Chapter XLIII: Conclusion (2)

[279] Pasquino and Marforio are, or at least were (only one of them being now in existence), two statues placed at the corners of two contiguous streets in Rome, on which the Romans affix those libels in which they, generally speaking, express their hatred of the Roman court and its abominable vices. The statues are supposed to address one another.

[280] Butler, _Mem._ ii. 51.

[281] “N’ont ils pas conservé en Angleterre le germe qui se développe avec tant de vigueur, et qui en Irlande, après trois cents ans de martyre, devient une révolution légitime?” Vol. iii. 510.

[282]

“Ché assolver non si può chi non si pente,
Nè pentere e volere insieme puossi
Per la contradizion che nol consente.”—DANTE’S _Inferno_.

[283] The Recorder of London, the Dean of St Paul’s, and that of Westminster, accompanied him to the fatal scaffold, and at that awful moment, when the wretched man had need to prepare himself for the presence of the supreme infallible Judge, they, for the space of an hour, obliged him to discuss the lawfulness of equivocation, and the criminality of the Plot, and thus subjected him to another trial!

[284] Oldcorne was executed on the 17th of April 1606, Garnet on the 3d of May of the same year.

[285] Crét. vol. iii. p. 476.—He might have said that Fischer was the author of many paltry contrivances, and that his endeavours were not so much directed to alleviate the misery of the persons of his persuasion as to resuscitate enemies to the established government, in conformity with the wishes of Spain and France.

[286] Politique du clergé de France, ou entretiens curieux; deuxième entretien: par Pierre Jurieu la Haye, 1682.

[287] Crét. vol. iii. p. 489.

[288] Crét. vol. iv. p. 197.

[289] Ranke, quoting Herrara, vol. ii. p. 228.

[290] We need hardly remind our readers, that when we speak of the idle, luxurious, and selfish life of the monks, we speak of the generality, for we are not so illiberal as to say, that among them was to be found no one really animated by a true zeal, and by the desire of converting infidels to that religion which they thought the true one.

[291] Crét. vol. iii. p. 292.

[292] Ibid. p. 289.

[293] Crét. vol. iii. p. 312.

[294] Crét. vol. iii. p. 502.

[295] See this and other letters of this prelate in Arnauld, tom. xxxii. and xxxiii.

[296] Palafox, wishing to see the authorisation, which the fathers pretended to have, to confess without the diocesan’s order, in opposition to a decree of the Council of Trent, asked them to shew him such an authorisation; they answered that they had the privilege not to shew it. “Let me see that privilege,” said the bishop. “We have the privilege to keep secret our privileges.” “Shew me at least this last privilege.” “We are authorised to keep secret even this other privilege.” See the letter in which the prelate relates the fact in Arnauld, tom. xxxiii. pp. 486-534.

[297] Letter to Innocent X., An. 1649, ss. 14-18.

[298] Letter of Palafox to Father Rada, Provincial of the Jesuits, 1649. See Arnauld, tom. xxxiii. p. 643. Some Jesuits have denied the authenticity of this letter, others the truth of the accusation, and have called the prelate a calumniator. As to the authenticity of the letter, it cannot be denied, since the bishop himself published it in his _Defensa Canonica_, dedicated to the King of Spain; and the well-known character of Palafox puts his veracity beyond question; nor would he have dared to bring before the royal throne a false accusation.

[299] I forgot to mention, in speaking of the canonisation of saints, that, in general, many years are allowed to pass after obtaining a title of Servus Dei, for example, before the other title, Venerabilis, is asked for, and so on.

[300] The office of this personage in the canonisation is to raise, _pro forma_, objections to its accomplishment, by questioning the virtue of the man, the reality of his miracles, and so on. In Italy he is called the advocate of the devil; and our Gioberti, with perhaps more wit than Christian charity, says, “In the case of Palafox, the name (advocate of the devil) may have well become him, as he was the advocate of the fathers.”

[301] Owing to the French Revolution of seventeen hundred and eighty-nine, the proceedings for the canonisation of Palafox, which had lasted fifty-five years, were never resumed, till lately an attempt was made to make a saint of him; but the Jesuits were again too powerful to allow it, and the case is yet pending, so that it may be said that the good Palafox is in a sort suspended between earth and heaven.

[302] Gioberti, _ut supra_, vol. iii. p. 151.

[303] For the persecutions to which all those ecclesiastics, regular or secular, were subjected, because they would not submit to the domineering spirit of the Jesuits, see the preface of tom. xxxii. of Arnauld’s work, with documents.

[304] Inhibendum est Patri Grenerali, totique societate ne in posterum recipiant novicios ad habitum societatis, neque admittant ad vota sive simplicia sive solemnia.

[305] See the _Mémoires Historiques de Norbert_, already quoted. See also _Anecdotes sur Le Chine_, t. vi. p. 408.

[306] Ranke, vol. ii. p. 388.

[307] _Epist. Meutii Vitelleschi_, &c. (Antwerp, 1665.)

[308] Gioberti _Il Gesuita Moderno_, vol. iii. p. 299.

[309] Diario Deone apud Ranke, vol. ii. p. 389.

[310] Vincentii Caraffæ _Epistole de Modis conservandi primævum spiritum Societatis_. Part of it apud Ranke, in a note, vol. ii. p. 391.

[311] Ibid.

[312] Ranke, vol. ii. p. 389.

[313] Circumstantial narration in the contemporary _discorso_, apud Ranke, vol. ii. p. 396.

[314] Crét. vol. iv. p. 96.

[315] Gioberti, vol. iii. p. 299.

[316] Gioberti, vol. iii. p. 299.

[317] The tone in which Annat wrote to his general deserves to be remarked, and to be compared with the letters that Lainez and Borgia used to write to Loyola—“I cannot omit to communicate,” he writes, “to your paternity my grief on seeing that the hope which I had conceived of a speedy conclusion of the peace between the sovereign pontiff and the most Christian king has vanished.... I do not know what malignant coincidence of events _destroys all my plans_,” &c.

[318] _MS. Bibl. Harl._ v. 895, f. 143.

[319] _Bartoli Giappone_, t. 22.

[320] Crét. vol. iv. p. 417.

[321] Ranke, vol. ii. p. 293.

[322] St Priest’s _History of the Fall of the Jesuits_, English Trans. p. 3.

[323] A Jesuit was the confessor of that faithful wife!

[324] St Priest’s _History of the Fall of the Jesuits_, English Trans. p. 4.

[325] Crét. vol. v. p. 158.

[326] St Priest, p. 9.

[327] Ibid.

[328] Ranke, vol. ii. p. 392.

[329] _Voyage de Duquesne Chef d’escadre_, tom. xxxv. p. 15.

[330] Crét. vol. v. p. 171.

[331] Lavallette.

[332] Ranke, vol. vii. p. 443.

[333] Ranke, vol. ii. p. 444.

[334] St Priest, p. 12.

[335] St Priest, p. 13.

[336] Fifteen hundred of these monks landed at Civita Vecchia. It was a pitiful sight to behold some of those very old priests torn from the place where they had spent their lives, and thrown upon a foreign land. Even the Dominicans, their constant opponents, were touched with compassion, and received them kindly; and they have perpetuated the memory of this act of generosity by an inscription on stone.

