Chapter XVII: Introduction (14)

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[CL] P. =117=, l. 1 f. For another glimpse of Frankish hunting see p. 235.

[CM] P. =118=, l. 18. This is the earliest occurrence of the word _Austrasii_. Longnon, p. 193.

[CN] P. =119=, l. 4. A more or less general custom among the early Germans, described by Tacitus, _Germania_, 31.

[CO] P. =119=, c. 15. Chilperic’s enmity to Praetextatus, bishop of Rouen, arose from the latter’s favor for Merovech, Chilperic’s rebellious son. It was at Rouen that Merovech married Brunhilda. The legal side of the trial is hard to follow, the main interest lying in Gregory’s spirited resistance to Chilperic. How Chilperic would have described it might be another story.

[CP] P. =120=, l. 29 f. From Sulpicius Severus’ life of St. Martin. See note on p. 16, l. 4.

[CQ] P. =127=, l. 4 f. The boys were to die in fulfilment of the prophecy on p. 116. See also p. 141.

[CR] P. =128=, l. 2. =Chilpericus … bannos jussit exigi.= _Bannus_ here means the fine for failure to obey the king’s _ban_ (order) requiring the service of all inhabitants. Brunner, _Deutsche Rechtsgeschichte_, vol. II, 1, p. 34.

[CS] P. =128=, l. 11. The term translated “acre” (_arapennis_) is in reality only five-sixteenths of an acre. This part of Chilperic’s decree must refer only to vineyard land.

[CT] P. =129=, l. 33 f. The reference may be to children of Gregory’s niece who lived at Tours. Cf. p. 115.

[CU] P. =131=, l. 16. Gregory’s comment has provoked discussion. It should be borne in mind that to Gregory the keeping of an oath was an essential, that his attitude toward practitioners of medicine was hostile, and that Gunthram was a favorite.

[CV] P. =132=, l. 24. Hilarius of Poitiers and Eusebius of Vercellae (_Liber in Gloria Confessorum_, 2, 3), two champions of orthodoxy.

[CW] P. =133=, l. 8. Sedulius (first half of the fifth century), a Christian poet who composed a metrical account of Biblical history.

[CX] P. =133=, l. 12. This passage may be taken for evidence that Gregory did not know the Greek alphabet.

[CY] P. =133=, l. 28. The mayor of the palace was regularly tutor (_nutricius_) of a king under age. Pfister in _Cambridge Medieval History_, vol. II, p. 136.

[CZ] P. =135=, l. 8. See note on p. 106.

[DA] P. =138=, l. 11. The church of St. Medard at Soissons. Braine is a short distance away.

[DB] P. =138=, l. 35. Perhaps Riguntha, daughter of Chilperic and Fredegunda, sympathized with Gregory out of enmity for her mother. Cf. p. 221.

[DC] P. =140=, l. 6. We hear of this local jealousy between Clermont and Tours also at p. 137; another more serious inter-city feud is described on p. 172.

[DD] P. =148=, l. 4. The recluse Hospicius had had himself immured in a tower. He had a window in it, but the only way to gain access to him was to take off the roof. For other recluses see pp. 151, 158, 199.

[DE] P. =150=, l. 11 f. The interpretation of this passage is that the worms were demons or sent by demons to plague the holy man.

[DF] P. =152=, l. 11. =Inter senatores sophisticos ac judices philosophicos.= This passage illustrates the difference in culture at this time between Paris and southern Gaul.

[DG] P. =152=, l. 22. The earliest mention of the office. In Gregory’s time the _major domo_ was of domestic rather than of political importance. Brunner, _Deutsche Rechtsgeschichte_ (1892), vol. II, p. 104.

[DH] P. =154=, l. 2. For another observation of a comet, see p. 92.

[DI] P. =158=, l. 8. Gundulf is a great-uncle of Gregory on his mother’s side. _Hist. Franc._ VI, 11. It is worth while remarking that he has a barbarian name. Gregory had found it convenient to discard his own name for one more closely associated with the episcopal office, and Gundulf on his side may have had a similar motive.

[DJ] P. =158=, c. 27. This agreement is referred to on p. 173 also. It was made by Chilperic, Gunthrum, and Sigibert in dividing the kingdom of Charibert in 567. Longnon, pp. 348-353.

[DK] P. =159=, l. 1. In the division of Frankish territory following Clothar’s death, the territory of Marseilles was divided between Gunthram and Sigibert. When Sigibert died, Gunthram took the whole. Childebert II is here claiming his father’s share.

[DL] P. =159=, l. 7. Gregory attributes the assassination of Sigibert to Fredegunda (p. 100).

[DM] P. =159=, l. 17. Bourges belonged to Gunthram; Tours, Poitiers, Angers, Nantes, to Chilperic.

[DN] P. =162=, l. 15. The Mummolus mentioned here is a different person from Mummolus the patrician. See _Index_.

[DO] P. =162=, l. 26. Gregory’s attitude toward the story in general is not skeptical; but he regarded the diabolical powers as always deceitful. Cf. p. 116: “What the devil promises is not to be believed.”

[DP] P. =163=, l. 29. To take Riguntha as bride of the king of Spain.

[DQ] P. =164=, l. 29. This should be regarded as a tax rather than as a free-will offering. Brunner, _Deutsche Rechtsgeschichte_, vol. II, p. 70.

[DR] P. =166=, l. 3. See note on p. 133.

[DS] P. =169=, l. 30. =Nimia excesus abstinentia.= The translation of these words is difficult. _Excesus_ may be taken as _excisus_ (_ex_, _caedere_). _Caedere_ is frequently used in Gregory’s writings in the sense of _flog_. The compound however does not appear to be found elsewhere in Gregory, and Bonnet, p. 422, note 1, suggests for _excesus_, _exesus_ (devoured, consumed), which however does not give a plausible meaning.

