Chapter XXXIII: Appendix: D

_A RECORD OF THE "DIAMOND ANTHEM."_

20TH JUNE, 1897.

_From Sons of England Record._

The imaginative description given by Daniel Webster in 1834 of the "_Morning drumbeat which, following the sun and keeping company with the hours, circles the earth with one continuous strain of the martial airs of England_" has been for many years the ideal example for estimating the world-spread area of the British Empire. It seemed at the time, and was, a poetic fancy, but since that time the domiciles of the British peoples have been more amply developed and more closely spread so that the world is now encircled not simply with isolated military posts, but by a continuous line of happy British homes.

The time for the celebration of the 60th year of the accession of Her Majesty Queen Victoria, so aptly named, by His Royal Highness Prince of Wales (now Edward VII), the _Diamond Jubilee_, was approaching and many projects were rife to give expression to the loyalty and affection of Her Majesty's subjects.

The official day set for the celebration was Tuesday, June 22nd, 1897, a date which was preceded by Sunday, June 20th, the actual anniversary of Her Majesty's accession.

Mr. Barlow Cumberland was then the President, and Mr. Jno. W. Carter the Secretary, of the Supreme Lodge of the "_Sons of England Benevolent Society_." This is an organization which had been initiated in Canada in 1874 for the purpose of joining together colonists who had emigrated from England, or their descendants, for patriotic, benevolent and social purposes; to welcome new-comers and be of fraternal assistance to one another. The Society had flourished and Lodges had been formed in all parts of Canada. A branch organization had been established in the Colonies of South Africa and connections had been opened in Australia. A compact and energetic organization therefore was ready to hand in the larger parts of the Colonial Empire. The members of the Society were actively joining in the arrangements for all the local celebrations for the 22nd, in which they afterwards took fullest share. Mr. Cumberland made the proposal that they should do something more and should in addition, organize a world-wide incident which their far-spread organization would enable them to do, and which would be the further tribute of the Sons of England to their Queen and a testimony of the fidelity which they had carried to their new homes beyond the seas. Besides being President of this, and of other National Societies, Mr. Cumberland had for many years been actively engaged in steamship and railway operations, so was peculiarly qualified for the requirements for completing such an enterprise.

His conception and proposal was the "_Diamond Jubilee Anthem_," to be sung around the world, following the sun, on Sunday, June 20th, the actual anniversary day.

His project was that, commencing at the time of the earliest hour in the morning on the 20th at Windsor Castle, where Her Majesty would be in residence, the sons and daughters in the Colonies should encircle their Queen with the never ceasing upraisal of their loyal acclaim and prayer by taking up the singing of the National Anthem _in succession_ at their far distant homes throughout all the hours of that great day of her life. It was to be as though deputation after deputation from the Colonies, each carrying the Union Jack, were presenting themselves minute after minute and singing below the Castle walls.

On the opposite side of the world from the _Heart of the Empire_ at Windsor Castle are the _Fiji Islands_, the Colony situate nearest to longitude 180°, which is 180°, or 12 hours, from the centre of time at the Royal Observatory at Greenwich, and is the dividing line of the days of the world's time--where day begins and midnight ends. At these Islands, being on the opposite side of the world, it is 4 o'clock in the afternoon at the same moment at which it is 4 o'clock in the morning of _the same day_ in England. The problem was therefore to have the National Anthem commenced in Fiji at the beginning of Her Majesty's day, and arranging to have it sung thereafter precisely at 4 p.m., _as the sun arrived_ at that moment in succession over each place in the Colonies and passed onward around the world.

A form of service was devised, suitable for any Sunday afternoon service to be held in any church, open air service or assembly hall, in which the National Anthem should be arranged to be sung at the exact moment of 4 o'clock.

A time-table of longitudes, prepared by the Meteorological Department of Canada, showing the meridian or _sun time_ at each place, and full descriptive circulars with forms of service and a time-table showing the hour at Windsor Castle and the corresponding hour at each place, were sent in multitude to friends and correspondents in these Colonies and Dependencies owning allegiance to the Union Jack.

With the co-operation of the Right Rev. the Bishop of Toronto, who was a member of the Order, and the Heads in Canada of all religious bodies, communication was opened up with the Colonial bishops and clergy, and their services were enlisted. Patriotic societies and the secretaries of the Royal Colonial Institute were asked to assist, and letters were also sent to the captains of every British passenger ship which would be at sea on the 20th of June, asking them to sing the Anthem, fire a gun, and note the position of their ship at 4 p.m. on that day.

The brethren of the Society in Newfoundland and Canada took the service up with energy and enthusiasm. The Sons of England in South Africa answered with alacrity, Australia and New Zealand joined in heartily, and thus, by prompt and efficient action, the organization was completed and ready for the eventful day.

Copies of the services and time-table beautifully illuminated, were sent to Her Majesty, by reference to which it could be seen at any hour how far the Anthem had proceeded on its way and in what Colony it was at any moment being sung.

In acknowledging receipt the Colonial Secretary, the Right Hon. Joseph Chamberlain, said to His Excellency Lord Aberdeen: "I have the honour to acknowledge the receipt of your dispatch of the 24th April, with its enclosures on the subject of the Continuous Service around the World which is being arranged by the Sons of England in commemoration of the 60th Anniversary of the Queen's Accession to the Throne. I have to inform you that, in accordance with your request, the matter has been brought before the notice of the Queen, and that Her Majesty was graciously pleased to express her sincere appreciation of the loyal feelings that have prompted this interesting method of Commemoration."

