Chapter VII: The Eastern Realists (2)

BEDOTT, WIDOW. See WHITCHER, FRANCES.

BEECHER, HENRY WARD (1813-1887), b. Litchfield, Conn. Congregational clergyman, widely popular as a preacher and lecturer. Delivered noted anti-slavery lectures in England. Some of his published works are _Eyes and Ears_, _Life Thoughts_, _Star Papers_, _Yale Lectures on Preaching_.

"BILLINGS, JOSH." See SHAW, HENRY WHEELER.

BOKER, GEO. H. (1823-1890), b. Philadelphia, Pa. Dramatist, poet, diplomat. _Francesca da Rimini_, _Dirge for a Soldier_.

"BREITMANN, HANS." See LELAND, CHARLES GODFREY.

BROOKS, PHILLIPS (1835-1893), b. Boston, Mass. Bishop of the Episcopal Diocese of Massachusetts. One of the foremost preachers of his day. Wrote many works on religious subjects, also _Essays and Addresses_, _Letters of Travel._

BROWN, ALICE (1857- ), b. Hampton Falls, N. H. Novelist, _The Story of Thyrza, John Winterburn's Family, Country Neighbors, Tiverton Tales, The Mannerings._

BROWNE, CHARLES F. ("Artemus Ward") (1834-1867), b. Waterford, Maine. Newspaper writer and lecturer. Famous humorist of the middle of the nineteenth century. _Artemus Ward: His Book_, _Artemus Ward: His Travels_, _Artemus Ward in London._

BROWNSON, ORESTES A. (1803-1876), b. Stockbridge, Vt. Clergyman, journalist, Christian socialist. Brownson's _Quarterly Review_ (1844-1875), _New Views of Christianity, Society, and the Church._

BUNNER, HENRY CUYLER (1855-1896), b. Oswego, N. Y. Editor of _Puck_ for many years. A clever and successful short-story writer. _Short Sixes_, _Love in Old Cloathes_, _Zadoc Pine and Other Stories._

BURROUGHS, JOHN (1837- ), b. Roxbury, N. Y. An exact observer of life in the woods and one of the most conservative and entertaining writers on nature. He tells only what he sees and does not draw on his fancy to endow animals with man's power to reason. Some of his nature books are: _Wake-Robin, Signs and Seasons, Pepacton, Riverby, Locusts and Wild Honey, Squirrels and Other Fur-Bearers. Indoor Studies_ and _Whitman, A Study_, show keen critical powers and genuine literary appreciation. Burroughs reminds the reader of Thoreau in closeness of observation and honesty of expression, but Burroughs is less of a philosopher and poet and more of a scientist.

CARY, ALICE (1820-1871) and her sister Phoebe Gary (1824-1871), b. Miami Valley, near Cincinnati, Ohio. Moved to New York, N. Y. Poets. _Poems_ by Alice and Phoebe Cary.

CHAMBERS, ROBERT W. (1865- ), b. Brooklyn, N. Y. Author of exciting romances. _The Red Republic_, _A King and a Few Dukes_, _The Conspirators._

CHARMING, WILLIAM ELLERY (1780-1842), b. Newport, R. I. Great Unitarian preacher and reformer. _Spiritual Freedom_, _Evidences of Christianity and of Revealed Religion_, _Self-Culture_, _Slavery._

CHILD, LYDIA MARIA (1802-1880), b. Medford, Mass. Novelist, editor. Hobomok, a story of life in colonial Salem; _The Rebels,_ a tale of the Revolution, introduces James Otis, Governor Hutchinson, and the Boston Massacre; _Appeal for that Class of Americans called Africans._

CHURCHILL, WINSTON (1871- ), b. St. Louis, Mo. Home in Cornish, N. H. Novelist. _Richard Carvel, The Crisis,_ and _The Crossing_ are interesting novels of American historical events. _Mr. Crewe's Career._

CLARKE, JAMES FREEMAN (1810-1888), b. Hanover, N. H. Noted Unitarian clergyman. _Orthodoxy: Its Truths and Errors_, _Ten Great Religions_, _Self-Culture._

CONE, HELEN GRAY (1859- ), b. New York, N. Y. Poet. _Oberon and Puck_, _The Ride to the Lady_, _Verses Grave and Gay._

COOKE, ROSE TERRY (1827-1892), b. West Hartford, Conn. Poet and short-story writer. _The Two Villages_ is her best-known poem, and _The Deacon's Week_ one of her best stories.

CRAIGIE, PEARL MARY TERESA ("John Oliver Hobbes") (1867-1906), b. Boston, Mass. Novelist. _School for Saints_, _The Herb Moon_, _The Flute of Pan_, _The Tales of John Oliver Hobbes._

CRANCH, CHRISTOPHER PEARSE (1813-1892), b. Alexandria, Va. Educated in Massachusetts. Artist, transcendental poet, and contributor to _The Dial_. Best poems, _Gnosis, I in Thee._

CRANE, STEPHEN (1870-1900), b. Newark, N. J. Novelist. _The Red Badge of Courage_ is a remarkable romance of the American Civil War.

CRAWFORD, FRANCIS MARION (1854-1909), b. Bagni di Lucca, Italy. Voluminous writer of novels and romances. Some are historical, and the scenes of the best of them are laid in Italy. He wrote his _Zoroaster_ and _Marzio's Crucifix_ in both English and French, and received a reward of one thousand francs from the French Academy. _Saracinesca_, _Sant' Ilario_, and _Don Orsino_, a trio of novels about one Roman family, and _Katherine Lauderdale_ and its sequel, _The Ralstons_, are among his best works.

CURTIS, GEORGE WILLIAM (1824-1892), b. Providence, R. I. Literary and political essayist, civil service reformer, and critic. Was a resident in his youth at Brook Farm. Spent four years of his early life in foreign travel. _Nile Notes of a Howadji_ and _The Howadji in Syria_ are poetic descriptions of his trip. His masterpiece is _Prue and I_, a prose idyl of simple, contented, humble life. The largest part of his work was done as editor. He was editor of _Putnam's Magazine_ at the time of its failure in 1857, and undertook to pay up every creditor, a task which consumed sixteen years. He wrote the _Easy Chair_ papers in _Harper's Monthly_. A volume of these essays contains some of his easiest, most urbane, and humorous writings. They are light and in the vein of Addison's _Spectator_. In _Orations and Addresses_ are to be found some of his strongest and most polished speeches on moral, historical, and political subjects.