[DT] P. =170=, l. 1. =Eoglogias= (_eulogiae_). Blessed or consecrated bread, not the eucharist. Bingham, _Christian Antiquities_, vol. V, 186 f.

[DU] P. =171=, l. 32. Sallust, _Catilina_, c. 3.

[DV] P. =173=, l. 12 f. See pp. 119, 145.

[DW] P. =175=, l. 13. Duke Desiderius had been in the service of Chilperic; he now joined the pretender Gundovald.

[DX] P. =175=, l. 30. The occasion is described on pp. 158-160.

[DY] P. =175=, c. 14. This chapter furnishes a good example of the way in which their “sacred character” protected legates. The outward symbol of this “character” was a “consecrated wand.” _Hist. Franc._ VII, 32.

[DZ] P. =176=, l. 11. Du Cange defines _Ballomer_ as _falsus dominus, pseudo-princeps_. It is regarded as a word of Frankish origin with termination in _-mer_, like _Clodomer_.

[EA] P. =177=, l. 9 f. The meaning of this probably is that Leonard was stripped of the insignia of office which he had retained. Brunner, _Deutsche Rechtsgeschichte_, vol. II, p. 81, Note.

[EB] P. =178=, l. 18. Gunthram appears here more as the avenger of his kinsman according to the old custom than as king with a new order of justice at his hand. Cf. Brunner, vol. I, p. 325 (edition of 1906).

[EC] P. =178=, l. 35. The reference is probably to the estates granted (_commendatum_) to him by the king.

[ED] P. =181=, l. 9. The vicar (also _tribunus_, _judex loci_) was an officer subordinate to the count. Injuriosus had been obliged to borrow money, having either failed to collect the taxes in full or spent the money otherwise.

[EE] P. =182=, c. 29. The interest of this chapter lies in the vivid manner in which the fear of St. Martin is depicted as a present reality to the people of the time. A Frank named Claudius was commissioned by king Gunthram to destroy Eberulf, a political refugee, without violating St. Martin’s sanctuary. “As he travelled along [to Tours] Claudius, according to the custom of the barbarians, began to watch the signs and say they were unfavorable to him, and at the same time to ask many persons if the power of the blessed Martin was shown at the present time on those who broke faith; he particularly wanted to know whether St. Martin’s vengeance followed immediately in case any one attacked persons who put their faith in him.” On arriving at Tours Claudius ingratiated himself with Eberulf and promised him help, and when the latter “saw that Claudius made such promises on oath in the very church and at its entrance and in every part of the court-yard [_atrium_], the ill-fated man believed the perjurer.” The next day a feast was held in the church and Claudius secured Eberulf’s confidence to such a degree that the latter relaxed his guard. “He sent his men one after another to get strong wine, Italian wine, of course, and Syrian wine.” This took place in the courtyard of the church. Claudius was now in a dilemma. “He was purposing to kill Eberulf in the courtyard, but he was afraid of the power of the holy bishop.” However, the chance was too good to be lost. Eberulf was slain by Claudius and his men, but Eberulf’s followers immediately appeared and there was a fierce battle in and about the monastery in the courtyard. “The poor, both those who received the regular doles, and others” took part. “Those who were ‘possessed’ and the beggars hurried from here and there with stones and clubs to avenge the insult done to the church.” Claudius and his men were all slain. Thus “the vengeance of God had immediately overtaken the men who had polluted the holy courtyard with human blood. Moreover, Eberulf’s wickedness is perceived to be not slight when the blessed bishop (Martin) allowed him to meet such a fate.” The whole incident was regarded by Gregory, who was absent at the time “at a country place about thirty miles from the city,” as a vindication of St. Martin.

[EF] P. =184=, l. 21. For an account of the arms and armor of the period see L. Beck, _Geschichte des Eisens_, vol. I, pp. 703-728 (1884).

[EG] P. =186=, c. 47. This feud, the sequel of which is given in Book IX, c. 19, is of some interest in the study of the criminal law of the period, but is told by Gregory in a somewhat tangled way, so that it seems best to summarize the main points in a note. A company who were celebrating Christmas were invited by a priest “to go to his house, to drink.” Evidently they had been drinking too much already, for one of them, Austrighysel, drew his sword and killed the priest’s slave who brought the message. Thereupon the feud began. Another of the company, Sichar, “who was on terms of friendship with the priest,” attacked Austrighysel at the church door, but the latter was forewarned and his party, killing Sichar’s servants, made off with his gold and silver and other property, Sichar himself escaping in the confusion. The case came before a court of citizens (_in judicio civium_) which gave judgment against Austrighysel, who was to pay the fine for homicide and for taking property without warrant. But Sichar, in the true spirit of a feudist, did not wait for this judgment. Learning where the property was kept, he took an armed band, murdered all in the house where the treasure was, and even carried off the flocks and herds. “On hearing this,” says Gregory, “we were greatly vexed and in conjunction with the judge we sent messengers to them to come to our presence and make a reasonable settlement and depart in peace, that the quarrel might not breed greater trouble.” Gregory even offered to advance the church’s money to pay the fine of the guilty one, if the latter had not money himself. But Chramsind, the representative of the family Sichar had murdered in the last incident, refused to accept settlement, and hearing later a false report that Sichar had been killed by one of his own slaves, he took up the feud anew, “summoned his kinsmen and friends,” plundered Sichar’s house, and killed all the slaves on his estate. The settlement of this tangled feud is extremely interesting, since it shows how the courts of the period were straining every effort to overcome the time-honored custom of the blood feud. “Then the two parties were summoned before the judge in the city and pleaded their causes, and the verdict was found by the judges that he [Chramsind] who had been unwilling to accept a money payment before and had burned the houses, should lose half of the award which [otherwise] would have been adjudged to him,--this was done contrary to the law if only peace could be restored--but Sichar was to pay the other half of the fine. Then the church gave money to the amount of the verdict; Sichar paid his fine and received a receipt for it, each party swearing to the other that at no time should one party go muttering things against the other. And thus the strife ended.” It did not end, however, as the nineteenth chapter of the ninth book shows.

