Chapter XXXV: Life’s Closing Scenes (2)

[16] “The prince had been some weeks in his prison at Cüstrin when one day an old officer, followed by four grenadiers, entered his chamber weeping. Frederick had no doubt that he was to be made a head shorter. But the officer, still in tears, ordered the grenadiers to take him to the window and hold his head out of it, that he might be obliged to look on the execution of his friend Katte upon a scaffold expressly built for that purpose. He saw, stretched out his hand, and fainted. The father was present at this exhibition.”--_Memoirs of the Life of Voltaire_, p. 26.

[17] “General Ginkel, the Dutch embassador, here told me of an interview he had with the king. The king harbors most monstrous wicked designs, not fit to be spoken of in words. It is certain, if he continue in the mind he is in at present, we shall see scenes here as wicked and bloody as any that were ever heard of since the creation of the world. He will sacrifice his whole family--every body, except Grumkow, being, as he imagines, in conspiracy against him. All these things he said with such imprecations and disordered looks, foaming at the mouth all the while, as it was terrible either to see or hear.”--DICKENS’s _Dispatch, 7th December, 1730_.

[18] Carlyle.

[19] _Life of Frederick II._, _by_ LORD DOVER, vol. i., p. 127.

[20] The grandmother was a very gay, fashionable woman, entirely devoted to pleasure.

[21] The prince used a harsher term, which we can not quote.

[22] A ruble was about eighty-five cents of our money.

[23] To Frederick cultivating tranquillity.

[24] Her husband.

[25] The above extracts are taken from _Correspondance Familière et Amicale de Frédéric II., Roi de Prusse, avec U. F. de Suhm_.

[26] Thibault, _Souvenirs de Vingt Ans de Séjours à Berlin_.

[27] William III. of England.

[28] Baron Bielfeld, in his letters, gives the following account of the prince’s admission to the masonic fraternity: “On the 14th the whole day was spent in preparations for the lodge. A little after midnight we saw the Prince Royal arrive, accompanied by Count W----. The prince presented this gentleman as a candidate whom he recommended, and whose reception he wished immediately to succeed his own. He desired us likewise to omit, in his reception, not any one rigorous ceremony that was used in similar cases; to grant him no indulgence whatever; but gave us leave, on this occasion, to treat him merely as a private person. In a word, he was received with all the usual and requisite formalities. I admired his intrepidity, the serenity of his countenance, and his graceful deportment even in the most critical moments. After the two receptions we opened the lodge, and proceeded to our work. He appeared delighted, and acquitted himself with as much dexterity as discernment.”--_Letters of Baron Bielfeld_, vol. iii., p. 36.

[29] Baron Bielfeld gives the following account of the personal appearance of the king at this time: “If we judge by his portraits, he was in his youth very handsome. But it must be confessed that he does not now retain any traces of beauty. His eyes are indeed lively, but his looks are frightful. His complexion is composed of a mixture of high red, blue, yellow, and green. His head is large. His neck is quite sunk between his shoulders, and his figure is short and gross.”--_Letters_, vol. iii., p. 67.

[30] Frederick had taken the fancy of calling his companions by classical names. Suhm was Diaphanes; Keyserling was called Cæsarion, etc.

[31] Bielfeld informs us that “about one in the afternoon he sent for Ellert, his first physician, and asked him if he thought that his life and his sufferings could continue long, and if the agonies of his last moments would be great. The physician answered, ‘Your majesty has already arrived at that period. I feel the pulse retire. It now beats below your elbow.’

“The king inquired, ‘Where will it retire at last?’

“‘To the heart,’ the doctor replied. ‘And in about an hour it will cease to beat at all.’

“On which the king said, with perfect resignation, ‘God’s will be done!’”--_Letters_, vol. iii., p. 127.

[32] Frederick William, in his reviews of the giant guard, was frequently attended by the foreign ministers who chanced to be at his court. On one of these occasions he asked the French minister if he thought that an equal number of the soldiers of France would venture to engage with these troops. With politeness, characteristic of the nation, the minister replied that it was impossible that men of the ordinary stature should think of such an attempt. The same question was asked of the English embassador. He replied, “I can not affirm that an equal number of my countrymen would beat them, but I think that I may safely say that half the number would try.”

[33] Voltaire, after he had quarreled with Frederick, gave the following amusing account of a gift he received from the king soon after his accession to the throne: “He began his reign by sending an embassador extraordinary to France, one Camas, who had lost an arm. He said that, as there was a minister from the French court at Berlin who had but one hand, he, that he might acquit himself of all obligation toward the most Christian king, had sent him an embassador with one arm. Camas, as soon as he arrived safe at his inn, dispatched a lad to tell me that he was too much fatigued to come to my house, and therefore begged that I would come to him instantly, he having the finest, greatest, and most magnificent present that was ever presented to make me on the part of the king his master. ‘Run, run, as fast as you can,’ said Madame Du Châtelet; ‘he has assuredly sent you the diamonds of the crown.’ Away I ran, and found my embassador, whose only baggage was a small keg of wine, tied behind his chaise, sent from the cellar of the late king by the reigning monarch, with a royal command for me to drink. I emptied myself in protestations of astonishment and gratitude for these _liquid_ marks of his majesty’s bounty, instead of the _solid_ ones I had been taught to expect, and divided my keg with Camas.”--_Memoirs_, p. 34.

[34] “As the bishops of Liege had been in possession of the contested districts for more than a century, and as Frederick William had not, any more than his predecessors, adopted any vigorous measures to gain possession of them, it is not probable that the claim of Frederick was very well founded. At all events, his conduct was violent and unjust. The inhabitants of these districts had been guilty of no crime but that of avowing their allegiance to the prince whom they had been accustomed to obey, and whom they appear to have considered as their lawful sovereign. When Frederick, therefore, sent his troops to live upon the inhabitants of those districts at discretion, he committed an act of tyranny and of cruelty which nothing in the circumstances of the case could justify.”--_Memoirs of Voltaire_, p. 44.

[35] _Memoirs_, p. 47, 48.

[36] “His majesty,” says M. Bielfeld, “did not appear to be greatly moved. But what followed convinces me that he possesses the art of composing his countenance, and that the emotion passed within; for he rose soon after, sent for M. Von Eichel, secretary of the cabinet, and commanded him to write to Marshal Schwerin and M. Von Podewils, Minister for Foreign Affairs, and order them to come immediately to Reinsberg. These gentlemen arrived forthwith. They daily held long and very secret conferences with his majesty. They say that sovereigns have sometimes authority even over their infirmities. The fever has shown itself docile to the will of the monarch, for after two slight attacks it has entirely left him.”--_Letters_, vol. iv., p. 18.

[37] Macaulay, speaking of the claims of Frederick to Silesia, says: “They amount to this, that the house of Brandenburg had some ancient pretensions to Silesia, and had, in the previous century, been compelled, by hard usage on the part of the court of Vienna, to waive those pretensions. It is certain that, whoever might have been originally in the right, Prussia had submitted. Prince after prince of the house of Brandenburg had acquiesced in the existing arrangement. Nay, the court of Berlin had recently been allied with that of Vienna, and had guaranteed the integrity of the Austrian states. Is it not perfectly clear that, if antiquated claims are to be set up against recent treaties and long possession, the world can never be at peace for a day?”--_Life of Frederick the Great_, by MACAULAY, p. 62.

