Chapter XVI: Part 16

152 Müller thinks it was in Sardinia he served under Africanus.
_Einleitung zu Kentniss Lateinischen Schriftsteller_, Tom. I. p.
378. Ed. Dresden, 1747–51.

153 Cicero, _De Orat._ Lib. II. c. 68.

154 Horat. _Epist._ Lib. I. Ep. 19. v. 7.

155 Ser. Sammonicus, _de Medicina_, c. 37.

156 Annos septuaginta natus, ita ferebat duo, quæ maxima putantur onera,
paupertatem et senectutem, ut iis pæne delectari videretur. _De
Senectute_, c. 5.

157 Cicero, _pro Archia_, c. 9. Valerius Maximus, Lib. VIII. c. 15. § 1.

158 Lib. XXXVIII. c. 56.

159 Bankes, _Civil History of Rome_, Vol. I. p. 357. Hobhouse,
_Illustrations of Childe Harold_, p. 167.

_ 160 Rome in the 19th Century_, Letter 36.

161 Cicero, _Tuscul. Disput._ Lib. I. c. 15.

162 “Romans, the form of Ennius here behold,
Who sung your fathers’ matchless deeds of old.
My fate let no lament or tear deplore,
I live in fame, although I breathe no more.”

163 See above, p. 61.

164 Alcmæon olim tragicorum pulpita lassavit cum furore suo. Ba. _in
Statium_. Tom. II.

165 Those who wish more particulars concerning the necklace may consult
Bayle, Art. _Calirhoe_.

_ 166 Tuscul. Disput._ Lib. III. c. 19.

167 “Where shall I refuge seek or aid obtain?
In flight or exile can I safety gain?—
Our city sacked—even scorched the walls of stone.
Our fanes consumed, and altars all o’erthrown.
O Father—country—Priam’s ruined home;
O hallowed temple with resounding dome,
And vaulted roof with fretted gold illumed—
All now, alas! these eyes have been consumed:
Have seen the foe shed royal Priam’s blood,
And stain Jove’s altar with the crimson flood.”

168 This subject is fully discussed in Eberhardt, _Zustand der
__Schönen__ Wissenschaften bei den __Römern_, p. 38. Ed. Altona,
1801.

_ 169 Tuscul. Disput._ Lib. I. c. 16.

170 “I come—retraced the paths profound that lead
Through rugged caves, from mansions of the dead:
Mid these huge caverns Cold and Darkness dwell,
And Shades pass through them from the gates of Hell—
When roused from rest, by blood of victims slain,
The Sorcerer calls them forth with rites obscene.”

_ 171 Græcæ Tragœdiæ principum Æschyli, &c. num ea quæ supersunt genuina
omnia sunt_. Ed. Heidelberg, 1808.

172 “Who knows not leisure to enjoy,
Toils more than those whom toils employ;
For they who toil with purposed end,
Mid all their labours pleasure blend—
But they whose time no labours fill,
Have in their minds nor wish nor will:
’Tis so with us, called far from home,
Nor yet to fields of battle come—
We hither haste, then thither go,
Our minds veer round as breezes blow.”

173 Comment. ad Cic. _Ep. ad Fam._ VII. 6. See also Scaliger, Vossius,
&c.

174 Osannus, _Analecta Critica_, c. 5.

175 “I rear’d him, subject to death’s equal laws,
And when to Troy I sent him in our cause,
I knew I urged him into mortal fight,
And not to feasts or banquets of delight.”

176 “For no Marsian augur (whom fools view with awe,)
Nor diviner nor star-gazer, care I a straw;
The Egyptian quack, an expounder of dreams,
Is neither in science nor art what he seems;
Superstitious and shameless, they prowl through our streets,
Some hungry, some crazy, but all of them cheats.
Impostors! who vaunt that to others they’ll show
A path, which themselves neither travel nor know.
Since they promise us wealth, if we pay for their pains,
Let them take from that wealth, and bestow what remains.”

177 “Yes! there are gods; but they no thought bestow
On human deeds—on mortal bliss or woe—
Else would such ills our wretched race assail?
Would the good suffer?—would the bad prevail?”

_ 178 Instit. Orator._ Lib. X. c. 1.

_ 179 Noctes Atticæ_, Lib. II. c. 29.

180 Lib. IV. Fab. 22. _L’Alouette et ses petits avec le maitre d’un
champ_.

_ 181 Noct. Attic._ Lib. XVII. c. 21. Quibus consulibus natum esse Q.
Ennium poetam, M. Varro, in primo _de Poetis_ libro, scripsit:
eumque quum septimum et sexagesimum annum ageret duodecimum Annalem
scripsisse: idque ipsum Ennium in eodem libro dicere.

182 See above, p. 40.

_ 183 Romische Geschichte_, Tom. I. p. 179.

_ 184 Romische Geschichte_, Tom. I. p. 318.

185 Id. Tom. I. p. 178.

_ 186 Romische Geschichte_, Tom. I. p. 364, &c.

187 “‘Eurydice, my sister,’ thus she spoke,
When roused from sleep she, weeping, silence broke—
‘Thou whom my father loved! of life bereft,
Though yet alive, all sense this frame hath left.
A form endowed with more than mortal grace,
Mysterious led me, and with hurried pace,
’Mid ever varying scenes, as wild as new,
O’er banks and meads where pliant osiers grew.
Then left to wander pathless and alone,
I vainly sought thee amid scenes unknown.
My father called, his child forlorn address’d,
And in these words prophetic thoughts express’d:
‘O Daughter, many sorrows yet abide,
Ere fortune’s stream upbears thee on its tide.’
Thus spoke my father; but his form withdrew;
No longer offered to my eager view.
Though oft in vain with soothing voice I call,
And stretch my hands to heaven’s cerulean hall.
Oppressed, and struggling, and with sick’ning heart.
At once the vision and my sleep depart.’”

188 “With ceaseless care, eager alike to reign,
Both anxious watch some favouring sign to gain,
Remus with prescient gaze observes the sky
Apart, and marks where birds propitious fly.
His godlike brother on the sacred height,
Observant traced the soaring eagle’s flight:
And now the anxious tribes expect from fate
The future monarch of their infant state;
Even as the crowd await at festal games
The consul’s signal, which the sports proclaims.
Their eyes directed to the painted goal,
Eager to see the rival chariots roll.
Meanwhile the radiant sun sinks down to night,
But soon he sheds again the yellow light;
And while the golden orb ascends the sky,
The fowls of heaven on wing propitious fly.
Twelve sacred birds, which gods as omens send,
With flight precipitate on earth descend.
The sign, Quirinus knew, to him alone
Presaged dominion, and the Roman throne.”

189 The Annals were not separated by Ennius himself into books; but were
so divided, long after his death, by the grammarian Q.
Vargunteius.—(Suet. _de Illust. Gram._ c. 2.) The fragments of them
are arranged under different books in different editions. In the
passages quoted, I have followed the distribution in the edition of
Merula, Lugd. Bat. 1574.

190 “Nor gift I seek, nor shall ye ransom yield;
Let us not trade, but combat in the field:
Steel and not gold our being must maintain,
And prove _which_ nation Fortune wills to reign.
Whom chance of war, despite of valour, spared,
I grant them freedom, and without reward.
Conduct them then, by all the mighty Gods!
Conduct them freely to their own abodes.”

191 Cap. 19.

192 Gaddius, _de Script. Latinis non Ecclesiast._ Tom. 1. p. 171.

193 “His friend he called—who at his table fared,
And all his counsels and his converse shared;
With whom he oft consumed the day’s decline
In talk of petty schemes, or great design,—
To him, with ease and freedom uncontrouled,
His jests and thoughts, or good or ill, were told:
Whate’er concerned his fortunes was disclosed,
And safely in that faithful breast reposed.
This chosen friend possessed a stedfast mind,
Where no base purpose could its harbour find;
Mild, courteous, learned, with knowledge blest, and sense;
A soul serene, contentment, eloquence;
Fluent in words or sparing, well he knew
All things to speak in place and season due;
His mind was amply graced with ancient lore,
Nor less enriched with modern wisdom’s store:
Him, while the tide of battle onward pressed,
Servilius called, and in these words addressed.”