DANA, RICHARD HENRY, SR. (1787-1879), b. Cambridge, Mass. Author, diplomat, judge. Co-editor _North American Review_ when it published Bryant's _Thanatopsis_. Champion of the romantic school of Wordsworth and Coleridge. Dana's best known poem, _The Buccaneer_, shows the influence of this school.

DANA, RICHARD HENRY, JR. (1815-1882), b. Cambridge, Mass. Lawyer, statesman, author. His _Two Years before the Mast_ keeps, its place among the best books written for boys during the nineteenth century. The British admiralty officially adopted this book for circulation in the navy.

DAVIS, RICHARD HARDING (1864-1916), b. Philadelphia, Pa. Journalist, playwright, novelist. Best works are short stones of New York life, such as _Van Bibber and Others_, _Gallegher and Other Stories_. _The Bar Sinister_, which holds boys spellbound, is an excellent story of a dog.

DELAND, MARGARETTA WADE (1857- ), b. Allegheny, Pa. Voluminous writer of stories. _Old Chester Tales_, _Dr. Lavendar's People_, _John Ward_, _Preacher._

DICKINSON, EMILY (1830-1886), b. Amherst, Mass. Author of unique short lyrics. _Poems_.

DICKINSON, JOHN (1732-1808), b. Crosia, Md. Statesman. _The Farmer's Letters to the Inhabitants of the British Colonies_.

DODGE, MARY MAPES (1838-1905), b. New York, N. Y. Editor of _Saint Nicholas Magazine_. Among her juvenile books may be mentioned _Hans Brinker_, _Donald and Dorothy_, _The Land of Pluck_.

DORR, JULIA C. R. (1825- ), b. Charleston, S. C. Moved to Vermont. Poet, novelist. _Poems_, _In Kings' Houses_, _Farmingdale_.

DWIGHT, JOHN S. (1813-1893), b. Boston, Mass. Musician, transcendentalist. Best poem, _Rest_, appeared in first number of _The Dial_.

EGAN, MAURICE FRANCIS (1852- ), b. Philadelphia, Pa. Diplomat, poet, essayist, novelist. _Preludes_, _Songs and Sonnets_, _Lectures on English Literature_, _The Ghost of Hamlet_.

EVERETT, EDWARD (1794-1865), b. Dorchester, Mass. Orator, statesman. _Orations and Speeches_.

FIELDS, JAMES T. (1817-1881), b. Portsmouth, N. H. Editor _Atlantic Monthly_ and publisher. _Yesterdays with Authors_.

FISKE, JOHN (1842-1901), b. Hartford, Conn. Scientist and historian. His histories are both philosophical and interesting. _The Critical Period of American History_, _The Beginnings of New England_, _The American Revolution_, _The Discovery of America_.

FORD, PAUL LEICESTER (1865-1902), b. Brooklyn, N. Y. Novelist, historian. _The Honorable Peter Stirling_, _Janice Meredith_.

FOSTER, STEPHEN COLLINS (1826-1864), b. Pittsburgh, Pa. Writer of some of the most widely known songs of the nineteenth century. _Old Folks at Home_ ("Down on the Suwanee River"), _My Old Kentucky Home_, _Nellie was a Lady_.

FREDERIC, HAROLD (1856-1898), b. Utica, N.Y. Novelist, journalist. _The Damnation of Theron Ware_, _Gloria Mundi_.

GILDER, RICHARD WATSON (1844-1909), b. Bordentown, N. J. Editor and poet. Editor of _Century Magazine_ until his death. Poems: _The New Day_, _Five Books of Song_, _For the Country_.

GOODWIN, MAUD WILDER (1856- ), b. Ballston Spa, N. Y. Writer of romances, chiefly historical. _The Colonial Cavalier_, _or Southern Life before the Revolution_, _Four Roads to Paradise_.

GRANT, ROBERT (1852- ), b. Boston, Mass. Novelist, essayist, jurist. _Confessions of a Frivolous Girl_, _An Average Man_, _The Art of Living_.

GREELEY, HORACE (1811-1872), b. Amherst, N. H. Founder and editor of The Tribune, New York, N. Y. Exerted strong influence on the thought of his time. _Recollections of a Busy Life_.

GREEN, ANNA KATHARINE (Mrs. Charles Rohlfs) (1846- ), b. Brooklyn, N. Y. Voluminous writer of interesting detective stories, of which _The Leavenworth Case_ is the most noted.

GUINEY, LOUISE IMOGEN (1861- ), b. Boston, Mass. Poet, essayist. _The White Sail and Other Poems_, _A Roadside Harp_, _The Martyr's Idyl and Shorter Poems_.

HALE, EDWARD EVERETT (1822-1909), b. Boston, Mass. Unitarian divine, author, philanthropist. Best known story, _The Man without a Country_. Wrote many miscellaneous essays.

HARDY, ARTHUR S. (1847- ), b. Andover, Mass. Educator, novelist, diplomat. _But Yet a Woman_, _Wind of Destiny_, _Passe Rose_.

HARLAND, HENRY ("Sidney Luska") (1861-1905), b. Petrograd, Russia. Novelist. _The Cardinal's Snuff-Box_, _My Friend Prospero_, _The Lady Paramount_.

HAWTHORNE, JULIAN (1846- ), b. Boston, Mass., son of Nathaniel Hawthorne. Novelist, essayist. Deserves to be called his father's Boswell for the excellent and sympathetic two volumes, entitled _Nathaniel Hawthorne and his Wife_.

HEDGE, FREDERICK H. (1805-1890), b. Cambridge, Mass. Clergyman, transcendentalist. Best poem, _Questionings_, appeared in _The Dial_.

HIGGINSON, THOMAS WENTWORTH (1823- ), b. Cambridge, Mass. Unitarian minister, prominent anti-slavery agitator, author. _Life of Margaret Fuller Ossoli_, _Cheerful Yesterdays_, _Contemporaries_, _Old Cambridge_.

