_nave_, 17

_nectar_, 23

_negro_, 58

_nemesis_, 77

Neoplatonism, 106, 120

_nerve_, 167, 173

_newspaper_, 64

Newton, Isaac, 130-2, 173-4

_nickel_, 81

_night_, 18, 37

_nightmare_, 81

Nominalism, 120-1, 159

_non-entity_, 124_n._

Normans, the, 20, 36, 40-1, 43, 113

_notion_, 101

_novelist_, 64

_number_, 90

_nun_, 38, 42

_nymph_, 77

_Objective_, 123, 160, (197)

_obligation_, 46

_obscene_, 138

_obscurantism_, 182

_observe_, 135

_odd_, 40

_odium theologicum_, 142

_odium philosophicum_, 142

_offend_, 85

_officer_, 26

_officious_, 146

_ogle_, 147

_Old Nick_, 81

_onslaught_, 57

_ooze_, 174

_optimism_, 181

_orange_, 120_n._

_organic_, 94, 200

_organize_, 163

Origen, 105

_original_, _-ity_, 190-1, 195

_out-of-date_, 150

_outlaw_, 40

_outlook_, (73_n._), (90_n._), 155, 158

_oxen_, 16, 41

_Paean_, 77

_pageant_, 115

Paley, 165, 170-1

_pamphlet_, 64, 67

_Pan_, 165

_panacea_, 77

_pander_, 23

_panic_, 71-3, 77

_pansy_, 41

_paper_, 87

_papistical_, 143

_paradise_, 99

_Pariah_, 76

_parliament_, 45, 59, 67

_parlour_, 41

_particle_, 95

_particular_, 123

_passion_, 110, 113

_pastel_, 136

‘_Pat_,’ 38

_pathetic_, 114, 159

Paul, Saint, 88

_peace_, 158

_peacemaker_, 115

_peculiar_, 47

_pecuniary_, 27, 47_n._

_pedant_, 138

_penal_, 8

_pendulum_, 171

_pennon_, 42

_perceive_, 155

_period_, 151

_peripatetic_, 93

_perjury_, 48

_pernicious_, 143

Persians, the, 21, 76, 99

_person_, 46, 153, 157

_personality_, 160

_personify_, 164-5

Petrarch, 113

_petticoat-tales_, 57

_phaeton_, 77

_phantasy_, 197

_phenomenon_, 90, 181

Philo, 102, 104

_philosophy_, 25, 89, 91

_phlegmatic_, 125

Phonology, 8

_physical_, _-s_, 54, 90, 94

_physiology_, 94

_Pickwickian_, 64

_picturesque_, 186, 194

_pietism_, 179

_piety_, 142

_pile_, 31

_pillow_, 31

_pink_, 57

_pious_, 138, 179

_pity_, 44, 112, 142, 158, 183

_pixy_, 81

Place-names, 15, 32, 36, 61, 64, 66, 82

_plaintiff_, 48

_planet_, 131

Planets, the, 78, 124-7

Plato, 6, 7, 73, 86, 91-3, 95, 98-101, 103, 107, 119-20, 124, 129,
140-1, 153, 161, 170, 174, 177-8, 189, 191

_pleasure_, 113

_poesy_, _-tic_, _-try_, 25, 90, 191

Poetry, 187-8

_point of view_, 186

_polarity_, 148

_politics_, 59, 90

Pope, Alexander, 162-3

_popery_, 143

_pork_, 41

_port_, 37, 42

“Portraits,” 157

Portuguese, the, 58-9

_positive_, 139

_potato_, 58

_potential_, 95, 123

_pound_, 31

Pre-Aryan culture, 14

_precise_, 143

_predestination_, 183

_predicament_, 124_n._

_predicate_, 123

_predominant_, 125-6

_prehistoric_, 151

_prejudice_, 47

_premises_, 48, 124_n._

_premium_, 27

_press_, 64

_pressure_, 148, 155, 177

_prevaricate_, 27

_priest_, 38

_prig_, 145

_prim_, 145

_Prime Minister_, 62

_primal_, 174_n._

_primeval_, 150, 174_n._

_principle_, 95

Printing press, 43-4

_prison_, 45

_private_, 47

_progress_, _-ive_, 134, 150-2, (160)