194 “Sacked, but not captive,—burned, yet not consumed;
Nor on the Dardan plains to moulder doomed.”

195 “From every side the javelins as a shower
Rush, and unerring on the Tribune pour;
Struck by the spears his helm and shield resound,
Though pierced his shield, no shaft inflicts a wound.
Their missile darts th’ embattled Istrians throw,
But all are hurled in vain against their foe;
He pants, and sweats, and labours o’er the field,
The flying shafts no pause for breathing yield;
Smote by his sword or sling, th’ assailants fall
Within, or headlong thrust beyond the wall.”

196 “Even as the generous Steed, whose youthful force
Was oft victorious in th’ Olympic course,
Unfit, from age, to triumph in such fields,
At length to rest his time-worn members yields.”

197 “O’er Heaven’s wide arch a solemn silence reigned,
And the fierce Ocean his wild waves restrained:
The Sun repressed his steeds’ impetuous force;
The winds were hushed; the streams all stayed their course.”

198 Lib. IV. Ode 8.

199 Niebuhr, _Romische Geschichte_.

200 Vossius, _de Historicis Latinis_, Lib. I. c. 2.

201 Au. Gellius, _Noct. Attic._ Lib. XVIII. c. 5.

202 Ibid. Lib. XII. c. 2.

203 “Even as the generous steed, with reins unbound,
Bursts from the stall, and scours along the ground,
With lofty chest he seeks the joyous plain,
And oft, exulting, shakes his crested mane;
The fiery spirit in his breast prevails,
And the warm heart in sprinkling foam exhales.”

204 Iliad, Lib. VI. v. 506.

205 Æneid, Lib. XI.

206 C. ix. st. 75.

_ 207 Venus and Adonis_, p. 13. Shakespeare’s Poems, Ed. 1773.

_ 208 Voyage d’Anacharsis_. T. II. c. 25.

209 Varro, _De Re Rustica_, Lib. I. c. 4. Ed. Gesner.

210 This is the Jupiter whom all revere,
Whom I name Jupiter, and Greeks call Air:
He also is the Wind, the Clouds, the Rain;
Cold, after Showers, then Wind and Air again:
All these are Jove, who social life maintains,
And the huge monsters of the wild sustains.

211 Lib. VI. c. 1. & 2.

212 “He first restored the state by wise delay,
Heedless of what a censuring world might say;
Hence time has hallow’d his immortal name,
And, as the years succeed, still spreads his fame.”

The line of Ennius, “Unus homo,” &c. was applied, with an alteration
of the word _cunctando_ into _vigilando_, by Augustus, in a
complimentary letter to Tiberius, on his good conduct in restoring
affairs in Germany, after the unfortunate defeat of Varus. (Sueton.
_in Tiberio_. c. 21.)

213 It is of these two lines of Ennius that Horace says, the _disjecta
membra poetæ_, that is, the poetical force and spirit, would remain,
though the arrangement of the words were changed, and the measure of
the verse destroyed; which, he admits, would not be the case with
his own satires, or those of Lucilius.

214 Act. II. sc. 2.

215 “The Olympian Father smiled; and for a while
Nature’s calmed elements returned the smile.”

_ 216 Scaligerana_, p. 136. Ed. Cologne, 1695.

_ 217 Institut. Orat._ Lib. X. c. 1.

218 Cicero, _De Divinatione_, Lib. II. c. 54.

_ 219 Divine Legation of Moses_.

_ 220 De Iside et Osiride_.

_ 221 Georg._ Lib. II. v. 139.

_ 222 Mem. de l’Acad. des Inscriptions_, Tom. XV.

223 Polyb. Lib. V.

_ 224 Cours de Litterature Dramatique_, Tom. I.

225 In this feature of their character the Athenians had a considerable
resemblance to the French, during their most brilliant and courtly
era. “Comment,” said a French courtier of the age of Louis XIV., on
hearing of a good joke which had been uttered on occasion of a great
national calamity;—“Comment, ne serait on charmé des grands
evenemens, des bouleversemens mêmes qui font dire de si jolis
mots.”—“On suivit,” says Chamfort, “cette idée, on repassa les mots,
les chansons, faites sur tous les desastres de la France. La chanson
sur la bataille de Hochstet fut trouvée mauvaise, et quelques uns
dirent à ce sujet: Je suis faché de la perte de cette bataille; la
chanson ne vaut rien.”—_Maximes, Pensées, &c._ par Chamfort, p. 190.

226 Au. Gellius, _Noct. Att._ Lib. III. c. 3.

227 Signorelli, _Storia di Teatri_. Tom. II. p. 32.

228 Lib. III.

_ 229 Poet._ XII.

230 “Faciam ut commixta sit tragico comœdia;
Nam me perpetuo facere ut sit comœdia,
Reges quo veniant et Dii, non par arbitror.
Quid igitur? quoniam hic servus quoque parteis habet,
Faciam sit, proinde ut dixi, tragi-comœdia.”

_ 231 Sat._ Lib. XXVIII.

232 Walker’s _Essay on the Revival of the Drama in Italy_.

233 Fabricius, _Biblioth. Græc._ Lib. II. c. 22.

234 A Latin prose comedy, entitled _Querulus seu Aulularia_, having been
found in one of the most ancient MSS. of Plautus discovered in the
Vatican, was by some erroneously attributed to that dramatist;
though, in his prologue, its author quotes Cicero, and expressly
declares, that he purposed to imitate Plautus! It was first edited
in 1564 by Peter Daniel; and is now believed to have been written in
the time of the Emperor Theodosius. In some respects it has an
affinity to the genuine _Aulularia_ of Plautus. The prologue is
spoken by the _Lar Familiaris_; and a miser, called Euclio, on going
abroad, had concealed a treasure, contained in a pot, in some part
of his house. While dying, in a foreign land, he bequeathed to a
parasite, who had there insinuated himself into his favour, one half
of his fortune, on condition that he should inform his son Querulus,
so called from his querulous disposition, of the place where his
treasure was deposited. The parasite proceeds to the miser’s native
country, and attempts, though unsuccessfully, to defraud the son of
the whole inheritance.

From a curious mistake, first pointed out by Archbishop Usher, in
his _Ecclesiastical Antiquities_, this drama was attributed to
Gildas, the British Jeremiah, as Gibbon calls him; who entitled one
of his complaints concerning the affairs of Britain,
_Querulus_.—Vossius, _de Poet. Lat._ Lib. I. c. 6. § 9.

235 Walker’s _Essay on the Italian Drama_, p. 224.

236 P. 106. Ed. 1819.—I have often wondered, that while the character of
a Miser has been exhibited so frequently, and with such success, on
the stage, it should scarcely have been well delineated, so far as I
remember, in any novel of note, except, perhaps, in the person of
Mr. Briggs, in _Cecilia_.

237 Act II. sc. 7.

238 Cailhava, _L’Art de la Comedie_, Liv. II. c. 9. Ed. Paris, 1772.

_ 239 Beytrage, zur Historie und Aufnahme des Theaters_.

_ 240 Samtliche Schriften_, Tom. XXII. p. 316.

241 Lib. VI. c. 9.

242 Id. Lib. VI. c. 7.

243 The best notion of the Greek parasite is to be got in the fragments
of the Greek poets quoted by Athenæus, and in the Letters of
Alciphron, a great number of which are supposed to be addressed by
parasites to their brethren, and relate the particulars of the
injurious treatment which they had received at the tables of the
Great.

244 Athenæus, Lib. VI. c. 17.

245 Jul. Pollux, _Onomasticon_, Lib. IV. c. 18

246 Huic denique manducanti barba vellitur; illi bibenti sedilia
subtrahuntur; hic ligno scissili, ille fragili vitro pascitur.