[EH] P. =189=, c. 1-7. For a discussion of Gregory’s attitude toward Gunthram see S. Hellmann, _Studien zur mittelalterlichen Geschichtschreibung_, Hist. Zeit., vol. 107, p. 23 f.

[EI] P. =189=, l. 6. Gunthram was frequently threatened with assassination. See pp. 174, 176, 178, 205. On this occasion he seems to have felt more confidence.

[EJ] P. =189=, l. 20. The Syrians were the distributors of eastern Mediterranean commodities in Gaul. The name seems to have been applied to a number of eastern peoples. In this connection it may be recalled that a Syrian, Eusebius, was bishop of Paris, and another, Theodore of Tarsus, archbishop of Canterbury.

[EK] P. =191=, l. 1. Gunthram had held Saintes from 567 to 576, when it was taken from him by Chilperic’s son Clovis.

[EL] P. =197=, l. 20. =Daemonii meridiani instinctu.= Cf. _Interea accedentibus hariolis et dicentibus eum meridiani daemonii incursionem pati_ (_De Virtut. S. Martin._ IV, 36). A sudden seizure in the heat of the day would be diagnosed as possession by a mid-day demon.

[EM] P. =198=, l. 22 f. See Frazer, _Golden Bough_, vol. 8, p. 280, for an explanation of this matter. An image of a noxious creature was supposed to rid a locality of it.

[EN] P. =206=, l. 2. =Errore nigromantici ingenii.= The spelling of _nigromantici_ reveals a popular etymology (_niger_), “the black art.” Cf. Bonnet, p. 218.

[EO] P. =207=, l. 7. The “imposter” had to conduct a service containing responses all by himself.

[EP] P. =209=, l. 34. The meaning of this is that in his pain and excitement Gunthram Boso thought he had a lance in his hand instead of a sword.

[EQ] P. =210=, c. 15. This assembly of the Arian bishops of Spain took place in 587.

[ER] P. =211=, l. 12. The reference is to the Latin version (and continuation) of Eusebius’ history by Rufinus. Book X, c. 14.

[ES] P. =212=, l. 2. According to the Salic law the fine which the killing of a free man entailed was more than doubled if the corpse was concealed.

[ET] P. =212=, l. 21. The purpose of the letter was to certify that Chramsind was not an outlaw and could not be attacked with impunity by Sichar’s kinsmen.

[EU] P. =212=, l. 36. In the agreement there are two separate statements about Senlis, the first (p. 213, l. 34), that “Childebert asserts his right from the present day to two-thirds of Senlis,” the second (p. 215, l. 6), that “it is agreed that Childebert shall hold Senlis in entirety, and as far as the third therein due to lord Gunthram is concerned, he shall be compensated by the third belonging to lord Childebert which is in Ressons.”

[EV] P. =215=, l. 9. Ressons-sur-le-Matz, not far from Senlis. Cf. Longnon, p. 416.

[EW] P. =216=, l. 30. It was as the head of the Merovingian clan that Gunthram’s consent was required.

[EX] P. =216=, l. 32. Ingunda had married Reccared’s elder brother who rebelled against his father and was finally executed. Ingunda died shortly after on her way to Constantinople.

[EY] P. =217=, l. 1. Childebert had already made two expeditions against the Lombards. Cf. pp. 163, 197.

[EZ] P. =218=, l. 10. The agreement was made Nov. 8, 588 at Andelot.

[FA] P. =218=, l. 16. Gregory’s idea of a good king is that he approximates to a bishop. Cf. _Introd._, p. xvii.

[FB] P. =220=, c. 30. This chapter contains the history of taxation in Tours in Gregory’s day. The exemption enjoyed by Tours must have brought it some rich inhabitants. On the other hand the fact that political refugees fled to St. Martin’s church for protection was sometimes a disadvantage. Cf. p. 117.

[FC] P. =221=, l. 25. =Genetricemque suam servitio redeberit.= The translation of this passage is difficult. Bonnet, p. 668, _note_, suggests _redhiberet_ for _redeberit_, in which case the meaning would be that Rigunda would make Fredegunda a slave again, as she had been before marrying Chilperic.

[FG] P. =222=, l. 6. Wife of duke Launebod, who built the church of St. Saturninus at Toulouse.

[FH] P. =222=, l. 8. For Waddo see pp. 165, 182-185. He had been count of Saintes, and it was probably from the territory of Saintes that he made this expedition.

[FI] P. =223=, l. 11. The story of the forty nuns is told with burdensome detail. The sequel of the story with the review of the case by the bishops (Book X, Chaps. 15-17) is translated.

[FJ] P. =227=, l. 16. Pope Gregory the Great, 590-604. This chapter gives the only contemporary information about him not given in his own writings.

[FK] P. =228=, l. 10. Pope Gregory had lived in Constantinople from 579 to 585.

[FL] P. =228=, l. 23 f. It was a custom for the bishop to resist election, in appearance at least.

[FM] P. =228=, l. 31. Carthage was so called to distinguish it from Carthage in Spain (Cartagena).

[FN] P. =232=, l. 18. The _vicarius_ was an officer subordinate to the count.