Two thousand six hundred personal letters were written, 60,000 copies of the service sent out, and after months of work the 20th of June came and the Anthem passed around the world.

Each one knew that they had done their duty, but had others far away done theirs so that the links might be complete?

The idea when first made met with immediate acceptance as a happy conception, but many doubts were expressed as to the possibility of its being actually accomplished, for it seemed to the faint-hearted almost an impossibility to arrange for a connecting line of services, which should take place in succession around the whole circle of the earth for the space of twenty-four hours. Yet the President was able to inform the Grand Lodge that the Jubilee service had been carried out in actual fact and in completest detail.

Of this record it is not possible within the limits of this notice to give more than a sketch.

Reports and letters kept coming in for month after month from the far distant continents in reply to the request, and giving an account of the proceedings. A few extracts only can be given here as samples of many hundreds of similar character which were received from the continuous line now recorded around the world, telling of how the Diamond Jubilee Anthem was sung at each place as shown in the time-table attached.

The service commenced on Sunday afternoon, 20th June, in _Levuka_, Fiji Islands. Dr. Garner Jones, headmaster of the Levuka Public Schools, writes: "Owing to geographical position--viz., 178° 51' e. long.--the inhabitants of Levuka, Fiji Islands, enjoyed the unique honour of initiating 'The Wave of Song' that hailed the Diamond Jubilee of Her Majesty's Ascension. The service was an open air one, being held in the Government school grounds, Rev. W. Floyd, of the English Church, officiating. The attendance was large and included representatives of various races who claim Her Majesty as their Sovereign. English, Scotch, Irish, Australian and New Zealand Colonials, Chinese, Germans, Swedes, and among them the characteristic bushy hair of the Fijian and other South Sea Islanders was prominent, there found themselves shoulder to shoulder in the antipodes of the British Empire earnestly rolling forth our grand old National Anthem, thus giving the keynote of thanksgiving to the entire world. The Masons and Oddfellows appeared in regalia and the Levuka brass band was in attendance. Surrounding the main body of the assembly were the Levuka school boys, drawn up with their wooden rifles. Punctually at five minutes to 4 o'clock the procession of choristers left their temporary vestry and slowly approached their stand. At 4 o'clock precisely, meridian time, the British Ensign was hoisted, which was the prearranged signal, the band immediately struck up, and every throat commenced 'God Save the Queen,' while the public school guard stood at the 'Present.' Undoubtedly the occasion was unique, and Levuka never forgot for a moment that her geographical position was unique also, in so far as she enjoyed the proud distinction of being allowed to start the wave of song which in its course would pass over in rotation all the British possessions on the face of the globe."

At this same moment at which it was _4 p.m. Sunday_ in the Fiji Islands, and _4 a.m. Sunday_ at Windsor Castle, where Her Majesty was in residence, the Executive of the Sons of England met at Shaftesbury Hall, Toronto, it being then precisely _10.55 p.m. on Saturday, June 19th_, and sang the National Anthem, commenced that same minute in Levuka on Sunday afternoon, and which for the next seventeen and a quarter hours was to be coming steadily nearer with the sun as it passed in succession over each of the loyal gatherings in other lands until it was over Toronto at 4 o'clock (4.18 Standard time) on Sunday afternoon, when the Sons of England and Britons in Toronto again joined in the loyal strain as it passed by them onward toward the West.

Three minutes after Levuka had commenced, _Suva_, the Fiji capital, took up the strain. Mr. Hamilton Hunter says: "I am glad to report that the Special Jubilee Service was a great success in this Colony. It was not merely confined to the English Church, but was heartily taken up by the Roman Catholic, Presbyterian and Wesleyan Churches. The National Anthem was sung on the stroke of four. I have to thank you for having enabled us to set 'The Wave of Song' in motion by your timely warning."

Seventeen minutes later, or before the services in the Fijis had closed, the Anthem was taken up in _Napier, New Zealand_. The report says: "The Jubilee services at the cathedral yesterday will be remembered by the Napier people for many a long year, and it is questionable whether a more imposing ecclesiastical spectacle was ever witnessed in New Zealand. The cathedral was crowded to excess, all the friendly societies of Napier being present." The Dean writes: "As Dean of the easternmost cathedral in the British Empire, the cathedral upon which the rays of the rising sun first fall, I have to report that, in accordance with your wishes, we joined in the great circle of Anthem singing, as arranged for by the Sons of England, at 4 o'clock on the afternoon of Sunday last. The service was a very magnificent and enthusiastic one. I convey my most hearty good wishes to you and to the members of the great organization you represent."

The wave swept across Australia. At _Melbourne, Victoria_, B. Cowderoy, Esq., Secretary R.C.I., reports: "Both cathedrals (Anglican and Roman Catholic) were crushingly full. In the Exhibition building several thousands, after addresses by leading Wesleyans, took up the National Anthem at our Standard time. In the Town Hall the Anthem was sung with fervour at 4 p.m. by 4,000 with most impressive effect. I am an octogenarian, but in this matter I am as young as my eight grandsons, and thank you, Mr. Cumberland, for your happy suggestion which has given added interest to all that is being done." _Adelaide, South Australia_, reports: "The Bishops of the Diocese entered heartily into the scheme. The Governor and his staff were present. The National Anthem was sung with intense fervour and most thrilling effect." So it passed through the other cities and over the continent of Australia.