247 See Act ii. sc. 2. and Act iv. sc. 1.

248 Potter’s _Antiquities of Greece_. Book IV. c. 14.

_ 249 Tableau de la Litterature __Francoise_.

250 Alciphron, _Epist._

251 Walker’s _Essay on the Revival of the Drama in Italy_.

252 Le Grand, _Contes et Fabliaux_, Tom. III. p. 157.

253 Quintil. _Inst. Orat._ Lib. X, c. 1.

254 Reperias, apud illum, multos sales, argumenta lepide inflexa,
agnatos lucide explicatos, personas rebus competentes; joca non
infra Soccum—seria non usque ad Cothurnum. Raræ apud illum
corruptelæ; et uti errores concessi amores.—Apuleius, _Florid._ p.
553.

255 Müller, _Einleitung zu Kenntniss der alten Lateinischen
Schriftsteller_, Tom. II. p. 38.

_ 256 Epist._ 362.

_ 257 Opera_, Vol. I. p. 721.

258 See on this subject three German Programmata by M. Bellermann,
published 1806, 7, 8; also Schoell, _Hist. Abregée de la Litter.
Rom._ Tom. I. p. 123.—Col. Vallancey, in his _Essay on the Antiquity
of the Irish Language_, (which attracted considerable attention on
its first publication, and has been recently reprinted,) attempted
to show the affinity between these Punic remains and the old Irish
language,—both, according to him, having been derived from the
Phœnician, which was itself a dialect of the Hebrew.

259 C. 14.

260 G. Dousa, _Centur._ Lib. III. c. 2.

_ 261 Œuvres D’Horace, par Dacier_, Tom. IX. p. 93. Ed. 1727

262 See above, p. 129.

_ 263 Essay on Dramatic Poetry_.

_ 264 Essay on Dramatic Poetry_.

_ 265 Heautontim._ Act III. sc. 2.

266 Athenæus, Lib. XIII. Alciphron’s _Epist._

267 De Pauw, _Recherches Philosophiques sur les Grecs_, Vol. I. p. 188.

268 Cicero, _de Senectute_, c. 14.

_ 269 Noct. Att._ Lib. III. c. 3.

_ 270 Noct. Att._ Lib. III. c. 3.

_ 271 Satur._ Lib. II. c. 1.

272 Nam Plautum alii dicunt scripsisse Fabulas XXI. alii XL. alii C.
Serv. _Ad Virg. Æneid._ Init.

_ 273 Noct. Att._ Lib. III. c. 3.

274 Fabricius, _Bib. Latina_, Lib. I. c. 1. Osannus, _Analecta Critica_,
c. 8.

_ 275 Noct. Att._ Lib. III. c. 3.

_ 276 Analect. Critic._ c. 8.

_ 277 Noct. Att._ Lib. III. c. 2.

_ 278 Sunapothneskontes_ Diphili Comœdia ’st: Eam Commorientes Plautus
fecit Fabulam.

279 We have the opinions of Varro concerning the plays of Plautus only
at second hand. The work in which they are delivered, is lost; but
they are minutely reported in his _Attic Nights_, by Aulus Gellius.

280 Ap. Quintilian, _Inst. Orat._ Lib. X. c. 1.

281 “Immo illi proavi,” says Camerarius, (_Dissert. de Comœd. Plauti_,)
“meritò, et recte, ac sapienter Plautum laudarunt et admirati
fuerunt: tuque ad Græcitatem, omnia, quasi regulam, poemata gentis
tuæ exigens, immerito, et perperam, atque incogitanter culpas.”—(See
also J. C. Scaliger and Lipsius, _Antiq. Lect._ Lib. II. c. 1.;
Turnebus, _Advers._ XXV. 16.; Flor. Sabinus, _Adversus Calumniatores
Plauti_, Basil, 1540.) Dan. Heinsius attempted to defend the
sentiment of Horace, in his _Dissertatio ad Horatii de Plauto et
Terentio judicium_, printed at Amsterdam, 1618, with his edition of
_Terence_; and was answered by Benedict Fioretti, in his _Apologia
pro Plauto, opposita sævo judicio Horatiano et Heinsiano_.—See,
finally, D. J. Tr. Danz, _De Virtute Comica Plauti_, in _Dissert.
Philolog._ Jenæ, 1800.

282 Lib. II. c. 58.

283 Hurd’s _Horace_. Gibbon’s _Miscellaneous Works_, Vol. IV.

284 “Duplex omnino est jocandi genus; unum illiberale, petulans,
obscœnum, alterum elegans, urbanum, ingeniosum, facetum; quo genere
non modo Plautus noster, et Atticorum antiqua comœdia, sed etiam
Philosophorum Socraticorum libri sunt referti.”—_De Officiis_, Lib.
I. c. 29.

285 Athenæus, Lib. XIII. c. 1.

286 Au. Gellius, _Noct. Att._ Lib. IV. c. 20.

_ 287 Brutus_, c. 74. Cæcilium et Pacuvium male locutos videmus.

_ 288 Histor. Roman._ Lib. I. c. 17.

_ 289 Noct. Attic._ Lib. II. c. 23.

_ 290 Brutus_, c. 45. L. Afranius poeta, homo perargutus; in fabulis
quidem etiam, ut scitis, disertus.

_ 291 Instit. Orat._ Lib. X. c. 1. To this charge Ausonius also alludes,
though with little reprehension,

“Præter legitimi genitalia fœdera cœtûs,
Repperit obscænas veneres vitiosa libido;
Herculis heredi quam Lemnia suasit egestas,
Quam toga facundi scenis agitavit Afranî.”
_Epigram._ 71.

292 Spence’s _Polymetis_.

293 “Could men to love be lured by magic rites,
Each crone would with a lover sooth her nights:
A tender form, and youth, and gentle smiles,
Are the sweet potion which the heart beguiles.”

294 Eunuchus, _Prolog._

295 Donatus, _Comment. in Terent. Eunuch. Prolog._

296 “I swell with such gladness my brain almost turns,
And my bosom with thoughts of my happiness burns.
The portress compliant—the way cleared before—
A touch of my finger throws open the door:
Then, Chrysis—fair Chrysis, will rush to my arms,
Will court my caresses, and yield all her charms.
Such transport will seize me when this comes to pass,
I’ll Fortune herself in good fortune surpass.”

297 “O, could complaints or tears avail
To cure those ills which life assail,
Even gold would not be price too dear
At which to win a healing tear.
But, since the tears by sorrow shed
Are vain as dirge to wake the dead,
In prudent care, and not in grief,
All human ills must find relief.”

_ 298 Carmina_, 45. Ed. 1718.

299 Donatus, _Vit. Terent._

300 Tiraboschi, _Storr. Dell. Lett. Ital._ Part III. Lib. II. c. 1.
Arnaud, _Gazette Litteraire_, 1765.

301 Goujet, _Bib. Franc._ Tom. IV. Sulzer relates this story of Terence
and the ædile Cerius, to whose review the _Andria_ had been
subjected.—_Theorie der Schönen Künste_, Tom. IV. _Terenz_.

302 Donatus, _Vit. Terent._

_ 303 Cours de Litterature_.

304 Colman’s _Terence_.

_ 305 Satir._ III.

_ 306 Spectator_, No. 170.

_ 307 Poet._ Lib. VI. c. 3.

308 Signorelli, _Storia de Teatri_, Tom. II. p. 129.

309 No. 562.

310 Schmieder—Terenz. Halle, 1794.

_ 311 Miscellaneous Works_, Vol. IV. p. 140.

_ 312 Adelph._ Act 4. sc. 7.

_ 313 Ecole des Maris_, Act 1. sc. 2.