[38] “The King of Prussia, the _Anti-Machiavel_, had already fully determined to commit the great crime of violating his plighted faith, of robbing the ally whom he was bound to defend, and of plunging all Europe into a long, bloody, and desolating war, and all this for no other end whatever except that he might extend his dominions and see his name in the gazettes. He determined to assemble a great army with speed and secrecy to invade Silesia before Maria Theresa should be apprised of his design, and to add that rich province to his kingdom.”--_Life of Frederick the Great_, by MACAULAY, p. 61.

[39]

No, notwithstanding your virtues, notwithstanding your attractions,
My soul is not satisfied.
No, you are but a coquette;
You subjugate the hearts of others, and do not give your own.

[40] In this wicked world power seldom respects weakness. No sooner was the emperor dead than four claimants sprang up to wrest from Maria Theresa a part or the whole of the kingdoms she had inherited from her father; and this, notwithstanding nearly all the powers of Europe had guaranteed the Pragmatic Sanction. The Elector of Bavaria claimed Bohemia, from an article in the will of the Emperor Ferdinand I., made two centuries before. The King of Poland demanded the whole Austrian succession, in virtue of the right of his wife, who was the eldest daughter of the Emperor Joseph, elder brother of Charles VI. The King of Spain claimed all the Austrian possessions, in consequence of his descent from the wife of Philip II., who was daughter of the Emperor Maximilian. The King of Sardinia hunted up an obsolete claim to the duchy of Milan. But for the embarrassment into which these claims plunged Maria Theresa, Frederick would hardly have ventured to invade the province of Silesia. The woes which, in consequence, desolated the nations of Europe, no mind but that of the omniscient God can gauge.

[41] The husband of Maria Theresa.

[42] Voltaire’s _Age of Louis XV._, vol. i., p. 54.

[43] Id.

[44] _Military Instructions_, p. 171.

[45] The army with which Frederick invaded Silesia consisted of a general force of 28,000 men, which was followed by a rear-guard of 12,000. He had, in all, about 12,000 cavalry. The remainder were foot soldiers. The artillery consisted of 20 three-pounders, 4 twelve-pounders, 4 howitzers, and 4 large mortars of fifty-pounds calibre. His artillerymen numbered 166.

[46]

Straverunt alii nobis, nos posteritati:
Omnibus at Christus stravit ad astra viam.

[47] Charles Etienne Jordan was thirty-six years of age. He was the son of wealthy parents in Berlin, and had been a preacher. The death of a beloved wife, leaving him with an only daughter, had plunged him into the profoundest melancholy. Frederick, when Crown Prince, took a great fancy to him, making him nominally his reader, giving him charge of his library. He is represented as a man of small figure, genial, and affectionate, of remarkable vivacity, very courteous, and one who was ever careful never, by word or action, to give pain to others.

[48] His next younger brother, Augustus William, who had accompanied him on the expedition.

[49] Colonel Keyserling was a Courlander of good family. He had been officially named as “Companion” of the Crown Prince in his youthful days. Frederick entitled him _Cæsarion_, and ever regarded him as one of the choicest of his friends. He was a man of very eccentric manners, but warm-hearted and exceedingly companionable.

[50] Algarotti was a Venetian gentleman of much elegance of manners and dress. He was very fervent in his utterance, and could talk fluently upon every subject. He was just of the age of Frederick. Being the son of wealthy parents, he had enjoyed great advantages of study and travel, had already published several works, and was quite distinguished as a universal genius, a logician, a poet, a philosopher, and a connoisseur in all the arts. He was a great favorite of Frederick, and accompanied him to Strasbourg and on this expedition to Silesia. Wilhelmina describes him as “one of the first _beaux esprits_ of the age,” and “as one who does the expenses of the conversation.”

[51] Leopold of Anhalt-Dessau was one of the most extraordinary men of any age. His life was but a constant whirlwind of battle, almost from his birth in 1676, to his death in 1747. His face was of the “color of gunpowder,” and his fearless, tumultuous soul was in conformity with the rugged body in which it was incased. The whole character of the man may be inferred from the following prayer, which it is said he was accustomed to offer before entering battle: “O God! assist our side. At least, avoid assisting the enemy, and leave the result to me.” Leopold, called the _Old Dessauer_, and his son, the _Young Leopold_, were of essential service to Frederick in his wars. Pages might be filled illustrative of the character of this eccentric man.

[52] _Military Instructions_, p. 113.

[53] It was the day before. But it is not surprising that the bewildered young king should have been somewhat confused in his dates.

[54] Monsieur le Baron Bielfeld, _Lettres Familières et Autres_, tome i., p. 3.

[55] “Some men,” says a quaint writer, “have a God to swear by, though they have none to pray to.”

[56] _Œuvres de Frédéric_, t. xi., p. 90.

[57] “Valori was one night with him, and, on rising to take leave, the fat hand, sticking probably in the big waistcoat pocket, twitched out a little diplomatic-looking Note, which Frederick, with gentle adroitness (permissible in such circumstances), set his foot upon, till Valori had bowed himself out.”--CARLYLE, vol. iii., p. 330.

[58] _The Iron Crown._ It was so called because there was entwined, amidst its priceless gems and exquisitely wrought frosted gold, some iron wire, said to be drawn from one of the spikes which had been driven through one of the hands of our Savior.

[59] _Œuvres de Frédéric_, vol. ii., p. 84.

[60] “Sure enough, the Sea Powers are checkmated now. Let them make the least attempt in favor of the queen if they dare. Holland can be overrun from Osnabrück quarter at a day’s warning. Little George has his Hanoverians, his subsidized Hessians, Danes, in Hanover; his English on Lexden Heath. Let him come one step over the marches, Maillebois and the Old Dessauer swallow him. It is a surprising stroke of theatrical-practical Art, brought about, to old Fleury’s sorrow, by the genius of Belleisle, and they say of Madame Châteauroux; enough to strike certain Governing Persons breathless for some time, and denotes that the Universal Hurricane, or World Tornado has broken out.”--CARLYLE, vol. iii., p. 357.

[61] Count Brühl was for many years the first minister of the king. He was a weak, extravagant man, reveling in voluptuousness. His decisions could always be controlled by an ample bribe. His sole object seemed to be his own personal luxurious indulgence. “Public affairs,” he said, “will carry themselves on, provided we do not trouble ourselves about them.”

Sir Charles Hanbury Williams, in his letters from Dresden, writes: “Now, as every thing of every kind, from the highest affairs of the state down to operas and hunting, are all in Count Brühl’s immediate care, I leave you to judge how his post is executed. His expenses are immense. He keeps three hundred servants and as many horses. It is said, and I believe it, that he takes money for every thing the king disposes of in Poland, where they frequently have very great employments to bestow.”

[62] _Histoire de mon Temps._

[63] _Campagnes de le Roi de Prusse_, p. 5.