[337] See it reported in St Priest, p. 21, and following.

[338] Crét. vol. v. p. 236.

[339] Three generals, Retz, Visconti, and Centurioni, had, after Tambourini, governed the Society; and the 19th General Congregation, named Lorenzo Ricci, who was the 18th General before the suppression.

[340] The debts of Lavallette amounted to 2,400,000 francs; but Crétineau assures us that the houses and lands belonging to the Company were bought by English capitalists for the sum of four millions of francs! Did not the Jesuits well observe the vows of poverty, this _bulwark of religion_?

[341] St Priest, p. 27.

[342] Ranke, vol. ii. p 447; St Priest, p. 29.

[343] _State Papers and Manuscripts of the Duke of Choiseul._ See St Priest, p. 18.

[344] See Ranke, vol. ii. p. 447; Crét. vol. v. p. 274.

[345] The property which the Jesuits possessed in France was estimated at fifty-eight millions of francs; but in that sum, says Crétineau, must not be included the alms which were given to the _Maisons Professes_. They possess fifty-eight millions, and ask for _alms_! Oh! holy poverty!

[346] _Despatches of the Marquis d’Ossun to the Duke of Choiseul._ See St Priest, p. 34.

[347] Crét. vol. v. p. 293.

[348] Ranke, vol. ii. p. 448.

[349] St Priest, p. 35.

[350] See in Ranke, vol. ii. p. 447, a note, where he quotes a passage of a MS.

[351] Crét. vol. v. p. 296.

[352] St Priest, p. 36; Crét. vol. v. p. 297.

[353] Crét. vol. v. p. 284.

[354] See it in Crétineau, vol. v. p. 301.

[355] Ibid.

[356] St Priest, p. 43.

[357] See St Priest, p. 45; Crét. vol. v. p. 312.

[358] Ranke, vol. ii. p. 448.

[359] Ibid.

[360] Instructions to the Cardinals De Luynes and De Bernis, February 19, 1769. See St Priest, p. 54.

[361] St Priest, p. 58.

[362] Crét. vol. v. p. 326. He quotes the No. 14 of the _Lettres inédites D’Aubeterre_. We have not an opportunity of verifying these letters, and must rest on his authority. St Priest says that it was, on the contrary, De Bernis who promised to the ambassadors to consult Ganganelli; but however it is, what appears incontestable is, that Ganganelli was consulted.

[363] In the time of our short republic, we were once moved to tears by seeing some Trasteverini throw off their hats, and spontaneously, without being told or taught, go and kiss these magical and once respected letters, S.P.Q.R. Indeed I even feel moved in writing them.

[364] St Priest, p. 55.

[365] St Priest, p. 56.

[366] See St Priest, p. 57, who reports all these details, as given by the emperor himself to D’Aubeterre. Joseph enlarged complacently on his contemptuous policy toward the Holy See, and declared, in plain terms, _that he knew the Court of Rome too well not to despise it_, and thought very little of his admission to the Conclave. “Those people,” said he, speaking of the cardinals, “tried to impress upon me the value of this distinction, but I am not their dupe.”

[367] In Italy, the monasteries of the orders called mendicant are the refuge of three peculiar classes of persons. The first class of those who repair thither are idle, unthinking fellows, who disdain to do any sort of work; the second are those who have but the convent to escape the prison; and the third, those youth who, feeling within themselves the power, the capacity, or the ambition of achieving some great deeds, and seeing no possibility of emerging from the crowd, have recourse to the cloister as the only way left them of arriving at eminence. Almost all the men of mark among the Italian clergy have been monks, born of poor and humble parentage; and many Popes were of the same. It is known that not a penny is requisite to enter into those monasteries, while, to become a secular priest, one requires to possess some little property.

[368] It was he who began that magnificent museum in the Vatican, increased afterwards by Pius VI., which bears the name of Museo Pio-Clementino, and which is the admiration of all Europe.

[369] See Ranke, vol. ii. p. 449, in a note quoting “Aneddoti riguardanti la famiglia e le opere di Clemente.”

[370] Francesco was a lay brother, for whom Ganganelli preserved to the last the most sincere friendship and affection.

[371] St Priest, p. 60. It was in this convent that Ganganelli resided before his exaltation to the pontificate, and he often went thither afterwards to spend some hours.

[372] Ranke (vol. iii. p. 449) exaggerates Ganganelli’s virtues, and represents him as faultless and holy, which brings us to make a remark on the celebrated German historian. His indefatigable industry in searching archives and public and private libraries, and inspecting unpublished manuscripts, has enabled him to throw light on many obscure questions; but we think that often, on the simple authority of some ambassador’s relation, or private letters, or of writings without name, which only express the private opinion of the writer, he has established principles, and deduced consequences, that are not in accordance with what is known or may be ascertained by an accurate examination of the facts. We could give many instances of what we assert.

[373] 1 Tim. iii. 1.

[374] Gioberti, vol. iii. p. 347.

[375] Crét. vol. v. p. 332.

[376] St Priest, p. 61.

[377] It is to be remarked, that now that the most perfect concord reigns between the Court of Rome and the fathers, and that they support each other, the latter have changed their language in regard to this affair, and that same Crétineau assures us that he disbelieves this imputation.

[378] See St Priest, p. 63.

[379] St Priest, p. 63.

[380] Ibid. p. 64.

[381] St Priest, p. 65.

[382] St Priest, p. 66.

[383] Ibid.

[384] Letter of Choiseul to the Cardinal de Bernis, August 10, 1769. See it, Crét. vol. v. p. 342, ff.

[385] St Priest, p. 73.

[386] Ibid.

[387] See it in St Priest, p. 73, in a note.

[388] St Priest, p. 86.

[389] _Brief Dominus ac Redemptor._

[390] Vol. ii. p. 450.

[391] St Priest, p. 86.

[392] St Priest, p. 28.

[393] St Priest, _ubi sup._ He has extracted all those details from a letter of Florida Blanca, addressed to Pope Pius VI.

[394] It is differently reported by what means the consent of Austria to the destruction of the Jesuits was obtained. The report most current at the time was, that Charles III. obtained it from Maria Theresa, by sending to the empress her own confession, which her Jesuit director had sent to the General, and which the king had had the means of obtaining. St Priest, in contradicting this opinion, says that Maria Theresa’s resistance was conquered by her son Joseph, who, although he took little interest in the affair as it affected the Jesuits, yet coveted their possessions.

[395] These are the words attributed to the Pope by the popular tradition. However, St Priest, following Caraccioli, makes the Pope exclaim, after having signed the brief, “Questa suppressione mi dará la morte”—This suppression will be my death.

[396] Gioberti, vol. iii. p. 374.

[397] It is here given as translated in the _Protestant Advocate_, 1815, vol. iii. p. 153, &c.

[398] Crét. vol. v. p. 275.

[399] Ibid. p. 390.

[400] St Priest, p. 50.

[401] _Botta Storia d’Italia cont. da quella del Guic._ 48. See also Gioberti, vol. iii. p. 391, and ff.

[402] St Priest, p. 89.

[403] Botta, _ubi supra_.