314 Page 115.

315 Spence’s _Anec._ p. 115.

316 Act 1. sc. 1.

_ 317 Prolog. in Hecyr._ and Donati _Comment._

318 Alciphron, _Epistolæ_.

319 Act 1. sc. 2.

320 Boileau.

321 Hurd’s _Horace_, Vol. II.

322 Boileau.

_ 323 Protrepticon. Eidyll._ IV. v. 58.

324 See Blankenburg’s _Zusätze zu Sulzer’s Theorie der Schönen
Wissenschaften_.

_ 325 Element. Doct. Met._ Lib. II. c. 14.

326 “Plus est,” says Erasmus, “exacti judicii in unâ comœdiâ Terentianâ
quam in Plautinis omnibus,” (B. 28. Epist. 20.) Naugerius, in his
fourth Epistle, has instituted a comparison between Plautus and
Terence, much to the advantage of the latter, and has expressed
himself in terms of strong indignation at the well-known verses of
Volcatius Sedigitus, assigning the second place among the Latin
comic poets to Plautus, and the sixth to Terence.

_ 327 Hist. de la Litterature Espagnole_, traduite de l’Allemand de
Bouterweck. Vol. I. p. 339. Ed. 1812.

328 Plinius, _Hist. Nat._ Lib. XXXV. c. 4.

329 This story is told of a Sicilian by Cicero, (_De Orat._ II.)

330 Plin. _Hist. Nat._ Lib. XXXV. c. 4.

331 Cicero, _Brutus_, c. 63.

_ 332 Noct. Attic._ Lib. XIII. c. 2.

333 Hieron. _Chron._ p. 39. ed. ut supra.

_ 334 Noct. Att._ Lib. I. c. 24.

335 “O, youth! though haste should urge thee hence away,
To read this stone thy steps one moment stay:
That here Pacuvius’ bones are laid to tell
I wished, that thou might’st know it—Fare thee well.”

Dr Johnson has laid it down as the first rule in writing epitaphs,
that the name of the deceased should not be omitted; but it seems
rather too much to occupy four lines with nothing but this
information.

_ 336 Brutus_, c. 74.

_ 337 Inst. Orat._ Lib. X. c. 1.

338 Eberhardt, _Zustand der __Schönen__ Wissenschaften, bei den Römern_,
p. 35 &c. Ed. Altona, 1801.

_ 339 Stor. dell. Litterat. Ital._ Part III. Lib. II. c. 1. § 20.

340 “Dum fallax servus, durus pater, improba lena
Vivent, dum meretrix blanda, Menandrus erit.”
OVID, _Amor._ Lib. I.

341 Cicero, _Brutus_, c. 63.

342 Lib. III. c. 7.

_ 343 Brutus_, c. 28.

_ 344 Noct. Att._ Lib. XIII. c. 2.

345 Plin. _Hist. Nat._ Lib. XXXIV. c. 5.

_ 346 Rhetoric. ad Herennium_, Lib. I. c. 14, and Lib. II. c. 13.

347 Cicero, _pro Archia_, c. 10. Valer. Maxim. Lib. VIII. c. 15.

348 Quintilian, _Inst. Orat._ Lib. V. c. 13.

349 Ovid, _Trist._ Lib. II.

350 “This dwelling of nine winters’ grief behold,
Where stretch’d on rock my sad sojourn I hold.
Around the boisterous north-wind ceaseless blows.
And, while it rages, drifts the gelid snows.”

_ 351 Ars Poetica_, v. 286.

352 Torq. Baden, in a small tract, entitled _De Causis neglectæ apud
Romanos tragœdiæ_, (Gœtting. 1790,) almost entirely attributes the
deficiency of the Romans in tragedy to their want of a set of
heroes, who were poetically consecrated by any epic productions,
like those by which Homer had so highly elevated the Grecian chiefs.

_ 353 Theory of Moral Sentiments_, Part VI. c. 1.

_ 354 Cours de Litter. Dramat._ Leçon. VIII.

_ 355 De Divinat._ Lib. II. c. 50.

356 Hurd’s _Horace_, Vol. II.

357 Horat. _Epist._ Lib. II. Ep. 1. v. 67.

358 Horat. _Epist._ Lib. II. ep. 1.

359 Cicero.—_Epistolæ familiares_, Lib. VII. ep. 1. Ed. Schütz.

360 Horat. _Epist._ Lib. II. 1.

_ 361 Tuscul. Disput._ Lib. I, c. 2.

362 Plautus—_Menæchmi_. Prolog.

363 Delectabatur veteri comœdia, et sæpe eam exhibuit publicis
spectaculis. Suetonius, _In August._ c. 89.

_ 364 Correspondence_, &c. p. 205. Lond. 1813.

_ 365 Ars Poetica_, v. 288.

366 See Dubos, _Reflex. sur la Poésie_. Jul. Pollux, _Onomasticon_.

367 Livy, Lib. VII. c. 2.

368 Ibid.

369 Jul. Pollux, _Onomasticon_. Festus ap. _Vossius de Poet. Lat._ Lib.
II. c. 35, § 8.

370 Casaubon, _de Satyrica Poes._ Lib. II. c. 1. Signorelli, _Stor. de
Teat._ Tom. II. p. 14. This, however, is not very likely. The
deference was probably paid, because young patricians chose to act
in the Atellanes: It could not otherwise have been thought more
creditable to personate the clown or fool of a semi-barbarous race,
than to perform the parts of Œdipus and Agamemnon.

371 Diomed. de _Poem. Gen._ Lib. III.

_ 372 Epist. Quæst._ Lib. XI. _Quæst._ 22.

373 Du Bos, _Reflex. Critiques_, Tom. I. p. 154.

374 Lib. II. c. 9.

375 Lib. VI. c. 17.

376 Conferta fabellis potissimum Atellanis sunt. Livy, Lib. VII. c. 2.

377 Sulzer, _Theorie der Schönen __Künste_, Lib. I. p. 520.

378 Juvenal, _Sat._ VI.

379 Exodiarius apud veteres in fine ludorum intrabat, quod ridiculus
foret, ut, quidquid lachrymarum atque tristitiæ coegissent, ex
tragicis affectibus, hujus spectaculi risus detergeret.—_Ad Juvenal.
Satir. III._ v. 175.

_ 380 Poetices Libri_.

_ 381 De Sat. Horat._

_ 382 De Sat. Latin._

_ 383 Ad. Sulzer._

_ 384 Geschichte der komischen Litteratur_.

385 Satira tota nostra est.

386 Lib. III.

_ 387 De Satir. Poes._

_ 388 Dissertation sur les Cesars de Julien_.

_ 389 De Sat. Juvenalis_.

_ 390 Pref. sur les Sat. d’Horace_.

_ 391 De Sat. Romanâ_.

392 Virgil, _Georg._ Lib. II.

393 Juvenal. _Satir._ Lib. I. We shall afterwards see reason to
conclude, that the famous _Satira Menippea_ of Varro seems not to
have been Satyra, but Satura, a hodge-podge, or medley.

394 Horat. _Epist._ Lib. II. ep. 1.

_ 395 Georg._ Lib. II. v. 385.

396 Horat. _Epist._ Lib. II. ep. 1.

397 Velleius Paterc. _Histor._ Lib. II. 9.

398 Ascon. Pedianus in _Comment. in Orat. Ciceronis cont. L. Pisonem_.

399 Horat. _Sat._ Lib. II. 1. v. 71.

400 Ibid. v. 30.

_ 401 Dict. Hist. Lucil. G._

402 Schoell, _Hist. Abregée de la Litterat. Romaine_, Tom. I.

403 Horat. _Sat._ Lib. I. _Sat._ 4. v. 1. &c.

_ 404 Satir._ Lib. I. Sat. 4. v. 9.

_ 405 Præf. Hist. Nat._

_ 406 De Finibus_, Lib. I.

_ 407 Epist. Familiares_, Lib. IX. 15.

_ 408 Satur._ Lib. III. c. 16.