[64] _Œuvres de Frédéric_, xvii., p. 196.

[65] _Campaigns of the King of Prussia_, p. 57.

[66] _Correspondance de Frédéric II._

[67] “Huge huzzaing, herald-trumpeting, bob-major-ing, burst forth from all Prussian towns, especially from all Silesian ones, in those June days, as the drums beat homeward; elaborate illuminations in the short nights, with bonfires, with transparencies; transparency inscribed ‘Frederico Magno (To Frederick _the Great_),’ in one small instance, still of premature nature.”--CARLYLE.

[68] Bielfeld, 251.

[69] _Histoire de mon Temps._

[70] Bielfeld, p. 251.

[71] It would seem that Voltaire was sent to Frederick as the secret agent and spy of the French minister. “Voltaire,” writes Macaulay, “was received with every mark of respect and friendship. The negotiation was of an extraordinary description. Nothing can be conceived more whimsical than the conferences which took place between the first literary man and the first practical man of the age, whom a strange weakness had induced to change their parts. The great poet would talk of nothing but treaties and guarantees, and the king of nothing but metaphors and rhymes. On one occasion Voltaire put into his majesty’s hand a paper on the state of Europe, and received it back with verses scrawled on the margin. In secret they both laughed at each other. Voltaire did not spare the king’s poems, and the king has left on record his opinion of Voltaire’s diplomacy, saying, ‘He had no credentials, and the whole mission was a mere farce.’”

As a specimen of the character of the document above alluded to, we give the following. Voltaire, in what he deemed a very important state paper, had remarked,

“The partisans of Austria burn with the desire to open the campaign in Silesia again. Have you, in that case, any ally but France? And, however potent you are, is an ally useless to you?”

The king scribbled on the margin,

“Mon ami,
Don’t you see
We will receive them
A la Barbari!”

[72] _Œuvres de Frédéric_, XXVII., vol. i., p. 387.

[73] Letters of Bielfeld, vol. i., p. 188.

[74] In Pöllnitz’s memoirs and letters he repeated the rumor that the great elector’s second wife, an ancestor of Frederick, had attempted to poison her step-son.

[75] Voltaire is proverbially inaccurate in details. It was the king’s invariable custom to rise at _four_ in summer and six in winter.

[76] “In his retreat Frederick is reported to have lost above thirty thousand men, together with most of his heavy baggage and artillery, and many wagons laden with provisions and plunder.”--TOWER’S _Life and Reign of Frederick_, vol. i., p. 209.

[77] Carlyle, vol. iv., p. 50.

[78] Carlyle, vol. iv., p. 76.

[79] Carlyle, vol. iv., p. 54.

[80] Carlyle, vol. i., p. 302.

[81] Carlyle, vol. iv., p. 80.

[82] _Œuvres de Frédéric_, t. ii., p. 218.

[83] _Œuvres de Frédéric_, t. iii., p. 123.

[84] Scamander, a small stream in Asia Minor, celebrated in the songs of Homer.

[85] Robinson’s Dispatch, August 4, 1745.

[86] _Histoire de mon Temps._

[87] In this, as in most other similar cases, there is considerable diversity of statement as to the precise number of troops engaged on either side. But there is no question that the Austrians were in numbers far superior to the Prussians.

[88] Müller, _Tableaux des guerres de Frédéric le Grand_.

[89] _Mémoires de Frédéric, Baron de Trenck._

[90] Carlyle, vol. iv., p. 171.

[91] Id. ibid.

[92] Voltaire, speaking of this action, says: “It was the famous old Prince of Anhalt who gained this decisive victory. He had been a warrior fifty years, and was the first who had entered into the lines of the French army at Turin in 1707. For conducting the infantry he was esteemed the most experienced officer in Europe. This great battle was the last that filled up the measure of his military glory--the only glory which he had enjoyed, for fighting was his only province.”--_Age of Louis XV._, chap. xvii.

[93] “About three pounds ten shillings, I think--better than ten pounds in our day to a common man, and better than one hundred pounds to a Linsenbarth.”--CARLYLE.

[94] _Commentaire Historique sur les Œuvres de l’Auteur de la Henriade._

[95] _Supplément aux Œuvres Posthumes de Frédéric_, ii.

[96] Voltaire boasted that he had gained the cause, because the Jew was fined thirty shillings. But he knew full well, as did every one else, that the result of the suit covered him with dishonor.

[97] This was a private letter which reflected severely upon the character of Maupertuis.

[98] Thiebault, _Souvenirs de Vingt Ans de Séjour à Berlin_.

[99] _Biographie Universelle._

[100] In a letter which the Prince of Prussia, Augustus William, wrote to the king, remonstrating against those encroachments which were arraying all Europe against him, he says: “Russia is persuaded that your designs upon her occasioned the applications which you have made to the court of Vienna to substitute a truce of two years in room of a solemn treaty of peace. She believes that you wanted to tie up the hands of the empress queen so as to put it out of her power to succor her ally; that a war against Russia was the principal object of your intrigues in Sweden; that you have designs upon Courland; that Polish Prussia and Pomerania would be very convenient to you; and that you find Russia the greatest obstacle to this rounding of your dominions. In short, she believes that she has the same interest in your abasement as the house of Austria.”--_Vie de Frédéric II., Roi de Prusse_, t. ii., p. 318.

[101] Age of Louis XV., chapter xxxii.

[102] Archenholtz, _Histoire de la Guerre de cet Homme_.

[103] An uncle of the great Mirabeau.

[104] The Duchess of Pompadour.

[105] In the years 1508–1509 the celebrated league of Cambrai was formed by Louis XII. of France, Maximilian, Emperor of Germany, Ferdinand, King of Spain, and Pope Julius II., against Venice. The league was called _Holy_ because the pope took part in it.

[106]

“Ainsi mon seul asile en mon unique port
Se trouve, chère sœur, dans les bràs de la mort.”

[107] _Correspondance Familière et Amicale_, tome i., p. 31.

[108] “Heaven!” This was probably a slip of the pen. Frederick would have been perplexed to explain who or what he meant by “Heaven.” It would, however, subsequently appear that he used the word as synonymous with _fate_ or _destiny_.

[109] The atheistic pen of Frederick will sometimes slip.

[110] _Memoires pour servir à la Vie de M. De Voltaire._

[111] Carlyle, vol. v., p. 168.

[112] Archenholtz, vol. i., p. 209.

[113]

“Gieb dass ich thu’ mit Fleiss was mir zu thun gebühret,
Wozu mich dein Befehl in meinem Stande führet,
Gieb dass ich’s thue bald, zu der Zeit da ich’s soll;
Und wenn ich’s thu’, so gieb dass es gerathe wohl.”

[114] “Indeed, there is in him, in those grim days, a tone as of trust in the Eternal, as of real religious piety and faith, scarcely noticeable elsewhere in his history. His religion, and he had, in withered forms, a good deal of it, if we will look well, being almost always in a strictly voiceless state--nay, ultra voiceless, or voiced the wrong way, as is too well known!”--CARLYLE.

[115]

“Nun danket alle Gott
Mit Herzen, Mund und Händen,
Der grosse Dinge thut,
An uns und allen Enden.”