Across the Indian Ocean.--S.S. _Empress of India_ marked the latitude 26° 6' n.; long. 120° 26' e.: "Rockets fired and National Anthem sung at 4 p.m. off Alligator Rock."

It first touched Africa and was hailed by the lodge of the Sons of England at _Durban, Natal_, and then in continuing line across South Africa, in all the principal cities, and at _Cape Town_ the record was maintained.

On the Atlantic Ocean it was taken up on many British ships at sea, among which a few only may be mentioned. R.M.S. _Tantallon Castle_, lat. 7° 17' n.: long. 14° 33' w., off west coast of Africa: "Guns fired and Anthem sung at 4 p.m." S.S. _Greek_, lat. 18° 10' n.; long. 17° 38' w.: "Fired rocket and sang National Anthem." S.S. _Numidian_: "'God Save the Queen' sung precisely at 4 p.m." Ship's position, lat. 54° 42' n.; long. 20° 43' w. S.S. _Catalonia_: "At 4 p.m. I had two explosive gun signals fired on my ship in lat. 50° 12' n.; long. 22° 6' w. It was blowing a south-west gale with high seas, and it was a great disappointment to me that we could not hold the service I had intended, but all classes of passengers were so seasick."

By the equivalent time of 7.31 o'clock in the evening at Windsor Castle the Anthem had crossed the Atlantic, and first touched the shores of America at _St. John's, Newfoundland_, when it was met by Lodge Dudley S.O.E. assembled, together with the Governor-General and all the friendly societies in the cathedral. "The service was impressive in the extreme." From here westward through _Canada_ the records of the reports in the time-table appended show how that as the sun crossed the continent the line through the villages, towns and cities of Canada was so complete that the singing of the Anthem in one place had not ceased before it was taken up in the next. Brief extracts from the reports of a few only can be given. _Charlottetown, P.E.I._: "The First Methodist Church was crowded to the doors with members of the Orangemen, Good Templars, Oddfellows, Masons and the Mayor and City Officials. At the proper moment the church rang with the grand old strains of the National Anthem." _Halifax, N.S._: "St. Paul's Church was filled to its utmost. Among those present were Countess Aberdeen, General Montgomery Moore and Admiral Erskine with their staffs. At 4.14 o'clock the Anthem was sung right loyally." _Montreal, Que._ "Services were held in four churches and all well attended. At Christ Church Cathedral a large military church parade was held and as in the others the Anthem sung at the appointed time." Ottawa: "All the local societies joined in a church parade to Christ Church Cathedral. At 4.03 o'clock the Guards Band struck up the National Anthem, which was heartily joined in by all." _Pembroke_: "The form of union service was held in the Town Hall, all societies joining. In order to join in the Anthem at the right moment the Mayor cut down his remarks." _Brockville_: "Every corner of the church was occupied. As the Town clock struck four the entire congregation rose and sang. An indefinable emotion passed over the people as they joined in the continuous hymn of loyalty as it circled with the sun around the world. Surely in the history of the world no monarch ever received such a glorious tribute of hearty affection and respect from her subjects." _Orillia_: "As the familiar words were sung with lusty fervour by nearly a thousand voices, until the volume almost raised the roof, the sun passed the hour of four. In imagination the congregation could hear the strains as they rolled up from the east and died away into the west." At _Toronto_: "3,000 people were packed into the cathedral. After completion of the prayers there remained four minutes before it was our turn to take our place in the circle of song. By direction of His Lordship the Bishop the congregation knelt in silent prayer for Her Majesty and the welfare of the Empire. An immense throng of 6,000 to 7,000 people filled the churchyard and the adjacent streets outside, and a regimental band had been stationed outside on the cathedral steps to lead their singing. At the first stroke of the cathedral bell, which had been arranged to strike at 4.18 p.m., being the real meridian time for 4 p.m. at Toronto, the congregation rose to their feet and at the second joined with those outside in uplifting with heart and voice their loyal prayer, '_God save our gracious Queen_.' Those were moments of a life-time while we waited in silence for the coming of the Anthem." _Hamilton_: "The biggest hall in Hamilton is the Armory, but it wasn't big enough to hold every one who wished to take part, although 5,000 did manage to pack inside. Precisely at 4.20 o'clock the opening strains of 'God save the Queen' came from the band and the immense gathering rose and sang the Anthem with a vigour and earnestness never before heard. It was a time for everyone's heart to swell with pride that he or she was a Britisher, although thousands of miles distant from the Mother Land." _Collingwood_: "When at 4.21 the united choir and congregation joined in singing the National Anthem every heart responded to the noble thought that a link was being formed in the chain of prayer for the Queen that passed round the world that day from sunrise to sunset." _Owen Sound_: "It was a happy thought that suggested the gathering of the Fraternal Societies in the Queen's Park. Every face in the great throng beamed with pleasure as the grand chorus swelled upon the air from many throats." _London_: "The service was a memorable one, in every feature it was remarkable. The singing of the National Anthem which took place exactly at the appointed hour, 4.26 p.m., will not readily be forgotten by those present." _Winnipeg, Man._: "The Sunday service surpassed anything ever known here before." _Chilliwack, B.C._: "The great company joined enthusiastically in singing the National Anthem, which took place at 4 o'clock, astronomical time."