_prologue_, 25

_propagate_, 138

_property_, 47, 95

_protagonist_, 25

_protean_, 77

_protective_, 175

_Protestant_, 142

_prude_, 147

_psalm_, 38

_puck_, 81

_pudding_, 66

_pulley_, 169

_pump_, 57, 173_n._

_Puritan_, 59, 143

Puritanism, 143, 145

_pyjamas_, 62

_pyramid_, 90

Pythagoras, 86, 89-90, 107

_Quality_, 6, 7, 90, 95, 123, 131_n._

_quantity_, 95, (98_n._), 123, 131_n._

_question_, 90

_quintessence_, 95, 125, 148

_quixotic_, 64

_Radiance_, 138

_Raid_, 195

Railway, the, 12

_real_, _-ize_, 48, 123, 138

Realism, 120, 122, 159

_Reason_, 161, 163

_rebate_, 55

_reclaim_, 55

_reef_, 57

Reformation, 50, 142-3, 150, 153, 155, 159

_regeneration_, 152

_regular_, 163

_relay_, 55

_reliance_, 138

Religion, Aryan, 75-6, 80

_religion_, _-ism_, 140, 155, 179

_remark_, 148

_remittance_, 61

_remorse_, 52, 158

Renaissance, 51, 111, 135-6, 149, 151, 186-7, 189, 191, 197

_rent_, 47

_repentance_, 116, 158

_represent_, 67

_reprobate_, 143

_respectability_, 66

_respiration_, 167, 172

Restoration, the, 145-7

_retaliation_, 46

_retrieve_, 55

_retrograde_, 134

_review_, 8

_revolutionize_, 62

_rhapsody_, 23

_rhetoric_, 90

_rhythm_, 25, 90

_ridicule_, 145

_riding_, 40

_riding-coat_, 66

_right_, 40

_Rights of Man_, 62

_roast-beef_, 66

_Roman Catholic_, 143

Romance and the Romantics, 92, 182, 185-6, 189, 193-204

_romance_, 32, 181, 189, 190

Romance languages, 32, 79

_romantic_, _-ism_, 66, 181, 186, 193-5

Rome (Romans), 19, 21, 25-6, 29-33, 35, 37-8, 45-7, 71, 74, 77-82,
84-6, 90, 95, 100-1, 108, 109, 116-17, 119, 121, 146, 150, 159,
165, 176, 189, 192