"HOBBES, JOHN OLIVER," See CRAIGIE, PEARL MARY TERESA.

HOLLAND, J. G. (1819-1881), b. Belchertown, Mass. Editor of the first series of _Scribner's Monthly_, wrote several poems, of which _Bitter-Sweet_ was the most popular, and several novels, the best of which is _Arthur Bonnicastle_.

HOLLEY, MARIETTA (1850- ), b. Ellisburg, N. Y. Humorist, Author of _Josiah Allen's Wife_, _My Opinions and Betsey Bobbet's_, _Sweet Cicely_, _Samantha at Saratoga_, and _Poems_.

HOWARD, BLANCHE WILLIS (1847-1898), b. Bangor, Maine. Novelist. _Guenn_ is an unusually strong novel. _One Summer_, _Aunt Serena_, and _The Open Door_ are wholesome, pleasing stories.

HOWE, JULIA WARD (1819-1910), b. New York, N. Y. Philanthropist, author of the famous _Battle Hymn of the Republic_.

HUTCHINSON, THOMAS (1711-1780), b. Boston, Mass. America's greatest historical writer before the nineteenth century. His great work is _The History of the Province of Massachusetts Bay_.

IRELAND, JOHN (1838- ), b. Ireland. Roman Catholic archbishop. _The Church and Modern Society_.

JANVIER, THOMAS ALLIBONE (1849-1913), b. Philadelphia, Pa. Journalist and author. _Color Studies_, _Stories of Old New Spain_, _An Embassy to Provence_, _The Passing of Thomas_.

JEWETT, SARAH ORNE (1849-1909), b. South Berwick, Maine. Artistic novelist of old New England villages. _Deephaven_, _The Country of the Pointed Firs_, _The Tory Lover_. She shows a more genial side of New England life than Miss Wilkins gives.

KING, CHARLES (1844- ), b. Albany, N. Y. Soldier, novelist. _A War-Time Wooing_, _The Colonel's Daughter_, _The Deserter_, _The General's Double_.

KIRK, ELLEN OLNEY (1842- ), b. Southington, Conn. Novelist. _Through Winding Ways_, _A Midsummer Madness_, _The Story of Margaret Kent_, _Marcia_.

LARCOM, LUCY (1826-1893), b. Beverly Farms, Mass. A factory hand in Lowell, encouraged by Whittier to write. _Poems; A New England Girlhood, Outlined from Memory_.

LATHROP, GEORGE P. (1851-1898), b. Oahu, Hawaii. Son-in-law of Nathaniel Hawthorne, editor, author. _A Study of Hawthorne_, _Spanish Vistas_, _Newport_.

LAZARUS, EMMA (1849-1887), b. New York, N. Y. Poet, translator, essayist. _Admetus_, _Songs of a Semite_, _Poems_.

LELAND, CHARLES GODFREY ("Hans Breitmann") (1824-1903), b. Philadelphia, Pa. Humorist. _Hans Breitmann's Ballads_, written in what is known as Pennsylvania Dutch dialect.

LOCKE, DAVID ROSS ("Petroleum V. Nasby") (1833-1888), b. Vestal, N. Y. Political satirist. _Nasby Letters_.

LODGE, HENRY CABOT (1850- ), b. Boston, Mass. Statesman, historian, essayist. _A Short History of the English Colonies in America, Alexander Hamilton, Daniel Webster, Studies in History, Hero Tales from American History_ (with Theodore Roosevelt).

"LUSKA, SIDNEY." See HARLAND, HENRY.

MABIE, HAMILTON W. (1846-1916), b. Cold Spring, N. Y. Editor, essayist. _My Study Fire, William Shakespeare: Poet, Dramatist, and Man, Essays on Books and Culture_.

MACKAYE, PERCY WALLACE (1875- ), b. New York, N. Y. Dramatist. _Jeanne d'Arc_, _Sappho and Phaon_, _The Canterbury Pilgrims_, _Ticonderoga and Other Poems_.

MCMASTER, JOHN BACH (1852- ), b. Brooklyn, N. Y. Historian and professor of American history. _A History of the People of the United States from the Revolution to the Civil War_. 7 vols. An entertaining history, sometimes suggestive of Macaulay.

MARKS, MRS. LIONEL. See PEABODY, JOSEPHINE PRESTON.

"MARVEL, IK." See MITCHELL, DONALD G.

MELVILLE, HERMAN (1819-1891), b. New York, N. Y. Novelist. _Typee Omoo_, _Mardi_, _White Jacket or the World in a Man of War_, _Moby Dick or the White Whale_ contain interesting accounts of his wide travels.

MITCHELL, DONALD GRANT ("Ik Marvel") (1822-1908), b. Norwich, Conn. Essayist. _Reveries of a Bachelor_, _Dream Life_.

MITCHELL, S. WEIR (1829- ), b. Philadelphia, Pa. Physician, novelist, and poet. _Hugh Wynne, Free Quaker_; _The Adventures of Francois_; _Dr. North and his Friends_; and _Constance Trescot_.

MOORE, CLEMENT CLARKE (1779-1863), b. New York, N. Y. Oriental scholar and poet. Known to children to-day for his poem, _'Twas the Night before Christmas_.

MOULTON, ELLEN LOUISE CHANDLER (1835-1908), b. Pomfret, Conn. Story writer, poet, correspondent. _Some Women's Hearts_, _Swallow Flights and Other Poems_, _In Childhood's Country_.

"NASBY, PETROLEUM V." See LOCKE, DAVID ROSS.

ODELL, JONATHAN (1737-1818), b. Newark, N.J. Clergyman, greatest anti-Revolution poetic satirist. Shows influence of Dryden and Pope. _The American Congress_, _The American Times_.

O'REILLY, JOHN BOYLE (1844-1890), b. Ireland. Journalist, poet. _Songs, Legends and Ballads_; _Moondyne_; _Songs from the Southern Seas_.

"PARTINGTON, MRS." See SHILLABER, BENJAMIN P.