The utmost enthusiasm was everywhere displayed, the churches were crowded, and the details of the service faithfully carried out, immense interest being taken in singing the anthem exactly at the correct moment.

Thus actually minute after minute the Anthem strain followed the hours across this continent to the shores of the Pacific at _Victoria, British Columbia_, where an open-air service was held in the Public Park at the equivalent of 12.13 midnight at Windsor Castle. "Among those present at Beacon Hill Park were the Lieutenant-Governor, the Mayor, the Admiral and crews of the ships in harbour. At 4 o'clock the bugles rang out, the royal standard was run up to the masthead, and the National Anthem was sung with full force by an assemblage of 12,000 people."

From here, leaving the land, the Anthem wafted its way back to the place of beginning, being joined as it passed by the R.M.S. _Aorangi_, in lat. 32° 25' n., long. 147° 49' w., and by the R.M.S. _Empress of China_, lat. 41° 16' n., long. 152° 30' w. until at length it came to the little island which is as far on one side of long. 180°, the central degree of longitude, as Levuka, from where it had started, is on the other. Here the West met the East. As it is so typical, and as the closing report, it may be well to give in full the letter received from the lighthouse keeper on the island:

"WAILANGILALA LIGHTHOUSE, FIJI,
"17° South, 179° 6' West Long.,
"26th September, 1897.

"_To Barlow Cumberland, Esq., Toronto._

"MY DEAR SIR,--As you expressed a wish in your circular to hear how the anniversary of the day on which Her Majesty began her happy reign was observed in each locality, and also on board passenger ships at sea, I hope you will be pleased to hear that all your instructions were carried out here, as fully as circumstances permitted, my situation here being unique. As this is the connecting link between the western and eastern hemispheres it may happen that you will find by overlooking the places where the ceremony was observed, that my endeavours were successful in commencing or finishing the general celebration of the world. Being only 54 minutes west of the meridian, all ships passing either way ought to change the name of the day on their reckoning while within sight of this island. I obtained the correct astronomical time from the captain and officers of the steamer that calls here every three months. A doubt being expressed about the proper day, and as a good action could not be performed too often, I observed both the 20th and 21st June in the same way. I also had a bonfire lit on both nights, so that ships passing either eastward or westward could see that the anniversary was being kept to suit either contingency. I would have written you earlier but there has been no means of communication between this island since the 16th of June last until to-day.

"ALFRED FRENCH, _Lighthouse-keeper_."

Here the circle of the world was completed and the Anthem had come back to the place of beginning.

Thus were the fellow-colonists, hand in hand and voice to voice, linked in one continuous line around the world, and the historic but ideal "drumbeat" of the "Martial Airs of England" changed into the absolute fact of the "_Diamond Anthem_" with which they encircled the earth and accompanied the hours throughout the Diamond Jubilee Accession Day of their beloved Queen.

One of the great records of Her Majesty's reign was the marvellous increase of her colonial kingdom. It was largely through her own personal influence that during those sixty years it had been extended and cared for. Gladly has this tribute of affection been given by her grateful colonists to their Queen by thus joining "_Hands all Round_" in their rejoicings, in a way which was impossible at the beginning of her reign, but which, by her broad-minded advance, she had herself made practicable, and which therefore marks a record of her great life-work.

Thus was completed in every particular the _Diamond Anthem_ of the Sons of England. A "Service" which was so universally and ardently adopted, is absolutely unique in history, and one which is capable of being carried out only by our British Nation, upon whose Sovereign's Dominions the sun never sets.

A diamond star was added to Mr. Cumberland's Past President's Jewel as a token of appreciation, and every commendation must be given to the officers of the Lodges and kindred associations, to the clergy and municipal, and to the naval and military authorities who so earnestly co-operated in carrying out the celebrations which will long last in the thoughts of those who had the happiness of sharing in them. It was a memorable event.

DIAMOND JUBILEE

OF

HER MAJESTY QUEEN VICTORIA,

SUNDAY, JUNE 20th, 1897.

DIRECTIONS FOR THE SONS OF ENGLAND JUBILEE SERVICE AROUND THE WORLD.

1. Members of Societies will meet at their lodge rooms, or some convenient place, and, clad in their regalia, march in procession, _carrying the Union Jack at their head_, to the church selected.

2. Where there are two or more lodges in the locality they will attend one combined service, which shall be held in a church or place selected by the joint committee.

3. The President shall, on arrival, deliver the Union Jack to the minister, to be draped upon the pulpit or upon the reading desk.

4. The service shall commence at 3.30 p.m.

5. The opening hymn shall be the "Old Hundredth"--"All people that on earth do dwell."

6. At 4 p.m. precisely, according to astronomical time, being the time at which the sun passes over each locality, the congregation will stand and sing the three verses of the National Anthem, "God Save the Queen," to be immediately followed by (1) The collect of thanksgiving for Her Majesty's accession to the throne; (2) The prayer for the Queen and Royal Family, as formerly used in the thanksgiving service on 20th June.

7. The rest of the service to be a usual Sunday afternoon service, but with an interval to permit of the National Anthem being sung as above, at the proper time, according to the time-table herewith.

8. The collection shall be given, as has been desired by Her Majesty, to some charitable purpose.

9. The closing hymn shall be, "The day thou gavest, Lord, is ended." No. 477, A. & M.

10. The lodges will invite the colonial and municipal authorities and all sister societies to attend the service.

By request,

BARLOW CUMBERLAND,

_President Sons of England in Canada_.