[404] Georgel, _Memoires_, vol. i. p. 160. Apud St Priest, p. 90.

[405] Gioberti, quoting Florida Blanca, vol. iii. p. 394.

[406] St Priest, p. 91, and following. All these details of the illness and death of Ganganelli we have taken from St Priest, adding now and then some particulars which we have found in other writers. But St Priest is the best authority on the subject. He has drawn from original sources—the Letters of Bernis, of Florida Blanca, the History of Botta Gorani Caraccioli—and has condensed his materials into a most accurate and impartial narrative. It would be useless, then, either to send back our readers to those authors, or to endeavour to analyse them ourselves. We shall, then, be contented with some reflections or deductions at the proper place.

[407] Ibid.

[408] Botta, _ubi supra_.

[409] Gioberti, vol. iii. p. 392.

[410] St Priest, p. 92.

[411] It is a popular tradition, and, indeed, not at all unfounded, that in Perugia some persons had the secret of composing a sort of water which, when drunk, produced certain death, although life was prolonged for more or less space of time, according to the quantity and strength of the dose given. The nuns, in particular, had a sad celebrity for composing this drug.

[412] St Priest, p. 93.

[413] St Priest could not find those documents anywhere.

[414] See all those letters in St Priest, p. 93, and following.

[415] St Priest, p. 78.

[416] It is commonly reported in Italy, and it is also believed in France, that on the day commemorating Ganganelli’s death, every year, the Jesuits, at least those who are deep in the secrets of the order, assemble in a room, and, after one of them has addressed a volley of curses and imprecations against Clement’s memory, every person present pierces his image with a poniard. We repeat the popular belief, without, however, warranting its correctness.

[417] St Priest, p. 97.

[418] D’Alembert to Frederick. April 24, 1774.

[419] St Priest, p. 144.

[420] St Priest, p. 155.

[421] See this Testament in Crétineau, vol. v. p. 401, and ff.

[422] Czerniwiecz, Lenkeawiecz, and Korell.

[423] Crét. vol. vi. p. 33.

[424] Vol. iii. p. 30.

[425] The translation here given is from the _Protestant Advocate_, vol. iii. p. 13, &c.

[426] As lively turf with green herb.—DANTE.

[427] Crét. vol. vi. p. 323.

[428] Crét. vol. vi. p. 338.

[429] Crét. vol. vi. p. 105.

[430] Crét. vol. vi. p. 110.

[431] Crét. vol. vi. p. 110.

[432] Vol. vi. p. 81.

[433] Crét. vol. vi. p. 84.

[434] Ibid. p. 83.

[435] Overbury.

[436] Crétineau, vol. vi. p. 94.

[437] Vol. vi. p. 89.

[438] Vol. vi. pp. 91, 92, in a note.

[439] Vol. vi. p. 97.

[440] It is to be remembered that all the revolutions which have taken place in Italy since 1814 were prepared and executed by the upper classes of the nation.

[441] We have to lament the decease of this illustrious Italian, which has happened while we were writing these pages. His country has not forgotten that it is due to him, perhaps more than to anything else, that Piedmont is without Jesuits. Monuments are to be erected to him, and his mortal remains will be transported from Paris to Turin at the public expense. But while all Italy is unanimous in regretting his loss, a Jesuit newspaper, the _Armonia_, attributing his sudden death to the judgment of God, exclaims, “See what it is to wage war against Heaven! Gioberti died like Simon the magician, like Arius!” A Jesuit in Rome asserted the same thing from the pulpit; while the Romans repeat that the Jesuits have poisoned him. He was firm to the end in his hostility to the fathers, and in the last letter he wrote to the author of this history, encouraging him to proceed with the work, he adds, “You will render a good service to our country.”

[442] See my _History of the Pontificate of Pius IX._, p. 29 and _ff._

[443] A month before the Pope fled from Rome to Gaeta, the author had a conversation with Joseph Mastai, the Pope’s brother, who had been an exile and a political prisoner during the last reign. He, to excuse the change in his brother’s conduct, said, “I warned you not to attack religion, or you would ruin the cause of liberty. You have not listened to my advice, and you must abide the consequences.” When I asked him in what respect we had shewn disrespect to religion, he answered, with great earnestness, “You have driven the Jesuits from Rome, and attempted to deprive the ecclesiastics of all authority.” These words speak volumes. They express the true sentiments of the Pope, which were adopted, it seems, by his brother, who had formerly been a Carbonaro.

[444] The author was a member of this second deputation. Oudinot was at first indignant that we should think of offering opposition to his troops. “How!” said he, “two armies, the Neapolitans and the Austrians, are marching against Rome! We come to succour you, and you speak of fighting us!” And half an hour after this, when we pressed him hard, forgetting himself, he exclaimed, “Eh bien! nom de Dieu nous venous pour remettre le Pape sur le trône.”

[445] Mather.

[446] Murray.

[447] Newton.

[448] Oudinot was named by the Pope Duke of St Pancrace, in commemoration of his having destroyed a church dedicated to that saint, and also that part of the wall by which the French entered, which bears the same name.

[449] Many public officers were dismissed or imprisoned for refusing to be present at the _Te Deum_.

[450] Murray is of this number.

[451] When nothing can be invented which may at least have the appearance of criminality, and the man is punished merely for his opinions, he is not interrogated at all, but is kept a prisoner as long as his persecutors please, and released after five, six, or more years, without ever having been interrogated, or even seeing the face of a judge.

[452] English readers must be aware that in France, as well as in Italy, murder does not necessarily and inevitably import capital punishment. There are certain extenuating circumstances admitted. In the Roman states, indeed, very seldom is the common assassin executed.

[453] The fate of this generous and unfortunate young man has excited, and indeed deserves, the deepest commiseration. He was a merchant, and in ’48 left his business to march with us into Lombardy; he became lieutenant of the battalion commanded by the chevalier Geraldi, one of the Pope’s nephews, and was intimate with Ercole Mastai, who was an officer in the same battalion. On returning from the war, he was raised, by the esteem of his fellow-citizens, to the rank of colonel in the national guard. When the fatal acts of revenge above narrated were perpetrated at Sinigallia, the author wrote to Simoncelli from Rome, entreating him to use all his influence to repress these murders. He answered in a tone which left no doubt that he entirely condemned them. He said he had been able to save the lives of some, and would redouble his exertions to put a stop to crimes, which he abhorred and detested. I gave the letter to Mazzini. Yet this same man has been shot as an abettor and accomplice. Such is the justice of the priests!

INDEX.

A.

Abbot of St. Cyran, writings of, 232;
history of, 233

Abolition of the Order, 362, 374-376, 411

Absolution, origin of the doctrine, 13;
consequences of the, 243-245

Acquaviva, Fifth General of the Order, 90;
character of, 186, 210;
election of, ibid.;
his success in Spain, 228;
his opinions on the theology of St. Thomas, 230;
on the doctrines of Grace and Free-Will, 231;
death of, 255;
consequences of, to the Order, 256;
his successor, ibid.

