Chapter V: The Position of Women (4)

The course of these observations has led me to transgress the limits assigned to this history. It has been, however, my object through this entire work to exhibit not only the nature but also the significance of the moral facts I have recorded, by showing how they have affected the subsequent changes of society. I will conclude this chapter, and this work, by observing that of all the departments of ethics the questions concerning the relations of the sexes and the proper position of women are those upon the future of which there rests the greatest uncertainty. History tells us that, as civilisation advances, the charity of men becomes at once warmer and more expansive, their habitual conduct both more gentle and more temperate, and their love of truth more sincere; but it also warns us that in periods of great intellectual enlightenment, and of great social refinement, the relations of the sexes have often been most anarchical. It is impossible to deny that the form which these relations at present assume has been very largely affected by special religious teaching, which, for good or for ill, is rapidly waning in the sphere of government, and also, that certain recent revolutions in economical opinion and industrial enterprise have a most profound bearing upon the subject. The belief that a rapid increase of population is always eminently beneficial, which was long accepted as an axiom by both statesmen and moralists, and was made the basis of a large part of the legislation of the first and of the decisions of the second, has now been replaced by the directly opposite doctrine, that the very highest interest of society is not to stimulate but to restrain multiplication, diminishing the number of marriages and of children. In consequence of this belief, and of the many factitious wants that accompany a luxurious civilisation, a very large and increasing proportion of women are left to make their way in life without any male protector, and the difficulties they have to encounter through physical weakness have been most unnaturally and most fearfully aggravated by laws and customs which, resting on the old assumption that every woman should be a wife, habitually deprive them of the pecuniary and educational advantages of men, exclude them absolutely from very many of the employments in which they might earn a subsistence, encumber their course in others by a heartless ridicule or by a steady disapprobation, and consign, in consequence, many thousands to the most extreme and agonising poverty, and perhaps a still larger number to the paths of vice. At the same time a momentous revolution, the effects of which can as yet be but imperfectly descried, has taken place in the chief spheres of female industry that remain. The progress of machinery has destroyed its domestic character. The distaff has fallen from the hand. The needle is being rapidly superseded, and the work which, from the days of Homer to the present century, was accomplished in the centre of the family, has been transferred to the crowded manufactory.(783)

The probable consequences of these things are among the most important questions that can occupy the moralist or the philanthropist, but they do not fall within the province of the historian. That the pursuits and education of women will be considerably altered, that these alterations will bring with them some modifications of the type of character, and that the prevailing moral notions concerning the relations of the sexes will be subjected in many quarters to a severe and hostile criticism, may safely be predicted. Many wild theories will doubtless be propounded. Some real ethical changes may perhaps be effected, but these, if I mistake not, can only be within definite and narrow limits. He who will seriously reflect upon our clear perceptions of the difference between purity and impurity, upon the laws that govern our affections, and upon the interests of the children who are born, may easily convince himself that in this, as in all other spheres, there are certain eternal moral landmarks which never can be removed.

INDEX.

Abortion, diversities of moral judgment respecting, i. 92.
History of the practice of, ii. 20, 24

Abraham the Hermit, St., ii. 110

Acacius, his ransom of Persian slaves, ii. 72

Adultery, laws concerning, ii. 313

Æschylus, his views of human nature, i. 196.
His violation of dramatic probabilities, 229

Affections, the, all forms of self-love, according to some Utilitarians,
i. 9.
Subjugation of the, to the reason, taught by the Stoics, &c., 177, 187.
Considered by the Stoics as a disease, 188.
Evil consequences of their suppression, 191

Africa, sacrifices of children to Saturn in, ii. 31.
Effect of the conquest of Genseric of, 82

Agapæ, or love feasts, of the Christians, how regarded by the pagans, i.
415; ii. 79.
Excesses of the, and their suppression, 150

Agnes, St., legend of, ii. 319

Agricultural pursuits, history of the decline of, in Italy, i. 266.
Efforts to relieve the agriculturists, 267

Albigenses, their slow suicides, ii. 49

Alexander the Great: effect of his career on Greek cosmopolitanism, i. 229

Alexandria, foundation of, i. 230.
Effect of the increasing importance of, on Roman thought, 319.
The Decian persecution at, 451.
Excesses of the Christian sects of, ii. 196, 197, _note_

Alexis, St., his legend, ii. 322

Alimentus, Cincius, his work written in Greek, i. 230

Almsgiving, effects of indiscriminate, ii. 90, 91

Amafanius, wrote the first Latin work on philosophy, i. 175, _note_.

Ambrose, St., his miraculous dream, i. 379.
His dissection of the pagan theory of the decline of the Roman empire,
409.
His ransom of Italians from the Goths, ii. 72.
His commendation of disobedience to parents, 132

American Indians, suicide of the, ii. 54

Ammon, St., his refusal to wash himself, ii. 110.
Deserts his wife, 322

Amour, William de St., his denunciation of the mendicant orders, ii. 96

Amphitheatres, history and remains of Roman, i. 273

Anaxagoras, on the death of his son, i. 191.
On his true country, 201

Anchorites. _See_ Ascetics; Monasticism

Angelo, Michael, in what he failed, ii. 363

Anglo-Saxon nations, their virtues and vices, i. 153

Animals, lower, Egyptian worship of, i. 166, _note_.
Humanity to animals probably first advocated by Plutarch, 244.
Animals employed in the arena at Rome, 280.
Instances of kindness to, 288, 307.
Legends of the connection of the saints and the animal world, ii. 161.
Pagan legends of the intelligence of animals, 161, 162.
Legislative protection of them, 162.
Views as to the souls of animals, 162.
Moral duty of kindness to animals taught by pagans, 166.
Legends in the lives of the saints in connection with animals, 168.
Progress in modern times of humanity to animals, 172

Antigonus of Socho, his doctrine of virtue, i. 183, _note_

Antioch, charities of, ii. 80.
Its extreme vice and asceticism, 153

Antisthenes, his scepticism, i. 162

Antoninus, the philosopher, his prediction, i. 427

Antoninus the Pious, his death, i. 207.
His leniency towards the Christians, 438, 439.
Forged letter of, 439, _note_.
His charity, ii. 77

Antony, St., his flight into the desert, ii. 103.
His mode of life, 110.
His dislike to knowledge, 115.
Legend of his visit to Paul the hermit, 157, 158

Aphrodite, the celestial and earthly, i. 106

Apollonius of Tyana, his conversation with an Egyptian priest respecting
the Greek and Egyptian modes of worshipping the deity, i. 166,
_note_.
Miracles attributed to him, 372.
His humanity to animals, ii. 165

Apollonius, the merchant, his dispensary for monks, ii. 81

Apuleius, his condemnation of suicide, i. 213.
His disquisition on the doctrine of dæmons, 323.
Practical form of his philosophy, 329.
Miracles attributed to him, 372.
His defence of tooth-powder, ii. 148