TIME-TABLE COMPILED FROM THE REPORTS RECEIVED

OF THE

DIAMOND JUBILEE SERVICES

WHICH WERE HELD AT THE FOLLOWING PLACES IN SUCCESSION

AT 4 P.M. ON SUNDAY, JUNE 20, 1897.

The National Anthem was sung at 4 p.m., local time, or, in Australia and Canada, where "Standard Time" is used, at the equivalent local minute as shown, being the time at which the sun passed over each place at 4 p.m., "Sun Time."

The day commenced at Longitude 180°. The second column gives the equivalent time at Windsor Castle throughout the twenty-four hours.

===================================================
| |Time at
PLACE. |Local Time.|Windsor
| |Castle.
-------------------------------+-----------+-------
| P.M. | A.M.
FIJI ISLANDS: | 20th. | 20th.
Levuka (Long. 178° 56' E.) | 4.00 | 4.05
Suva | 4.00 | 4.08
| |
NEW ZEALAND: | |
Napier | 4.00 | 4.20
Auckland | 4.00 | 4.21
| |
AUSTRALIA: | |
Brisbane | 3.50 | 5.50
Sydney | 3.55 | 5.55
Hobart | 4.11 | 6.11
Melbourne | 4.20 | 6.20
Adelaide | 3.46 | 6.46
Perth | 4.16 | 8.16
| |
| LONGITUDE |
_Empress of India_ |120° 26' E.| 7.58
| |
SOUTH AFRICA: | P.M. | P.M.
Durban (Port Natal) | 4.00 | 1.56
Addington | 4.00 | 1.57
East London | 4.00 | 2.08
King William's Town | 4.00 | 2.11
Graham's Town | 4.00 | 2.14
Port Elizabeth | 4.00 | 2.18
Cape Town | 4.00 | 2.46
| |
ATLANTIC OCEAN: | |
SHIPS AT SEA-- | LONGITUDE |
_Teutonic_ | 9° 27' W.| 4.37
_State of Nebraska_ | 11° 18' W.| 4.45
_Tantallon Castle_ | 14° 33' W.| 4.58
_Greek_ | 17° 38' W.| 5.11
_Lake Huron_ | 20° W.| 5.20
_Numidian_ | 20° 43' W.| 5.23
_Pavonia_ | 21° 30' W.| 5.26
_Catalonia_ | 22° 6' W.| 5.28
_Mohawk_ | 22° 40' W.| 5.31
_Magdalena_ | 27° 22' W.| 5.49
_St. Paul_ (U.S.M.) | 33° 12' W.| 6.13
_Konigen Luise_ | 49° 13' W.| 7.12
_Berlin_ (U.S.M.) | 65° 32' W.| 8.22
| |
NEWFOUNDLAND: | P.M. |
St. John's | 4.00 | 7.31
| |
CANADA: | |
CAPE BRETON-- | |
Sydney | 4.01 | 8.01
| |
PRINCE EDWARD ISLAND-- | |
Charlotte town | 4.12 | 8.12
| |
NOVA SCOTIA-- | |
New Glasgow | 4.10 | 8.10
Truro | 4.13 | 8.13
Halifax | 4.14 | 8.14
Springhill | 4.17 | 8.17
Stellarton | 4.17 | 8.17
Windsor | 4.17 | 8.17
Digby | 4.23 | 8.23
Yarmouth | 4.24 | 8.24
| |
NEW BRUNSWICK-- | |
Moncton | 3.20 | 8.20
St. John | 3.24 | 8.24
Fredericton | 3.27 | 8.27
Woodstock | 3.30 | 8.30
| |
QUEBEC-- | |
Sherbrooke | 3.48 | 8.48
Lennoxville | 3.48 | 8.48
Richmond | 3.49 | 8.49
Quebec | 3.50 | 8.56
St. Lambert's | 3.54 | 8.54
Montreal | 3.54 | 8.54
| |
ONTARIO-- | |
Cornwall | 3.59 | 8.59
Ottawa | 4.03 | 9.03
Brockville | 4.03 | 9.03
Carleton Place | 4.04 | 9.04
Smith's Falls | 4.04 | 9.04
Almonte | 4.05 | 9.05
Arnprior | 4.05 | 9.05
Kingston | 4.07 | 9.07
Pembroke | 4.08 | 9.08
Deseronto | 4.09 | 9.09
Belleville | 4.10 | 9.10
Campbellford | 4.11 | 9.11
Peterborough | 4.13 | 9.13
Port Hope | 4.13 | 9.13
Bowmanville | 4.14 | 9.14
Burke's Falls | 4.15 | 9.15
Lindsay | 4.15 | 9.15
Oshawa | 4.15 | 9.15
Cannington | 4.16 | 9.16
Whitby | 4.16 | 9.16
Huntsville | 4.17 | 9.17
Bracebridge | 4.17 | 9.17
Orillia | 4.18 | 9.18
Aurora | 4.18 | 9.18
Toronto | 4.18 | 9.18
St. Catharines | 4.18 | 9.18
Welland | 4.18 | 9.18
Niagara Falls | 4.18 | 9.18
Barrie and Allandale | 4.19 | 9.19
Grimsby | 4.19 | 9.19
Hamilton | 4.20 | 9.20
Orangeville | 4.20 | 9.20
Collingwood | 4.21 | 9.21
Guelph | 4.21 | 9.21
Galt | 4.21 | 9.21
Brantford | 4.21 | 9.21
Simcoe | 4.21 | 9.21
Paris | 4.22 | 9.22
Woodstock | 4.23 | 9.23
Sudbury | 4.24 | 9.24
Stratford | 4.24 | 9.24
Ingersoll | 4.24 | 9.24
Owen Sound | 4.24 | 9.24
St. Thomas | 4.25 | 9.25
London | 4.26 | 9.26
Goderich | 4.27 | 9.27
Petrolea | 4.28 | 9.28
Chatham | 4.29 | 9.29
Sarnia | 4.30 | 9.30
Windsor | 4.32 | 9.32
Port Arthur | 3.57 | 9.57
Fort William | 3.57 | 9.57
Rat Portage | 4.18 | 10.18
| |
MANITOBA AND NORTHWEST | |
TERRITORIES-- | |
Winnipeg | 4.28 | 10.28
Carman | 4.32 | 10.32
Brandon | 3.40 | 10.40
Russell | 3.45 | 10.45
Regina | 3.58 | 10.58
Medicine Hat | 4.22 | 11.32
Calgary | 4.36 | 11.36
| |
BRITISH COLUMBIA-- | |
Donald | 3.40 | 11.49
Revelstoke | 3.53 | 11.53
Chilliwack | 3.58 | 11.58
| |
| | A.M.
| | 21st.
Vancouver | 4.12 | 12.12
Victoria | 4.13 | 12.13
| |
PACIFIC OCEAN: | |
| |
SHIPS AT SEA-- | LONGITUDE |
_Aorangi_ |147° 49´ W.| 1.51
_Empress of China_ |152° 39´ W.| 2.11
| |
WAILANGILALA ISLAND |179° 6´ W. | 3.56