Administrators, appointment and duties of, 38, 55;
pre-eminence of, 316

Admonitors, 54-56

Adrian VI, confessions of, 30

Albert of Bavaria, supports the Jesuits, 199

Albigenses, massacre of the, 60

Alcala, introduction of Jesuitism, 22;
oppositions to the Order in, 79

Alexander VII, opposes the doctrines of the Augustinus, 234

—— of Russia expels the Jesuits, 433

Alva, Duke of, 135;
his character, 146

America, Jesuit missions of, 297;
state of religion in 298;
conduct of the Jesuits in, 300;
features of the mission in, 302-313;
exchange of possessions in, 333

Analysis of the brief of suppression, 387

—— of the bull of re-establishment, 442

—— of the constitution, 31-33

—— of the brief of re-establishment, 442

Ancona, executions at, 480, 481

Angouleme, Duke of, aids the Jesuits, 450

Antonelli, Cardinal, plots the revolution in Rome, 474

Antony, St., miracles of, 258 _n._

Antwerp, Jesuit congregations of, 217

Archbishops of the Society, 408

Armada, Jesuits connected with the, 168

Armagh, Archbishop of, seeks to suppress the Protestants in England, 63

Arrêt, for the expulsion of the Jesuits from France, 224

Alliance, purport of the, 180

Assassination of Queen Elizabeth projected, 164;
encouraged by the Jesuits, 165, 166, 168

—— of Henry IV, 254

Assembly of Bishops, 346

Augustinus, publication of the, 233

Austria, restoration of the Jesuits to, 200, 450;
their influence in, 253;
governed by Jesuits, 435;
Jesuits refused admission to, 452;
aids the Pope in the late revolution, 475;
consequences to, 477

Authors, Jesuit, 15, 96

Averio, Duke of, executed, 340, 341

Avignon, Jesuit congregation of, 217;
is seized by the French, 359

B.

Babington, conspiracy of, 167

Baptism, Jesuit administration of the ordinance, 110

Barcelona, Vice-King of, aids the Jesuit influence in Spain, 62

Barrière, attempts to assassinate Henry IV, 187;
his confession, ibid.;
is executed, 188

Barry, Father, writings of, 247

Bavaria, supremacy of the Jesuits in, 253

Bedloe, character and plot of, 292, 293

Belgium, flourishing state of the Jesuits in, 454;
their designs on, ibid.

Bellarmine, Robert, on the “Political Creed” of the Jesuits, 191

Benedict XIV, opposes the Jesuits, 128, 328

Bernis, Cardinal, 363;
his answer to the Conclave, 365;
intrigues for the election of Pope, 375;
urges Clement to destroy the Jesuits, 378-380

Bishops, 346;
number of, 408

Boarders in Jesuit colleges, 219, 220

Boarding-houses, connected with the colleges, 214

Bobadilla, one of the ten founders of the Order, 28;
mission of, to Naples, 59;
is expelled by Charles V, 76;
banished, 77;
heads a revolt against Lainez, 134;
his letter to, 142

Books, Protestant, confiscation of, at Vienna, 201

Borgia, character of, 7;
is admitted to the Society, 35;
uses his influence to establish the Jesuits in Spain, 62;
elected Vicar-General, 145;
visits Spain and France, 148;
his death, 149

Bourbon, Cardinal de, assumes the title of King of France, 182

Bourbon, influence of the House of, 378

Braganza, Duke of, crowned King of Portugal, 275, 276

Braschi, made Pope, under the title of Pius VI, 425;
character of, 426;
his conduct towards the Jesuits, ibid.

Briant, execution of, 163

Bridgewater, John, on the “Political Creed” of the Jesuits, 191

Brief of suppression, 382, 383;
analysis of the, 387-406;
provisions of the, 422

—— for the re-establishment of the Jesuits, 439;
analysis of the, 440

Brotherhood, Jesuit, 217;
doctrines and practices of the, 235

Brouet, his mission to Ireland, 64

Brugellette, Jesuit college of, 458

Bulls issued against Queen Elizabeth, 153, 162

—— against the Jesuits, 127, 128, 313, 328

—— for the suppression of the Order, 387

—— for the re-establishment of the Order, 439, 442

—— in favour of the Order, 28, 62

Busembaum on the “Political Creed” of the Jesuits, 193

C.

Cæsar, Julius, character of, 7

Calvinism, doctrines of, 183

Calvinists, persecution of, 270, 273

Campion, his mission to England, 154;
arrest of, 161;
trial of, 163

Candia, Duke of, aids the Jesuits, 62

Candidates for the Order, requirements of, 31-37, 448

Canisius, Peter, 62

—— founds the College of Friburg, 206

Canonization, rules for, 258-262, 310 _n._

—— of Loyola and Xavier, 262

Cano, a Dominican friar, preaches against the Jesuits, 78;
is made Bishop of the Canaries, 79

Canova, statue of Clement XIII by, 361

Caraffa, General, 317, 318, see “Paul IV”

Cardinals, Jesuit, 408

Carlos, Don, supported by the Jesuits, 451

Carvalho, Minister of Portugal, 331;
created Marquis of Pombal, 332;
see “Pombal”

Casimir, King of Poland, 282

Castilians, revolt of the, 450

Catechisms, Jesuit, 197

Catesby, 286

Catherine of Austria, deposed by the Jesuits, 171

—— de Medicis, opposes the Jesuits, 176, 177

—— of Russia, protects the Jesuits, 430, 431

Catholicism, decline of, 58

Catholics, Roman, first persecuted in England, 163

Cave of Manreze, the place of Loyola’s retirement, 13

Ceremonies, Catholic, 249, 250, 262

Chiaramonti, 438;
re-establishes the Jesuits, 439

Charles I, of England, 290

—— III, of Spain, 349;
expels the Jesuits, 350;
his motives for, 352-354;
seeks to destroy the Jesuits, 379

—— V, opposes the Order, 75

—— IX, of France, 179

Chastel, John, attempts to assassinate Henry IV, 188;
his punishment, 189, 190

China, Jesuit mission to, 105

Choiseul, minister of France, 331;
attempts to reform the Order, 346;
character of, 347, 348

Christina of Sweden and the Jesuits, 282, 283

Church of England agitated by Catholic aggression, 163

—— Evangelical, of Cracow, attacked by the Jesuits, 280

—— of Rome, decline of the, 8, 9;
doctrines of, 14, 15, 40;
condition of, in the 16th century, 30, 31;
supremacy of, 195;
restoration of, in Austria, 201;
in Sweden, 203;
arrogance of, towards England, 467

Churches of America, 299

Civilization, progress of, 7

Civita Vecchia, arrival of French troops at, 475;
becomes a French port, 477

Classes of Jesuits, 46, 462

Clement VIII, Pope, 231, 232

—— XIII, 338;
his partiality for the Fathers, 339;
protects the Jesuits, 357, 359;
death of, 360;
monument of, by Canova, 361

—— XIV, 371;
character of, 372, 383, 420;
is elected Pope, 375;
policy of, 376, 378;
hesitates to suppress the Jesuits, 381-384;
death of, 412;
mysterious cause of the, 414-420