PAULDING, JAMES KIRKE (1779-1860), b. Pleasant Valley, N.Y. Satirical humorist and descriptive writer. _The Dutchman's Fireside._ Assisted Irving in the _Salmagundi_ papers.

PAYNE, JOHN HOWARD (1792-1852), b. New York, N.Y. Dramatist. Author of the song, _Home, Sweet Home_.

PEABODY, JOSEPHINE PRESTON (Mrs. Lionel Marks) (1874- ), b. New York, N.Y. Poet, dramatist. _The Singing Leaves_, _Fortune and Men's Eyes_, _Marlowe_, _The Piper_ (Stratford-on-Avon prize drama). Author of excellent poems for children.

PERRY, BLISS (1860- ), b. Williamstown, Mass. Educator, editor, author. _Walt Whitman_, _A Study of Prose Fiction_, _John Greenleaf Whittier_.

READ, THOMAS BUCHANAN (1822-1872), b. Chester Co., Pa. Poet and painter. _The New Pastoral_, _Sheridan's Ride_.

REPPLIER, AGNES (1857- ), b. Philadelphia, Pa. Witty essayist. _Books and Men_, _Points of View_, _Essays in Idleness_.

RIGGS, MRS. See WIGGIN, KATE DOUGLAS.

ROE, EDWARD PAYSON (1838-1888), b. New Windsor, N.Y. Clergyman, novelist. _Barriers Burned Away_, _Opening a Chestnut Burr_, _Nature's Serial Story_.

ROHLFS, MRS. CHARLES. See GREEN, ANNA KATHERINE.

ROOSEVELT, THEODORE (1858-1919), b. New York, N. Y. Ex-President of the United States. Lived for awhile on a western ranch and amassed material for some of his most popular works. _Ranch Life and the Hunting Trail_, _The Winning of the West_, _The Rough Riders_. He has written also on civil, economic, and ethical subjects with great vigor and incisive clearness. His _African Game Trails_ is the record of his trip to Africa.

SANGSTER, MARGARET (1838- ), b. New Rochelle, N. Y. Editor, writer of stories and poems. _Poems of the Household_, _Home Fairies and Heart Flowers_.

SAXE, JOHN GODFREY (1816-1887), b. Highgate, Vt. Journalist, writer of humorous verse. _Humorous and Satirical Poems_, _The Money King and Other Poems_.

SCHOULER, JAMES (1839- ), b. Arlington, Mass. Lawyer, historian. _A History of the United States under the Constitution_. 6 vols.

SCOLLARD, CLINTON (1860- ), b. Clinton, N. Y. Educator, poet. _With Reed and Lyre_, _The Hills of Song_, _Voices and Visions_.

SEDGWICK, CATHERINE M. (1789-1867), b. Stockbridge, Mass. Novelist. Her best stories are those of simple New England country life. _Redwood_, _Clarence_, _A New England Tale_.

SHAW, HENRY WHEELER (Josh Billings) (1818-1885), b. Lanesborough, Mass. Humorist. _Farmers' Allminax_, _Every Boddy's Friend_, _Josh Billings' Spice Box_.

SHEA, JOHN DAWSON GILMARY (1824-1892), b. New York, N. Y. Editor, historian. _Discovery and Exploration of the Mississippi Valley_, _History of the Catholic Missions among the Indian Tribes of the United States_, _History of the Catholic Church in the United States_, and many other historical and religious studies.

SHERMAN, FRANK DEMPSTER (1860-1916), b. Peekskill, N.Y. Professor of architecture, poet. _Madrigals and Catches_, _Lyrics for a Lute_, _Lyrics of Joy_.

SHILLABER, BENJAMIN P. ("Mrs. Partington") (1814-1890), b. Portsmouth, N. H. Humorist of Mrs. Malaprop's style, mistaking words of similar sounds but dissimilar sense. _Life and Sayings of Mrs. Partington_, _Partingtonian Patchwork_, _Ike and his Friend_.

SMITH, SAMUEL F. (1808-1895), b. Boston, Mass. Clergyman. Author of our national poem, _America_. Of him, Holmes wrote, "Fate tried to conceal him by naming him Smith."

SPARKS, JARED (1789-1866), b. Willington, Conn. Unitarian minister and historian. _Diplomatic Correspondence of the American Revolution_, _The Writings of George Washington_, _The Works of Benjamin Franklin_.

SPOFFORD, HARRIET PRESCOTT (1835- ), b. Calais, Maine. Novelist, poet. _The Amber Gods and Other Stories_, _New England Legends_, _Poems_.

STEDMAN, EDMUND CLARENCE (1833-1908), b. Hartford, Conn. Poet, critic. One of America's fairest critics. Did valuable work in compiling and criticizing modern English and American literature. _A Victorian Anthology_, _An American Anthology_, _Victorian Poets_, _Poets of America_. Co-editor of _Library of American Literature_ in eleven large octavo volumes.

STOCKTON, FRANK R. (1834-1902), b. Philadelphia, Pa. Novelist and humorist. His novels have a farcical humor, due to ridiculous situations and absurdities, treated in a mock-serious vein. _The Lady or the Tiger?_ _The Late Mrs. Null_, _The Casting away of Mrs. Leeks and Mrs. Aleshine_, _The Hundredth Man_.

STODDARD, CHARLES WARREN (1843-1909), b. Rochester, N.Y. Author, educator, traveler. _South Sea Idyls_, _Lepers of Molokai_, _Poems_.

STODDARD, RICHARD HENRY (1825-1903), b. Hingham, Mass. Journalist, editor, poet. _Songs of Summer_, _Abraham Lincoln: a Horatian Ode_, _The Lion's Cub_.

STORY, WILLIAM WETMORE (1819-1895), b. Salem, Mass. Sculptor, author. _Roba di Roma_, or _Walks and Talks about Rome_, _Poems_, _Conversations in a Studio_, _Excursions in Art and Letters_.

SUMNER, CHAS. (1811-1874), b. Boston, Mass. Noted anti-slavery statesman. His published speeches and orations fill fifteen volumes.