INDEX.

A

Achaius adopts St. Andrew Cross, 65.

Acre, Richard I. at siege of, 45.

Admirals, titles under Commonwealth, 95;
three ranks, 274;
nine ranks, 275;
reduced to three, 276.

Admiral of Narrow Seas, 60, 104.

Admiral of fleet, rank and flag, 264.

Admirals' flags under Henry VIII., 273;
Commonwealth, 93;
Charles II., 274;
subsequent centuries, 274;
present day, 50, 70, 91, 108;
on ironclads, 276.

Admiralty badge on epaulettes, 48.

Admiralty Regulations, penalty for infraction, 52;
proportions in Union Jack, 208.

Alfred the Great collects first navy, 54;
sea maxim, 54.

Allan Line House flag, 27.

Ambassador's flag, Russian, 43;
British, 265.

Armada defeated under Cross of St. George, 51, 61, 102.

Arms, Savoy, 23;
Earl of Elgin, 65;
Washington, 177;
Fitzgeralds, 151;
Ancient of Ireland, 145;
Henry V. to Elizabeth, 71;
James I., 72;
Anne, 123;
George II., 190;
George III., first, 196;
altered, 202;
Victoria, 148.

Assyrian emblems, 15.

Athelstane, first merchant navy, 55.

Australian emblems, 283;
ensign, 288.

Austria, eagle, 16, 144;
white cross, 44.

Aztecs, eagle emblem, 17.

B

Banner, feudal period, 38;
Percy, 39;
English Sovereigns, 71;
Commonwealth, 93;
Joan of Arc, 25;
St. Martin, 25;
St. Denis, 25;
St. George, 41;
St. Andrew, 64, 70;
Robert Bruce, 65;
St. Patrick, 141;
personal of Sovereign, 92, 99.

Barbarossa, Emperor, standard, 22.

Barton, Sir Andrew, 69.

Bavaria, national colours, 24.

Beyrut, grotto of St. George, 42.

Blake carries whip-lash, 108.

Blazon, heraldic, a description, 204;
Union Jack, George III., 203;
controversies, 204, 206, 232;
design preceded, 205;
Jack made as ordered, 234.

Blue ensign, who entitled to use, 277;
on colonial ships, 277.

Border to St. George, narrow under James I., 77;
enlarged, 127;
represents white ground, 127;
justified, 210.

Broad white St. George, in 1707, 127;
in 1801, 205;
same size St. Andrew, 210, 226.

Broad white St. Andrew, 209, 217.

Bourbon standard, 25, 126.

Brian Boru, legend, 146;
harp, 148.

British Constitution, expansion told by Jack, 186;
in Canada, 189, 196;
government under, 253;
other colonies, 262.

Broom carried by Tromp, 108.

Bruce, Robert, banner, 65.

Bunker Hill, flag raised at, 174.

C

Cabot, 51, 58, 153.

Cambridge, grand union, 97.

Canada comes under British flag, 25, 132;
reconciliation, 133;
invaded, 135;
evolution of inhabitants, 189;
wars, 136, 235, 240, 293.

Canadian Ensign, created, 283;
full meaning, 287.

Cantons, quarters of flag, 12.

Cape of Good Hope, Dutch, 103;
British, 131.

Cappadocia, birthplace St. George, 41.

Champlain, 25, 154.

Chapleau, Sir Adolphe, 137.

Chateauguay, battle of, 214, 237.

Charles I., proclamation, 82.

Charles II., proclamation, 89;
flags changed, 95;
fresco, 97.