Archytas of Tarentum, his speech on the evils of sensuality, i. 200,
_note_

Argos, story of the sons of the priestess of Juno at, i. 206

Arians, their charges against the Catholics, i. 418, _note_

Aristides, his gentleness, i. 228

Aristotle, his admission of the practice of abortion, i. 92.
Emphasis with which he dwelt upon the utility of virtue, 124.
His patriotism, 200.
His condemnation of suicide, 212.
His opinions as to the duties of Greeks to barbarians, 229

Arius, death of, ii. 196

Arnobius, on the miracles of Christ, i. 375

Arrian, his humanity to animals, ii. 164

Arsenius, St., his penances, ii. 107, 114, _note_.
His anxiety to avoid distractions, 125, _note_

Ascetics, their estimate of the dreadful nature of sin, i. 113.
Decline of asceticism and evanescence of the moral notions of which it
was the expression, 113.
Condition of society to which it belongs, 130.
Decline of the ascetic and saintly qualities with civilisation, 130.
Causes of the ascetic movement, ii. 102.
Its rapid extension, 103-105.
Penances attributed to the saints of the desert, 107-109.
Miseries and joys of the hermit life, 113 _et seq._
Dislike of the monks to knowledge, 115.
Their hallucinations, 116.
Relations of female devotees with the anchorites, 120.
Ways in which the ascetic life affected both the ideal type and realised
condition of morals, 122, _et seq._
Extreme animosity of the ascetics to everything pagan, 136, 137.
Decline of the civic virtues caused by asceticism, 139.
Moral effects of asceticism on self-sacrifice, 154, 155.
Moral beauty of some of the legends of the ascetics, 156.
Legends of the connection between the saints and the animal world, 161.
Practical form of asceticism in the West, 177.
Influence of asceticism on chastity, 319, 320.
On marriage, 320.
On the estimate of women, 337

Asella, story of her asceticism, ii. 133

Asia Minor, destruction of the churches of, ii. 14

Aspasia, the Athenian courtesan, ii. 293

Asses, feast of, ii. 173

Association, Hartley’s doctrine of, i. 22.
Partly anticipated by Hutcheson and Gay, 23.
Illustrations of the system of association, 26-30.
The theory, how far selfish, 30.
The essential and characteristic feature of conscience wholly
unaccounted for by the association of ideas, 66

Astrology, belief in, rapidly gaining ground in the time of the elder
Pliny, i. 171, and _note_

Atticus, his suicide, i. 215, and _note_

Augustine, St., on original sin, i. 209.
His belief in contemporary miracles, 378.
On the decline of the Roman empire, 410.
His condemnation of virgin suicides, ii. 47

Augustus, his solemn degradation of the statue of Neptune, i. 169.
His mode of discouraging celibacy, 232.
Miraculous stories related of him, 258.
His superstition, 376.
Advice of Mæcenas to him, 399.
His consideration for the religious customs of the Jews, 406

Aulus Gellius, his account of the rhetoricians, i. 313.
Compared with Helvétius, 313

Aurelius, Marcus, on a future state, i. 184.
On posthumous fame, 186.
Denied that all vices are the same, 192, _note_.
On the sacred spirit dwelling in man, 198.
His submissive gratitude, 199.
His practical application of the precepts of the Stoics, 202.
His wavering views as to suicide, 213.
His charity to the human race, 241.
Mild and more religious spirit of his stoicism, 245.
His constant practice of self-examination, 249.
His life and character, 249-255.
Compared and contrasted with Plutarch, 253.
His discouragement of the games of the arena, 286.
His humanity, 308.
His disbelief of exorcism, 384.
His law against religious terrorism, 422.
His persecution of the Christians, 439, 440.
His benevolence, ii. 77.
His view of war, 258

Austin, Mr., his view of the foundation of the moral law, i. 17, _note_.
His advocacy of the unselfish view of the love we ought to bear to God,
18, _note_.
Character of his “Lectures on Jurisprudence,” 22, _note_

Avarice, association of ideas to the passion of, i. 25

Avitus, St., legend of, ii. 159

Babylas, St., miracles performed by his bones, i. 382, and _note_.
His death, ii. 9

Bacchus, suppression of the rites of, at Rome, i. 401

Bacon, Lord, great movement of modern thought caused by, i. 125.
His objection to the Stoics’ view of death, 202

Bacon, Roger, his life and works, ii. 210

Bain, Mr., on pleasure, i. 12, _note_.
His definition of conscience, 29, _note_.

Balbus, Cornelius, his elevation to the consulate, i. 232

Baltus on the exorcists, i. 381, _note_.

Baptism, Augustinian doctrine of, i. 96

Barbarians, causes of the conversion of the, i. 410

Basil, St., his hospital, ii. 80.
His labours for monachism, 106

Bassus, Ventidius, his elevation to the consulate, i. 232

Bathilda, Queen, her charity, ii. 245

Bear-gardens in England, ii. 175, _note_.

Beauty, analogies between virtue and, i. 77.
Their difference, 79.
Diversities existing in our judgments of virtue and beauty, 79.
Causes of these diversities, 79.
Virtues to which we can, and to which we cannot, apply the term
beautiful, 82, 83.
Pleasure derived from beauty compared with that from the grotesque, or
eccentric, 85.
The prevailing cast of female beauty in the north, contrasted with the
southern type, 144, 145, 152.
Admiration of the Greeks for beauty, ii. 292

Bees, regarded by the ancients as emblems or models of chastity, i. 108,
_note_.

Beggars, causes of vast numbers of, ii. 94.
Old English laws for the suppression of mendicancy, 96.
Enactments against them in various parts of Europe, 98

Benedict, St., his system, 183

Benefices, military use of, ii. 270

Benevolence; Hutcheson’s theory that all virtue is resolved into
benevolence, i. 4.
Discussions in England, in the sixteenth and seventeenth centuries, as
to the existence of, 20.
Various views of the source from which it springs, 22.
Association of ideas producing the feeling of, 26.
Hartley on benevolence quoted, 27, _note_.
Impossibility of benevolence becoming a pleasure if practised only with
a view to that end, 37.
Application to benevolence of the theory, that the moral unity of
different ages is a unity not of standard but of tendency,
100.
Influenced by our imaginations, 132, 133.
Imperfectly recognised by the Stoics, 188, 192

Bentham, Jeremy, on the motives of human actions, i. 8, _note_.
On the pleasures and pains of piety quoted, 9, _note_.
On charity, 10, _note_.
On vice, 13, _note_.
On the sanctions of morality, 19, and _note_, 21.
Throws benevolence as much as possible into the background, 21.
Makes no use of the doctrine of association, 25, _note_.
His definition of conscience, 29, _note_.
On interest and disinterestedness, 32, _note_.
On the value and purity of a pleasure, 90, _note_.