TAYLOR, BAYARD (1825-1878), b. Kennett Square, Chester Co., Pa. Extensive traveler, wrote twelve different volumes of travels, the first being _Views Afoot, or Europe Seen with Knapsack and Staff_ (1846). He wrote also much poetry. Among the best of his shorter poems are _The Bedouin Song_, _Nubia_, and _The Song of the Camp. Lars: a Pastoral of Norway_ is his best long poem. The work by which he will probably remain longest known in literature is his excellent translation of Goethe's _Faust_.

THAXTER, CELIA LAIGHTON (1836-1894), b. Portsmouth, N.H. Spent most of life upon Isles of Shoals. Artist, author. _Poems_ (Appledore Edition, 1896). Best single poem, _The Sandpiper_.

THOMAS, EDITH MATILDA (1854- ), b. Chatham, Ohio. Poet. _A New Year's Masque, A Winter Swallow, and Other Verse, Fair Shadow Land, Lyrics and Sonnets_.

TICKNOR, GEORGE (1791-1871), b. Boston, Mass. _A History of Spanish Literature_.

TORREY, BRADFORD (1843-1912), b. Weymouth, Mass. Nature writer. _Birds in the Bush_, _The Footpath Way_, _Footing it in Franconia_. Editor of Thoreau's _Journal_.

TOURGEE, ALBION W. (1838-1905), b. Williamsfield, Ohio. Educated in New York. Soldier, judge, novelist of the reconstruction period. _A Fool's Errand_, _Bricks without Straw_.

TROWBRIDGE, JOHN TOWNSEND (1827-1916), b. Ogden, N.Y. Editor, novelist, poet, juvenile writer. _My Own Story_ (biography) Among his stories for young people are _The Drummer Boy_, _The Prize Cup_, _The Tide-Mill Stories._ Best known poem, _The Vagabonds_.

VAN DYKE, HENRY (1852- ), b. Germantown, Pa. Clergyman, professor, essayist, poet. _The Builders and Other Poems_, _Fisherman's Luck and Some Other Uncertain Things_, _The Story of the Other Wise Man_. An interesting, optimistic philosopher, and lover of nature, whose works deserve the widest reading.

WARD, ARTEMUS. See BROWNE, CHARLES F.

WARD, ELIZABETH STUART PHELPS (1844-1911), b. Boston, Mass. Novelist. _The Gates Ajar_, _The Story of Avis_, _A Singular Life_.

WARNER, CHARLES DUDLEY (1829-1900), b. Plainfield, Mass. Traveler, journalist, essayist. Wrote the _Editor's Drawer_ and _Editor's Study of Harper's Magazine. My Summer in a Garden_ and _Backlog Studies_ are delightful for their subtle humor and style. He wrote many entertaining books of travel, such as _Saunerings_, _In the Levant_, _My Winter on the Nile_, _Baddeck and that Sort of Thing._ He wrote _The Gilded Age_ in collaboration with Mark Twain.

WEBSTER, NOAH (1758-1843), b. Hartford, Conn. Philologist. Published in 1783 his famous _Speller_, which superseded _The New England Primer_, and which almost deserves to be called "literature by reason of its admirable fables." More than sixty million copies of this _Speller_ have been sold.

WESTCOTT, EDWARD NOYES (1847-1898), b. Syracuse, N. Y. Banker, author of one remarkable novel which was published posthumously, _David Harum_, a story of central New York.

WHARTON, EDITH (1862- ), b. New York, N. Y. Essayist, novelist. Her fiction deals largely with modern society problems. She treats subtle psychological questions with especial skill in the short story. _The Valley of Decision_, _Crucial Instances_, _The House of Mirth_, _The Fruit of the Tree_, _Italian Backgrounds._

WHIPPLE, EDWIN PERCY (1819-1886), b. Gloucester, Mass. Critic, essayist. _Essays and Reviews_, _American Literature and Other Papers_, _Recollections of Eminent Men._

WHITCHER, FRANCES ("Widow Bedott") (1811-1852), b. Whitestown, N. Y. Humorist. _The Widow Bedott Papers._

WHITNEY, ADELINE BUTTON TRAIN (1824-1906), b. Boston, Mass. Poet, novelist, and writer of juvenile stories. _Faith Gartney's Girlhood, We Girls, Boys at Chequasset, Summer in Leslie Goldthwaite's Life, Poems._

WIGGIN, KATE DOUGLAS (Mrs. Riggs) (1857- ), b. Philadelphia, Pa. Novelist and writer on kindergarten subjects. Author of _The Bird's Christmas Carol, Timothy's Quest, Rebecca of Sunnybrook Farm, Penelope's Progress, A Cathedral Courtship._ Pathos, humor, and sympathy for the poor, the weak, and the helpless are characteristic qualities of her work. There are few better children's stories than the first two mentioned.

WILLIAMS, ROGER (1604?-1683), b. probably in London. Founder of Rhode Island. The first great preacher of "soul liberty" in America. _The Bloody Tenent of Persecution for Cause of Conscience Discussed_, _The Bloody Tenent yet More Bloody_.

WILLIS, N.P. (1806-1867), b. Portland, Maine. Traveler, prose writer, poet, editor. While his work has proved ephemeral, he taught many writers of his day the necessity of artistic finish in their prose. His prose _Letters from under a Bridge_, and his poems, _Parrhasius_ and _Unseen Spirits_, may be mentioned.

WINSOR, JUSTIN (1831-1897), b. Boston, Mass. Librarian at Harvard, historian, editor of _Narrative and Critical History of America_. Author of _The Mississippi Basin: the Struggle in America between England and France, 1697-1763_; _The Westward Movement, 1763-1798_; _Reader's Handbook of the American Revolution_, _Christopher Columbus_.

WINTER, WILLIAM (1836- ), b. Gloucester, Mass. Dramatic editor of the New York _Tribune_ from 1865 to 1909. Edited numbers of plays. Author of _Shakespeare's England_, _Gray Days and Gold_, _Life and Art of Edwin Booth_, _Wanderers_ (poems).

WINTHROP, THEODORE (1828-1861), b. New Haven, Conn. Novelist. His best story, _John Brent_, contains some of his western experiences.