409 Lucilius vir apprime linguæ Latinæ sciens. Au. Gellius, _Noct.
Attic._ Lib. XVIII. c. 5. Horat. _Sat._ Lib. I. 10.

—— “Fuerit Lucilius, inquam,
Comis et urbanus; fuerit limatior idem
Quam rudis, et Græcis intacti carminis auctor:—
Quamque poetarum seniorum turba.”

_ 410 Instit. Orat._ Lib. X. c. 1.

411 Auson. _in Epist._ 5. ad Theonem.

412 Lib. I. c. 16, and Lib. II. Caius Lucilius homo _doctus_ et
perurbanus.

413 Gifford’s _Juvenal_, Preface, p. xlii.

414 Persius, _Sat._ I.

415 Au. Gellius, XVII. 21.

416 Horat. _Sat._ Lib. II. 1.

_ 417 Rhetoric. ad Herennium_, Lib. II. c. 13.

_ 418 Juvenal_, _Sat._ Lib. I. v. 153.

_ 419 Divin. Instit._ Lib. V. c. 15.

420 Porphyrion, _In Horat._ Lib. I. Ode 20.

421 “They dread hobgoblins hatch’d in folly’s brain,
The idle phantoms of old Numa’s reign.
As infant children sculptured forms believe
To be live men—so they themselves deceive—
To whom vain forms of superstition’s dream
Of Life and truth the real figures seem.
Fools! they as well might think there stirs a heart,
Of vital power, in images of art.”

422 “In various fights the Roman arms have failed;
Still in the war the Roman power prevailed.”

423 “Virtue, Albinus, is—A constant will
The claims of duty ably to fulfil—
Virtue is knowledge of the just, sincere,
The good, the ill, the useless, base, unfair.
What we should wish to gain, for what to pray,
This virtue teaches, and each vow to pay;
Honour she gives to whom it may belong,
But hates the base, and flies from what is wrong—
A bold protector of the just and pure,
She feels for such a friendship fond and sure—
Her country’s good commands her warmest zeal.
Kindred the next, and latest private weal.”

_ 424 Div. Instit._ Lib. VI. c. 5 and 6.

425 Horat. _Sat._ Lib. II. 1.

426 Concerning Varro Atacinus, see Wernsdorff, _Poet. Lat. Minor._ Tom.
VI. p. 1385, &c. Ed. Altenburg, 1780.

427 Wernsdorff, _Poet. Lat. Minores_, _Præf._ Tom. III. p. LIV. &c.

428 Ibid. p. 1.

429 “On half a pound three grains of barley bread,
With two small bunches of dried grapes, he fed,
And met old age beneath a paltry shed.”

_ 430 Epist. Famil._ Lib. XIII.

431 Good’s _Lucretius. Pref._ p. XXXVI.

432 “Nam neque nos agere hoc patriäi tempore iniquo
Possumus æquo animo,” &c.—Lib. I. v. 42.

_ 433 Letter on Bowles’s Strictures on Pope_.

434 “Ἐιδον γαρ σκοπιην ἐς παιπαλοεσσαν ἀνελθων,
Νησον, την περι ποντος απειριτος ἐστεφανωται·
Ἀυτη δε χθαμαλη κεῖται καπνον δ’ ενι μεσσῃ
Εδρακον οφθαλμοῖσι δια δρυμα πυκνα και ὑλην.”
Οδυσ. Κ.

_ 435 Encyclopédie Methodique_.

_ 436 Reflexions sur la Poésie_. _Œuvres_, Tom. V.

_ 437 Inst. Orat._ Lib. X. c. 1.

438 Virgil. _Eclog._ 6.

439 Turner’s _History of the Anglo Saxons_, Vol. III. pp. 311, 356, ed.
London, 1820, where proofs are given.

440 Pliny, _Hist. Nat._ Lib. II. 7.

441 “Neque enim assentior iis,” says Lælius, in Cicero’s Dialogue, _De
Amicitia_, “qui hæc nuper disserere cœperunt, cum corporibus simul
animos interire, atque omnia morte deleri.” (c. 4.)

442 “Priscarum religionum metus,” says Heyne, talking of the time of the
civil wars of Sylla, “jam adeo dispulsus erat, ut ne ipsa quidem
Loyolæ cohors immissa, novas tenebras, novos terrores offundere
animis potuisset.” (_Opuscula_, Tom. IV.)

443 Lib. II. v. 43, 44, 45–60. It is well known what a clamour was
excited against Epicurus, founded on the ambiguity of the word which
has been translated pleasure, but which would be more accurately
interpreted happiness. A similar outcry was, in later ages, raised
by one of his opponents against Malebranche, who, like Epicurus,
lived not merely temperately, but abstemiously. “Regis,” (says
Fontenelle,) “attaqua Malebranche sur ce qu’il avoit avancé que _le
plaisir rend heureux_. Ainsi malgré sa vie plus que philosophique et
tres chrêtienne il se trouva le protecteur de plaisirs. A la verité
la question devint si subtile et si metaphysique, que leurs plus
grands partizans auroient mieux aimés y renoncer pour toute leur
vie, que d’etre obligés à les soutenir comme lui.” _Eloges,
Malebranche_.

_ 444 Literary Hours_, Vol. I. p. 11. Dr Drake wrote two essays, to
announce and recommend the translation of Lucretius by his friend Mr
Good. The latter, in his notes, displays a prodigious extent of
reading in almost all languages; but neither of them is very
accurate. Dr Drake, for example, remarks, “that the _Alieuticon_ and
_Cynegeticon_ of Oppian, though conveying precepts in verse, can
with scarce any probability be considered as furnishing a model for
the philosophic genius of the Roman.” (P. 3.) Oppian wrote towards
the close of the second century of the Christian æra. Mr Good also
makes Suetonius appeal for some fact to Athenæus. (Vol. I. p. 25.)

445 As a specimen of rank Spinosism, we find—

“All are but parts of one stupendous whole,
Whose body Nature is, and God the soul;” ——

and for an apparent justification of crime,—

“If plagues and earthquakes break not Heaven’s design,
Why, then, a Borgia or a Catiline.
* * * *
In spite of pride, in erring reason’s spite,
One truth is clear,—Whatever is, is right.”

446 Apollonius Rhodius, Lib. I. Virgil, _Æneid_, Lib. I.

447 ap. Eichstadt. Lucret. p. lxxxvii. ci. cii. ed. Lips. 1801.

448 The fragments of Empedocles have been chiefly preserved by
Simplicius, in a Greek commentary on Aristotle, written about the
middle of the sixth century. This commentary, with the verses of
Empedocles which it comprehended, was translated into Latin in the
thirteenth century; and at the revival of literature, the original
Simplicius having disappeared, it was as happened to various other
works retranslated from the Latin into Greek, and in this form was
printed by Aldus, in 1526. Sturz published the _Remains of
Empedocles_ from this Aldine edition, with a great literary
apparatus, at Leipsic, in 1805, but with some remodelling, to force
them into accurate verse, which they had lost in their successive
transmutations. Subsequent, however, to this attempt, Professor
Peyron discovered, in the Ambrosian library at Milan, the original
Greek of Simplicius, with the genuine verses of Empedocles, which
have been reprinted at Leipsic, in 1810, from the Italian edition.

449 Sturz, _Empedoclis Fragmenta_. Cicero, _De Finibus_, Lib. II.

450 “To those,” says Warton, (_Essay on the Writings and Genius of
Pope_, Vol. II. p. 402, note), “that know the number of thoughts
that breathe, and words that burn, in this animated writer, it seems
surprising, that Tully could speak of him in so cold and tasteless a
manner.” The opinion of Cicero, however, has been rendered
unfavourable, only by the interpolation of the word _non_, contrary
to the authority of all MSS. His words, in a letter to his brother
Quintus, are “Lucretii poemata ut scribis ita sunt; multis luminibus
ingenii, multæ tamen artis. (Lib. II. Epist. 11.)—The poems of
Lucretius are as you write; with many beams of genius, yet also with
much art.”