[116] _Vie de Frédéric II., Roi de Prusse, Strasbourg_, 1788, t. ii., p. 317.

[117] Carlyle.

[118] The son of the late Prince of Prussia. He was now heir to the crown.

[119] Carlyle.

[120] London Magazine, vol. xxvii., p. 670.

[121] This confession of the king is worthy of notice. His _philosophy_ afforded him no consolation in these hours of anguish. It is faith in Christ alone which can “take from death its sting, and from the grave its victory.”

[122] _Correspondance de Voltaire avec le Roi de Prusse._

[123] Archenholtz, _Histoire de la Guerre de Sept Ans_.

[124] _Histoire de la Guerre de Sept Ans, par Frédéric II._

[125] “The loss of his Wilhelmina, had there been no other grief, has darkened all his life to Frederick. Readers are not prepared for the details of grief we could give, and the settled gloom of mind they indicate. A loss irreparable and immeasurable; the light of life, the one heart that loved him, gone. All winter he dwells internally on the sad matter, though soon falling silent on it to others.”--CARLYLE, vol. v., p. 318.

[126] Carlyle, vol. v., p. 314.

[127] _Œuvres de Frédéric_, t. xix., p. 56.

[128] _Mémoires pour servir à la Vie de M. De Voltaire, Ecrit par Lui-même._

[129] The Duchess of Pompadour.

[130] _Œuvres de Frédéric_, t. xxiii., p. 53.

[131] _Histoire de la Guerre de Sept Ans, par Frédéric II._

[132] General Haddick was in command of an Austrian force marching to join the Russians. Frederick had surprised one of his detachments.

[133] General Finck, one of the most efficient of Frederick’s generals, to whom we shall often hereafter refer.

[134] This was a mistake. Frederick had probably been misinformed.

[135] There were three horses shot under Frederick; but from the third the king dismounted before he fell.

[136] Haddick and Loudon were two of the most able generals in the army of Soltikof.

[137] Prince Henry.

[138] This was a slip of the pen. The battle of Kunersdorf was on the 12th.

[139] “I pray God!” Even the heart of the atheist in hours of calamity yearns for a God.

[140] The king here undoubtedly refers to the vial of poison which he invariably carried in his waistcoat pocket.

[141] “Of the 14,000 men who had made the expedition with him, only 3000 remained unwounded at the time of the capitulation.”--_Life of Frederick II._, by LORD DOVER, vol. ii., p. 134.

[142] Carlyle, vol. v., p. 469.

[143] _Biographie Universelle._

[144] _Œuvres de Frédéric_, t. xxii., p. 61.

[145] Voltaire’s niece, Madame Denis, was with him when he was arrested at Frankfort, and she was terribly frightened.

[146] _Œuvres de Voltaire_, t. lxxx., p. 313.

[147] Archenholtz, vol. ii., p. 53.

[148] “The symptoms we decipher in these letters, and otherwise, are those of a man drenched in misery; but used to his black element, unaffectedly defiant of it, or not at the pains to defy it; occupied only to do his very utmost in it, with or without success, till the end come.”--CARLYLE.

[149] Annual Register, vol. iii., p. 209.

[150] Life of Frederick II., by Lord Dover, vol. ii., p. 152.

[151] The king had a coat torn from him by a rebounding cannon-ball, and a horse shot under him.

[152] _Œuvres Posthumes de Frédéric II._

[153] “No human intellect in our day could busy itself with understanding these thousandfold marchings, manœuvrings, assaults, surprisals, sudden facings about (retreat changed to advance); nor could the powerfulest human memory, not exclusively devoted to study the art military under Frederick, remember them when understood.”--CARLYLE, vol. vi., p. 59.

[154] Great in small things, small in great things.

[155] _Œuvres de Frédéric_, t. xix., p. 139.

[156]

When one has lost every thing, when one has no longer hope,
Life is a disgrace, and death a duty.

[157] Carlyle.

[158] _Œuvres de Frédéric_, t. xix., p. 204.

[159] _Correspondance Familière et Amicale de Frédéric, Roi de Prusse_, t. ii., p. 140.

[160] Carlyle.

[161] Life of Frederick II., by Lord Dover, vol. ii., p. 170.

[162] Walpole’s Letters to Sir Horace Mann, vol. i., p. 6, 7.

[163] Maria Theresa of Austria, Elizabeth, Empress of Russia, and the Marchioness of Pompadour, who was virtually Queen of France.

[164] _Vie de Frédéric II., Roi de Prusse_, t. ii., p. 141.

[165] _Prusse_, t. ii., p. 282.

[166] Küster, _Charakterzüge des General Lieutenant v. Saldern_, p. 40

[167] Carlyle.

[168] Archenholtz, vol. ii., p. 262.

[169] _Œuvres de Frédéric_, t. xix., p. 281.

[170] Carlyle.

[171] Carlyle.

[172] Carlyle.

[173] Military Instructions, written by the King of Prussia, p. 176.

[174] Archenholtz, _Histoire de la Guerre de Sept Ans_.

[175] “Northern tourists, Wraxall and others, passing that way, speak of this princess down to recent times as a phenomenon of the place. Apparently a high and peremptory kind of lady, disdaining to be bowed too low by her disgraces. She survived all her generation, and the next and the next, and, indeed, into our own. Died 18th February, 1840, at the age of ninety-six.”--CARLYLE.

[176] _Œuvres de Frédéric_, t. vi., p. 23.

[177] _Œuvres Posthumes de D’Alembert_, t. i., p. 197, cited by Carlyle, vol. vi., p. 283.

[178] _Histoire ou Anecdotes sur la Révolution de Russie en l’année 1762, par M. Rulhière._

[179] _Œuvres de Frédéric_, t. vi., p. 26.

[180] _Correspondance avec l’Electrice Marie-Antoine._

[181] Pezzl, _Vie de Loudon_, vol. ii., p. 29.

[182] “Kaunitz,” writes Frederick, “had a clear intellect, greatly twisted by perversities of temper, especially by a self-conceit and arrogance which were boundless. He did not talk, but preach. At the smallest interruption he would stop short in indignant surprise. It has happened that at the council-board in Schönbrunn, when her imperial majesty has asked some explanation of a word or thing not understood by her, Kaunitz made his bow and quitted the room.”

[183] _Œuvres de Frédéric_, t. xxvi., p. 30.

[184] Schnitzler, vol. ii., p. 247.

[185] _Œuvres de Frédéric_, t. xxvi., p. 345.

[186] Hormayr, _Taschenbuch_, 1831, S. 66, cited by Dr. J. D. E. Preuss, Historiographer of Brandenburg, in his life of _Friedrich der Grosse_, vol. iv., p. 38.

[187] Preuss, vol. iv., p. 39.

[188] G. Freytag, _Neue Bilder aus dem Leben des deutschen Volkes_, cited by Carlyle, vol. vi., p. 378.

[189] Freytag, p. 397.

[190] _Œuvres de Frédéric_, t. vi., p. 124.

[191] Carlyle, vol. vi., p. 446–449.