Clergy, Roman Catholic, two classes of, 178 _n._;
subjected to the Jesuits, 272

Coadjutors, 44, 49, 50

Code of legislature for Jesuit schools, 213-215

—— moral of the Jesuits, 230-252

Coimbra, first college of the Jesuits founded at, 62

College of Cardinals, 253

Colleges of the Society, 39, 48, 62, 90;
endowed by Gregory XIII, 150;
class of education imparted in, 214;
rules for the admission of pupils to, ibid.;
internal life of the, 219;
discipline in, 221;
education of English youths in, 152, 153, 168;
established in France, 178, 458;
character of, 185;
in Germany, 196, 452;
in Austria, 200;
in Switzerland, 206;
in Spain, 451;
in Galicia, 452;
in England, 459;
in Ireland, 461;
in Italy, 484;
number of at the time the Society was suppressed, 408

Cologne, Jesuits in, 196

Commerce of the Order, seat of, 277;
character of, in Europe, 335, 336

Commotions among the Jesuits, 209

Communism in America, 303

Companions of the Order, 23, 24

Company of Jesus, 45, see “Society of”

Conclave, affairs of the, 368-372

Confession, doctrine of, 41, 238-244, 287;
practised in Jesuit colleges, 220 _n._, 221 _n._

Confessors, importance of, 236, 237;
influence of, 322;
to the Kings of France, 254, 255, 267, 271, 272

—— influence of, in Portugal, 171;
removal of, 335

Congregation of rites, 259, 260 _n._

Congregations, or assemblies of the Order, 53;
origin of the, 217;
various denominations of, ibid.;
abolished by the Parliament, 348

Congregations, general, 53;
difficulties of assembling, 134;
influence of the, 217;
decrees of, 277, 278

—— of the Holy Virgin, 217, 455

—— provincial, 56

—— of the Sacred Heart, 455

Congress of Poissey, 143

—— of Worms, 58

Consalves de Camera, influence of, in Portugal, 171

Conspiracies of the Jesuits in England, 164, 165, 285, 286, 292

—— in France, 179, 186

—— in Portugal, 172, 173, 276

Conspirators, trial and execution of, in England, 285, 289

Constitution of the Society, 30;
analysis of the, 31-33;
changes in the, 317;
exposition of the, 345

Convent of Santa Martha, 59

—— of Santa Catherine, 59

Converts, Jesuit, 463

Cordeliers, Order of, 369

Corsica, Jesuits in, 358

Cotton, Father, apologetic letter of, 255

Council of Poissey, 177

—— Seize, 182 _n._

—— Trent, 143, 144

Court of Rome, struggles with the Jesuits, 235, 328;
succumbs to the Order, 322;
two distinct powers of the, 363

Cracow, Evangelical Church of, attacked by the Jesuits, 280

Creed, political, of the Jesuits, 191-193

Creighton, conspiracy of, 164

Crétineau-Joly, writings of, 15;
on the conspiracies in England, 161, 166;
on the “Imago Primi Sæculi”, 265;
on the conspiracies in Portugal, 271;
on the conduct of the Jesuits in England, 458, 459;
on “Puseyism,” 464

Cromwell, Jesuits discouraged by, 291

Crusades, 475

Cyran, St., 232, 233

D.

Days of the barricades in France, 181

Decrees against the Jesuits in Portugal, 342;
execution of the, 355;
in England, 161;
in Spain, 351

Democracy, encouraged by the Jesuits, 194

Diet of Nuremberg, 30

Dissensions among the Jesuits, 210

Doctrine of absolution, 13, 243-245

—— of confession, 140, 238-243, 287

—— of equivocation, 244

—— of free will, 231

—— of grace, 231

—— of infallibility, 233, 234

—— of transgression, 238

Doctrines of the Church of Rome, 13, 18, 40

—— of the Gallican Church, 177, 178, 179 _n._

—— of Jansenius, 233, 234

—— of the Jesuits, 168, 191, 194, 230-234, 236-250

Dominicans oppose the Jesuits, 231

Don Carlos supported by the Jesuits, 451

—— Pedro, Jesuits expelled from Portugal by, 451

Dress of the Jesuits, 43

Dubarry, Mme de, 386

Du Prat, Bishop of Clermond, establishes the Jesuits in Paris, 84

E.

Earthquake of Lisbon, 334

Edict of Nantes, 270;
revoked, 271

Edicts of Henry VIII, 63

—— of Queen Elizabeth against the Jesuits, 157

Education of the Jesuits, 48, 196, 197;
the cause of their influence, 213;
course of, 221;
character of, 222, 224

Election of Generals, 49, 53, 136, 145, 149, 256

—— of Popes, party struggles for the, 362, 367, 369

Electors, 408

Elizabeth, Queen, persecuted by the Jesuits, 153, 284;
character given her by the Catholics, 154;
projected assassination of, 164, 165;
excommunication of, 162;
her opinions on the apostacy of Henry IV of France, 183 _n._

Elliot, conspirators betrayed by, 161

Emancipation Act, tendency of, to check the Jesuits, 462

Emperor, attachment of the Romans to the title, 366

Emperors of Austria, 278, 450

—— of France, 436, 438, 447, 448, 455

—— of Germany, 75, 365, 368

Emeute des Chapeaux, 350

Emmanuel Sa on the “Political Creed” of the Jesuits, 191, 192

Encyclopædists, 329;
attempt to reform the Order, 347;
the French revolution ascribed to, 437

England, dawn of the Reformation in, 8;
mission of the Jesuits to, 63-70, 151-156;
conduct of the Jesuits in, 158-162, 283;
peace of, disturbed by them, 169, 284, 292;
present relation of the Jesuits to, 194;
their plots in, 284-296;
position of, during their suppression, 453;
Jesuits, refugees, admitted to, 459;
causes which tend to check their progress in, 462;
efforts to restore Romanism in, 464;
destruction of, intended by the Jesuits, 465, 466;
Italy abandoned by, 476;
Jesuit emissaries in, 464

Epitome of the history of the Jesuits in Portugal, 332-335

Equivocation, Jesuit doctrine of, 244

Escobar, on the moral doctrines of the Jesuits, 236

Estates in England given to the Jesuits, 459;
consequences of, 460

Establishments of the Order, 366, 410

Europe, state of, in the sixteenth century, 1;
commerce of the Jesuits in, 335-337;
moral condition of, at the period of the French revolution, 436, 437

Eve of St. Bartholomew, massacre on the, 148, 159

Excommunication of Queen Elizabeth, 162;
of Henry III of France, 181;
of the Duke of Parma, 358

Exeter, Lord Bishop of, a supposed member of the secret class, 464

Execution of Jesuits in England, 163, 165

—— in France, 189

—— in Portugal, 341

Exercises, religious, in the Church of Rome, 17;
for the Novitiates, 46-48

F.

Fathers of the Faith, 422;
take part in the French revolution, 455;
abolished by Napoleon, ibid.

Ferdinand aids the Jesuits in persecuting the Protestants, 278;
is again associated with them, 450

Florence, persecution of Protestants at, 477

Florida Blanca, Count, Spanish Ambassador to Rome, 385;
his hatred of the Jesuits, 427

Fortis elected General, 449

Founders of colleges, benefits derived by, 39

Founders of the Society, 29

France, mission of the Jesuits to, 62;
opposes the Order, 83-88, 175, 177;
progress of the Jesuits in, 178, 181;
origin of the civil wars in, 179;
expulsion of Jesuits from, 189, 349;
readmits them, 224-226, 450;
influence of the Jesuits in, 253, 266, 272, 274;
their overthrow in, 328, 330, 458;
causes of the, 329, 343;
encourages political reform, 331;
revolutions in, 436, 455, 457;
present position of the Jesuits in, 458, 489

Frederick of Prussia protects the Jesuits, 423;
explanations of his conduct, 427-429

Free Will, doctrine of, 231

Friburg, college of, founded, 206;
present condition of the, 450;
congregation of, 217

G.