Ronsard, 113

_Rood_, 40

_rouble_, 30

_Roundhead_, 59

_rove_, 56

_rover_, 57

Royal Society, the, 149, 169

_rub_, 56

_rue_, 158

_rule_, 26

_rum_, 66

_run riot_, 56

_ruse_, 56

_rush_, 56

Sabine women, 25

_sacrament_, 110, 174_n._

_sacrifice_, 78

_sad_, 158

_saffron_, 120_n._

_sagacious_, 56

_salary_, 27

_same_, 40

_sanctimonious_, 138

_sandwich_, 64

_sanguine_, 125

Sanskrit language, 7, 9, 10

Santayana, G., 203

_Saturday_, 78

_saturnine_, 125-6

_satyr_, 77

_scandalize_, 85

_scarlet_, 120_n._

_scenery_, 163

_scent_, 56

_sceptic_, _etc._, 101, 135

Schelling, 195

_school_, 25, 45, 86

Schools (Scholasticism), 48, 106, 110-24, 133-4, 136, 153, 197

Science, 95, 128-35, 147-9, 152, 167-79, 200

_science_, 90, 117, 186

_Scotland_, 38

Scott, Walter, 195-6

Scotus, Duns, 122, 136

_scout_, 57

_screw_, 169

_scrounge_, 63

_scrutinize_, 148

_section_, 62

_selection_, 175

_self_, 153-4, 181, 183

_self-determination_, 63

_selfish_, 143

_“semantic” (defined)_, 38

Semitic—race, etc., 28, 51, 59, 61, 87, 99, 100, 102-3, 121, 146,
152, 191

_sensible_, _-ility_, 160, 185

_sentimental_, _-ism_, 66, 160, 185

Septuagint, 99-100, 109, 191

_sequence_, 138

_servant_, 41

Shakespeare, 5, 51, 68, 92, 136-40, 156, 187, 190, 196-8, 200

_shampoo_, 62

Shaw, Bernard, 68

_she_, 39

_sheep_, 41

Shelley, 107, 199, 202

_shrine_, 38

_sidle_, 65

Sidney, Sir Philip, 139, 187-8, 190

_siege_, 42

_silly_, 146

_sin_, 99, 147, 158

_sincere_, 142

_sinister_, 159

_siren_, 77

_size_, 48

_skin_, 40

_skipper_, 26, 57

_skunk_, 14

_sky_, 74-5, 131

_slave_, 30

Slavery, 117, 118

Slavs, the, 20-1, 24, 29, 81, 83

_slay_, 65

_slime_, 174

_small talk_, 64

_smite_, 65

_snob_, _-ism_, 64, 66

Socrates, 91-2, 95, 111, 192_n._

_sonnet_, 136

_sophist_, 91

_sorcery_, 80, 189

_soul_, 157

South Eastern Group of Aryans, 20-1

_sow_, 16

_space_, 131

Spaniards, the, 57-8

_spartan_, 24

_special_, 123

_species_, 90, 123, 174

_spectre_, 101

_speculation_, 62

_speech_, 67

_spell_, 198

Spencer, Herbert, 181

Spenser, Edmund, 140-1, 161, 196

_sphere_, 131, 138

_spice_, 119

_spirit_, 125, 155, 157

_spiritism_, _-ualism_, 181, 181_n._

_spleen_, 66, 125

_spoil_, 27

_spontaneous_, 148, 155-6, 174

_spoor_, 63

Sport, words from, 55-6, 64

_sport_, 55, 66-7

_spring_, 171_n._

_sprint_, 56

_standard_, 42

_stanza_, 136

_star_, 8, 18, 37, 131

_starling_, 21

_static_, 148

_stentorian_, 23

Sterne, Laurence, 160

Stoics, 79, 101-2, 197

_stole_, 38

_stomach_, 125

_stool_, 41

_street_, 31, 42

_strike_, 65, 67

_stunt_, 63

_Stygian_, 77

_sub-conscious_, 203

_subject_, _-ive_, 89, 95, 95_n._, 123, 159, 197

_subordinate_, 26

_substance_, 95, 122-3

_suction_, 134, 173_n._

_suffering_, 110

_sugar_, 120_n._

_superstitious_, 143

_supper_, 41

_susceptible_, 160

_swain_, 160

_swallow_, 21

_swine_, 41

_Sybarite_, 26

_syllogism_, 94

_sympathy_, 126

_synchronize_, 150

_synonym_, 94

_synthesis_, 91, 94

_syrup_, 34

_system_, _-atic_, 91, 163

_Table_, 31

_taboo_, 59

_tabor_, 34

‘_Taffy_,’ 38

_take_, 40, 138

_talc_, 34

_talent_, 192-3

_tambourine_, 34

_tartar_, 126

_tattoo_, 59

_tawdry_, 64

_teacher_, 85-6

_teetotal_, 64

_temper_, _-ament_, _-ature_, 125, 127, 148, 155, 157

_temple_, 38, 78

_tendency_, 123, 148

_tension_, 5, 148, 155

_term_, 119

_termagant_, 121_n._

_terminal_, 5

_terrorize_, 62

Tertullian, 109-10

_test_, 126

_testament_, 47

Teutonic—race, etc., 14, 17, 20-1, 29, 30-2, 35-9, 74-5, 81-3, 87,
119, 173_n._

_theatre_, 25

_their_, 39

_them_, 39

_theology_, 90

_theory_, 90-1

_they_, 39

Thomson, James, 163

_thrash_, 65

_throne_, 61

_throstle_, 21

_thunder_, 18