[192] Schmettau, vol. xxv., p. 30.

[193] Preuss, t. iv., p. 187.

[194] Fischer, vol. ii., p. 445, as cited by Carlyle.

[195] Carlyle, vol. vi., p. 529.

[196] Carlyle.

[197] _Correspondance Inédite de Marie Antoinette_, p. 137.

[198] _Mémoires et Mélanges Historiques et Littéraires, par le Prince de Ligny._

[199] Dr. Moore, View of Society and Manners in France, Switzerland, and Germany.

[200] Carlyle, vol. vi., p. 535.

[201] Rödenbeck, vol. iii., p. 365.

INDEX.

A.

Abdication of Frederick William contemplated, 50.

Absolutism of Frederick William (_note_), 43.

Academy of Sciences established in Berlin, 191;
Frederick’s interest in the, 390.

Adelbert, Bishop of Prag, his missionary spirit, 18.

Adolph Frederick of Sweden marries Frederick’s sister Ulrique, 323.

Alarm of the monarchies of Europe at the successes of Frederick the
Great, 267;
of the British Cabinet, 286.

Alembert, D’, a French Philosopher and friend of Frederick, 540.

Algarotti, Count, Italian, at Reinsberg, 171;
_Note_, 233;
describes a Review of the Guards, 379.

Alliance of European Powers against Frederick threatened, 238.

Amelia, Princess, of England, her constancy to Frederick, 150.

Anecdote of Frederick William, 20;
of the Berlin Student, 27;
of Frederick William, 38;
of M. Von Bentenreider, 44;
of Scenes in the Tobacco Parliament, 48;
of Frederica Louisa, 56;
of Frederick William in the Music-room, 67;
of Wilhelmina and Fritz, 78;
of a Raven, 115;
of Frederick William, 161;
of the French Minister (_note_), 192;
of Frederick the Great and Voltaire (_note_), 199;
of Count Dufour, 200;
of Frederick the Great, 272, 300;
of the Old Dessauer, 346;
of Frederick and the Protestant Peasants, 353;
of the Hungarian Count, 378;
of Colonel Chasot and an Austrian Officer, 380;
of Frederick, 399;
of the Prussian Dragoon, 416;
of Frederick and the Austrians, 443;
of Frederick before the Battle of Zorndorf, 460;
of Frederick, 517, 518, 525, 536;
of Elizabeth of Brunswick, wife of the Crown Prince, 537;
of Frederick, 556, 557, 561;
of one of Frederick’s Dogs, 568.

Animosity between Frederick William and George II. of England
(_note_), 55.

Announcement of Prussian Victory at Mollwitz--Frederick’s
Chagrin, 259.

Anspach, Marquis of, marries a sister of Frederick, 66.

Anti-Machiavel, Frederick’s protestations in, 217.

Archenholtz: he writes of Frederick after Kolin, 417;
of Frederick’s treatment of his Captives, 499.

Argens, Marquis D’, his character, 396.

Attack upon Frederick’s Supply-train from Troppau described, 453.

Augustus William, brother of Frederick, betrothed, 210;
his Grief and Death, 451.

Augustus III., King of Poland, Frederick’s counsels to him, 298;
his Exasperation against Frederick, 305.

Aulic Council held at Presburg, 284.

Austria favors Catholicism, 224.

Austrian Envoy, the, his suspicions of Frederick, 219.

Austrian Retreat after Leuthen, 442;
after Torgau, 514.

Austrians, Cruelty of the, 364;
defeated by Prince Henry, 533.

B.

Baireuth, Frederick, Duke of, 76;
he visits Berlin, 120;
received with favor by Wilhelmina, 121;
Character of the old Marquis of, 147;
Frederick the Great visits Wilhelmina in her home at, 161.

Barberina, Señora, her Adventures, 318, 319.

Bathyani, General, and his Pandours, 332.

Baumgarten, Conflict at, 241;
Neipperg at, 283.

Belgard, Frederick William reviews a Regiment at, 179.

Belleisle, Lord, commands French troops, 284;
his Interview with Frederick, 315.

Berlin, Palace of, its Splendor, 37;
Frederick William arrives at, 97;
Grand Review at, 119;
Description of the Palace of, 129;
Wilhelmina writes of, 134;
Grand Entrèe of Frederick with his Bride, 151;
the Princess Royal resides at, 154;
Frederick William returns from Lithuania to, 180;
he bids a final farewell to, 180;
Wilhelmina visits, 210;
Frederick the Great returns from Silesia to, 236;
Frederick again returns to, 297;
the Gayety of, 322;
Alarm in, 348;
Carousal at, 385;
an Austrian Division on the march to attack, 428;
Terror at, 488;
besieged by the Allies, 508;
the Garrison retires, and the City surrenders, 509;
Illuminations in, after the Treaty of Peace, 535;
Congress at, 555.

Berneck, Wilhelmina writes Frederick of, 156.

Bernstadt, Frederick surprises and scatters an Austrian Division
at, 424.

Besserer, M., Chaplain of the Garrison at Cüstrin, 107.

Bevern, Prince, holds Breslau, 434.

Bielfeld, Baron, describes the Princess Elizabeth Christina, 144;
his Account of a Carousal at Reinsberg, 169;
an Accident to, 171;
his Account of the Crown Prince, 171, 172;
of Frederick William (_note_), 181;
he relates a Dialogue (_note_), 187;
his Conversation with Frederick after the Death of his Father, 189;
he writes (_note_), 212;
of Frederick, 268;
he describes Frederick’s Manner at the Marriage of his Brother, 297;
he relates Frederick’s Passage through Frankfort, 314;
he describes the Leave-taking of Ulrique, and the Berlin Court, 324.

Bohemia, Prussian Forces enter, 330.

Borck, Baron von, counsels Frederick William, 61;
his proposal to Sophie Dorothee, 76;
he commands at Maaseyk, 208;
he is charged with proposals to General Roth, the Austrian
Commander, 234.

Borne, short but bloody Conflict at, 438.

Botta, Marquis of, the Austrian Envoy, 220.

Brandenburg, the Duchy of, 18;
its Capital, 19.

Breslau, Capital of Silesia, 228;
Terms of Surrender offered, 229;
terms of its surrender to Frederick, 281;
Frederick crowned Sovereign Duke of Silesia at, 294;
afterward retaken by Austria, 435;
Frederick concentrates troops at, 507;
he establishes Winter Quarters at, 527.

Brieg, Siege of, raised, 250;
Frederick encamped around, 265.

Britz, immense Concourse at, to meet Frederick on his return to
Berlin, 373.

Broglio, Marshal, commandant in Strasbourg, 200.

Browne, General, an Austrian commander in Silesia, 223;
his skillful Manœuvre to relieve the Saxons, 408.

Brühl, Count, Prime Minister of Augustus III., 299;
his Character (_note_), 299.

Brünn, Frederick besieges, 304.

Brunswick, secret Conclave, and Initiation of the Crown Prince into
the Order of Freemasons at, 176.

Buddenbrock, General, his mean office, 91.

Budischau, Castle of, used as Saxon Barracks, 302.

Budweis, Frederick takes possession of, 333.