Besarion, St., his penances, ii. 108

Biography, relative importance of, among Christians and Pagans, i. 174

Blandina, martyrdom of, i. 442

Blesilla, story of her slow suicide, ii. 48

Blondel, his denunciation of the forgeries of the Sibylline books, i. 377

Boadicea, her suicide, ii. 53, _note_

Bolingbroke’s “Reflections on Exile,” i. 201, _note_

Bona Dea, story and worship of, i. 94, _note_.
Popularity of her worship among the Romans, 106, 386

Boniface, St., his missionary labours, ii. 247

Bonnet, his philosophy, i. 71

Bossuet, on the nature of the love we should bear to God, i. 18, _note_

Brephotrophia, in the early church, ii. 32

Brotherhood, effect of Christianity in promoting, ii. 61

Brown, on the motive for the practice of virtue, i. 8, _note_.
On theological Utilitarianism, 16, _note_

Brunehaut, Queen, her crimes, approved of by the Pope, ii. 236, 237.
Her end, 237

Brutus, his extortionate usury, i. 193, 194

Buckle, Thomas, his remarks on morals, i. 74, _note_.
On the difference between mental and physical pleasures, 90, _note_.
His views of the comparative influence of intellectual and moral
agencies in civilisation, 103, _note_

Bull-baiting in England, ii. 175, _note_

Bulgarians, their conversion to Christianity, ii. 180

Butler, Bishop, maintains the reality of the existence of benevolence in
our nature, i. 20, 21, _note_.
On the pleasure derived from virtue, 32, _note_.
His analysis of moral judgments, 76.
His definition of conscience, 83

Byzantine Empire, general sketch of the moral condition of the, ii. 13,
14.
Moral condition of the empire during the Christian period, 147

Cædmon, story of the origin of his “Creation of the World,” ii. 204

Cæsar, Julius, denies the immortality of the soul, i. 182.
His condemnation of suicide, 213.
His colonial policy, 233.
His multiplication of gladiatorial shows, 273

Caligula, his intoxication with his imperial dignity, i. 259.
His superstitious fears, 367

Calvinists: tendency of the Supralapsarian to deny the existence of a
moral sense, i. 17, _note_

Camma, conjugal fidelity of, ii. 341

Capital punishment, aversion to, ii. 39

Carlyle, Thomas, on self-sacrifice, i. 57, _note_.
The influence of conscience on the happiness of men, 62

Carneades, his expulsion from Rome proposed by Cato, i. 399

Carpocrates, licentiousness of the followers of, i. 417

Carthage, effect of the destruction of, on the decadence of Rome, i. 169.
The Decian persecution at, 452

Carthaginians, the, amongst the most prominent of Latin writers, i. 235

Cassius, the tyrannicide, his suicide, i. 215

Castellio, his exposure of the forgeries of the Sibylline books, i. 377

Catacombs, the, i. 453, 455

Catholicism, Roman, the system of education adopted by, contrasted with
that of the English public schools, i. 114.
Conflict of the priests with political economists on the subject of
early marriages, 114, 115.
The teaching of, on many points the extreme antithesis of that of the
pagan philosophers, 208.
Its view of death, 208, 210.
Little done by it for humanity to animals, ii. 173, 177, 188.
Influence on despotism, 186.
Its total destruction of religious liberty, 194-199.
Causes of the indifference to truth manifested in its literature, 241.
Protestantism contrasted with it, 368

Cato, his refusal to consult the oracles, i. 165, _note_.
His stoicism, 185.
His inhumanity to his slaves, 193.
His study of the “Phædon” the night he committed suicide, 212.
His opposition to Greek philosophy, 231.
His view of pre-nuptial chastity, ii. 314

Cattle plague, theological notions respecting the, i. 356

Catullus, on the death of a sparrow, ii. 165, _note_

Cautinus, Bishop, his drunkenness, ii. 236

Celibacy among the ancients, i. 106.
The Catholic monastic system, 107.
How discouraged by Augustus, 232.
Celibacy the primal virtue of the Christians of the fourth and fifth
centuries, ii. 122.
Effect of this upon moral teaching, 122, 123.
History of the celibacy of the clergy, 328, 336

Celsus calls the Christians Sibyllists, i. 376.
And jugglers, 384

Celts, Spanish, their worship of death, i. 206, 207.
Causes of their passion for suicide, 207, _note_.
Their lamentations on the birth of men, 207, _note_

Censors, Roman, minute supervision of the, i. 168

Character, influence of, on opinion, i. 172.
Governed in a great measure by national circumstances, 172

Chariot races, passion for, at Constantinople, ii. 37

Charity, a form of self-love, according to the Utilitarians, i. 9, and
_note_.
Impossibility of charity becoming a pleasure if practised only with a
view to that end, 36.
Charity of the Stoics, 191.
Cicero’s emphatic assertion of the duty, 240.
Exertions of the Christians in the cause of charity, ii. 75, 79.
Inadequate place given to this movement in history, 84, 85.
Christian charity, in what it consists, 73.
Laws of the Romans, 73.
Pagan examples of charity, 78.
Noble enthusiasm of the Christians in the cause of charity, 78, 79.
Charity enjoined as a matter of justice, 81.
Theological notions of charity, 85, 90, 91.
Evils of Catholic charity, 93-94.
Legends respecting the virtue, 245, and _note_

Charlemagne, his law respecting Sunday, ii. 245.
Fascination exercised by him over the popular imagination, 271, 272.
His polygamy, 343

Charles V., the Emperor, his law against beggars, ii. 97

Charles Martel, his defeat of the Mohammedans, at Poictiers, ii. 273

Charondas, law of, on second marriages, ii. 325, _note_

Chastity, in Utilitarian systems, i. 12, 49.
Sketch of the history of, 103-107.
The Catholic monastic system, 107.
Modern judgments of, ii. 282, 283.
Cato’s views, 314.
Mystical views, 315.
Services of the ascetics in enforcing the duty of chastity, 318-320

Children, charge of murdering infants, among the early Christians, i. 417.
Abortion, ii. 20-24.
Infanticide, 24, 26.
Exposed children, 32.
Institutions of the Romans for the benefit of children, 77