Gaeta, Pope Pius IX takes refuge at, 474

Galicia, Jesuits in, 435;
schools and colleges of, 452

Ganganelli, 369;
character of, 370, 372, 374;
elected Pope under the title of Clement XIV, 371, 375;
slandered by the Jesuits, 411;
decline and death of, 413-420;
his successor, 425
See also Clement XIV

Garnet, connection of with Gunpowder Plot, 286

Generals of the Order:—
Acquaviva, elected, 1581, 210;
Barzozowski, 1805, 448;
Borgia, 1567, 146;
Caraffa, 1646, 317;
Czerniwiecz, 432;
Fortis, 1820, 449;
Gonzales, 1687, 324;
Gottifredi, 1652, 319;
Grouba, 1801, 432;
Koller, 432;
Lainez, 1558, 136;
Lenkeawiecz, 432;
Loyola, 1541, 58;
Mercurianus, 1572, 150;
Nickel, 1652, 319;
Noyelle, 1681, 324;
Oliva, 1664, 320;
Piccolomini, 1649, 319;
Ricci, 1758, 357;
Rootham, 1829, 458;
Tambourini, 1705, 325;
Vitelleschi, 1615, 256

—— powers of, 31-34, 45, 48;
election of, 49, 53, 136, 145, 319;
limitation of the office, 137, 212;
their influence on the congregations, 217;
diminished power of, 256;
their office in canonization, 311 _n._

Genoa, Jesuits repulsed from, 358

Germany, dawn of the Reformation in, 8;
mission of the Jesuits to, 59;
decline of the Order in, 75, 76;
Jesuit influence in, 194;
miseries arising to the country from, 278;
Princes of, limit the authority of the Jesuits, 327, 328;
Joseph, Emperor of, visits Rome, 365-369;
Jesuits dismissed from, 452;
present position of, ibid.

Gesù, visit of the Emperor Joseph to the, 366, 367;
Jesuits re-assembled at the, 447

Gioberti on the “Secret Class,” 46;
on the “Spirit of the Constitution,” 317;
his death, 473 _n._

Goa, arrival of Xavier at, 101;
character of the inhabitants, 102

Gospels, as translated by the Jesuits, 185

Gottifredi, elected General of the Order, 319

Grace, doctrine of, 231

Great Britain, increased influence of the Jesuits in, 153, 465

Gregory XIII, 149;
colleges founded by, 150, 153;
his enmity to England, 159;
to John of Sweden, 205;
assemblies organized by, 217

Grenada, Jesuits in, 139, 287

Grouber, chosen General in Russia, 432, 433

Guise, Duke of, 179;
chosen chief of the Holy Alliance, 180;
his ambition and death, 181

Guinard executed in France, 189

Gunpowder Plot, connection of the Jesuits with, 283-286;
results of the, 292

H.

Habeas Corpus Act, origin of the, 292

Hanover, House of, conduct of the Jesuits under the, 459

Henry III of France, 179;
character of, 180, 181;
death of, 182

—— IV of Bourbon forms a league with Philip of Spain, 182;
abjures the doctrines of Calvin, 183, 270;
attempted assassination of, 187, 189;
re-establishes the Jesuits in France, 225;
grants letters patent, 254;
death of, ibid.

—— VIII of England and the Jesuits, 63, 64

Hierarchy of the Jesuits, 45, 53

Hindoos, missions of the Jesuits to the, 108, 109

Holland, Jesuits in, 453

Holy Alliance, or League, purport of the, 180;
members of, ibid.

Houses connected with Jesuit Colleges, 214

—— of novitiate, 46

—— of probation, 32

—— of professed members, 408

Huguenots, persecution of the, 270, 273;
massacre of, 271

Hume on “Babington’s Conspiracy,” 167

—— on the “Jesuit Conspiracies in England,” 162, 163

I.

Idolatry, introduced into the Christian form of worship, 108-111;
practised in America, 307

Ignatius of Loyola, see “Loyola”

Ignorance, doctrine of the invincibility of, 238, 239

Il Gesuita Moderno, 473

Images, worship of, taught by the Jesuits, 249

Imago Primi Sæculi, 263, 264

India, Jesuit missions to, 101, 297;
influence of the Jesuits in, 128;
Jesuit commerce in, 336

Indians, effects of Spanish cruelties on the, 297;
drilled by the Jesuits to arms, 305;
Jesuit influence over the, 301, 302, 305;
revolt of, 333

Ingoldstadt, Jesuit college at, 197

Innocent X, Pope, 233

Innspruck, Jesuit college of, 452

Inquisition, restored by Loyola, 59;
rules of the, 60, 61;
working of in Italy, 61;
in Spain, 148, 209

Inquisitors, appointment of, 60

Institute, Jesuit, established by Parliament, 348

Institutions, founded by Loyola in Rome, 59

—— religious, of the Jesuits, 455

Instructions, gratuitously imparted by the Jesuits, 198, 327;
design of, 213;
character of the, 221

Insurrections in America, 333

—— in England, 63, 285

—— in France, 273

—— in Madrid, 350, 451

Interim, published by Charles V, 75

Intrigues of the Court of Rome, 363, 364

Ireland, Jesuits sent to, 64;
their design and work in, 68;
renewed mission to, 151;
Jesuit college in, 461;
rapid increase of the Jesuits in, 462

Isabella Rosello, see “Rosello”

—— of Spain, opposed by the Jesuits, 451

Italians, their hatred to the Order, 449, 450

Italy, the centre of civilization, 6;
restoration of the Inquisition in, 62;
influence of the Jesuits in, 253;
political reform encouraged in, 331;
Jesuits expelled from, 357, 358, 473;
re-established in, 447;
present power of the Jesuits in, 469, 471;
state of before the pontificate of Pius IX, 470, 471;
civil wars in, 474-478

J.

James II, reign of, 293

—— VI, designs of the Jesuits on, 164, 284;
his connection with, 169

Jansenism, origin of, 232

Jansenius, 232;
persecution of, 268, 273

Japan, Jesuit mission to, 104;
character of the Japanese, ibid.