Bunzelwitz, Camp of, celebrated in history, 523.

C.

Captain of Giant Guards, 43.

Caroline, Queen of England, Sophie Dorothee writes to, 74.

Carlyle, Quotations from and Opinions of (_note_), 20, 21;
his Opinion of Frederick William, 24;
his Description of the Tabagie, 46;
of Frederick William, 48;
he describes the Companions of the Crown Prince (_note_), 71;
Comments on Wilhelmina (_note_), 73;
Extract from, 97;
on Predestination, 110;
translates a Letter of Frederick to his Father, 113;
he writes of Voltaire, 173;
of Frederick, 217;
he describes a March in December, 225;
on France, 239;
he describes M. Maupertuis, 264;
Maria Theresa, 273;
his graphic Account of Frederick and the English Ministers, 280;
his View of the Offer of Frederick to Austria, 287;
of Frederick’s political Morality, 293;
his Description of the Pandours, 333;
he writes of Frederick, 339;
of Leopold, 343;
of the French Victory at Fontenoy, 358;
describes the Storming of Sterbohol and Homoly Hills, 413;
on Frederick’s poetic Effusion, 433;
on the Battle of Zorndorf, 459;
on the Armies at Freiburg, 495;
on Frederick’s Manœuvrings (_note_), 507;
on the Camp at Bunzelwitz, 523;
on the Czarina, 541;
on Bavaria, 551;
on Frederick’s diplomatic Skill, 552;
his Rendering of Frederick’s religious Creed, 569.

Catharine II. conspires against Peter III., and dethrones him, 530;
her Proclamation after the Death of Peter III., 531;
Frederick the Great enters into an alliance with her, 541;
goes to War with Turkey, 544;
her Death, 551.

Catt, Henry de, his Narrative, 399, 400, 401;
he visits Frederick at Breslau, 447.

Charles, Duke of Brunswick, 151.

Charles VI. of Germany, his Alliance with Frederick William, 45;
he intercedes for the Crown Prince, 111;
his Death, 212;
the dying Scene, 213.

Charles Albert, Emperor of Germany, 301;
his Death, 344.

Charles, Prince, of Austria advances against Frederick, 307;
his Aim, 309;
bereaved and crushed, 342.

Charlotte, Sister of Frederick the Great, slanders his Bride, 148;
her Marriage, 152.

Charlotte Sophia of Mecklenburg, the Bride of George III. of
England, 521.

Chasot, Lieutenant, fights a Duel, 168.

Châtelet, Madame Du, her Character, 173;
her Death, 379.

Children of Frederick William, 50.

Chotusitz, Battle of, 310;
Cavalry Charge at, led by General Bredow, 311.

Chrudim, Frederick’s Head-quarters at, 307;
he concentrates his Army at, 308.

Cirey, Chateau of, the Residence of Voltaire, 173.

Cleves, Voltaire visits Frederick at, 203.

Coalition against Frederick, 402.

Cochius, M., a clerical Adviser of Frederick William, 187.

Combination against Frederick, 411.

Cossacks hover around the Prussian Army, 456;
their Mercilessness, 459.

Court-martial convened, 105.

Court Intrigues, 148.

Crown Prince of Prussia, 20.

Crown Prince Cadets, 30.

Cüstrin, Frederick, the Crown Prince of Prussia, a Prisoner at, 101;
his Privations, 114;
his Life at, 122;
he returns after the Marriage of his Sister, 135;
Conflagration of, 461, 462;
in a midnight March Frederick crosses the Oder near, 481.

Czaslau, Prince Charles, rendezvouses at, 310.

Czernichef, General, communicates to Frederick the News of the Death
of Peter III.; its Effect, 532.

D.

Dance of Torches, 131.

Daun, General, an Austrian Officer, re-enforces Olmütz, 452;
he dares not attack Frederick, 454;
his Endeavors to reconquer Saxony, 463;
his Plans successful, 466;
he overwhelms the Forces of General Finck, 493;
is astride the Elbe at Dresden, 501;
severely wounded at Torgau, 513.

Delay of the Courier sent to England respecting the double Marriages;
the Consequences, 75.

Despotic Conduct of Frederick William, 43, 68.

Dessauer, the Old, alienated from Frederick, 340;
his military Skill and Character, 345;
Frederick directs him to watch the Saxons, 347;
he enters Saxony, 367;
his Prayer before commencing Battle, 369.

Dialogue of Sophie Dorothee with Grumkow, 74;
of Frederick with Count Von Kaunitz, 545.

Dickens, Sir Guy, an English Embassador, 86;
he conveys letters to the Crown Prince from George II. of
England, 87;
his Testimony respecting Frederick William, 112;
he is baffled in his attempts to discover the Plans of
Frederick, 220.

Discipline in the Prussian Army, 378.

Doberschütz, Frederick at, after the Victory of Hochkirch, 469.

Double Marriages, the, relinquished, 61.

Dover, Lord, on the Marriage of Frederica Louisa (_note_), 66;
Extract from the Writings of, 104, (_note_), 105.

Dresden, Frederick William contemplates a Visit to, 78;
Frederick the Great visits, 298;
Treaty of Peace signed at, 372;
Frederick enters, 405;
his Winter Quarters at, 409;
the Prussian Commander fires the Suburbs of, 471;
surrendered by General Schmettau, 491;
cruelly bombarded by Frederick, 502.

Dubourgay, British Embassador at Berlin, 79.

Duhan, M., Frederick’s Visit to, 373.

Duke of Gloucester, the, sends Envoy to Berlin, 40.

Duplicity of Frederick, 291.

E.

Eastern Question, the, its Antiquity, 545.

Economy of Frederick William, 45.

Einsiedel, General, holds the Garrison at Prague, 331;
his heroic but awful Retreat from Prague, 338.

Elizabeth Christina, Princess of Bevern, 141;
betrothed to Frederick, 142;
her Marriage, 149;
her cruel Treatment at Berlin, 151;
Carlyle’s Testimony to her Character, 165;
Frederick’s Treatment of her, 197;
his cutting Neglect of her, 252;
her Reputation, and Frederick’s Opinion of her, 389;
his Testimony, 573.

Elizabeth of Russia, her Character and Death, 528.

Ellert, M., Physician to Frederick William (_note_), 187.

Emperor of Germany, the, protests against the double Marriages, 48.

England replenishes the Coffers of Maria Theresa, 238;
Checkmated by the Skill of Belleisle, 284;
the growing Power of France alarms her, 312;
endeavors to break the Alliance between France and Prussia, 359;
makes a Treaty with Frederick, 448;
her Treaty with France, 532.

English, the, their Unpopularity at Berlin, 82.

Erfurt, the Prince of Soubise intrenched at, 424.

Eugene, Prince, a renowned Prussian Officer, 160;
he re-enforces the Garrison at Berlin, 509.

Europe, a general Upturning of the States of, 239;
she censures Frederick for his cruel Treatment of Prisoners of
War, 409.

F.

Fassmann, his outrageous Conduct in the Tabagie, 47.

Finck, Count, Frederick’s secret Instructions to, 410;
his cruel Treatment of, 494.