WISTER, OWEN (1860- ), b. Philadelphia, Pa. Lawyer and novelist. Gives realistic pictures of the middle West. _New Swiss Family Robinson, The Dragon of Wantley, Red Men and White, Lin McLean, Lady Baltimore_, and _The Virginian_.

WOODBERRY, GEO. E. (1855- ), b. Beverly, Mass. Educator, author of excellent biographies of Poe, Hawthorne, and Emerson. _America in Literature_, _Poems_.

WOOLSON, CONSTANCE FENIMORE (1848-1894), b. Claremont, N. H. Novelist. Best novel, _Horace Chase_. Some of her other novels are _Castle Nowhere, Anne, East Angels, Jupiter Lights, The Old Stone House_.

SOUTHERN AUTHORS

ALSOP, GEORGE (1638-?), b. England. Published in 1666 an entertaining volume, _A Character of the Province of Maryland_.

AUDUBON, JOHN J. (1780-1851), b. near New Orleans, La. Noted ornithologist and painter of birds. Published _Birds of America_ at one thousand dollars a copy and _Ornithological Biography_ in 5 vols.

AZARIAS, BROTHER. See MULLANY, P. F.

BURNETT, FRANCES HODGSON (1849- ), b. Manchester, Eng. Anglo-American novelist. _Little Lord Fauntleroy_, _That Lass o' Lowrie's_, _Haworth's_, _A Fair Barbarian_, _A Lady of Quality_.

CALHOUN, JOHN C. (1782-1850), b. Abbeville District, S.C. Statesman, orator. Best work, _Disquisition on Government and Discourse on the Constitution and Government of the United States_. Best speech, _Nullification and the Force Bill_ (1833).

CLAY, HENRY (1777-1852), b. near Richmond, Va. Orator, statesman. Best speeches: _On the War of 1812_ (1813), _The Seminole War_ (1819), _The American System_ (1832).

COOKE, JOHN ESTEN (1830-1886), b. Winchester, Va. Colonial and military story writer. Best romance, _The Virginia Comedians_.

DIXON, THOMAS (1864- ), b. Shelby, N. C. Clergyman, novelist. _The Leopard's Spots_, _The One Woman_, _The Clansman_.

EVANS, AUGUSTA. See WILSON, AUGUSTA EVANS.

FOX, JOHN JR. (1863- ), b. in Bourbon Co., Kentucky. Novelist of life in the Kentucky mountains. _The Kentuckians_, _A Mountain Europa_, _A Cumberland Vendetta_, _The Little Shepherd of Kingdom Come_, _The Trail of the Lonesome Pine_.

GAYARRE, CHARLES E. A. (1805-1895), b. New Orleans, La. Jurist, historian. _History of Louisiana_.

GIBBONS, JAMES (1834- ), b. Baltimore, Md. Roman Catholic cardinal. _The Faith of Our Fathers_, _The Ambassador of Christ_.

GLASGOW, ELLEN ANDERSON GHOLSON (1874- ), b. Richmond, Va. Novelist. _The Descendant_, _The Voice of the People_, _The Deliverance_.

GRADY, HENRY W. (1851-1889), b. Athens, Ga. Editor, orator. Best oration, _The New South_.

HEARN, LAFCADIO (1850-1904), b. in Ionian Islands of Irish and Greek parentage. Journalist, author. Lived many years in New Orleans, went thence to New York, and still later to Japan. Author of _Stray Leaves from Strange Literature_, _Two Years in the French West Indies_, _Glimpses of Unfamiliar Japan_, _Out of the East_. Shows marked descriptive ability.

HEGAN, ALICE. See RICE, ALICE HEGAN.

"HENRY, O." See PORTER, SIDNEY.

JOHNSTON, MARY (1870- ), b. Buchanan, Va. Writer of vigorous, well-handled romances of Virginia history. _Prisoners of Hope_, _To Have and to Hold_, _Audrey_, _Lewis Rand_.

JOHNSTON, RICHARD MALCOLM (1822-1898), b. Hancock Co., Ga. Lawyer, professor of English. Writer of Georgia stories. _Dukesborough Tales_.

KENNEDY, J. P. (1795-1870), b. Baltimore, Md. Wrote three works of fiction, _Swallow Barn_, a picture of the manners and customs of Virginia at the end of the eighteenth century, _Horse-Shoe Robinson, a Tale of the Tory Ascendency_, _Rob of the Bowl_, a story of colonial Maryland.

KEY, FRANCIS SCOTT (1780-1843), b. Frederick Co., Md. _The Star-Spangled Banner_.

KING, GRACE E. (1852- ), b. New Orleans, La. Novels of Creole life and historical works on De Soto and New Orleans: _Monsieur Motte_, _Tales of Time and Place_, _Balcony Stones_.

LONGSTREET, AUGUSTUS B. (1790-1870), b. Augusta, Ga. Judge, and (later) a Methodist minister. His _Georgia Scenes_ is one of the liveliest pictures of provincial Georgia life.

MARSHALL, JOHN (1755-1835), b. Germantown, Va. Great Chief Justice of U. S. _The Life of George Washington_.

MARTIN, GEORGE MADDEN (1866- ), b. Louisville, Ky. Novelist. _Emmy Lou--Her Book and Heart_.

MATTHEWS, JAMES BRANDER (1852- ), b. New Orleans, La. Lecturer on literature at Columbia College. Critic and story writer. _French Dramatists of the Nineteenth Century_, _Margery's Lovers, A Secret of the Sea and Other Stories, The Story of a Story, The Historical Novel, Study of the Drama, The Short Story._

MULLANY, P. F. (Brother Azarias) (1847-1893), b. Ireland. Educator, essayist. _The Development of Old English Thought_, _Phases of Thought and Criticism._

O'HARA, THEODORE (1820-1867), b. Danville, Ky. Poet. _The Bivouac of the Dead._

PECK, SAMUEL MINTURN (1854- ), b. Tuscaloosa, Ala. Poet and novelist. _Caps and Bells_, _Rhymes and Roses._

PIKE, ALBERT (1809-1891), b. Boston, Mass. Moved to Arkansas. Teacher, editor, lawyer. Wrote the popular song, _Dixie_, and _To the Mocking Bird._