Cockade, origin tricolour, 26.

College of Arms, draft Queen Anne, 120;
draft George III., 200.

Colonial contingents, Havana, 168;
South Africa, 242.

Colonial flags, Union Jack, 121;
first authorized, 280;
white escutcheon on, 281;
blue ensign, 283;
broader significance, 289.

Colours, British regiments, 40;
French, 25;
New England companies, 160.

Commonwealth Ensign, 93, 101;
salute claimed, 107;
in America, 161.

Constantine the Great, 42, 144.

Constantius Chlorus, harp on labarum, 143.

Constitution of United States, adopted, 247;
government under, 254.

Consuls' flags, 265.

Cornette blanche, Joan of Arc, 25.

Counterchanged Scottish and Irish crosses, 217;
controversy, 203.

Cromwell's Jack, 88;
in America, 161.

Cross, red, St. George, 34, 41, 44;
red, France, 34;
white, France, 223;
white, Austria, 44;
white, Greece, 24, 44;
white, St. John, 23, 45;
yellow Italy, 34;
black, Germany, 34;
yellow, Sweden, 44;
green, Flanders, 34;
blue, Norway, 44;
white saltire, St. Andrew, 64;
blue saltire, Russia, 70;
red saltire, St. Patrick, 141.

Crosses, objections to use in flag, 158, 164;
requirements for entry in Union Jack, 186;
proportions in, 127, 205, 232;
wrongly made, 218;
how correctly made, 219.

Crusaders' crosses, 84;
of nations engaged, 44.

D

Declaration of Independence, United States, 177, 246.

De Salaberry, 237.

Designers' Union Jack of 1707, 119;
of 1800, 200.

Diamond Jubilee Anthem, accompanying the sun, 300;
places sung at, 311.

Dominion Ensigns, additional, 284;
Canadian, 286;
Australian, 288;
New Zealand, 288;
added meanings, 289.

Douglas, Fredk., contrasts liberty, 251.

Dragon, legend St. George, 42, 48, 49.

Drumbeat following the hours, 290;
ideal changed to fact, 309.

Dufferin, Lord, 19, 261.

Dutch, sea rivalry, 58, 105, 111.

Dutch flag, 58;
in America, 155.

E

Eagle emblems, 15, 43.

East India Company flag, 174.

Edgar, Lord of Ocean, 55.

Edward I. adopts St. George emblem, 45;
sea titles, 50, 57.

Edward II., Lord of the Seas, 57.

Edward III., sea maxim, 57;
fleur-de-lis in arms, 202.

Egyptian standards, 14.

Elizabeth, shipping extended, 61;
Alfred maxim maintained, 102;
harp and crown, 145.

Emancipation slaves in England, 244;
British colonies, 245;
United States, 247;
Canada, 250.

Emblems, instinct for, 19;
evidences of patriotism, 19;
Israelites, 14;
Christians, 16, 144;
Assyrians, 15;
Romans, 15;
Peruvians, 17;
Indians, 18, 21;
English, 159;
Scottish, 66;
Irish, 142, 145, 149;
colonies, 283;
Australian, 288;
Canada, 295.

Empire Day, Union Jack raised, 271.

Endicott, John, defaces flag, 158.

England, dominant partner, 41;
meteor flag, 52.

English Cross, white changed, 34.

English Jack, heraldic description, 41;
groundwork Union Jack, 42;
Glory Roll, 51;
established claims in America, 59;
Armada defeated, 61;
rivalries with Scotch, 75;
joined in additional Jack, 77;
taken from navy, 81;
restored by Commonwealth, 88;
succeeded by His Majesty's Jack, 89;
Admiral's flag, 91;
succeeds James I. Jack in America, 161;
inserted in Commonwealth Ensign, 86;
red ensign, 90, 100, 109;
prowess recognized, 109;
term in ensign closed, 126;
white ground restored, 127.

Ensigns, Percy, 39;
first English national, 90, 92;
ensign, red, 96;
first British union, land and sea, 119, 126;
union of 13 colonies, 174;
United States, 180;
colonial, 280;
Imperial union, 289;
Red, 92, 96, 98, 101, 116, 126;
White, 265, 276;
Blue, 95, 277.

Ensign staff, reason for name, 37.

Errors in painting flags, 96, 97.

Escutcheon in Commonwealth flags, 88;
Union Jack, 225;
colonial flags, 282;
transferred to fly, 283.

F

Facings, British uniforms, 40.

Field, portion of flag, 12.

Fimbriation, heraldic description, 77;
in Union Jack controversies, 206;
rules satisfied, 232.

Flags (_symbolical_), study of educational value, 14;
tell history, 14, 21, 31, 32, 217;
valued when meanings known, 20;
voices in, 22;
not haphazard, 32;
followed for conscience' sake, 137, 193;
sought by Puritans, 156;
religious objections to cross, 158;
meanings of colours in Union Jack, 216;
ideals expressed, 215;
speak in colours, 221;
freedom to slave, 243;
liberty to people, 253;
raised as sign of taking possession, 51, 59, 129, 153, 264.

Flags (_actual_), technical divisions, 12;
measurements, Jacks, 208;
ensigns, 277;
meanings of movements on flag staff, 12;
how use arose on land, 53;
importance at sea, 53;
penalty for infraction, 52;
effect of omission on shore, 160;
ships confiscated if not shown, 163;
wars caused by, 104, 108, 113.