Fouqué, Captain, with the Crown Prince at Cüstrin (_note_), 102.

Fouquet, General, overwhelmed and captured, 501.

France and Germany unite against Austria, 284.

Francis of Lorraine elected Emperor of Germany, 360.

Frankenstein, General Neipperg retreats to, 283;
Frederick’s head-quarters at, 349.

Frankfort on the Oder, Frederick’s Entrance into, 314;
exorbitant Demands of the Russians upon the People of, 480.

Frederica Louisa, Description of, 55.

Frederick, Elector of Brandenburg, 18;
crowned Frederick I., 20;
his Sorrows and Death, 23.

Frederick William, 20;
his Marriage, 21;
his Economy and Reforms, 24, 25;
his Idea of War, 26;
his ill Manners, 27;
his Plans for his Son, 28;
his Notions of Education, 32, 34;
Directions for Fritz, 35, 36;
his Efforts for the Giant Guard, 43;
exasperates neighboring magnates, 45;
his lack of intellectual Culture, 47;
his Illness, 55;
an Artist, 58;
his Inhumanity, 59;
his Anger with George II. of England, 60;
his strange Conscientiousness, 63;
effects of his Rage, 68;
his demoniac Conduct, 69, 70;
brutally threatens his Queen, 73;
ends the Plan for the double Marriages, 75;
sullenly consents to Wilhelmina’s Marriage with the Duke of
Baireuth, 77;
his Suspicions of his Son, 78;
his Opinion of the Princess Amelia, 82;
Ultimatum concerning the double Marriages, 84;
he publicly canes his Son, 85;
he ill-treats Wilhelmina, 88;
he assaults his Son in the Yacht, 91;
he arraigns and tries Fritz, 93;
his cruel Dispatch to his Queen, 95;
his Rage with the friends of Fritz, 103;
his Inconsistency, 109;
he excites the indignation of all European Powers against him, 111;
his inflexibility, 114;
his insulting Reply to Wilhelmina, 115;
renewed ill treatment of his Daughter, 122;
he interviews his Son, 123;
his bitter Altercation with the Judges, 127;
his Store of Silver, 130;
he writes his Son, 137;
he allows Fritz a meagre Income, 146;
his reception of Wilhelmina, 147;
his displeasure with his Son, 154;
his Health impaired, 161;
his Sufferings and Petulance, 164;
he dislikes his Son’s Occupations, 167;
he visits Holland, 175;
he passes through Prussian Lithuania, 177;
his efforts for the Province, 178;
he bestows a Gift upon the Crown Prince, 179;
his Health fails, 180;
his Anger with the Tobacco Parliament, 183;
his Directions for his Funeral, 185, 186;
his last Hours, 187;
his dying Words, 188;
his Funeral, 189;
his Restrictions upon his Son, 197;
his authority over Herstal denied, 206.

Frederick the Great: his Tutors, 31;
his literary Acquirements, 37;
his refined Tastes, 38;
his Character at fifteen, 49;
his Illness, 52;
writes his Father, 53;
contemplates fleeing from Home, 61;
his Passion for Music, 66;
his Falsehood and Debts, 77;
his Resolve, 78;
his Interview with his Sister, 79;
he is held under Surveillance, 87;
he attempts escape, and is arrested, 89;
he is tried and condemned, 93;
he refuses to implicate his friends, 94;
he is deprived of necessaries, 101;
his crushing Sorrow, 107;
he abandons Christianity, 110;
his Oath of Obedience, 113;
his popularity at Cüstrin, 122;
his Interview with Frederick William, 123, 124;
he is allowed more Freedom, 127;
his lax ideas of Marriage, 128;
his coldness toward Wilhelmina, 134;
he is restored to his Command at Ruppin, 136;
his Betrothal, 142;
his Occupation at Ruppin, 145;
his choice of Reading, 146;
his Marriage, 149;
his treatment of his Bride, 150, 151;
he goes to Holland with Frederick William, 175;
his Masonic Initiation, 176;
he extols his Father’s ability, 178;
his sympathy for his Father in his illness, 181;
he enters the Tobacco Parliament, 182;
at Reinsberg Frederick hears of his Father’s sudden Illness, 185;
he is King of Prussia, 188;
his noble Words, 189;
his generous Deeds, 191;
his toleration, 192;
his caustic Replies, 193;
his division of Time, 194;
his dutiful Conduct toward his Mother, 197;
he visits Strasbourg _incognito_, 199;
his Opinion of Voltaire, 205;
he writes the Prince-bishop of Liege, 207;
he issues a Manifesto, 208;
he slights George II. of England, 210;
his unpopularity, 211;
his striking Words, 214;
he gives Reasons for War, 216;
his deceptive Measures, 218;
his insolent Demand upon Maria Theresa, 221;
his Speech to his soldiers, 222;
his Proclamation, 223;
his politic Conduct, 224, 230;
he writes M. Jordan, 226, 228, 232;
his Entrance into Breslau, 229;
he writes M. Algarotti, 233;
he fails to secure Allies, 237;
his narrow Escape, 240;
he writes Leopold, 244;
he writes the Old Dessauer, 246;
he mistakes General Neipperg’s Plans, 248;
his Dilemma, 249;
he endeavors to cross the Neisse, 250;
his want of military Skill, 255;
he flees for Life, 257;
his Mortification, 259, 261;
he writes Wilhelmina, 262;
his successful Strategy, 265;
his growing Importance, 268;
he signs a secret Treaty with France, 270;
his Physique, 275;
his Dialogue with Robinson and Hyndford, 279;
his trifling Manner, 280;
his brusque Reply to the Embassador, 285;
repulses the Austrian Envoy, 286;
his mean Proposition presented by Goltz, 287;
his Caution, 290;
his Perfidy, 291;
his sham Siege of Neisse, 293;
he denies the secret Treaty with Austria, 295;
his mean Subterfuges, 297;
he is annoyed by the want of Zeal in his Allies, 302;
he rejoices in the withdrawal of Saxony from the Alliance, 305;
his Views of Winter Campaigns, 307;
his attention to Minutiæ in his Camp, 309;
his Treachery to France, 313;
on his Silesian Campaigns, 315;
his Endeavors to render Berlin attractive, 318;
he writes an Ode to Ulrique, his Sister, 324;
he writes cruelly to Baron Pöllnitz, 325;
he fears Austrian Successes, 329;
his sad March from Prague, 331, 332;
his Perplexities, 335;
his narrow escape from Capture at Collin, 338;
his Orders to Leopold, 341;
his Peril, 347;
his Resolve, 348;
his Endeavor, 355;
his Indignation against Louis XV., 359;
in his retreat to Silesia, surprised by Austria, 362;
his Perplexities, 366;
his Suavity toward the People of Berlin, 373;
his Industry, 377;
his Kindness to the old Schoolmaster, Linsenbarth, 383;
writes of Voltaire to Wilhelmina, 388;
excludes Ladies from his Court, 390;
Resumé of his Character, 396;
his mean Conduct at Dresden, 398;
his terrible Perplexity, 403;
his treatment of Saxon troops, 409;
he writes concerning the Battle of Prague, 414;
he retreats from Kolin, 415;
his Grief at the Death of his Mother, 418;
his Anger with, and cruel Treatment of Augustus William, 422;
his infidel Creed, 425;
his Support in Sorrow, 428;
defeats the Allies at Rossbach, 430;
his Address to Officers and Soldiers after Leuthen, 435, 436;
he writes to the Marquis D’Argens, 446, 447;
his grim Humor, 463;
his Daring, 465;
his Losses, 467;
he derides General Daun, 469;
his Winter at Breslau, 473;
his Expedient for the increase of Funds, 475;
he joins his Brother Henry at Sagan, 479;
defeated at Mühlberg Hill, 483;
his Injustice to his Soldiers, 489;
his Illness, 492;
his reckless Directions to his Generals, 493;
his strategic Deception, 505;
he dictates to his Generals the Plan of Operations at Torgau, 513;
assails the Austrians, 513;
his unwearying Energy, 518;
his cruel Extortions, 521;
his _Military Instructions_, 533;
he returns to Berlin, 535;
his Account of the Ravages of the Seven Years’ War, 539;
vain of his Wit, 543;
endeavors to mediate between Russia and Turkey, 545;
his Share of Poland, 548;
his Opinion on the Partition of Poland, 549;
his Diplomacy, 552;
his resolute Movement, 554, 555;
his Character in old age, 556;
his Protocol regarding the Miller, 559;
his Neglect of his Wife, 561;
his Illness, 565;
his last Sickness and Death, 569, 571, 572;
his Burial, 573.