Chilon, his closing hours, i. 207

Cholera, theological notions respecting the, i. 356

Christian and pagan virtues compared, i. 190

Christianity; distinctions between the pagan and Christian conceptions of
death, i. 208.
The importance of Christianity not recognised by pagan writers, 336.
Causes of this, 338.
Examination of the theory which ascribes part of the teaching of the
later pagan moralists to Christian influence, 340.
Theory which attributes the conversion of Rome to evidences of miracles,
346.
Opinion of the pagans about the credulity of the Christians, 347.
Incapacity of the Christians of the third century for judging historic
miracles, 375.
And for judging prophecies, 376.
Contemporary miracles represented as existing among them, 377.
Christian miracles had probably little weight with the pagans, 385.
Progress of Christianity to what due, 386, 387.
Singular adaptation of it to the wants of the time, 387.
Heroism it inspired, 390.
Explanation of the conversion of the Roman Empire, 393.
Account of the persecutions of the Christians, 395.
Reasons why the Christians were more persecuted than the Jews, 403, 406,
407.
The first cause of the persecution of the Christians, 406.
Charges of immorality brought against them, 414.
Due in a great measure to Jews and heretics, 416, 417.
The disturbance of domestic life caused by female conversions, 418.
Antipathy of the Romans to every system which employed religious
terrorism, 421.
Christian intolerance of pagan worship, 423.
And of diversity of belief, 424-427.
History of the persecutions, 429.
Nero’s, 429.
Domitian’s, 431.
Condition of the Christians under the Antonines, 434.
Become profoundly obnoxious to the people, 436.
Marcus Aurelius, 439, 440.
Introduction of Christianity into France, 442, and _note_.
Attitude of the rulers towards it from M. Aurelius to Decius, 451, _et
seq._
Condition of the Church on the eve of the Decian persecution, 448.
Gallus, 454.
Valerian, 454.
Gallienus, 455.
Erection of churches in the Empire, 457.
Persecutions of Diocletian and Galerius, 458.
End of the persecutions, 463.
Massacre of Christians in Phrygia, 464.
Moral efficacy of the Christian sense of sin, ii. 3.
Dark views of human nature not common in the early Church, 5.
The penitential system, 6.
Empire Christianity attained in eliciting disinterested enthusiasm, 8.
Great purity of the early Christians, 10, 11.
The promise of the Church for many centuries falsified, 12.
The first consequence of Christianity a new sense of the sanctity of
human life, 17.
Influence in the protection of infant life, 20-32.
In the suppression of gladiatorial shows, 34.
Its effect upon persecutions, 40, _et seq._
The penal code not lightened by it, 42.
Condemnation of suicide, 43.
Second consequence of Christianity Teaches universal brotherhood, 61.
Slavery, 61-66.
Ransom of captives, 72.
Charity, 73.
Exertions of the Christians in the cause of charity, 75, 79.
Their exertions when the Empire was subverted, 81, 82, 88.
Theological notions concerning insanity, 85-90.
Almsgiving, 90-92.
Beneficial effect of Christianity in supplying pure images to the
imagination, 99.
Summary of the philanthropic achievements of Christianity, 100.
Ways in which the ascetic mode of life affected both the ideal type and
realised condition of morals, 122, _et seq._
History of the relations of Christianity to the civic virtues, 140.
Improvements effected by Christianity in the morals of the people, 153.
Attitude of Christianity to the barbarians, 178.
How it achieved their conversion, 179-181.
Tendency of the barbarians to adulterate it, 181.
Legends of the conflict between the old gods and the new faith, 181.
Fierce hatred of rival sects, and total destruction of religious
liberty, 194, 200.
Polytheistic and idolatrous form of Christianity in mediæval times, 229.
The doctrine of purgatory, 232.
Benefits conferred by the monasteries, 243-245.
The observance of Sunday, 245.
Influence of Christianity upon war, 254, 259.
Upon the consecration of secular rank, 260, _et seq._
Upon the condition of women, 316, _et seq._
Strong assertion of the equality of obligation in marriage, 345, 346.
Relation of Christianity to the female virtues, 358, _et seq._

Chrysippus on the immortality of the soul, i. 183

Chrysostom, St., his labours for monachism, ii. 107.
His treatment of his mother, 132

Cicero on the evidence of a Divine element within us, i. 56, _note_.
His definition of conscience, 83.
His conception of the Deity, 164.
His opinion of the popular beliefs, 165.
Instance of his love of truth, 176, _note_.
His desire for posthumous reputation, 185, _note_.
His declaration as to virtue concealing itself from the world, 185.
His belief in the immortality of the soul, 204.
His view of death, 205, 206.
His complacency on the approach of death, 207.
His conception of suicide, 213.
His maintenance of the doctrine of universal brotherhood, 240.
How he regarded the games of the arena, 285.
His friendship with his freedman Tiro, 323.
His remarks on charity, ii. 79.
His rules respecting almsgiving, 92

Circumcelliones, atrocities of the, ii. 41.
Their custom of provoking martyrdom, 49

Civic virtues, predominance accorded to, in ancient ethics, i. 200

Civilisation, refining influence of, on taste, i. 79.
Pleasures of a civilised and semi-civilised society compared, 86.
Views of Mill and Buckle on the comparative influence of intellectual
and moral agencies in, 102, _note_.
Effect of education in diminishing cruelty, and producing charity, 134.
Moral enthusiasm appropriate to different stages of civilisation, 136.
Increase of veracity with civilisation, 137.
Each stage of civilisation specially appropriate to some virtue, 147

Clarke, on moral judgments, i. 77

Classical literature, preservation of, ii. 199.
Manner in which it was regarded by the Church, 200-204

Claudius, his delight in gladiatorial shows, i. 280.
His decree as to slaves, 307

Claver, Father, his remark on some persons who had delivered a criminal
into the hands of justice, i. 41, _note_

Cleanthes, his suicide, i. 212

Clemency, Seneca’s distinction between it and pity, i. 189

Clement of Alexandria, on the two sources of all the wisdom of antiquity,
i. 344.
On the Sibylline books, 376.
On wigs, ii. 149

Clemens, Flavius, put to death, i. 433

Cleombrotus, his suicide, i. 212, _note_

Clergy, corruption of the, from the fourth century, ii. 150, 237.
Submission of the Eastern, but independence of the Western, clergy to
the civil power, 264-268.
History of their celibacy, 328

Climate, effects of, in stimulating or allaying the passions, i. 144

Clotaire, his treatment of Queen Brunehaut, ii. 237

Clotilda, her conversion of her husband, i. 410; ii. 180

Clovis, his conversion, i. 410; ii. 180.
Gregory of Tours’ account of his acts, 240, 241

Cock-fighting among the ancients and moderns, ii. 164, and _note_, 175,
_note_

Cock-throwing, ii. 164, _note_, 175, _note_

Coemgenus, St., legend of, ii. 111, _note_

Coleridge, S. T., his remarks on the practice of virtue as a pleasure, i.
28, _note_.
His admiration for Hartley, 28, _note_.
On the binding ground of the belief of God and a hereafter, i. 55,
_note_

Colman, St., his animal companions, ii. 170.
His girdle, 319, _note_

Colonies, Roman, the cosmopolitan spirit forwarded by the aggrandisement
of the, i. 233

Colosseum, the, i. 275.
Games at the dedication of the, 280

Columbanus, St., his missionary labours, ii. 246

Comedy, Roman, short period during which it flourished, i. 277

Comet, a temple erected by the Romans in honour of a, i. 367

Commodus, his treatment of the Christians, i. 443

Compassion, theory that it is the cause of our acts of barbarity, i. 71,
72

Concubines, Roman, ii. 350

Concupiscence, doctrine of the Fathers respecting, ii. 281

Condillac, cause of the attractiveness of utilitarianism to, i. 71.
Connection with Locke, i. 122, _note_

Confessors, power of the, in the early Church, i. 390, and _note_

Congo, Helvétius, on a custom of the people of, i. 102, _note_

Conquerors, causes of the admiration of, i. 94, 95

Conscience, association of ideas generating, i. 28.
Recognised by the disciples of Hartley, 29.
Definitions of Hobbes, Locke, Bentham, and Bain, 29, _note_.
The rewards and punishments of conscience, 60-62.
Unique position of, in our nature, 83.
As defined by Cicero, the Stoics, St. Paul, and Butler, 83