PINKNEY, EDWARD COATE (1802-1828), b. London, Eng. Poet. Best lyrics, _A Serenade_, _A Health_, _Songs_, _The Indian's Bride._

PORTER, SYDNEY ("O. Henry") (1867-1910), b. Greensboro, N. C. Edited newspapers in Texas. Successful short-story writer. _The Four Million, The Heart of the West, The Gentle Grafter, Roads of Destiny, Options, The Voice of the City._

PRENTICE, GEO. D. (1802-1870), b. Preston, Conn. Editor Louisville _Journal_, poet. _Poems._ Best poem, _The Closing Year._

PRESTON, MARGARET JUNKIN (1825-1897), b. Philadelphia, Pa. Moved to Lexington, Va. Representative woman poet of the Confederacy. _Cartoons, For Love's Sake, Colonial Ballads, Sonnets, and Other Verse._

RANDALL, JAMES RYDER (1839-1908), b. Baltimore, Md. Teacher, poet. _Maryland, My Maryland_ (song).

REID, CHRISTIAN. See TIERNAN, FRANCES F.

RICE (Alice Hegan) (1870- ), b. Shelbyville, Ky. A widely popular story writer of humble folk, a humorist of rare power, a cheery, breezy philosopher, and a sympathetic interpreter of the simple heart of the brave poor. _Mrs. Wiggs of the Cabbage Patch, Lovey Mary, Captain June, Sandy, Mr. Opp._

RICE, CALE YOUNG (1872- ), b. Dixon, Ky. Author of exquisite lyrics. One of the greatest of the younger poetic dramatists whose plays have acting qualities. Poems: _From Dusk to Dusk, _With Omar_, _Song-Surf_, _Nirvana Days_. Plays: _Charles di Tocca_, _David_, _Yolanda of Cyprus_, _A Night in Avignon_.

RIVES, AMELIE (PRINCESS TROUBETSKOY) (1863- ), b. Richmond, Va. Novelist. _The Quick or the Dead_, _Virginia of Virginia_.

RUSSELL, IRWIN (1853-1879), b. Port Gibson, Miss. Caricaturist, musician, poet. He was among the first to see the possibilities of the negro dialect in verse. _Poems_.

SEAWELL, MOLLY ELLIOT (1860-1916), b. Gloucester Co., Va. Novelist. _Little Jarvis_ (awarded a $500 prize), _Sprightly Romance of Marsac_ (awarded a $3000 prize), _Throckmorton_.

SMITH, F. HOPKINSON (1838-1915), b. Baltimore, Md. Artist, author, engineer. _Colonel Carter of Cartersville_ is his most enduring work. The Colonel is a remarkable portrait. _A Gentleman Vagabond and Some Others_, _Caleb West: Master Diver_, _A Day at Laguerre's and Other Days_, _The Fortunes of Oliver Horn_.

STITH, WILLIAM (1689-1755), b. Virginia. Scholarly historian who was so painstaking and detailed in his accounts that he was almost neglected until the present time. _History of Virginia from the First Discovery to the Dissolution of the London Company_.

STUART, RUTH MCENERY (1856- ), b. in parish of Avoyelles, La. Specially liked for her humorous negro and plantation stories. _A Golden Wedding and Other Tales_, _Sonny_, _Holly and Pizen_.

THOMPSON, WILLIAM TAPPAN (1812-1882), b. Ravenna, Ohio. Georgia journalist and humorist. _Major Jones's Courtship_.

TIERNAN, FRANCES F. ("Christian Reid") (1846- ), b. Salisbury, N. C. Novelist. _Child of Mary_, _Heart of Steel_.

TROUBETSKOY, PRINCESS. See RIVES, AMELIE.

WEEMS, MASON LOCKE (1760-1825), b. Dumfries, Va. Clergyman, biographer. _Life of Washington_.

WILSON, AUGUSTA EVANS (1835-1909), b. Columbus, Ga. Prolific novelist. Best novel, _Saint Elmo_.

WILSON, WOODROW (1856- ), b. Staunton, Va. Educator, historian, statesman. _A History of the American People_.

WIRT, WILLIAM (1772-1834), b. Bladensburg, Md. Lawyer. _Life and Character of Patrick Henry_, _Letters of the British Spy_.

WESTERN AUTHORS

ATHERTON, GERTRUDE FRANKLIN (1859- ), b. San Francisco, Calif. Novelist. _The Doomswoman_, _The Aristocrats_, _The Conqueror._

BALDWIN, JAMES (1841- ), b. Westfield, Ind. Writer of excellent stories for children. _The Story of Siegfried, Old Greek Stories', Stories of the King, Discovery of the Old Northwest, The Book Lover._

BIERCE, AMBROSE (1842- ), b. Ohio. For many years a San Francisco journalist. _Can Such Things Be? In the Midst of Life_ (tales of soldiers and civilians).

BURDETTE, ROBERT JONES (1844-1914), b. Greensboro, Pa. Journalist on Burlington (Iowa) _Hawkeye_ and other papers, lecturer, humorist, clergyman. _The Rise and Fall of the Moustache_, _Hawkeyetems_, _Life of William Penn._

BURNHAM, CLARA LOUISE (1854- ) b. Newton, Mass. Moved to Chicago. Novelist. _Dr. Latimer_, _The Wise Woman._

CARLETON, WILL (1845-1912), b. Hudson, Mich. Poet, editor, lecturer. _Farm Ballads_, _Farm Legends_, _Farm Festivals_, _City Ballads_. _Over the Hills to the Poor House,_ best known single poem.