Frederick, Prince of Wales, Son of George II. of England: his Schemes
for the Hand of Wilhelmina, 52;
an ardent Lover, 82.

French, the, compel the Duke of Brunswick to withdraw his Alliance
from Frederick, 424;
their Atrocities near Weissenfels, 433.

Freudenthal, General Neipperg at, 249;
Frederick obtains Possession of, 283.

Freytag, M., arrests Voltaire at Frankfort, 394;
his Opinion of Frederick’s Share of Poland, 549;
his Testimony to Frederick’s Energy in time of Peace, 550.

Friedenthal occupied by Frederick, 298.

Friedland, Frederick retreats to, 250;
he obtains Possession of, 283.

G.

George I., Elector of Hanover, 20;
he visits Berlin, 32;
his Character, 39;
his Treatment of his Wife, 41;
the Death of his unhappy Wife, 48;
his own sudden Death, 49.

George II., his Character, 41;
on the British Throne, 52;
he quarrels with Frederick William, 59;
Weakness of his Army, 65;
his Reasons for objecting to the “double Marriages,” 83;
his Reply containing the Ultimatum, 84;
he accedes too late to the Overtures of Frederick William, 122;
he assists Maria Theresa, 316;
his sudden Death, 516.

George III., his Character when Prince of Wales, 83;
his Marriage, 521.

George the Pious, Duke of Brieg, 231.

Giant Guards, Cost of, 61;
one of them robs a House, 126;
Frederick abolishes the Regiment after he becomes King of
Prussia, 192.

Ginckel, General, Dutch Embassador to Prussia; his Account of an
Interview with Frederick William (_note_), 109;
demands, in the Name of the Dutch Court, the Evacuation of
Silesia, 270.

Glatz seized by Frederick, 299;
Austrians drive out the Old Dessauer, and retake, 340;
Frederick, to deceive General Daun, rushes towards, 501.

Glogau, a fortified town in Silesia, 223;
Frederick invests it, 228;
assaulted and captured by Leopold, 245.

Goltz, Colonel, carries a Proposition to Lord Hyndford from
Frederick, 286;
his important Appointment and sudden Death, 522.

Görtz, M., employed on Bavarian Business, 552.

Götten, a Hanoverian Town, 243;
the Old Dessauer, with thirty-six Thousand Men, stationed
there, 258;
the Troops there menace England, 284.

Grottkau, Frederick advances towards, to join the Prince of Holstein
Beck, 250;
finds Austrians in Possession, 251;
after Mollwitz Austrians again retreat to, 262.

Grumkow, Baron, Bearer of a Letter to Sophie Dorothee, 75;
his Insolence to the Crown Prince, 101;
his Conference with Wilhelmina, 117;
he describes an Interview of Frederick William with the Crown
Prince, 125.

Gundling, a boon Companion of Frederick William, 47.

H.

Haddick, General, his peculiar Ransom from Berlin, 429.

Hartoff, M., Prussian Minister to the Hanoverian Court, 63.

Helvetius invited to visit Berlin, 540.

Henry, Prince, commands at Saxony, 449;
joins Frederick at Doberschütz, 469.

Hennersdorf, Frederick attacks the Austrians at, 366.

Herstal Castle transferred to Frederick William, 206;
Bishop of Liege purchases of Frederick the Great, 209.

Hilbersdorf, Frederick at the Mill of, 259.

Historical Record of the State of Prussia before the Birth
of Christ, 17.

Hoffman, Professor, his dignified Reply to Frederick William, 181.

Hohenfriedburg, Austrian Officers at, 349;
Battle at, 351.

Hope renewed regarding the double Marriages, 75.

Hotham, Colonel, English Envoy to Prussia, 80;
describes a Dinner with Frederick William, 80;
his Endeavors to promote the Marriage of the Prince of Wales and
Wilhelmina, 82.

Hunting Expeditions of Frederick William, 55.

Hyndford, Lord, an English Embassador to Frederick;
his Conference with him, 268, 269, 273;
his Conference with Frederick at Berlin, 295.

I.

Iglau, Frederick intends marching to, 301;
his Chagrin on reaching it, 304.

Incident at Kehl, 199;
at Lissa, 443;
at Frederick’s Death-bed, the faithful Valet, 572.

Intrigues of Voltaire, 327.

Iron Crown--why so called? (_note_), 274.

J.

Jagerndorf, Frederick’s Peril at, 248.

Jordan, M., a Companion of Frederick at Reinsberg, 167;
he writes of Frederick, 168, (_note_), 232;
he writes Frederick, 263.

Joseph II., Interview of Frederick with, 542;
he allies himself with Russia, 560.

K.

Kalkstein, Colonel, Tutor for Frederick, 31.

Kannegiesser, M., Embassador of George II. at Hanover, 63.

Katte, Lieutenant, his kindly Offices, 67;
he is in an unpleasant Dilemma, 69;
is a dangerous Friend for the Crown Prince, 71;
he sends Frederick’s Desk and Papers to the Queen, 96;
is arrested and abused by the King, 99;
imprisoned, 100;
sentenced to die, 105;
his Letter, 106;
his Execution, 107.

Kaunitz, Count Von, his Conceit, 544;
he supplicates Frederick, 555.

Keith, Lieutenant, stationed at Wesel, 71;
he escapes to the Hague, 92;
Frederick’s Treatment of him, 193, 194.

Keith, Marshal, killed at the Battle of Hochkirch, 467.

Kesselsdorf, battle of, described by Carlyle, 369.

Keyserling, Major, an early Friend of Frederick, 167;
his Character (_note_), 233.