_Thursday_, 81

_timber_, 18

Time, 148-52

Tindale, 115, 142

_titanic_, 77

_tobacco_, 58

_toll_, 31

_tomahawk_, 59

_tomato_, 58

_tone_, 90

_tory_, 60

_tower_, 42

_trade-union_, 67

_tragedy_, 25

_transcend_, 123

_travesty_, 145

_tribulation_, 27

_Trojan_, 23

_troll_, 81

_trope_, 90

_trumpet_, 30

_tryst_, 56

_Tuesday_, 75

Tyndall, 167

_type_, 90-1

_tyrant_, 26

_Unction_, 179

_universal_, 95, 120, 123

_up_, 131

_utilitarian_, 67

_Vacuum_, 90

_valve_, 173_n._

_vapours, the_, 157

_vampire_, 83

_vandal_, 34

_variation_, 174

_veal_, 41

Vedic hymns, 9

_vegetarian_, 182

_Vesta_, 78

_vibrate_, _-ion_, 168, 171

_vindictive_, 143

Virgin Mary, 106, 115-16, 139

_virtual_, 95

_virtue_, 159

_viscount_, 41

_vital_, 125

_Vitalism_, 181

_volatile_, 148

Voltaire, 61, 68

_voluntary_, 156

_vote_, 67

Vulgate, 109, 191

_Wall_, 31

_wand_, 18, 198

_want_, 40

War, the European, 23, 63

_war_, 42

_waterproof_, 66

_weary_, 30

_weave_, 16

_wedge_, 169

_Wednesday_, 81

_weight_, 131

_West Indies_, 58

_wheel_, 17, 169

_Whig_, 60

_whisky_, 66

_white feather_, 56

Wilkins, Bishop, 131_n._, 169

Wilson, Woodrow, 63, 173-4

_wind_, 18, 37

_window_, 17

_wine_, 31

_wipe_, 65

_wire_, 5

_wit_, 8

Word, the, 101-2, 104, 174_n._, 202

_word_, 71

Wordsworth, 32_n._, 183, 199, 200, 203

_work_, 167, 172

_worry_, 56

_wrong_, 40

Wycherley, 145, 147

Wyclif, 52, 123, 157, 179_n._

_Yoke_, 17

_York_, 37

Young, Edward, 158, 199

_Zareeba_, 63

_zenith_, 128-9

_zero_, 121

_zodiac_, 128-30

_zone_, 16

Zoroastrianism, 76

N.B.—Words printed in italics in the Index will be found italicized in the text also, unless the page-number is between brackets. This signifies that on the page in question the word is used or referred to _incidentally_, and may or may not be typographically distinguished.

PRINTED IN GREAT BRITAIN
BY UNWIN BROTHERS, LIMITED
PRINTERS, LONDON AND WOKING

FOOTNOTES:

[1] See p. 126.

[2] The linear writing of Cretan inscriptions has been pointed to by one writer as a sign of this passivity. Philologists have also pointed out the important position occupied by the verb in Aryan speech.

[3] Gaul was inhabited by Celts at least as early as the third century B.C. The _Galli_, against whom Caesar fought, were Celtic tribes.

[4] Greek ‘hippos’; Lithuanian ‘asva’, etc.

[5] Greek ‘turos’, from which was formed ‘bouturon’ (butter).

[6] σήματα λυγρά.

[7] The modern sense of ‘a small room at the top of the house’ goes back to the time when _Attic_ was also used of architectural refinements, especially that which is achieved by placing a smaller order above a larger one.

[8] But with a good deal of the Celt in us. There is no exact correspondence between language and blood, the one being a measure of an intellectual, the other of a more directly spiritual heritage. Cf. the influence of the Celts upon the _meanings_ of Romance words, pp. 32, 79, 107, 189.

[9] Students of the Wordsworthian theory of poetic diction will be interested to learn that the origin of this curious word is believed to be a Late Latin phrase, ‘romanice loqui,’ meaning ‘to speak the vulgar Latin of everyday life, as distinguished from book-Latin.’

[10] _Bigot_, which is found in French as early as the twelfth century, has been connected with _Visigoth_, but this derivation is not regarded as probable.

[11] See p. 31.

[12] These Normans, or _North-men_, were the descendants of a Teutonic Danish tribe, which had taken possession of Normandy about a hundred and fifty years before.

[13] See p. 31.

[14] At least down to the fourteenth century. Even in Milton’s time it was the language of international scholarship.