CATHERWOOD, MARY HARTWELL (1847-1902), b. Luray, Ohio. Writer of historical tales of Canada and the Northwest. _A Woman in Armour, The Lady of Fort St. John, The Romance of Dollard, The White Islander, a Story of Mackinac, Lazarre._

CHENEY, JOHN VANCE (1848- ), b. Groveland, N.Y. Moved to the West. Poet and critic. _Thistle-Drift, Wood-Blooms, Queen Helen and Other Poems._ Critical Works: _That Dome in Air_ and _The Golden Guess._

DUNBAR, PAUL LAURENCE (1872-1906), b. Dayton, Ohio. African descent. Journalist, poet. Wrote many fine lyrics. _Oak and Ivy_, _Lyrics of Lowly Life_, _Lyrics of the Hearthside._

DUNNE, FINLEY PETER (1867- ), b. Chicago, Ill. Humorist, journalist. _Mr. Dooley's Philosophy._

EGGLESTON, EDWARD (1837-1902), b. Vevay, Ind. Novelist of the early life of southern Indiana. _The Hoosier Schoolmaster_, _The Hoosier Schoolboy_, _Roxy_, _The Graysons._

FOOTE, MARY HALLOCK (1847- ), b. Milton, N. Y. Her novels give vivid representations of western life. _The Led Horse Claim_, _The Chosen Valley_, _Coeur d'Alene_.

FRENCH, ALICE ("Octave Thanet") (1850- ), b. Andover, Mass. Novelist. _Knitters in the Sun_, _Stories of a Western Town_, _A Book of True Lovers_, _The Man of the Hour_.

GARLAND, HAMLIN (1860- ), b. West Salem, Wis. Presents graphic pictures of the middle West in such stories as _Main-Traveled Roads_, _Prairie Folks_, _Rose of Dutcher's Coolly_, _Boy Life on the Prairie_.

HAY, JOHN (1838-1905), b. Salem, Ind. Private secretary to President Lincoln. Lawyer, journalist, diplomatist, and statesman. _Pike County Ballads_. Joint author with J. G. Nicolay of _Abraham Lincoln: A History_, 9 vols.

HERRICK, ROBERT (1868- ), b. Cambridge, Mass. Professor (University of Chicago), novelist. _The Web of Life_, _The Common Lot_, _The Master of the Inn_.

HOVEY, RICHARD (1864-1900), b. Normal, Ill. Poet, dramatist. _Songs from Vagabondia_, _The Marriage of Guenevere_, _Taliesin: A Masque_.

JACKSON, HELEN HUNT (1831-1885), b. Amherst, Mass. Novelist, poet. Her great western novel, _Ramona_, stands in the same relation to the Indian as _Uncle Tom's Cabin_ to the negro. Her _Century of Dishonor_ shows the wrongs done to the Indian race. _Poems_.

LONDON, JACK (1876-1916), b. San Francisco, Calif. Novelist of adventure. _The Call of the Wild_, _The Children of the Frost_, _The Sea Wolf_, _The Game_.

LUMMIS, CHARLES F. (1859- ), b. Lynn, Mass. Traveler, librarian, writer. _The Spanish Pioneers_, _The Man Who Married the Moon_, _The Enchanted Burn_.

MCCUTCHEON, GEO. BARR (1866- ), b. Tippecanoe Co., Ind. Novelist. _Castle Craneycrow_, _Brewster's Millions_, _Beverly of Graustark_.

MARKHAM, EDWIN (1852- ), b. Oregon City, Oregon. Poet. _The Man with the Hoe and Other Poems_.

MILLER, CINCINNATUS HEINE (Joaquin Miller) (1841-1913), b. Wabash District, Ind. Lived in the far West, about which he writes in his poetry. _Songs of the Sierras_, _Songs of the Sunlands_, _Songs of the Desert_.

MOODY, WILLIAM VAUGHAN (1869-1910), b. Spencer, Ind. Poet, dramatist. _The Masque of Judgment_, _The Fire Bringer_, _The Great Divide_ (play).

NICHOLSON, MEREDITH (1866- ), b. Crawforusville, Ind. Novelist. _The House of a Thousand Candles_, _The Port of Missing Men_, _The Hoosiers_ (in _National Studies in American Letters_).

NORRIS, FRANK (1870-1902), b. Chicago, Ill. Realistic novel writer. _McTeague_, _The Octopus_, _The Pit_.

PHILLIPS, DAVID GRAHAM (1867-1911), b. Madison, Ind. Novelist. _The Social Secretary_, _The Second Generation_, _The Fashionable Adventures of Joshua Craig_.

PIATT, JOHN JAMES (1835- ), b. James Mills, Ind. Poet. _Western Windows_, _Idyls and Lyrics of the Ohio Valley_, _Poems of Two Friends_ (with W. D. Howells).

RHODES, JAMES FORD (1848- ), b. Cleveland, Ohio. Historian. _History of the United States from the Compromise of 1850_, 7 vols. The seventh volume ends with 1877.

SETON, ERNEST THOMPSON (1860- ), b. South Shields, Eng. Painter, naturalist. _Wild Animals I Have Known, Lives of the Hunted, Natural History of the Ten Commandments, The Trail of the Sandhill Stag, The Biography of a Grizzly_.

SILL, EDWARD ROWLAND (1841-1887), b. Windsor, Conn. Professor in University of California. Transcendental poet. Some fine verse may be found in his volumes, _Hermione and Other Poems_ and _The Hermitage and Later Poems_.

SPALDING, JOHN L. (1840- ), b. Lebanon, Ky. Roman Catholic archbishop. _Education and the Higher Life_, _Things of the Mind_, _Socialism and Labor_

TARKINGTON, NEWTON BOOTH (1869- ), b. Indianapolis, Ind. Novelist. _The Gentleman from Indiana, Monsieur Beaucaire, The Two Vanrevels, Cherry, The Conquest of Canaan._

"THANET, OCTAVE." See FRENCH, ALICE.

THOMPSON, MAURICE (1844-1901), b. Fairfield, Ind. Novelist, naturalist, poet. Best known works, _By-Ways and Bird Notes_, _My Winter Garden_, _Alice of Old Vincennes_.

WALLACE, LEW (1827-1905), b. Brookville, Ind. Lawyer, diplomat, author. _Ben Hur_, a tale of remarkable power; _The Fair God_, _The Prince of India_.

WHITE, STEWART EDWARD (1873- ) b. Grand Rapids, Mich. Writer of vigorous stories of western mountain life. _The Blazed Trail_, _The Silent Places_, _The Claim Jumpers_, _The Riverman_.

WILCOX, ELLA WHEELER (1855- ), b. Johnstown Center, Wis. Journalist and poet. _Poems of Passion_, _Poems of Pleasure_, _Poems of Power_, _Poems of Sentiment_.