Jesuits, origin of the, 24;
requirements of, 34, 35, 38;
dress of, 43;
characteristics of the, 67, 195, 493, 495;
works of, 68, 69;
causes of their success, 90;
immorality of, 140-143;
wealth of, 150, 493;
influence of, over the minds of youth, 169;
political creed of, 150, 191-193, 194;
reflections on the influence and conduct of, throughout Europe,
207, 208;
internal commotions of the Order, 209;
influence of, 213, 217, 266, 312, 458;
ascendancy of over all other powers, 218, 253;
moral code of the, 231;
principal seat of their power, 254;
commerce of, 277, 335-338;
conduct of, during the Thirty Years’ War, 278, 279;
causes of the discord between them and other orders, 311;
causes of their decline, 315, 326-329;
attachment of, to the Order, 321;
golden age of, 322;
condition of, in the seventeenth century, 323;
downfall of, 326-329;
expelled from Portugal, 343;
from France, 348, 349;
from Spain, 350, 351, 358;
refused admission to the Papal dominions, 357, 358;
received into Corsica, 358;
abolition of the, 376;
suppressed by the Pope, 380, 387;
condition of the, after their suppression, 422-435;
re-establishment of, 436-467;
the natural enemies of liberty, 438;
present designs of, 454;
their position in and after the year 1848, 469, 491

Jesuits in America, 398, 301, 333

—— in Austria, 200

—— in England, 155-168, 170, 194, 283, 284, 291

—— in France, 176-179, 182, 184-189, 224, 271-274, 328-330, 349

—— in Germany, 194, 198-202, 278, 327

—— in Great Britain, 153

—— in Poland, 202, 203, 253, 280, 282

—— in Portugal, 171, 172, 253, 275, 277, 331, 334, 342

—— in Prussia, 423-429

—— in Russia, 423, 430, 431

—— in Sardinia, 448

—— in Scotland, 152, 169

—— in Sicily, 433

—— in Silesia, 424, 433

—— in Spain, 209, 350, 450, 451

—— in Sweden, 195, 205

—— in Switzerland, 205

—— in the Venetian States, 226

—— in White Russia, 430, 433

—— under the House of Hanover, 459, 462, 469

—— under Mazzarini, 267

—— under Richelieu, 266, 267

Jesuitism, progress of, 58, 59;
true spirit of, 277, 311;
compared with Protestantism, 464;
spread of, in England, 460;
decline of, in Germany, 75;
in Spain, 78-81;
in Portugal, 82;
in France, 83

John III, of Portugal, 171

—— of Sweden, subverts Protestantism and aids the Jesuits, 203;
vacillation of, 204, 205

Joseph I, of Portugal, 175;
attempted assassination of, 339, 340

—— II, of Germany, 365;
designs of on Papal power, 367

Julius Cæsar, see “Cæsar”

Justitia Britannica, 163

K.

Kenney, Father, President of Jesuit colleges in Ireland, 461

King of the Jesuits, 202

Kings, Jesuit, of Poland, 202, 282

—— of Portugal, 175

Koller, General of the Order, 432

L.

Lachaise, Père, 270

Lacroix on the “Political Creed” of the Jesuits, 193

Lainez, a companion of Loyola, 23;
accompanies him to Rome, 26;
erects a convent in Venice, 62;
appointed Vicar-General, 133, 136;
attends the Congress of Poissy, 143;
assembles the Council of Trent, ibid.;
character and death of, 144;
instigates the persecution of the Waldenses, 206;
his successor, 145

Lambertini, 338

Lavallette, Father, 38;
character of, 344, 345

Laws enacted in England against the Jesuits, 167, 292

—— issued in France against the Jesuits, 189

League, or “Holy Union,” 179;
chief of, elected, 180;
object of the, ibid.;
termination of the, 184;
part taken by the Jesuits in, 185

Lefevre, a Companion of the Order, 23;
one of its founders, 28;
mission of, to Spain, 58

Legends of Loyola, 22 _n._, 23 _n._

Leghorn, Jesuits repulsed from, 358;
becomes an Austrian port, 477

Lejay, mission of, to Germany, 59

Leo X, character of, 7

Leopold, Duke of Tuscany, 365;
admits the Jesuits, 486

Lepanto, battle of, 148

Letellier, 272, 273

Lettre de cachet, 272 _n._

Liberals, Jesuits opposed to, 438;
hatred of Pope Pius IX to, 474

Lisbon, the seat of Jesuit commerce, 277;
great earthquake in, 334

Literature, importance of, 222

Liverpool, Jesuits established at, 459

Lombardy, Jesuits in, 487

Loyola, Ignatius, biography of, 10, 21, 23;
writings of, 14-17, 30 _n._;
visions of, 15;
pilgrimage of, 21;
his attempts at proselytism, 22;
disciples of, 24, 28;
vows of, 24, 25;
elected First General of the Order, 57;
institutions founded by, 59;
character of, 90;
his correspondence with the Sovereigns of Europe, 93;
illness and death of, 93, 94;
canonized as a saint, 262;
statue of, 367;
state of the Society at his death, 408;
his chief aim, 493

Louis XIII, Jesuit influence under, 266

—— XIV, confessors of, 267, 272;
assumes the Government, 269;
marries Madame de Maintenon, 272

—— XV supports the Jesuits, 330;
character of, 346

—— Napoleon, see “Napoleon”

Louvain, Jesuit college first founded at, 62

Lucerne invaded by the Jesuits, 458

Luther, excommunication of, 8;
doctrines of, 232

Luynes, Cardinal, 346

M.

Madiais, offence and punishment of the, 487

Madrid, insurrection of the Jesuits in, 350, 451

Maintenon, Madame de, 270, 272

Malabar, mission of Xavier to, 103

Malacca, Jesuit mission to, 104

Malta, commerce of the Jesuits in, 337

Manifesto against the Confessors, 335

Manifesto against the Jesuits in Portugal, 342

Marca, Archbishop of Toulouse, persecutes the Jesuits, 269

Mariana, John, on the “Political Creed” of the Jesuits, 192

Martyrs of the Society, 262, 408

Mary of England receives the Jesuits, 152

—— of Scotland, 162

Mass, benefits procured by, 46

Massacre of the Huguenots, 271

—— —— on St. Bartholomew’s Eve, 159;
consequences of the, 179

Maynooth, college of, 461

Mazzarini, 267

Memorial of the Jesuits in England to the Pope, 163, 285

Mercurianus elected General, 149;
character and death of, 150;
submission of the Jesuits to, 209

Metternich refuses to admit the Jesuits to Austria, 452

Missionaries, Jesuit, first sent to England, 64-66

Missions of the Jesuits in America, 301-313

—— —— in China, 105, 297

—— —— in England, 151, 171

—— —— in Europe generally, 62

—— —— in France, 179

—— —— in Germany, 75

—— —— to the Holy Land, 24, 25

—— —— in India, 96-129, 297

—— —— in Ireland, 152

—— —— in Portugal, 171-175

—— —— in Scotland, 152, 169

—— —— political, of the Jesuits to England, 63

Modena, Jesuits in, 469

Mohilow, Bishop of, 431

Molina, on the doctrine of Free Will, 231

Molinism, 231

Monastery of Port Royal, destruction of, 274

Monasteries, 369 _n._

Monks, Benedictine, 466

Month of Mary, or period consecrated to the worship of the Virgin, 249

Morality of the Jesuits, 238

Morals, Jesuit Code of, 230-252

N.

Nantes, edict of, passed, 270;
revoked, 271

Naples, political reform encouraged in, 331;
Jesuits expelled from, 358;
re-established in, 485;
government of, 486

Napoleon, fall of, 436;
causes of the, 447, 448;
Jesuits encouraged by, 455

—— Louis, his connection with the Jesuits, 438, 454, 491;
supports the Pope in the late revolution, 475

Nevil, the conspirator, 165

Nickel, General, 319;
is deposed, 320

Nobili, Father, 108

Norwich, Jesuits established in, 459

Novices, 46

Novitiates, 408, 451

Noyelle, General, 324

Nuns, 233;
persecution of, 269, 270

O.