[15] Latin ‘capitalis’ from ‘caput’—a head, and thus “the status of Roman citizenship”. Under the old Roman law each citizen was assessed according to the number of beasts which he possessed. Thus, the word _cattle_ is also derived, through French, from ‘capitalis’. Compare the derivation of _pecuniary_ from ‘pecus’—a head of cattle, and _fee_ from Old English ‘feoh’ (cattle).

[16] First found with the meaning of _Sunday_ in an edict of the Long Parliament.

[17] Two of the words quoted are first found, according to the _Oxford Dictionary_, in Sir Thomas More, one (_apostrophe_) in the text and the other in the title of his _Apologie of Syr Thomas More, Knyght_, “made by him, after he had geven over the Office of Lord Chancellor of Englande.” It is not surprising that the creator of a European success like _Utopia_ should have had a fine taste in real Greek words too.

[18] A corrupted form of ‘al-lagarto’—‘the lizard’.

[19] See p. 47, note.

[20] See p. 136.

[21] See p. 126.

[22] There is as yet no satisfactory word in English to express quite what is meant. The German ‘Weltanschauung’ (world-outlook) is nearer to it. If, however, the word _consciousness_ is taken not simply in its finite sense, as ‘the opposite of unconsciousness’, but rather as including a man’s whole awareness of his environment, the sum total of his intellectual and emotional experiences as an individual, perhaps it may serve.

[23] See p. 3.

[24] Like _consciousness_, this word must be taken here in its very widest, metaphorical sense, as of a human ego “looking out” upon the world through the windows of memory, recognition, the senses, etc., and of the cosmos which it “sees” through those windows. It is obvious that the _outlook_ of every individual will be slightly different from that of every other, also that there will be a great difference between the average _outlook_ of broad contemporary classes, such, for instance, as learned and ignorant, artist and scientist, agnostic and Roman Catholic. The widest gulf of all is likely to be that between the average outlooks of different historical periods, and this will be increased if we are dealing with different races—such as, for example, ancient Egyptians and modern Americans—for in this case the dissimilarity will extend over nearly every experience of which the human _outlook_ is composed.

[25] We may compare, unless we are enthusiastic naturalists, the enormously different impression made upon ourselves by two such outwardly similar creatures as a cockroach and a ladybird.

[26] P. 109. The Temple scenes in Mozart’s _Magic Flute_ are a Freemason’s attempt to depict the proceedings within an Egyptian Mystery School, and the opera itself is plainly a fanciful treatment of the drama of initiation. (Incidentally, the noises made by Papageno when he attempts to sing with the padlock on his lips are an excellent illustration of the possibly natural origin of the root ‘mu-’ in ‘mu-ein’.)

[27] This word has been used by English writers in various ways—generally as a synonym for _universe_. Of late, however, there has perhaps been a slight tendency to differentiate it by making it mean the universe _as seen and felt by a particular individual or body of individuals_—‘the cosmos of our experience.’ This distinction appears to be a fruitful one and will be adopted here. As the words are used in this book, therefore, we should say that there is only one _universe_, but as many _cosmoses_ as there are individuals. In this way the word _cosmos_ becomes a sort of tool with which we can detach, and objectify for the purpose of inspection, the purely subjective _consciousness_ or _outlook_ (see pp. 72 and 73, notes).

[28] See p. 8.

[29] It is curious how many of these would-be precise terms have since reversed their meanings. For the adjective derived from _subject_ see p. 159; _virtual_, which was once allied with _potential_ as the opposite of _actual_, is now practically a synonym for the latter term; and the Greek word from which _instance_ is taken was originally an objection to an argument, not an example of it.

[30] The striking exception is the fifth-century philosopher, Democritus, who definitely foreshadowed the Atomic Theory and, in fact, gave to the word _atom_ its modern meaning. With his exclusively _quantitative_ explanation of all phenomena, he was far more “scientific,” in the now accepted sense of the word than Aristotle.

[31] Matchless.

[32] Chose.

[33] Forgave.

[34] Stands.

[35] Birds.