451 “Nec me animi fallit, Graiorum obscura reperta,
Difficile inlustrare Latinis versibus esse;
Multa novis verbis præsertim quum sit agendum,
Propter egestatem linguæ et rerum novitatem.
* * *
Deinde, quod obscurâ de re tam lucida pango
Carmina, Musæo contingens cuncta lepore.”

452 “In Lucretio maxime puritas Latinæ linguæ, copiaque apparet.”—P.
Victorius. _Var. Lect._ Lib. XVII. c. 16. “Lucretius Latinitatis
author optimus.”—Casaubon, _Not. in Johan._ cap. 5.

453 “Who combats bravely, is not therefore brave;
He dreads a death-bed like a common slave.”

454 Lib. I. El. iii. v. 37.

455 Lib. V. 24.

456 C. Nocet, _Iris_ and _Aurora Borealis_—Le Febre, _Terræ
Motus_—Souciet, _Cometæ_—Malapertus, _De Ventis_. These, and many
other poems of a similar description, are published in the _Poemata
Didascalica_. 3 Tom. Paris, 1813.

457 Cowper.

458 Barthii _Adversaria_, l. 38. c. 7. Funccius, _de Virili Ætate, Ling.
Lat._ c. 3. Some critics, however, are of opinion that he was called
Doctus from the correctness and purity of his Latin style. “Latinæ
puritatis custos fuit religiosissimus, unde et _docti_ cognomen
meruit.” (Car. Stephen.) Müller, a German writer, has a notable
conjecture on this subject. He says, we will come nearest the truth,
if we suppose that Ovid, while mentioning Catullus, applied to him
the epithet _doctus_ merely to fill up the measure of a line, and
that his successors took up the appellation on trust.—(_Einleit. zur
Kenntniss der Lateinisch. Schriftsteller_, T. II. p. 265.) Mr Elton
thinks that the epithet did not mean what we understand by learned,
but rather knowing and accomplished—what the old English authors
signify by cunning, as cunning in music and the
mathematics.—(_Specimens of the Classics_.) This conjecture seems to
be in some measure confirmed by Horace’s application of the term
_doctus_ to the actor Roscius:—

“Quæ gravis Æsopus, quæ doctus Roscius egit.”

The recent translator of Catullus conceives that the title of
learned never belonged peculiarly to him, but was merely conferred
on him in common with all poets, as it is now bestowed on all
lawyers.

459 Catullus, in his miscellaneous poems, has employed not fewer than
thirteen different sorts of versification.

1. That which is most frequently used is the Phalæcian
hendecasyllable, consisting of a spondee, dactyl, and three
trochees.

“Cui do | no lepi | dum no | vum li | bellum.”

This sort of measure has been adopted by Catullus in thirty-nine
poems.

2. Trimeter iambus, consisting of six feet, which are generally all
iambuses.

“Ait | fuis | se na | vium | celer | rimus;”

but a spondee sometimes forms the first, third, and fifth feet. Four
poems are in this measure—the fourth, twentieth, twenty-ninth, and
fifty-second.

3. Choliambus or scazon, which is the same with the last mentioned,
except that the concluding foot of the line is always a spondee.

“Fulse | re quon | dam can | didi | tibi | soles.”

This metre is used seven times, being employed in the eighth,
twenty-second, thirty-first, thirty-seventh, thirty-ninth,
forty-fourth, and fifty-ninth poems.

4. Trochaic Stesichian, consisting of six feet—choreus or spondee, a
dactyl, a cretic, a choreus or spondee, a dactyl, and lastly a
choreus.

“Alter | parva fe | rens manu | semper | munera | larga.”

This measure appears only in the seventeenth, eighteenth, and
nineteenth poems.

5. Iambic tetrameter catalectic, formed of seven feet and a cæsura
at the close of the line. It occurs in the twenty-fifth poem.

6. Choriambus. This also is employed but once, being used only in
the thirtieth. It consists of five feet,—a spondee, three choriambi,
and a pyrrhichius.

“Ventos | irrita fer | et nebulas | aerias | sinis.”

7. A sort of Phalæcian, consisting of two spondees and three chorei.

“Quas vul | tu vi | di ta | men se | reno.”

But it sometimes consists of a spondee and four chorei. This measure
is adopted in some lines of the fifty-fifth ode.

8. Glyconian, generally made up of a spondee and two dactyles.

“Jam ser | vire Tha | lassio.”

but sometimes of a trochæus and two dactyles.

“Cinge | tempora | floribus.”

This sort of verse occurs, but mixed with other measures in the
thirty-fourth ode, addressed to Diana, and also in the sixtieth.

9. Pherecratian, consisting of three feet, a trochee, spondee, or
iambus in the first place, followed by a dactyl and spondee.

Exer | ceto ju | ventam
Frige | rans Aga | nippe
Hymen | O Hyme | næe.

This is used in the thirty-fourth and sixtieth, mingled with
glyconian verse.

10. Galliambic. This is employed only in the poem of Atys, which
indeed is the sole specimen of the galliambic measure, in the Latin
language. It consists of six feet, which are used very loosely and
indiscriminately. The first seems to be at pleasure, an anapæst,
spondee, or tribrachys; second, an iambus, tribrachys, or dactyl;
third, iambus or spondee; fourth, dactyl or spondee; fifth, a
dactyl, or various other feet; sixth, generally an anapæst, but
sometimes an iambus.

“Super alta vectus Atys celeri rate maria.”

The remaining three species of measure employed by Catullus, are the
sapphic stanza, used in the seventh and fifty-first odes; the
hexameter lines, which we have in the epithalamium of _Peleus_ and
_Thetis_; and the pentameter lines, used alternately with the
hexameters, and thereby constituting elegiac verse, which is
employed in all the elegies of Catullus. Of these three measures,
the structure is well known.—(Vulpius, _Diatribe de Metris
Catulli_.)

_ 460 Verona Illustrata_, Parte II. c. 1. _Dict. Hist. Art. Catullus_.

_ 461 De Poet._ Dial. x.

462 Schoell, _Hist. Abreg. de la Litt. Rom._ T. I. p. 310.

_ 463 Handbuch der Classischen Litt._ T. I. p. 187.

_ 464 Saxii Onomasticon_, T. I. p. 148.

_ 465 Ep. ad Att._ XIII. 52.

466 O blame not the bard, if he fly to the bowers,
Where Pleasure lies carelessly smiling at Fame;
He was born for much more, and in happier hours
His soul might have glowed with a holier flame.
MOORE.

467 Apuleius, _In Apologia_.

_ 468 Centur. Miscell._ I. c. 6.

469 Lib. XI. Ep. 7.

470 Lib. IV. Ep. 14.

471 Lib. I. Ep. 110.

472 Muret. _in Catull. Comment._

473 Bayle, _Dict. Hist._ Art. _Barbara_.

_ 474 Amor._ Lib. II. eleg. 6.

_ 475 Sylv._ II. 3.

476 Lib. II. eleg. 7.

477 C. II.

478 Tibullus, Lib. I. El. 1.

479 Vol. III. p. 14, 2d. ed.

480 Lib. IX. v. 435.

481 Valerium Catullum, a quo sibi versiculis de Mamurrâ perpetua
stigmata imposita non dissimulaverat, satisfacientem, _eâdem die_
adhibuit cœnæ, hospitioque patris ejus, sicut consueverat, uti
perseveravit.—Sueton. _In Cæsar._ c. 73.

482 Cicero, _Epist. ad Attic._ XIII. 52. Inde ambulavit in littore. Post
horam viii. in balneum; tum audivit de Mamurrâ; vultum non mutavit;
unctus est; accubuit.

_ 483 Syphilis_, Lib. I.