Consequences, remote, weakness of the utilitarian doctrine of, i. 42-44

“Consolations,” literature of, leading topics of, i. 204

Constantine, the Emperor, his foundation of the empire of the East, ii.
12.
His humane policy towards children, 29, 30.
His sanction of the gladiatorial shows, 35.
His laws mitigating the severity of punishments, 42.
His treatment of slaves, 64.
His law respecting Sunday, 244.
Magnificence of his court at Constantinople, 265

Conventual system, effect of the suppression of the, on women, ii. 369

Cordeilla, or Cordelia, her suicide, ii. 53, _note_

Corinth, effect of the conquest of, on the decadence of Rome, i. 169

Cornelia, a vestal virgin, incident of her execution, ii. 318, _note_

Cornelius, the bishop, martyrdom of, i. 454

Cornutus, his disbelief in a future state, i. 183

Corporations, moral qualities of, i. 152

Councils of the Church, character of the, ii. 197, _note_

Courtesans, Greek, ii. 287.
Causes of their elevation, 291-294.
How regarded by the Romans, 300

Cousin, Victor, his criticism of the Scotch moralists, i. 74, _note_.
His objection against Locke, 75, _note_

Crantor, originates the literature of “Consolations,” i. 204

Cremutius Cordus, trial of, i. 448, _note_

Crime, value attached by the monks to pecuniary compensations for, ii.
213.
Catalogue of crimes of the seventh century, 237-239

Criminals, causes of our indulgent judgment of, i. 135

Critical spirit, the, destroyed by Neoplatonism, i. 330

Cromaziano, his history of suicide, i. 216, _note_

Cruelty, origin and varieties of, i. 132, 134.
Cruelty to animals, utilitarian doctrine concerning, 46, 47

Crusius, his adherence to the opinion of Ockham as to the foundation of
the moral law, i. 17, _note_

Cudworth, his analysis of moral judgments, i. 76

Culagium, a tax levied on the clergy, ii. 330

Cumberland, Bishop, his unselfish view of virtue, i. 19, _note_

Cynics, account of the later, i. 309

Cyprian, St., his evasion of persecution by flight, i. 452.
His exile and martyrdom, 455

Cyzicus deprived of its freedom, i. 259

Dæmons, Apuleius’ disquisition on the doctrine of, i. 323.
The doctrine supersedes the Stoical naturalism, i. 331.
The dæmons of the Greeks and Romans, 380.
And of the Christians, 382

Dale, Van, his denial of the supernatural character of the oracles, i. 374

Dead, Roman worship of the, i. 168

Death, calmness with which some men of dull and animal natures can meet,
i. 89.
Frame of mind in which a man should approach death, according to
Epictetus, 195.
Preparation for death one of the chief ends of the philosophy of the
ancients, 202.
Bacon’s objection to the Stoics’ view of, 202.
The Irish legend of the islands of life and death, 203.
The literature of “Consolations,” 204.
Death not regarded by the philosophers as penal, 205.
Popular terrors of death, 205, 206.
Instances of tranquil pagan deaths, 207.
Distinctions between the pagan and Christian conceptions of death, 208

Decius, persecution of the Christians under, i. 449, 450

Defoe, Daniel, his tract against beggars, ii. 98, and _note_

Delphi, oracle of, its description of the best religion, i. 167

Deogratias, his ransom of prisoners, ii. 72

Despotism, Helvétius’ remarks on the moral effects of, i. 129, _note_

Diagoras, his denial of the existence of the gods, i. 162

Diodorus, the philosopher, his suicide, i. 215

Dion Chrysostom, his denunciation of images of the Deity, i. 166, 167,
_note_.
His life and works, 312

Dionysius of Halicarnassus, on the creed of the Romans, i. 167

Disinterestedness, Bentham’s remarks on, quoted, i. 32, _note_

Disposition, what constitutes, according to the theory of association, i.
30

Divination, a favourite subject of Roman ridicule, i. 166.
Belief of the ancients in, 363

Divorce, unbounded liberty of, among the Romans, ii. 306-308.
Condemned by the Church, 350, 351

Docetæ, their tenets, ii. 102

Dog-star, legend of the, ii. 162

Dolphin, legends of the, ii. 162, and _note_

Domestic laws, Roman, changes in, i. 297, 298

Domestic virtues, destruction of the, by the ascetics, ii. 125

Domitian, his law respecting suicide, i. 219.
Anecdote of his cruelty, 289.
His law as to slaves, 307.
His persecution of the Stoics and Christians, 431, 432

Domitilla, banishment of, i. 433

Domnina, her suicide with her daughters, ii. 46

Donatists, their intolerance, ii. 195

Dowry of women, rise of the, ii. 277 and _note_

Dreams, opinions of the Romans concerning, i. 366, 367, _note_

Dumont, M., on vengeance quoted, i. 41, _note_

Duty, theory of morals must explain what is, and the notion of there being
such a thing as, i. 5.
Paley on the difference between it and prudence, 15, 16, _note_.
Distinction between natural duties and those resting on positive law,
93.
Duty a distinct motive, 180

Dwarfs, combats of, in the arena, i. 281

Earthquakes, how regarded by the ancients, i. 369.
Cause of persecutions of the Christians, 408

Easter controversy, bitterness of the, ii. 198

Eclectic school of philosophy, rise of the, i. 242.
Its influence on the Stoics, 245

Eclipses, opinions of the ancients concerning, i. 366

Education, importance ascribed to, by the theory of the association of
ideas, i. 30.
Contrast between that adopted by the Catholic priesthood and that of the
English public schools, 114.
Its influence on the benevolent feelings, 133, 134.
Two distinct theories of, 187

Egypt, the cradle of monachism, ii. 105.
The Mohammedan conquest of, 143.
Triumphs of the Catholics in, 196

Egyptians, their reverence for the vulture, i. 108, _note_.
Their kindness to animals, 289.
Contrast of the spirit of their religion with that of the Greeks, 324.
Difference between the Stoical and Egyptian pantheism, 325

Elephants, legends of, ii. 161

Emperors, Roman, apotheosis of, i. 170, 257

Endura, the Albigensian practice of, ii. 49

England, national virtues and vices of, i. 153.
Ancient amusements of, ii. 174, 175, _note_

Ephrem, St., his charity, ii. 81

Epictetus, his disbelief in a future state, i. 183.
His life and works, 184, and _note_.
On the frame of mind in which a man should approach death, 195.
His views of the natural virtue of man, 198.
On suicide, 214, _note_, 220.
On universal brotherhood, 254.
His stoicism tempered by a milder and more religious spirit, 245, 246.
His remarks on national religious beliefs, 405