[36] More direct products of the Crusades may be found in our language in the words _azure_, _cotton_, _orange_, _saffron_, _scarlet_, _sugar_ and _damask_ (from the town of Damascus), all of which come to us either from Arabic or, through Arabic, from some Oriental language. _Miscreant_ (misbeliever) was applied to the Mohammedans by the French Crusaders. _Assassin_ (hashish-eaters) was used by the Christians to describe the secret murderers sent out by the Old Man of the Mountains against their leaders, because they used to intoxicate themselves with hashish before the interview. _Hazard_—originally a game played with dice—has been traced to Asart, the name of a castle in Palestine, during the siege of which it is said to have been invented; and _termagant_ was first used in medieval romances as the name of one of the idols which the Saracens were supposed to worship.

[37] In many cases, such as “the _premises_,” _predicament_, _non-entity_, ... these austere old words have acquired colloquial meanings a long way removed from the exact philosophical thoughts which they were originally coined to express.

[38] Hence _animal spirits_. It is interesting to observe how this word, and the phrase, practically reversed their meanings in the seventeenth century.

[39] “Heaviness or weight is not here considered, as being such a naturall _quality_, whereby condensed bodies do of themselves _tend downwards_; but rather as being an affection whereby they may be measured. And in this sense Aristotle himself referres it amongst the other _species_ of _quantity_, as having the same proper essence, which is to be compounded of integrall parts. So a pound doth consist of ounces....” (Bishop Wilkins: _Mathematicall Magick_, 1648.)

[40] Probably cognate with a Greek verb ‘massein’, meaning ‘to knead’.

[41] “With this kinde of Ballance, it is usuall ... to measure sundry different gravities.” (_Mathematicall Magick._)

[42] To the ordinary, untrained imagination. Philosophers and scientists, however, have continued to boggle at this notion of action at a distance. Thus Leibnitz, shortly after Newton published his discovery: “’Tis also a supernatural thing that bodies should _attract_ one another at a distance without any intermediate means.” And Huxley in 1886, on the terms _atom_ and _force_: “As real entities, having an objective existence, an indivisible particle which nevertheless occupies space is surely inconceivable; And with respect to the operation of that atom, where it is not, by the aid of a ‘force’ resident in nothingness, I am as little able to imagine it as I fancy anyone else is.” Hence the invention of a hypothetical _ether_, in order that space might be supposed filled with a continuum of infinitely attenuated matter (p. 148). In the world of scientific theory the question of action at a distance is still, so it seems, an appetizing bone of contention.

[43] The transition of meaning is beautifully visible in the following passage from _The Merry Wives of Windsor_:

_Mistress Quickly_: “I never knew a woman so dote upon a man:
surely, I think you have charms, la; yes, in truth.”

_Falstaff_: “Not I, I assure thee: setting the attraction of my
good parts aside, I have no other charms.”

[44] See p. 135.

[45] A meaning which it still retains in stage directions—e.g. “The curtain rises, _discovering_ N—— seated in an arm-chair”.

[46] See p. 125.

[47] Even gas, though it is an arbitrary creation, was intended by van Helmont to resemble _chaos_, a Greek word which is derived from a verb ‘chaskein’, meaning to ‘yawn’ or ‘gape’.

[48] Except in old, particular senses, which they have now lost.

[49] The adjective _self-conscious_ was first used by Coleridge.

[50] First used by Hobbes in 1656.

[51] Thus we still describe certain sums of money as a _duty_ on goods, or, in Scotland, as a _feu duty_ on land.

[52] A Greek word; literally a mark “stamped” or “impressed” on some yielding material. Shakespeare used it of handwriting.

[53] See pp. 124 and 155.

[54] See p. 112.

[55] Used once in 1632 of sea-waves.

[56] Its earliest appearance is in Homer’s _Iliad_, where it occurs twice, and is applied to divine phenomena, viz. the gates of heaven and the tripod of the god Hephaestus.

[57] The meaning of this metaphor has probably been affected by the other meaning of _spring_ (as in _well-spring_), but this did not occur till later.