484 Colt Hoare’s Continuat. of Eustace’s Travels.

485 Henin, _Journal du Siege de Peschiera_.

_ 486 Classical Tour_, Vol. I. c. 5. 8vo edition.

487 In the year 1797, Buonaparte, who was at that time
commander-in-chief of the army of Italy, visited in person this
spot, which, during the life of Catullus, had been his retreat and
sanctuary, even from the despotism of Cæsar. While travelling from
Milan to Perseriano, to conclude the treaty of Campo Formio, he
turned off from the road, between Brescia and Peschiera, to visit
the peninsula of Sirmio. About two years afterwards, the French
officers employed at the siege of Peschiera, which is eight miles
distant from Sirmio, gave a brilliant _fête champêtre_ in this
classic retirement, in honour of Catullus, as soon as their military
operations against Peschiera had been brought to a successful
conclusion. General St Michel, who had conducted them, invited all
the Polish officers who were present at the siege, and some of the
inhabitants of Sirmio—particularly the dramatic poet, Anelli. During
the repast, this bard, and the French generals, Lacombe and St
Michel, sung and recited in turn verses of their own composition;
and which flowed spontaneously, it is said by one who was present,
from the inspiration of scenes so rich in poetic remembrances. The
toasts were—_The Memory of Catullus_, the most elegant of Latin
poets—_Buonaparte_, who honours great men amid the tumult of
arms—who celebrated Virgil at Mantua, and paid homage to Catullus,
by visiting the peninsula of Sirmio—_General Miollis_, the protector
of sciences and fine arts in Italy. The festivities were here
unpleasantly interrupted by the arrival of all the uninvited
inhabitants of Sirmio, who came to complain of having been pillaged
by the detachment of French troops which had replaced the Austrian
garrison. General Chasseloup received them with his accustomed
urbanity; and, from respect to Catullus, the troops were marched
from that canton to another district, which had not yet been
plundered, and had not the good fortune to have been the residence
of a licentious poet.—(Henin, _Jour. Historique des Operat.
Militaires du Siege de Peschiera_.)

_ 488 Classical Tour_, Vol. II. c. 7.

_ 489 Travels through Holland, &c. but especially Italy_, Vol. II. chap.
39.

_ 490 Lettres sur l’Italie_, Tom. II. let. 36. Paris, 1819.

491 Nibby, in his _Viaggio Antiquario ne contorni di Roma_, (Ed. 1819. 2
Tom. 8vo,) in opposition to all previous authority, has denied that
this was the site of the villa of Catullus, which he has removed to
a spot due east from Tibur, between the Acque Albule and Ponte
Lucano. His opinion, however, is rested on the 26th poem of
Catullus, of which he has totally misunderstood the meaning,—

“Furi, Villula nostra non ad Austri
Flatus opposita est, nec ad Favoni,
Nec sævi Boreæ, aut Apeliotæ;
Verum ad millia quindecim et ducentos—
O ventum horribilem atque pestilentem.”

Nibby strangely supposes that the fourth line of the above verses
means that the villa is 15 miles 200 paces from Rome, and,
therefore, that it cannot be at St Angelo in Piavola, the distance
of which from Rome is not 15 miles 200 paces.—“Questi versi,” says
he, “non solo non sono così decisìvi per situarla precisamente a St
Angelo, piu tosto che in altri luoghi di questi contorni; ma
assolutamente la escludono, poichè la stabaliscono quindìci miglia,
e duecento passi vicino a Roma.”—T. I. p. 166.

Now, in the first place, according to Muretus and the best
commentators, this ode does not at all refer to the villa of
Catullus, but of Furius, whom he addresses, since the correct
reading in the first line is not Villula _nostra_, but _Vostra_.
Allowing, however, that it should be _nostra_, it is quite
impossible to extort from the fourth line any proof that the villa
was 15 miles 200 paces from Rome. Translated _verbatim_, it is as
follows:—“Furius, our (your) villa is not exposed or liable to the
blasts of Auster or Favonius, or the sharp Boreas, or the Apeliot
wind, but to fifteen thousand and two hundred—O horrible and
pestilent wind!” Now, the question is, to _what_ 15,000,200 is the
villa exposed? (_opposita_). Every commentator whom I have
consulted, supplies sesterces, or other pieces of money; that is to
say, it was mortgaged or pledged for that sum, which would sweep it
away more effectually than any wind. Nibby’s interpretation, that it
is not exposed to Auster or Boreas, &c. but is 15 miles 200 paces
distant from Rome, is not many miles, or even paces, distant from
absolute nonsense; and, moreover, quindecim millia, is not good
Latin for 15 miles.

_ 492 Observ. Crit. in Catulli Carmina_.

493 Acte I. sc. 3.

_ 494 Dict. Philos._ Art. _Amplification_.

495 Ad Fauniam.

_ 496 Genethliacon pueri nobilis_.

497 See also Moschus, Idyl 7.

498 Gohorry.

499 Lib. III.

500 Aristotle, _Rhetor._ Lib. III. c. 3.

_ 501 Decline and fall of the Rom. Emp._ c. 23.

502 Fabricius, _Bib. Lat._

503 Mitscherlichius, _in Lect. ad Catull._

504 Eidul. IV. v. 21.

505 Lib. XII. v. 489.

506 Muretus, _Comment. in Catull._

507 Ovid, _Amor._ Lib. I. el. 15, v. 14.

508 [Transcriber’s note: Note missing in original.]

509 Müller, _Einleitung_, T. II. p. 261.

_ 510 Sylvæ_, Lib. III.

511 Facile intelligimus, mansisse vocem, mutata significatione et
potestate vocis. Vavassor, _De Epigrammate_, c. 3.

_ 512 Tracts_, p. 13.

_ 513 Var. Lect._ Lib. III. c. 5.

_ 514 Brutus_, c. 78.

515 Cicero, _Orat. pro Sextio_, c. 51.

_ 516 De Ludicrâ Dictione_.

517 Gresset.

_ 518 Poetic._ Lib. VI. c. 7.

519 There is more tenderness and delicacy in a single love-verse of an
old Troubadour, than in all the amatory compositions of the Greeks
and Romans. What is there in Anacreon or Ovid, to compare to these
verses of Thibault, King of Navarre?—

“Las! Si j’avois pouvoir d’oublier,
Sa beaulté—son bien dire,
Et son très doulx regarder,
Finirois non martyre.

“Mais las! Comment oublier
Sa beaulté, son bien dire,
Et son très doulx regarder!
Mieux aime mon martyre.”

_ 520 Brutus_, c. 35.

521 “Hic illi, (Catulo) Deo pulchrior,” says Cicero, “at erat, sicut
hodie est, perversissimis oculis.” Lib. I. c. 28.

522 “I stood, and to the Dawn my vows addressed,
When Roscius rose refulgent in the west.
Forgive, ye Powers! A mortal seemed more bright,
Than the bright god who darts the shafts of light.”

523 Sueton. _In Jul. Cæsare_, c. 49.

524 Ibid. c. 73.

525 Ovid. _Tristia_, Lib. II.

_ 526 Epist._ Lib. I. ep. 16.

_ 527 Epist._ Lib. IV. ep. 27.

528 “Why Phileros, a torch before me bear?—
A heart on fire all other light may spare.
_That_ feeble flame can ill resist the power
Of the keen tempest and the headlong shower;
But _this_ still glows whatever storms may drench,
What Venus kindles, she alone can quench.”

529 “Ye guardians of the tender flock, retire,
Why seek ye flames, when man himself is fire?
Whate’er I touch bursts forth in sudden blaze,
And the woods kindle with my scorching gaze.”

_ 530 Theorie_, Tom. I. _Comödie_.