[FO] P. =232=, c. 7. The reference seems to be wholly to back taxes due from the church.

[FP] P. =233=, c. 8. This is a tale from Gregory’s home town. He must have known personally some at least of the persons mentioned. The time of the incidents may be inferred from these facts: Bishop Cautinus died in 571; duke Desiderius died about 587, and Gregory is writing between 590 and 592.

[FQ] P. =235=, l. 11. 590 A.D.

[FR] P. =235=, c. 10. In this case the trial by combat yielded no verdict. Brunner, _Deutsche Rechtsgeschichte_, vol. II, p. 440 (edition of 1892).

[FS] P. =244=, l. 32. The “swarm of flies” was the medium through which this man became “possessed.” In _De Virtut. S. Martin_, I, c. 53, a cloud of dust has the same effect. Cf. also _De Virtut. S. Martin_, III, c. 16, 20.

[FT] P. =245=, l. 19. =Episcopis ac civibus.= The meaning of the last word may be “people of the _civitas_ (city),” _i.e._ “townsfolk.”

[FU] P. =246=, l. 3. See _Note_ on p. 189, l. 20.

[FV] P. =246=, l. 23 f. A similar case of summary punishment is found on p. 199. Cf. also pp. 38, 48-50, 176.

[FW] P. =246=, l. 36. The cathedral church in the city. Below (p. 247, l. 21 f.) the reference is to St. Martin’s church.

[FX] P. =247=, l. 13. The reference is to a legend dating back to the time of the emperor Maximian (285-310) and centering about St. Maurice (cf. p. 54). The legion, consisting wholly of Christians from the East, was commanded to take part in the persecution of the Christians. On its refusal its members were executed to a man. The question of the authenticity of the legend has given rise to a long controversy. See _Art._, _Theban Legion_, _New Schaff-Herzog Religious Encyclopedia_.

[FY] P. =247=, l. 32 f. Appeals of this sort are common in the literature of the age. Compare the following: “I adjure thee, who shalt transcribe this book, by our Lord Jesus Christ, and by his glorious appearing, when he comes to judge the living and the dead, that thou compare what thou has transcribed, and be careful to set it right according to this copy from which thou hast transcribed; also that thou in like manner copy down this adjuration, and insert it in the transcript.” Irenaeus, _De Ogdoade_ (_Ante-Nicene Fathers_, vol. I, p. 568).

[FZ] P. =248=, l. 2. Martianus Capella wrote, about 450, a work on the seven liberal arts much used in medieval schools. Cf. _Introd._, p. xiii.

GENEALOGY OF MEROVINGIAN KINGS

(Mentioned in the History of the Franks)

FAMILIES OF CLOTHAR AND OF CHILPERIC

Clothar I, d. 561
m. 1) Guntheuca, Clodomer’s widow
2) Chunsina
3) Ingunda
4) Aregunda, Ingunda’s sister
5) Radegunda, daughter of Thuringian king Berthar;
became a nun at Poitiers about 550
6) A concubine
7) Vuldetrada, Theodovald’s widow (p. 79)
|
+----+-----+-----+-----+------+-------+------+-----+
| | | | | | | | |
2 | 3 | 3 | 3 | 6
Chrammus | Childeric | Gunthram | Clotsinda | Gundovald
d. 560 | d. 561 | d. 592 | m. Lombard | (not
| | | king | recognized)
| | | |
| | | |
3 3 3 4
Gunthar Charibert I Sigibert Chilperic
d. before 561 d. 567/8 m. Brunhilda m. 1) Audovera
d. 575 2) Gaisuenta
3) Fredegunda
d. 584
|
+------+---+----+----+-----+---+----+-----+-----+
| | | | | | | | | |
1 | 1 | 3 | 3 | 3 |
Theodobert | Clovis | Riguntha | Samson | Theodoric |
d. 575 | d. 580 | | d. 577 | d. 584 |
| | | | |
| | | | |
1 1 3 3 3
Merovech Basina Clodobert Dagobert Clothar II
d. 577 nun at d. 580 d. 580 d. 629
Poitiers

(The numbers indicate the mothers, as given in the list.)

GREGORY’S FAMILY

BIBLIOGRAPHY[98]

EDITIONS

ARNDT, W., et BR. KRUSCH, _Gregorii Turonensis Opera_. 1885. In
Monumenta Germaniae Historica. Displaces all previous editions.

OMONT, H., et G. COLLON, _Grégoire de Tours, Histoire des Francs,
Texte de manuscrits de Corbie et de Bruxelles_. New edition by
René Poupardin.[99] Paris, 1913. In _Collection de textes pour
servir à l’étude et l’enseignement de l’histoire_.

TRANSLATIONS

BORDIER, H. _Histoire ecclésiastique des Francs par saint Grégoire,
évêque de Tours_, Paris, 1859-61.

GIESEBRECHT, W. _Zehn Bücher fränkischer Geschichte vom Bischof
Gregorius von Tours._ Berlin, 1851. New edition, in 3 vols.
revised by S. Hellmann, 1913 (Geschichtschreiber der deutschen
Vorzeit). Only the last volume of the new edition has been
available.

GUADET, J., et TARANNE, N. R. _Histoire ecclésiastique des Francs
par Georges Florent Grégoire, évêque de Tours._ Paris, 1836.

GUIZOT, M. _Histoire des Francs par Grégoire de Tours._ Paris, 1823.

GENERAL

AMPÈRE, J. J. _Histoire littéraire de la France avant Charlemagne._
Paris, 1870.

BONNET, MAX. _Le Latin de Grégoire de Tours._ Paris, 1890. A work
indispensable to the reader of the Latin text.