[58] Not only is the word _pump_ constantly used to describe the heart’s action, but one must also consider its reaction on the meaning of older physiological terms such as _valve_. _Pump_, with the meaning ‘ship’s pump’, is found in English in the fifteenth century, but in the sense of ‘instrument for raising water’ it is unknown to the Teutonic languages before the sixteenth century, though instruments of some sort had been used for that purpose in classical times. An understanding of the underlying mechanical principle, however, only developed, as we should expect, in the seventeenth century, when the words _suction_ and _hydraulic_ appeared in, for instance, Bacon’s writings. Harvey published his treatise, _De motu cordis e sanguinis_, in 1628.

[59] Especially in conjunction with such epithets as _primeval_ or _primal_, in which combination these words have frequently been made to bear a considerable part of the suggestiveness and meaning long ago worked into such words as _creation_, _mystery_, _sacrament_, _the Word_, ... (see previous chapters).

[60] See p. 149.

[61] Of English words beginning with ‘iso-‘—a Greek prefix meaning ‘of equal measurement’ (_isosceles_, ‘equal legged’, _isobar_, ‘equal pressure’, ...), about twelve came in before the nineteenth century, about seventy in the course of it.

[62] Wyclif had used it in a good sense.

[63] “There is no God—but this is a family secret.”

[64] Huxley, in whose imagination was to some extent epitomized what was proceeding in varying degrees of intensity in minds all over Europe, describes Nature as a “materialized logical process”.

[65] _Spiritualist_, however, is found as early as the middle of the seventeenth century; but it was employed in the sense of ‘fanatical’, etc., or with the more technical meaning of ‘one who supports ecclesiastical authority’. Its use as a purely philosophical designation seems to date from about the middle of the nineteenth century, and the modern “table-rapping” implication is later still. There is now a tendency to substitute _spiritism_, _spiritist_, ... in the latter sense.

[66] Both these words referred at the time of their introduction to the new doctrine that Christ was a purely human figure.

[67] 1820; but _introspection_ was given its modern meaning by Dryden.

[68] Hence the titles of our University Degrees—_Bachelor of Arts_, _Master of Arts_,...

[69] Poets were regularly called _makers_ in the fourteenth and fifteenth centuries. “I know not”, says Sidney, “whether by luck or wisdom we Englishmen have met with the Greeks in calling him a ‘maker’.”

[70] See pp. 79-80.

[71] See p. 32.

[72] London emporiums even advertise themselves in chatty essays entitled _The Creative Aspect of a Store_.

[73] _Demon_ is the Greek name for the same being, its present infernal associations having been merely imported by the hostility and superstition of early Christianity. Socrates, for instance, attributed all his wisdom to his ‘daimonion’, and _genius_ must undoubtedly have been affected by this word through the assiduous translation of Greek philosophy into Latin which began in the Augustan period.

[74] A Greek monetary unit.

[75] To the beginning of this period in Germany we owe the word _aesthetic_, which we take from the German philosopher Baumgarten’s use of ‘aesthetik’ to describe a “criticism of taste” considered as part of a complete philosophy. Needless to say, the word chosen (Greek ‘aisthētos’, ‘perceived by the senses’) bears a relation to the nature of Baumgarten’s theory.

[76] See p. 118.

[77] Longinus, _On the Sublime_, a treatise which exerted a remarkable influence on English criticism from the time of Dryden onwards.

[78] Coleridge: _Biographia Literaria_.

[79] I.e. man’s; the allusion is, of course, to plastic and visual art.

TRANSCRIBER’S NOTE

Footnote [15] is referenced twice from page 47.
Footnote [48] is referenced twice from page 151.
Footnote [59] is referenced twice from page 174.
Footnote [66] is referenced twice from page 183.

Obvious typographical errors and punctuation errors have been
corrected after careful comparison with other occurrences within
the text and consultation of external sources.

Except for those changes noted below, all misspellings in the text,
and inconsistent or archaic usage, have been retained.

Pg 35: ‘wellnigh spent’ replaced by ‘well-nigh spent’.
Pg 129: ‘are meridans of’ replaced by ‘are meridians of’.
Pg 178: ‘wellnigh bankrupt’ replaced by ‘well-nigh bankrupt’.
Pg 217 Index: ‘mezzotint’ replaced by ‘mezzotinto’.
Pg 219 Index: ‘radiance’ replaced by ‘Radiance’ (first in group ‘R’).
Footnote [58]: ‘contantly used’ replaced by ‘constantly used’.