Epicureans, their faith preserved unchanged at Athens, i. 128, and _note_.
Their scepticism, 162.
Roman Epicureans, 162, 163.
Epicureanism the expression of a type of character different from
Stoicism, 171, 172.
But never became a school of virtue in Rome, 175.
Destructive nature of its functions, 176.
Esteemed pleasure as the ultimate end of our actions, 186.
Encouraged physical science, 193.
Their doctrine as to suicide, 214, 215, _note_

Epicurus, the four canons of, i. 14.
Vast place occupied by his system in the moral history of man, 171.
His character, 175, 176, _note_.
Lucretius’ praise of him, 197.
His view of death, 205.
Discovery of one of his treatises at Herculaneum, 205, _note_

Epidemics, theological notions respecting, i. 356

Epiphanius, St., his miraculous stories, i. 378.
His charges against the Gnostics, 417.
Legend of him and St. Hilarius, ii. 159

Epponina, story of her conjugal fidelity, ii. 342

Error, the notion of the guilt of, ii. 190-193

Essenes, virginity their ideal of sanctity, i. 109, ii. 102

Euhemerus, his explanation of the legends, i. 163

Euphrates the Stoic, his answer to Pliny the Younger, i. 202.
Has permission from Hadrian to commit suicide, 218, _note_

Euphraxia, St., ii. 110

Euripides, beauty of the gentler virtues inculcated in the plays of, i.
228

Eusebius, on the allegorical and mythical interpretations of paganism, i.
163, _note_.
His account of the Christian persecutions, i. 463

Eusebius, St., his penances, ii. 108

Eustathius, condemnation of, by the council of Gangra, ii. 131

Evagrius, his inhumanity to his parents, ii. 125

Evil, views of Hobbes and the Utilitarians of the essence and origin of,
i. 8-10

Excellence, supreme, how far it is conducive to happiness, i. 56

Excommunication, penalties of, ii. 7

Executioners, always regarded as unholy, i. 41

Exorcism, among the early Christians, i. 378, 380.
Origin of the notions of possession and exorcism, 380.
Jews the principal exorcists, 380.
Belief of the early Christians in, 382.
Contempt of the pagans for it, 384.
Ulpian’s law against exorcists, 384.
Probable explanation of possession and exorcism, 385.
Speedy decline of exorcism, 385.
The practice probably had no appreciable influence in provoking
persecution of the Christians, 420

Experience, general statement of the doctrine which bases morals upon, i.
5

Fabianus, martyrdom of, i. 446

Fabiola, founded the first public hospital, ii. 80

Fabius, his self-sacrifice, i. 185

Fabius Pictor, his works written in Greek, i. 230

Faculty, moral, the term, i. 75

Fairies, belief in, i. 348, 349

Fatalism, Æschylus the poet of, i. 196

Felicitas, St., her martyrdom, i. 444.
In prison, ii. 9

Fénelon, on the unselfish love we should bear to God, i. 18, _note_

Fetishism, latent, the root of a great part of our opinions, i. 350

Fidenæ, accident at the amphitheatre at, i. 275

Fights, sham, in Italy in the middle ages, ii. 37, 38

Fire, regarded by the ancients as an emblem of virginity, i. 108, _note_

Fish, symbol of the early Christians, i. 376

Flamens of Jupiter, ii. 298

Flora, games of, i. 276

Forethought, brought into a new position by industrial habits, i. 140

Foundlings, hospitals for, ii. 23, _note_, 32.
In ancient times, 28, 29.
Adversaries of, 98, and _note_

France, condition of, under the Merovingian kings, ii. 236, _note_

Francis of Assisi, St., story of his death from asceticism, ii. 49.
His kindness to animals, 172

Franks, cause of their conversion, i. 410

Frédégonde, Queen, her crimes, ii. 236, 237

Freedmen, influence of, at Rome, i. 233.
Condition of the freedmen of the Romans, 236

Frenchmen, the chief national virtues and causes of their influence in
Europe, i. 152.
Compared with Anglo-Saxon nations, 153

Friendship, Utilitarian view of, i. 10

Galerius, his persecution of the Christians, i. 458, 461.
His illness, 462.
Relents towards the Christians, 462

Galilæans, their indifference to death, i. 392, _note_

Gall, St., legend of, ii. 182.
His missionary labours, 247

Gallienus, proclaims toleration to the Christians, i. 455, 457

Gallus, the Emperor, persecutions of the Christians under, i. 454

Gambling-table, moral influence of the, i. 148

Gaul, introduction of Christianity into, i. 442.
Foundation of the monastic system in, ii. 106.
Long continuance of polygamy among the kings of, 343

Gay, his view of the origin of human actions, quoted, i. 8, _note_.
His suggestion of the theory of association, 23, 24

Genseric, effect of his conquest of Africa upon Italy, ii. 82.
His capture of Rome, 83

George of Cappadocia, his barbarity, ii. 195

Germanicus, the Emperor, fury of the populace with the gods, in
consequence of the death of, i. 169

Germanus, St., his charity, ii. 245

Germany, conversion of, to Christianity, ii. 246.
Marriage customs of the early Germans, 278.
Their chastity, 340, 341

Gervasius, St., recovery of his remains, i. 379.

Girdles of chastity, ii. 319, _note_

Gladiatorial shows, influence of Christianity on the suppression of, i.
34.
Reasons why the Romans saw nothing criminal in them, 101.
History and effect on the Romans of, 271-283.
How regarded by moralists and historians, 284.
The passion for them not inconsistent with humanity in other spheres,
288.

Gnostics, accusations against the, by the early Fathers, i. 417.
Their tenets, ii. 102

God, the Utilitarian view of the goodness of, i. 9, and _note_.
Question of the disinterestedness of the love we should bear to, 18.
Our knowledge of Him derived from our own moral nature, 55.
Early traces of an all-pervading soul of nature in Greece, 161, 162,
170.
Philosophic definitions of the Deity, 162, _note_.
Pantheistic conception of, by the Stoics and Platonists, 163.
Recognition of Providence by the Roman moralists, 196.
Two aspects under which the Stoics worshipped the Divinity—providence
and moral goodness, 198

Gods, the, of the ancients, i. 161, _et seq._
Euhemerus’ theory of the explanation of the prevailing legends of the
gods, 163.
Views of Cicero of the popular beliefs, 165.
Opinions of the Stoics, of Ovid, and of Horace, 166.
Nature of the gods of the Romans, 167.
Decline of Roman reverence for the gods, 168, 169