Oates, character and plot of, 292, 293

Officers of the Order, 38, 54-56

Oldcorne, Father, 289 _n._

Oliva, General, 320;
character of, 321;
corresponds with the sovereigns of Europe, 322

Olivarez, attacks the Jesuits, 389

Order of Cordeliers, 369

—— of Franciscans, 369, 371

—— of Jesuits, origin of the, 9;
founders of the, 29;
generals of the, see “Generals;”
companions of the, 23;
assemblies of the, 53;
progress of the, 57, 62;
causes which led to its ultimate destruction, 228, 325-327;
new phase of the history of, 253;
reform of, demanded, 346;
abolition of, 348, 350, 355, 362;
suppression of, 360, 382, 383;
policy of the, 433;
re-establishment of, in Rome, 439;
present designs of, 466

—— of Theatines, 25

Orders suppressed by the Popes, 389

—— religious, instituted by the Jesuits, 455

Oudinot, General, 475, 479

P.

Padua, Jesuit college founded at, 62

Palafox, Bishop, history of, 309

Palestine, pilgrimage of Loyola to, 21, 26

Pampeluna, Loyola wounded at the siege of, 11

Papists, 293;
efforts of the, to restore Romanism into England, 464

Paraguay, Jesuits established at, 301

Paris, operations of the League in, 181;
siege of, 184

Parma, Jesuits expelled from, 358

—— Duke of, excommunicated, 359

Parry, William, his project to assassinate Queen Elizabeth, 164;
trial and execution of, 165

Parson, heads the Jesuit mission to England, 154, 155;
is persecuted by the English, 160;
escapes to France, 164;
attempt to dispose of the crown, 284

Pascal, on “Invincible Ignorance,” 240;
exposes the Jesuit constitution, 345

Pasquier, on “the Jesuits in Portugal,” 172, 173

Passports, spiritual, granted by the Jesuits, 323, 324

Paul III, 28;
issues a bull in favour of the Jesuits, 62;
sends Jesuits to Ireland, 64

—— IV, Caraffa, 24, 25;
opposes the Jesuits, 94;
at war with Spain, 133;
death of, 139

—— V, 232

Pellico, Francis, on the “Secret Class,” 46

Percy, reveals the Gunpowder Plot, 285

Persecutions of the Protestants in France, 159, 179, 269-271;
in Germany, 201, 278, 279;
in the Papal States, 477;
in Poland, 202, 280;
in Wilna, 280

Philip II, 136;
opposes the Jesuits, 140;
is crowned King of Portugal, 174;
joins the League, 182;
character of, 267

—— III, Jesuit influence under, 275

—— IV, 274

—— of Orleans, made Regent of France, 330

Philosophers, 6

Piccolomini, 278;
elected General, 319

Piedmont, exclusion of the Jesuits from, 487, 488

Pierre Caraffa, see Paul IV

Pilgrimages of Loyola, 21, 24, 26

Pius V, character of, 146;
subjects the Jesuits to monastic duties, 148;
issues a bull against Queen Elizabeth, 153

Pius VI, 426

—— VII, 438;
the Order of Jesuits re-established by, 439;
is worshipped by the people, 447

—— IX, auspicious commencement of his reign, 471;
his struggles with the Jesuits, 472-474;
flies to Gaeta, 474;
restoration of, 481

Poland, works of the Jesuits in, 194, 202;
their supremacy in, 253;
persecution of the Protestants in, 380, 381;
expulsion of the Jesuits from, 435

Policy of the Society, great change in the, 224

Pombal, Marquis of, 332;
heroic conduct of, in the great earthquake, 334;
increasing power of, 335;
opposes the Jesuits, 339;
issues a decree for their expulsion from Portugal, 343;
attempts to reform the Order, 347

Pompadour, Madame de, 343;
opposes the Jesuits, 346;
her successor, 386

Pontecorvo, seized by the French, 359

Popery, means by which it has been preserved in England, 285

—— decline of, in France, 490

—— decline of, in Italy, 490

Pope Adrian VI, 30

—— Benedict, 128, 328, 338

—— Clement VIII, 231, 232

—— —— XIII, 338, 339

—— —— XIV, 371, 372, 381-385, 412-420

—— Gregory XIII, 149, 153, 159

—— Innocent X, 233

—— Pius V, 146, 148, 153

—— —— VI, 426

—— —— VII, 438, 439, 447

—— —— IX, 471-474, 481

—— Sixtus V, 182

—— Urban, 233

Popes of Rome, 6;
infallibility of, 233;
secular power of, 361;
election of, 369

Port Royal, sisterhood of, 233, 269, 270;
monastery of, 274

Portugal, Jesuits in, 82, 171, 332-335;
their supremacy in, 253;
conspiracies in, 275, 276;
political reform encouraged in, 331;
possessions of, in America, exchanged with Spain, 333;
Jesuits expelled from, 342;
re-established in, 451

Possevin, persecutes the Waldenses, 207

Postulants, rules for the admission of, 31-33, 37

Poverty of the Jesuits, 38

Prague, Jesuit assembly in, 217

Preston, Jesuits established in, 459

Priests of the Order, 40;
their influence over the people, 217

Printing, introduction of, 9

Probabilism, Jesuit doctrine of, 237, 241;
effects of, 244, 245

Procession to the Church of Gesù, 59

Processions, Catholic, 131, 132

Proclamations, 157, 160

—— issued in England against the Jesuits, 161

—— abolishing the Order in Spain, 351

Professed, Jesuit class of the, 50;
admission of, to the Order, ibid.;
vows taken by the, 51;
increased numbers of the, 316

Professio Fidei, restored in Germany, 199

Proselytism, Jesuit, 463, 464, 466

Protestantism, early characteristics of, 58;
powerfully opposed by the Jesuits, 195;
reaction against in Germany, 199;
extirpated from the Imperial cities, 201;
subverted in Poland, 203, 280-282;
attacked in Sweden, 203;
re-established, 204;
attacked in England by the Puseyites, 264-266;
results of these contests on, 235

Protestants, projected massacre of, by the Papists, 156;
persecution of, by Pope Gregory, 159;
encouraged in France, 179;
persecution of, by the Jesuits, 201, 202, 269-271, 278, 279, 280;
extirpation of, enjoined on Catholic priests, 466;
duty of, in the present religious crisis, 467

—— educated in Jesuit colleges, 198

—— massacre of the, 159

—— in France, 179, 269-271

—— in Germany, 201, 278, 279

—— in Poland, 202, 280-282

Provincials, election of, 55

Prussia, Jesuits admitted to, 423, 429;
late king of, 452

Purgatory, doctrine of, 40-42;
propounded by Father Maldonat, 179 _n._

Pusey, Dr., a supposed member of the Fifth Secret Class, 464

Puseyites, progressive work of the, 464;
similarity of, to Jesuitism, ibid.

Pythoness, the, of Valentano, 413

Q.