CARRIÈRE, A. _Sur un chapitre de Grégoire de Tours relatif à
l’histoire d’Orient_ (Annuaire de l’école pratique des hautes
études), 1898.

DECLAREUIL, O. _Les épreuves judiciaires dans le droit franc du
Vᵉ au VIIIᵉ siècle._ Paris, 1899.

FAHLBECK, P. _La Royauté et le droit royal Francs (486-614).
Traduit par J. H. Kramer._ Lund, 1883.

GALY, C. _La famille à l’époque mérovingienne._ Paris, 1901.

HELLMANN, S. _Studien zur mittelalterlichen Geschichtschreibung._
I. _Gregor von Tours._ Hist. Zeitschrift. 1911.

HUGUEMIN, M. A. _Histoire du royaume Mérovingien d’Austrasie._
Paris, 1862.

JUNGHAUS, W. _Histoire critique des règnes de Childebert et de
Chlodovech; traduite par G. Monod._ Paris, 1879.

KRUSCH, B. _Zur Chronologie der merovingischen Könige_ (Forschungen
zur deutschen Geschichte), 1882.

KURTH, G. _Clovis._ Tours, 1891.

---- _De la nationalité des comtes francs_ (Mélanges Paul Fabre).
Paris, 1903.

---- _Histoire poétique des Mérovingiens._ Paris, 1893.

---- _Les ducs et les comtes d’Auvergne au VIᵉ siècle_ (Bull. de
l’Acad. roy. de Belgique), 1899.

---- _Les ducs et les comtes de Touraine au VIᵉ siècle_ (Bull. de
l’Acad. roy. de Belgique), 1906.

---- _Les sources de l’histoire de Clovis_ (Revue des quest. hist.),
1888.

---- _Sainte Clotilde._ Paris, 1897.

---- _Saint Grégoire de Tours et les études classiques au VIᵉ
siècle_ (Revue des quest. hist.), 1878.

LESNE, E. _La propriété ecclésiastique en France aux époques
romaine et mérovingienne._ Paris, 1910.

LOEBELL, J. W. _Gregor von Tours und seine Zeit._ Leipsic, 1869.

LONGNON, A. _Géographie de la Gaule au VIᵉ siècle._ Paris, 1878.
Indispensable to the reader of Gregory’s works. It is largely
a geographical commentary on the _History of the Franks_.

MARIGNAN, A. _Études sur la civilisation française._ Tome I. _La
société mérovingienne._ Tome II. _Le culte des saints sous les
Mérovingiens._

MONOD, G. _Les aventures de Sichaire_ (Revue Historique), 1886.

---- _Sources de l’histoire mérovingienne._ Paris, 1872.

PROU, M. _Examen de quelques passages de Grégoire de Tours relatifs
à l’application de la peine de mort_ (Études d’histoire du moyen
âge dediées à G. Monod). Paris, 1896.

---- _La Gaule mérovingienne._ Paris, 1897.

TARDIF, J. _Études sur les institutions politiques et administratives
de la France. Époque mérovingienne._ Paris, 1881.

THIERRY, AUG. _Récits des temps mérovingiens._ Paris, 1840.

URBAT, R. _Beitrage zu einer Darstellung der romanischen Elemente
im Latin der Historia Francorum des Gregor v. Tours._ Königsberg,
1890.

VAUCELLE, E. R. _La collégiale de saint Martin de Tours (397-1328)_.
Paris, 1908.

WEIMANN, K. _Die sittliche Begriffe in Gregor von Tours “Historia
Francorum.”_ Duisburg, 1900.

FOOTNOTES:

[98] Not exhaustive.

[99] A full list of editions and translations may be found in this
edition, pp. xxiv-xxx. The most famous of the early editions
is that by Th. Ruinart, Paris, 1699.

INDEX[100]

=Ætius=, 26.

=Alamanni=, Alemanni, 13, 30, 35, 39-40, 47.

=Alani=, 27, 30.

=Alaric=, 36, 44-47, 53.

=Albin=, king of the Lombards, 76, 95.

=Amalaric=, 47, 54, 58, 68.

=Anastasius=, 80.

=Andarchius=, 97-99.

=Andelot=, 213.

=Apollinaris= Sidonius, 36, 47, 80.

=Arcadius=, 64.

=Aregunda=, 75.

=Aregyselus=, 59.

=Arians=, 5, 24, 25, 41, 45, 53, 89, 131, 156, 210.

=Aridius=, 42.

=Arles=, 66, 89, 91, 237, 244.

=Attalus=, 60-63.

=Attila=, 26.

=Audovald=, Duke, 230.

=Austrasians=, 118.

=Austrechild=, xxii, 87, 130.

=Auvergne=, ix, xi, xiii, 44, 58, 63, 67, 85, 94, 232, 233-235, 250,
252.

=Avignon=, 42, 97, 152, 157, 158, 183, 191, 244.

=Avitus= the abbot, 55, 120, 190.

=Babylonia=, 8, 9.

=Basina=, 33.

=Basina=, daughter of Chilperic, 236-243.

=Belsuarius=, 69.

=Bertram=, bishop of Bordeaux, 121-124, 134-138, 190, 193, 194.

=Berulf=, Duke, 137, 159, 197.

=Bordeaux=, 47, 152, 163, 206, 214.

=Bourges=, 13, 35, 92, 139, 140, 159, 160, 163, 184, 185, 211, 244.

=Bretons=, 35, 76, 85, 86, 128, 211.

=Bricius=, 21-23.

=Brunhilda=, 89, 90, 99, 106, 115, 119, 122, 146, 178, 192, 208, 212,
213, 214.

=Buccelenus=, 69, 79.

=Burgundians=, 30, 31, 38, 44, 47, 55, 95-96.