Good, pleasure equivalent to, according to the Utilitarians, i. 8, _note_,
9

Gracchi, colonial policy of the, i. 233

Grazers, sect of, ii. 109

Greeks, ancient, their callous murder of children, i. 45, 46.
Low state of female morality among them.
Their enforcement of monogamy, 104.
Celibacy of some of their priests and priestesses, 105.
Early traces of a religion of nature, 161.
Universal providence attributed to Zeus, 161.
Scepticism of the philosophers, 161, 162.
Importance of biography in the moral teaching of the, i. 74.
Difference between the teaching of the Roman moralists and the Greek
poets, 195.
On death, and future punishment, 205, 206.
Greek suicides, 212.
Gentleness and humanity of the Greek character, 227.
Influence on Roman character, 227, 228.
The Greek spirit at first as far removed from cosmopolitanism as that of
Rome, 228.
Causes of Greek cosmopolitanism, 229.
Extent of Greek influence at Rome, 230.
Gladiatorial shows among them, 276.
Spirit of their religion contrasted with that of the Egyptians, 324.
Their intolerance of foreign religions, 406.
Condition and fall of their empire of the East, ii. 12-14.
Their practice of infanticide, 25-27.
Their treatment of animals, 164.
Their treatment of prisoners taken in war, 257, 258.
Their marriage customs, 277.
Women in the poetic age, 278.
Peculiarity of Greek feelings on the position of women, 280, 281.
Unnatural forms assumed by vice amongst them, 294

Gregory the Great, his contempt for Pagan literature, ii. 201, _note_.
His attitude towards Phocas, 264

Gregory of Nyssa, St., his eulogy of virginity, ii. 322

Gregory of Tours, manner in which he regarded events, ii. 240-242, 261,
277

Grotesque, or eccentric, pleasure derived from the, compared with that
from beauty, i. 85

Gundebald, his murders approved of by his bishop, ii. 237

Gunpowder, importance of the invention of, i. 126

Guy, Brother, his society for protection and education of children, ii.
33, and _note_

Hadrian, the Emperor, his view of suicide, i. 219.
Gives Euphrates permission to destroy himself, 218, _note_.
His laws respecting slaves, 307.
His leniency towards Christianity, 438.
His benevolence, ii. 77

Hair, false, opinions of the Fathers on, ii. 149

Hall, Robert, on theological Utilitarianism, i. 15 _note_

“Happiness, the greatest, for the greatest number,” theory of the, i. 3.
The sole end of human actions, according to the Utilitarians, 8, _note_.
The best man seldom the happiest, 69.
Mental compared with physical happiness, 87.
Influence of health and temperament on happiness, 88, and _note_

Hartley, his doctrine of association, i. 22.
Coleridge’s admiration for him, 28, _note_.
On animal food, 48, _note_.
His attempt to evade the conclusion to which his view leads, quoted, 67,
_note_.
His definition of conscience, 82

Hegesias, the orator of death, i. 215

Heliogabalus, his blasphemous orgies, i. 260

Hell, monkish visions of, ii. 221 and _note_.
Glimpses of the infernal regions furnished by the “Dialogues” of St.
Gregory, 221.
Modern publications on this subject, 223, _note_

Helvétius, on the origin of human actions, i. 8, _note_.
On customs of the people of Congo and Siam, 102, _note_.
Compared with Aulus Gellius, 313

Herbert, of Cherbury, Lord, his profession of the doctrine of innate
ideas, i. 123

Hercules, meaning of, according to the Stoics, i. 163

Hereford, Nicholas of, his opposition to indiscriminate alms, ii. 96

Heresy, punishment of death for, i. 98; ii. 40

Hermits. _See_ Asceticism; Monasticism

Heroism, the Utilitarian theory unfavourable to, i. 66.
War, the school of heroism, 173

Hilarius, St., legend of him and St. Epiphanius, ii. 159

Hildebrand, his destruction of priestly marriage, ii. 322

Hippopotamus, legend of the, ii. 161

Historical literature, scantiness of, after the fall of the Roman empire,
ii. 235

Hobbes, Thomas, his opinions concerning the essence and origin of virtue,
i. 7, 8, _note_.
His view of the origin of human actions, quoted, 8, _note_.
His remarks on the goodness which we apprehend in God, quoted, 9,
_note_.
And on reverence, 9, _note_.
On charity, 9, 10, _note_.
On pity, 10, _note_.
Review of the system of morals of his school, 11.
Gives the first great impulse to moral philosophy in England, 19,
_note_.
His denial of the reality of pure benevolence, 20, 21.
His definition of conscience, 29, _note_.
His theory of compassion, 72, _note_

Holidays, importance of, to the servile classes, ii. 244

Homer, his views of human nature and man’s will, i. 196

Horace, his ridicule of idols, i. 166.
His description of the just man, 197

Hospitality enjoined by the Romans, ii. 79

Hospitals, foundation of the first, ii. 80, 81

Human life, its sanctity recognised by Christianity, ii. 18.
Gradual acquirement of this sense, 18

Human nature, false estimate of, by the Stoics, i. 192

Hume, David, his theory of virtue, i. 4.
Misrepresented by many writers, 4.
His recognition of the reality of benevolence in our nature, 20, and
_note_.
His comment on French licentiousness in the eighteenth century, 50,
_note_.
His analysis of the moral judgments, 76.
Lays the foundation for a union of the schools of Clarke and
Shaftesbury, 77

Humility, new value placed upon it by monachism, ii. 185, 187

Hutcheson, Francis, his doctrine of a “moral sense,” i. 4.
Establishes the reality of the existence of benevolence in our nature,
20.
His analysis of moral judgments, 76

Hypatia, murder of, ii. 196

Iamblichus, his philosophy, i. 330

Ideas, confused association of. Question whether our, are derived
exclusively from sensation or whether they spring in part from
the mind itself, 122.
The latter theory represented by the Platonic doctrine of pre-existence,
122.
Doctrine of innate ideas, 122

Idols and idolatry, views of the Roman philosophers of, i. 166.
Discussion between Apollonius of Tyana and an Egyptian priest
respecting, 166, _note_.
Idols forbidden by Numa, 166, _note_.
Plutarch on the vanity of, 166, _note_

Ignatius, St., his martyrdom, i. 438

Ignis fatuus, legend of the, ii. 224, _note_

Imagination, sins of, i. 44.
Relation of the benevolent feelings to it, 132, 133.
Deficiency of imagination the cause of the great majority of
uncharitable judgments, 134-136.
Feebleness of the imagination a source of legends and myths, 347.
Beneficial effects of Christianity in supplying pure images to the
imagination, 299

Imperial system of the Romans, its effect on their morals, i. 257.
Apotheosis of the emperors, 257

India, ancient, admiration for the schools of, i. 229

Inductive, ambiguity of the term, as applied to morals, i. 73

Industrial truth, characteristics of, i. 137.
Influence of the promotion of industrial life upon morals, 139-140

Infanticide, history of the practice of, ii. 24.
Efforts of the Church to suppress it, 29.
Roman laws relating to, 31.
Causes of, in England, 285

Infants, Augustinian doctrine of the damnation of unbaptised, i. 96.
The Sacrament given to, in the early Church, ii. 6

Insanity, alleged increase of, ii. 60.
Theological notions concerning, 86.
The first lunatic asylums, 88

Insurance societies among the poor of Greece and Rome, ii. 78

Intellectual progress, its relations to moral progress, i. 149-151

Interest, self-, human actions governed exclusively by, according to the
Utilitarians, i. 7, 8, _note_.
Summary of the relations of virtue and public and private, 117