531 “Non ignoro,” says Salmasius, in his Notes to Vopiscus’ Life of
Aurelian, “quid distent Atellanæ et Mimi; recentiores, tamen,
confudisse videntur.” F. Vopiscus, _Vit. Aurel._ c. 42. ap. _Histor.
August. Script._

532 Cicero, _Epist. Familiar._ Lib. IX. ep. 16.

533 Flogel, _Geschichte der komisch. Litter._ T. IV. p. 101. Müller,
_Einleitung_.

534 Donatus, _Præf. in Terent._

535 Hoffmanni, _Lexicon, voce Mimus_. Ziegler, _De Mimis Romanorum_, p.
21, ed. Gotting. 1789.

536 Manilius, _De Astronomic._ Lib. V. v. 472.

537 Tytler’s _Life of Crichton_, p. 45. 1st ed.

538 Festus in _Salva res est_.

_ 539 Satyricon_, c. 80. See also Suetonius, _Caligula_, c. 57.

540 “Mimi ergo est jam exitus,” says Cicero, “non Fabulæ: In quo, cum
clausula non invenitur, fugit aliquis e manibus; deinde scabella
concrepant, aulæum tollitur.”—_Orat. pro Cælio_, c. 27.

_ 541 Sat._ Lib. I. 2. v. 55.

542 Lib. II. c. 5.

_ 543 Tristia_, Lib. II. v. 497.

544 Athenæus, _Deipnos._ Lib. VI.

_ 545 Anastasius_, Vol. II. p. 385. 2d ed.

546 Macrobius, _Saturnalia_, Lib. II. c. 7.

547 “For threescore years since first I saw the light,
I lived without reproach—A ROMAN KNIGHT.
As such I left my sacred home; but soon
Shall there return an actor and buffoon.
Since stretch’d beyond the point where honour ends,
One day too long my term of life extends.
Fortune, extreme alike in good and ill,
Since thus to blast my fame has been thy will;
Why didst thou not, ere spent my youthful race,
Bend me yet pliant to this dire disgrace?
While power remain’d, with yet unbroken frame,
HIM to have pleased, and earn’d the crowd’s acclaim:
But now why drive me to an actor’s part,
When nought remains of all the actor’s art;
Nor life, nor fire, which could the scene rejoice,
Nor grace of form, nor harmony of voice?
As fades the tree round which the ivy twines,
So in the clasp of age my strength declines.”

548 Macrobius, _Saturnalia_, Lib. II. c. 7.

549 “All are not always first—few have been known
To rest long on the summit of renown.
In fame we faster fall than we ascend:
I fall—who follows, thus his course must end.”

_ 550 Chron. Euseb. ad Olymp._ 184.

_ 551 Epist. Famil._ Lib. VII. ep. 11.

552 “Democritus, the philosophic sage
Of Abdera, deep read in Nature’s page,
Opposed a brazen shield of polish bright
To full-orbed Phœbus’ mid-day shafts of light,
That the round mirror, having catched the rays,
Might blast his vision with the dazzling blaze;
Thus his extinguished eyes could ne’er behold
The wicked prosper. O that thus my gold
Might, with the lustre of its yellow light,
Dim through my closing years these orbs of sight,
Whose darkness would not see a thriftless son
Waste the fair fortune which his fathers won!”

_ 553 Noct. Attic._ Lib. XVI. c. 7.

_ 554 Satir._ Lib. I. 10.

555 Macrobius, _Saturnal._ Lib. II. c. 7.

556 Plin. _Hist. Nat._ Lib. VIII. c. 51.

557 Ep. viii.

558 Senec. _Epist._

_ 559 De Mimis Romanorum_, p. 66.

_ 560 Noct. Attic._ Lib. XV. c. 25. Lib. X. c. 24.

561 Terent. Maurus, _De Metris_; Ziegler, _De Mim. Rom._ p. 66 and 67.

562 “Tis fit that we the means employ,
To sweeten life, and life enjoy.
Let pleasure lay your cares to rest,
And clasp the fair one to your breast,
Give and receive the melting kiss,
Like doves in hours of amorous bliss.”

_ 563 Satir._ Lib. I. 2.

564 Vopiscus. _Vit. Aurel._ c. 42.

565 Suetonius, _In Vespas._ c. 19.

566 Id. _In Nerone_, c. 29.

567 Appellatus est a Mimis quasi obstupratus.—Lampridius, _Vit.
Commodi_. c. 3.

568 Jul. Capitolinus, _In Maximin._ c. 9.

569 Tertullian, _De Spectac._ c. 17.—Lactantius. _Div. Inst._ Lib. VI.
c. 20.—Walker on the _Italian Drama_, p. 3.

570 Rasis capitibus. Vossius, _Institut. Poetic._ Lib. II. c. 32. § 4.

571 Diomed. _De Orat._ Lib. III.

572 Celsus, _De Re Rustica_, Lib. I. c. 8.

_ 573 De Oratore_, Lib. II. c. 61.

_ 574 Storia D’Ogni Poesia_, Tom. V. p. 220.

575 Riccoboni, _Hist. de Theatre Italien_. Tom. I. p. 21.

_ 576 Dissert. dell Academ. Etrusc._ Tom. III.

577 Livy, Lib. XL. c. 51. Theatrum et proscenium ad Apollinis ædem Jovis
in Capitolio, columnasque circa poliendas albo locavit.

578 Livy, _Epitom._ Lib. XLVIII. Quum locatum a censoribus theatrum
exstrueretur; P. C. Nasica auctore, tanquam inutile, et nociturum
publicis moribus, ex senatusconsulto destructum est: populusque
aliquandiu stans ludos spectavit.

579 Plin. _Hist. Nat._ Lib. XXXVI. c. 15.

_ 580 Ibid._

581 Plin. _Hist. Nat._ Lib. XXXVI. c. 15.

582 Plutarch, _In Pompeio_.

583 Plin. _Hist. Nat._ Lib. XXXVI. c. 15.

584 Vitruvius, Lib. V. c. 6.

585 Alexander ab Alexandro, _Dies Geniales_, Lib. V. c. 16.

_ 586 Ibid._

587 Alexander ab Alexandro, _Dies Geniales_, Lib. V. c. 16.

588 Schütz, _ad Fragment. Oper. Ciceronis_, Tom. XVI.

589 Wilkins’ _Vitruvius_, Vol. II. p. 185.

_ 590 Ibid._ Lib. V. c. 8.

_ 591 Ibid._ Lib. V. c. 7.

592 Montfaucon, _L’Antiquité Devoilé_, Liv. II. c. 1.

593 Lib. V. c. 3.

594 Montfaucon, Liv. II. c. 3.

595 Montfaucon, Liv. II. c. 1.

596 Ibid. and Macrobius, _Saturnalia_, Lib. VI. c. 4.

597 Plin. _Hist. Nat._ Lib. XIX. c. 1.

598 Lucretius, Lib. IV.

_ 599 De Oratore_, Lib. I. c. 60.

600 Hawkins’ _Inquiry into Greek and Latin Poetry_, § xiii.

601 Cicero, _Academica_, Lib. II. c. 7.—“Primo inflatu tibicinis,
Antiopam esse aiunt, aut Andromacham.”

_ 602 Poet._ Lib. I. c. 20.—See also Theophrastus ap. Bartholinus, _De
Tibiis Veterum_, Lib. I. c. 4, and Plin. _Hist. Nat._ Lib. XVI. c.
36.

603 Hawkins’ _Inquiry into Lat. Poet._ p. 184.

_ 604 Antiquitates Romanæ_.

605 Turnebus, _Advers._ Lib. XXVIII. c. 34.

606 Servius ap. Bartholin. _De Tibiis Veter._

607 Hawkins’ _Inquiry_, p. 187.

608 Horat. _Art. Poet._ v. 202.

609 v. 295. On the subject of the Hydraulicon, see Wernsdorff, _Poet.
Lat. Min._ Tom. II. p. 394; and Busby’s _History of Music_.

610 Vitruvius, Lib. V. c. 6. Montfaucon, Liv. II. c. 1.

611 Ibid.

612 Stephens, _De Theatris_.

613 Pet. Arbiter, _Satyric._ c. 80.