=Cæsarea=, 6.

=Cæsaria=, 83.

=Cambrai=, 31, 49.

=Candes=, 15.

=Carthage=, 228-230.

=Cato=, the priest, 77-79, 84, 90, 92.

=Cautinus=, bishop of Clermont, 77-84, 90, 92, 233.

=Cellula= Sancti Maxentii, 46.

=Celsus=, the patrician, 87.

=Châlons= [sur-Saône], 131, 133, 189, 205, 212, 219, 235.

=Chararic=, 49.

=Charibert=, King, 75, 85, 87, 88, 116, 134, 135, 213, 220.

=Charigisil=, xxiii.

=Charigysel=, chamberlain of Sigibert, 100.

=Chedinus=, Duke, 231.

=Childebert=, son of Clovis, 54, 58, 60, 63-67, 69, 85, 99, 152.

=Childebert II=, son of Sigibert, 106, 122, 134, 145, 153, 158-160,
164, 173, 175, 191, 194, 197, 205, 208-220, 221, 238, 243.

=Childeric=, 31, 33, 35, 36.

=Chilperic=, King, xvi, xxv, 75, 87-166, 173, 174, 192.

=Chlogio=, 31.

=Chlotsinda=, 75, 95.

=Chonoober=, count of the Bretons, 85, 86.

=Chramnus=, 75, 79, 82, 83, 85, 86.

=Chrocus=, 13.

=Chrodield=, 236-243.

=Chrodinus=, 156.

=Chundo=, 235.

=Chuppa=, 232.

=Clermont=, ix, 12, 13, 32, 33, 34, 35, 36, 44, 47, 54, 66, 77-79,
82, 92, 97-98, 113, 158, 260.

=Cloderic=, 47.

=Clodomer=, 39, 54, 55, 56, 63-65, 69, 120.

=Clothar=, 54-58, 63-67, 69, 75, 79-88, 118, 130, 151-152, 157, 215,
220.

=Clothar=, son of Chilperic, 174, 189, 194, 217, 235, 246.

=Clotilda=, 38-41, 50, 55, 56, 63-65, 75, 80.

=Clovis=, xiv, xxii, xxiv, 31, 33, 36-50, 53, 54, 71, 76, 105.

=Clovis=, son of Chilperic, 90, 139, 194.

=Cologne=, 29, 48, 261.

=Cush=, 8.

=Deoteria=, 66-67.

=Desideratus=, bishop of Verdun, 67.

=Desiderius=, Duke, 114, 159, 160, 175, 185, 197, 201, 205-206, 233.

=Dijon=, 42, 44, 65, 85, 92, 110.

=Ebarchius= the recluse, 150-151.

=Eberulf=, 178-181, 182, 197.

=Egidius=, bishop of Rheims, 158-160, 175, 210, 243.

=Enoch=, 7.

=Erpo=, Duke, 118.

=Eufronius=, 84, 88, 139.

=Eulalius=, 233-235.

=Eusebius=, 6, 15, 21, 211.

=Eusebius= [of Vercellæ], 132.

=Farro=, 49.

=Fasti= Consulares, 31.

=Felix=, bishop of Nantes, 76, 109, 140, 154-155.

=Firmin=, 82.

=Flavian=, _domesticus_, 212, 232, 237.

=Franks=, 26-32, 56, 66, 84 _et passim_.

=Fredegunda=, 90, 100, 115, 116, 122, 130, 131, 161-163, 173-178,
186, 194, 197, 201, 216, 245.

=Gaganus= (Khan), 91.

=Galen=, 114, 125.

=Gallus=, xi, 77, 78, 82, 252-254, 260-262.

=Galsuenda=, 90, 214.

=Germanus=, bishop of Paris, 100, 112.

=Godomar=, 55-56.

=Gogo=, 133.

=Goths=, 26, 31, 35, 36, 37, 44, 46, 47, 66, 68, 89, 163-165.

=Gregory= of Tours, Education, xii.
Family, x, 109-111, 250-256, 260-262.
Life, ix.
Religion, xix.
Style, xiii, 1, 5, 254.
Superstition, xi, 10 _et passim_.
Works, xv, 119-124, 132, 134, 141, 194, 212-218, 247, 254.

=Gregory=, bishop of Langres, xi, 60, 63, 65, 84.

=Gregory=, the Great, 227.

=Grippo=, legate to the emperor, 228-232.

=Gundobad=, 38, 41, 42, 43, 44, 53.

=Gundovald=, 157, 175, 176, 182-184, 190.

=Gunthram=, King, 75, 85, 87, 89, 91, 109, 125, 145, 153, 156, 159,
173, 174, 175, 178, 180, 181, 182, 185, 189, 194, 205, 208-218,
220, 221, 238.

=Gunthram= Boso, 108, 114-118, 125, 127, 131, 157, 158, 175, 176,
183, 184, 197, 208-210, 219.

=Hermenfred=, 54, 56-58.

=Hilarius=, St., 15, 46, 53, 132, 173.

=Hospicius= the recluse, 147-150.

=Huns=, 25, 26, 87, 90.

=Ingoberga=, 87.

=Ingunda=, 75, 76.

=Injuriosus=, bishop of Tours, 75, 76.

=Jerome=, 6, 15, 21, 249.

=Jews=, 82, 113, 155, 181, 189.

=John=, the Pope, 126.

=Justina=, 236.

=Juvencus=, 15.

=Latium=, 66.

=Leo=, 60-63.

=Leocadius=, 13.

=Leonastus=, 112.

=Leudast=, 115, 134-140, 160-162.

=Leudeghisel=, 182-185.

=Limoges=, 128, 214.

=Loire=, 17.