Intuition, rival claims of, and utility to be regarded as the supreme
regulator of moral distinctions, i. 1, 2.
Various names by which the theory of intuition is known, 2, 3.
Views of the moralists of the school of, 3.
Summary of their objections to the Utilitarian theory, i. 69.
The intuitive school, 74, 75.
Doctrines of Butler, Adam Smith, and others, 76-77.
Analogies of beauty and virtue, 77.
Distinction between the higher and lower parts of our nature, 83.
Moral judgments, and their alleged diversities, 91.
General moral principles alone revealed by intuition, 99.
Intuitive morals not unprogressive, 102, 103.
Difficulty of both the intuitive and utilitarian schools in finding a
fixed frontier line between the lawful and the illicit, 116,
117.
The intuitive and utilitarian schools each related to the general
condition of society, 122.
Their relations to metaphysical schools, 123, 124.
And to the Baconian philosophy, 125.
Contrasts between ancient and modern civilisations, 126, 127.
Practical consequences of the opposition between the two schools, 127

Inventions, the causes which accelerate the progress of society in modern
times, i. 126

Ireland, why handed over by the Pope to England, ii. 217

Irenæus, his belief that all Christians had the power of working miracles,
i. 378

Irish, characteristics of the, i. 138.
Their early marriages and national improvidences, 146.
Absence of moral scandals among the priesthood, 146.
Their legend of the islands of life and death, 203.
Their missionary labours, ii. 246.
Their perpendicular burials, 253

Isidore, St., legend of, ii. 205

Isis, worship of, at Rome, i. 387.
Suppression of the worship, 402

Italians, characteristics of the, i. 138, 144

Italy, gigantic development of mendicancy in, ii. 98.
Introduction of monachism into, 106

James, the Apostle, Eusebius’ account of him, ii. 105

James, St., of Venice, his kindness to animals, ii. 172

Jenyns, Soame, his adherence to the opinion of Ockham, i. 17, _note_

Jerome, St., on exorcism, i. 382.
On the clean and unclean animals in the ark, ii. 104.
Legend of, 115.
Encouraged inhumanity of ascetics to their relations, 134.
His legend of SS. Paul and Antony, 158

Jews, their law regulating marriage and permitting polygamy, i. 103.
Their treatment of suicides, 218, _note_.
Influence of their manners and creed at Rome, 235, 337.
Became the principal exorcists, 380, 381, _note_.
Spread of their creed in Rome, 386.
Reasons why they were persecuted less than the Christians, 402, 407.
How regarded by the pagans, and how the Christians were regarded by the
Jews, 415.
Charges of immorality brought against the Christians by the Jews, 417.
Domitian’s taxation of them, 432.
Their views of the position of women, ii. 337

Joffre, Juan Gilaberto, his foundation of a lunatic asylum in Valencia,
ii. 89

John, St., at Patmos, i. 433

John, St., of Calama, story of, ii. 128

John XXIII., Pope, his crimes, ii. 331

Johnson, Dr., his adherence to the opinion of Ockham, i. 17, _note_

Julian, the Emperor, his tranquil death, i. 207, and _note_.
Refuses the language of adulation, 259.
His attempt to resuscitate paganism, 331.
Attitude of the Church towards him, ii. 261.
Joy at his death, 262

Julien l’Hospitalier, St., legend of, ii. 84, _note_

Jupiter Ammon, fountain of, deemed miraculous, i. 366, and _note_

Justinian, his laws respecting slavery, ii. 65

Justin Martyr, his recognition of the excellence of many parts of the
pagan writings, i. 344.
On the “seminal logos,” 344.
On the Sibylline books, 376.
Cause of his conversion to Christianity, 415.
His martyrdom, 441

Juvenal, on the natural virtue of man, i. 197

Kames, Lord, on our moral judgments, i. 77.
Notices the analogies between our moral and æsthetical judgments, 77

King’s evil, ceremony of touching for the, i. 363, _note_

Labienus, his works destroyed, i. 448, _note_

Lactantius, character of his treatise, i. 463

Lætorius, story of, i. 259

Laughing condemned by the monks of the desert, ii. 115, _note_

Law, Roman, its relation to Stoicism, i. 294, 295.
Its golden age not Christian, but pagan, ii. 42

Lawyers, their position in literature, i. 131, _note_

Legacies forbidden to the clergy, ii. 151.
Power of making bequests to the clergy enlarged by Constantine, 215

Leibnitz, on the natural or innate powers of man, i. 121, _note_

Leo the Isaurian, Pope, his compact with Pepin, ii. 266

Leonardo da Vinci, his kindness to animals, ii. 172, _note_

Licentiousness, French, Hume’s comments on, i. 50, _note_.

Locke, John, his view of moral good and moral evil, i. 8, _note_.
His theological utilitarianism, 16, _note_.
His view of the sanctions of morality, 19.
His invention of the phrase “association of ideas,” 23.
His definition of conscience, 29, _note_.
Cousin’s objections against him, 75, _note_.
His refutation of the doctrine of a natural moral sense, 123, 124.
Rise of the sensual school out of his philosophy, 123, _note_.
Famous formulary of his school, 124

Lombard, Peter, character of his “Sentences,” ii. 226.
His visions of heaven and hell, 228

Longinus, his suicide, i. 219

Love terms Greek, in vogue with the Romans, i. 231, _note_

Lucan, failure of his courage under torture, i. 194.
His sycophancy, 194.
His cosmopolitanism, 240

Lucius, the bishop, martyrdom of, i. 454

Lucretius, his scepticism, i. 162.
His disbelief in the immortality of the soul, i. 182, _note_.
His praise of Epicurus, 197.
His suicide, 215.
On a bereaved cow, ii. 165

Lunatic asylums, the first, ii. 89

Luther’s wife, her remark on the sensuous creed she had left, i. 52

Lyons, persecution of the Christians at, i. 441

Macarius, St., miracle attributed to, ii. 40, _note_.
His penances, 108, 109.
Legend of his visit to an enchanted garden, 158.
Other legends of him, 158, 159, 170, 220

Macedonia, effect of the conquest of, on the decadence of Rome, i. 169

Mackintosh, Sir James, theory of morals advocated by, i. 4.
Fascination of Hartley’s doctrine of association over his mind, 29

Macrianus, persuades the Emperor Valerian to persecute the Christians, i.
455

Macrina Cælia, her benevolence to children, ii. 77

Magdalen asylums, adversaries of, ii. 98, and _note_

Mallonia, virtue of, ii. 309

Malthus, on charity, ii. 92, _note_

Mandeville, his “Enquiry into the Origin of Moral Virtue.” His thesis that
“private vices are public benefits,” i. 7.
His opposition to charity schools, ii. 98

Manicheans, their tenets, ii. 102.
Their prohibition of animal food, 167

Manilius, his conception of the Deity, i. 163

Manufactures, influence upon morals, i. 139

Marcellinus, Tullius, his self-destruction, i. 222

Marcia, mistress of Commodus, her influence in behalf of toleration to the
Christians, i. 443

Marcian, St., legend of the visit of St. Avitus to him, ii. 159