=Lombards=, 76, 95-97, 217, 219, 220, 230.

=Lupus=, Duke, 145.

=Lyons=, 44, 55, 92, 94, 110, 145, 218.

=Macliavus=, 76, 119.

=Magnovald=, 199-200.

=Mans=, 108, 151, 244.

=Marcus= the referendary, 128, 130, 158.

=Marileif=, 115, 181, 182.

=Marseilles=, 41, 98, 109, 114, 145, 159, 218, 244.

=Martianus= [Capella], 248.

=Martin=, St., x, xii, xvi, xvii, xx, 14, 15-17, 21, 33-34, 67, 75,
85, 86, 111, 112, 115, 120, 152, 173, 178, 189, 193, 220, 221,
254, 256.

=Maxentius=, 46.

=Merovech=, 31.

=Merovech=, son of Chilperic, 90, 106, 114-118, 119, 123, 124, 125,
135, 194.

=Metz=, 25, 26, 78, 210, 212, 230.

=Milan=, 230.

=Mummolus= the patrician, 95-97, 114, 126, 157-158, 162-163, 172,
177, 183-185, 191.

=Munderic=, 58, 59, 60.

=Narses=, 69, 79.

=Nicæa=, 6.

=Nicetius=, bishop of Lyons, xi, 110, 125, 192.

=Nicetius=, husband of Gregory’s niece, 115.

=Nile=, 9.

=Noah=, 8.

=Orleans=, 26, 35, 55, 56, 87, 172, 178, 189.

=Orosius=, 6, 8, 15, 21, 31, 105.

=Palladius=, Count, 94.

=Palladius=, bishop of Saintes, 190, 193-194, 201.

=Paris=, 47, 63, 75, 85, 87, 88, 99, 119, 152, 154, 158, 160, 163,
166, 189, 207, 208, 213, 245.

=Parthenius=, 70, 71.

=Pavia=, 231.

=Pelagius=, 200.

=Peter=, Gregory’s brother, 109-110.

=Poitiers=, 45, 46, 85, 97, 106, 108, 115, 127, 140, 158, 159, 165,
175, 181, 182, 208, 213, 220, 223, 236-243.

=Prætextatus=, bishop of Rouen, 119-124, 177, 197, 217.

=Priscus=, a Jew, 146-147, 155.

=Quintian=, 44.

=Radegunda=, 57, 158, 205, 237, 239, 240, 242.

=Ragnachar=, 36, 49.

=Ragnemod=, bishop of Paris, 114, 121, 158.

=Rauching=, 106-108, 208.

=Red Sea=, 9, 10.

=Remi=, 40, 41.

=Renatus= Frigeridus, 27, 30.

=Rheims=, 85, 87, 124.

=Richared=, king of Spain, 201, 205, 210, 216.

=Riculf=, 114, 136-140.

=Riculf= the sub-deacon, 136-140.

=Riguntha=, 163-165, 175, 177, 185, 221, 222.

=Roccelenus=, 108.

=Romans=, 35.

=Rouen=, 99, 106, 160.

=Sagittarius=, 96, 125-127, 128, 182-185.

=Saintes=, 88, 165.

=Sallust=, 83.

=Salunius=, 96, 125-127, 128.

=Salvius=, bishop of Alvi, 133, 140, 141, 169-172.

=Saturninus=, 12.

=Saxons=, 35, 79, 83-84, 96, 97, 118, 186.

=Sedulius=, 133, 166.

=Senlis=, 154, 166, 212, 213, 215.

=Severus=, Sulpicius, 21.

=Siagrius=, 35, 36, 49.

=Sichar=, 211-212.

=Sigibert= the lame, 47, 48.

=Sigibert=, King, 75, 87, 89, 90, 94, 97-100, 109, 118, 173, 191,
213, 215, 220, 256.

=Sigivald=, 66.

=Silvester=, kinsman of Gregory, 110.

=Soissons=, 37, 86, 87, 100, 106, 130, 154, 223.

=Stephen=, St., 25.

=Suevi=, 24, 118.

=Sulpicius= Alexander, 27.

=Sygismund=, 54-56, 120.

=Tangiers=, 25.

=Tauredunum=, 91.

=Tetradia=, 233-235.

=Tetricus=, bishop of Langres, 109-111, 192.

=Theodoald=, Theodovald, 71, 77, 78, 83.

=Theodobert=, King, 54, 57, 58, 60, 66, 67, 69, 70, 71, 250.

=Theodobert=, son of Chilperic, 116, 135.

=Theodomer=, 31.

=Theodore=, bishop of Marseilles, 153, 157, 192, 194, 218.

=Theodoric=, son of Clovis, 38, 47, 54, 55, 56, 57, 58, 60, 66, 70,
254, 261.

=Theodoric= the Great, 54, 68.

=Theodosian= Law, 97.

=Thrasamund=, 24.

=Thuringia=, 31, 33, 38, 54, 56-57, 79.

=Tolbiac=, 58.

=Toulouse=, 44, 47, 177, 182.

=Tournai=, 99, 100, 139, 246.

=Tours=, x, 16, 22, 23, 33, 44, 45, 47, 50, 63, 75-79, 84, 85, 86,
88, 97, 106, 108, 115, 118, 121, 128, 134-140, 153, 159, 160,
175, 181, 186, 199, 205, 206, 208, 211, 213, 220, 231, 246,
268.

=Trèves=, 29, 31, 60, 70, 261.

=Trinity=, 53, 68, 132.

=Ursus=, 98.

=Vandals=, 24, 25, 30.

=Vannes=, 76.

=Vase= of Soissons, 37.

=Vaso= Galatæ, 14.

=Vectius= Epagatus, 13, 260.

=Verdun=, 67, 70, 186.

=Victor=, 7, 236, 244.

=Vienne=, 29, 42, 43, 56.

=Virgil=, 97, 249.

=Visigard=, 66, 67.

=Vouillé=, 46, 50.

=Vulfilaic=, xxii, 194-196.

=Waddo=, major-domo, 165, 183-185, 222, 223, 243.

=Wilichar=, 85.

=Zoroaster=, 8.

=Zülpich=, 47.

FOOTNOTES:

[100] Not exhaustive.

Records of Civilization

SOURCES AND STUDIES

EDITED BY JAMES T. SHOTWELL

(Numbers marked with an asterisk have already appeared; the others
are in preparation.)

THE HISTORY OF HISTORY; DOCUMENTS AND COMMENTARY. By JAMES
T. SHOTWELL, Ph.D., Professor of History in Columbia
University.

*HELLENIC CIVILIZATION. By G. W. BOTSFORD, Ph.D., Professor of
History in Columbia University, and E. G. SIHLER, Ph.D.,
Professor of the Latin Language and Literature in New York
University. 8vo, cloth, pp. xiii + 719. Price, $3.75 _net_.

THE RECORDS OF THE JEWS; OLD TESTAMENT LITERATURE. By JULIUS A.
BEWER, Ph.D., Professor of Old Testament Exegesis in Union
Theological Seminary.

1. Historical and Legal Books.
2. Prophetic Books.
3. Poetic and Didactic Books.

THE EARLY RECORDS OF CHRISTIANITY. By HAROLD H. TRYON, M.A.,
B.D., Instructor in New Testament and Church History in
Union Theological Seminary.

1. The Gospels.
2. The Primitive Church and the Pauline Mission.
3. The Developing Organization.
4. Christian Prophecy.
5. Early Apologies.

RELIGIONS OF THE HELLENISTIC PERIOD. By HAROLD H. TRYON, M.A.,
B.D.

1. The Mysteries.
2. The Cult of the Emperors.

PERSIAN AND HINDU DOCUMENTS. By A. V. W. JACKSON, Ph.D.,
Professor of Indo-Iranian Languages in Columbia University,
and E. W. HOPKINS, Ph.D., Professor of Sanskrit in Yale
University.

CHRONICLERS AND CHRONOLOGY. By JAMES T. SHOTWELL.

1. The Chronicle of Eusebius.

THE CHRISTIAN EPIC.

1. OROSIUS: History, against the Pagans. By CHARLES J. OGDEN, Ph.D.

MEDIEVAL HISTORIANS.

*1. GREGORY OF TOURS: History of the Franks. By ERNEST BREHAUT,
Ph.D. 8vo, cloth, pp. xxv + 284.
2. OTTO OF FREISING.

THE EARLY MIDDLE AGES.

1. The Sources of Irish History in the Middle Ages. By JAMES F.
KENNEY.

EARLY MEDIEVAL LAW.

1. Salic Law.
2. Penitentials.
3. The Anglo-Saxon Laws.
4. The Laws of Charlemagne. By MAUDE A. HUTTMANN, Ph.D.,
Instructor in History in Barnard College.

*THE “BOOK OF THE POPES” (_Liber Pontificalis_). By LOUISE R.
LOOMIS, Ph.D. 8vo, cloth, pp. xxii + 169.

THE PETRINE THEORY AND THE MEDIEVAL PAPACY. By JAMES T.
SHOTWELL.

THE PAPACY IN MODERN SOCIETY. By CARLTON H. HAYES, Ph.D.,
Associate Professor of History in Columbia University.

THE SACRAMENTAL SYSTEM. By JAMES T. SHOTWELL.

1. The “Book of Sentences” of Peter Lombard, Part IV.

MEDIEVAL THOUGHT AND CULTURE. An Anthology from Gerbert,
Abelard, Roger Bacon, and the Scholastics. By LYNN
THORNDIKE, Ph.D., Associate Professor of History in Western
Reserve University.

HUMANISM AND CRITICAL SCHOLARSHIP.

1. Laurentius Valla on the Donation of Constantine. By CHRISTOPHER
B. COLEMAN, Ph.D., Professor of History in Butler College.

MODERN PHYSICAL SCIENCE; SOURCES AND COMMENTARY. By FREDERICK
BARRY, Ph.D., Instructor in Chemistry in Columbia
University.

THE RISE OF RATIONALISM IN ENGLAND.

SOCIAL HISTORY OF MODERN ENGLAND. By JAMES T. SHOTWELL.

1. Sources for the Industrial Revolution.
2. Guide to the Sources for the Social History of England,
1750-1850.

THE EXPANSION OF EUROPE. By WILLIAM R. SHEPHERD, Ph.D.,
Professor of History in Columbia University.

REPRISALS IN THE HISTORY OF INTERNATIONAL LAW. By ELLERY C.
STOWELL, Ph.D., Assistant Professor of International Law in
Columbia University.

Transcriber’s Note:

Words, particularly proper nouns, may have multiple spelling variations or inconsistent hyphenation in the text. These were left unchanged, as were obsolete and alternative spellings. Two misspelled words were corrected, noted below.

Words and phrases in italics are surrounded by underscores, _like this_. Those in bold are surrounded by equal signs, =like this=. Footnotes were renumbered sequentially and were moved to the end of the chapter. Endnotes are treated as footnotes; alphabetical anchors and links were added. Final stops missing at the end of sentences and abbreviations were added.

Changes:

“Apollonaris” to “Apollinaris” … Sidonius Apollinaris …
“convert” to “convent” … from the convent at Poitiers,…

Comments

History of the FranksChapter XVII: Introduction (14)

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