Flag salute, John, 56;
Edward I., 57;
Mary, 60;
James I., 104;
Charles I., 105;
Commonwealth, 107;
George III., 110;
accorded by Dutch, 109, 112, 114.

Flag-ships, why so called, 91.

Fleur-de-lis, emblem of ancient France, 25;
Canada colonized under, 25;
Frontenac defends, 166;
succeeded by Union Jack, 28, 133;
introduced by Edward III., 202;
on arms Henry V., 71;
George II., 190;
removed, 202;
why in royal arms, 190, 224;
on seal, 196;
on arms Quebec, 260.

Fly, portion of flag, 12.

Forecastle, derivation of name, 59.

Fort Detroit taken by British, 237.

France, fleur-de-lis in America, 25, 153, 166;
tri-colour, 24;
in Canada, 27;
white cross, 223.

Franklin, Benjamin, drumbeat, 290.

French Canadians never raised tri-colour, 25;
national flag, 29;
descendants of Normans, 89;
evolution of government, 190;
accept changed rule, 192;
defend Union Jack, 135, 214, 237;
British in patriotism, 137.

French language in English Parliament, 190;
in Canadian, 191.

Frontenac, 25, 166.

G

Generals at Sea, title of Admirals, 94.

George III., three Parliaments united, 199;
three-crossed Union Jack, 199.

Germany, standard of, 22.

Glory Roll, English Jack, 51;
Jack James I., 79;
second Union Jack, 129;
third Union Jack, 211.

Governors' flags, 163, 259, 260, 282.

Governors of colonies, position, 252.

Grand union ensign, 13 colonies, 173;
carried after Independence, 177.

Great seal, Elizabeth, 145;
Upper Canada, 195.

Great union, Cromwell, 93.

Greek national ensign, 24;
church reverences St. George, 42.

Greek Cross, 43;
carried by eight nations, 44.

Guiana exchanged for New York, 114;
retaken, 114.

H

Harold loses control of seas, 55.

Harp in royal arms, 72, 146;
on shillings, 85;
in flags, 88, 93;
taken out of flags, 96;
usage by sovereigns, 145;
change under Victoria, 148.

Havana, colonials at capture, 168.

Hawaii, national ensign, 29.

_Henri Grace à Dieu_, parent ship of navy, 60.

Heralds devised Jack of James, 77;
committee Queen Anne, 119;
George III., 200;
objections to Union Jack, 204, 207, 231;
requirements met, 233.

Heraldry, rules for fimbriations, 77;
for crosses, 232.

Hibernian Harp in labarum, 143;
changed to cross, 144;
in royal arms, 146;
changed to Irish harp, 149.

Hoist, part of flag, 12.

I

Ireland not sea-going nation, 140;
becomes kingdom, 151, 184.

Irish harp, Brian Boru, 147.

Irish Jack, heraldic description, 141;
not joined with St. George, 151, 184;
when joined, 186, 199;
white ground recognized, 206.

Israelites, standard, 14.

Italy, national ensign, 23.

J

Jacks, erroneous explanation name, 33;
origin of name, 37, 40;
why two used under James I., 75;
regulations James I., 76;
Charles I., 82;
Commonwealth, 88;
Charles II., 89;
Anne, 118;
present day, 264.

Jack at bow, 37, 59, 85, 88, 89, 115.

Jack of James I., created by rivalries, 70, 75;
an "additional" Jack, 74, 80;
proclamation, 75;
Scots object, 78;
used on all ships, 77;
restricted to King's ships, 82;
abolished, 86;
restored, 89;
not a national Jack, 76, 183;
not a Union Jack, 76, 80, 183;
never placed in ensign, 100, 126;
Glory Roll, 79;
carried on _Mayflower_, 158;
abolished in New England, 161.

Jack staff, reason for name, 37.

Jacques, surcoats, 33;
by whom worn, 34, 36.

James I. changes royal standard, 72;
creates Jack, 74;
urges union, 73;
consents to repatriation of Puritans, 156.

Joan of Arc, banner, 25.

K

King of Seas, Edward III., 58.

King's colours, 38, 160.

Knights, jacques worn, 34.

L

Labarum, Roman emperors, 142.

Lake George, name changed, 170.

Le Moine, Sir James, 28.

Lion of Scotland in royal arms, 72.

Lord High Admiral, flag of, 99.

Lord of Oceans, title, 57;
of Seas, 58.

Louisbourg medal, Jack on, 165.

M

Mackinac, fort taken, 237.

Maltese Cross, 45.

Mansfield, decision slavery, 244.

Maple leaf in governors' flags, 260;
emblem of Canada, 295.

Massachusetts ensign, 166;
Jack authorized, 226, 280.

_Mayflower_, flags carried by Pilgrims, 157.

Medals, 98, 168, 299.

Merchant navy, first developed, 55;
distant voyages, 58, 103;
uses King's Jack, 89;
wins trade, 114;
accorded red ensign, 116, 123, 278.

Monson, Sir William, 78, 104, 105.

N

Nantucket, Gosnold at, 153.

Napoleon I., flag, 22, 26.

_Naseby_, 88, 98, 115.

National flags, origins, 21;
signal changes, 31;
Germany, 22;
Italy, 23;
Greece, 24;
France, 24, 29;
Hawaii, 29;
Russia, 70;
Thirteen Colonies, 174;
United States, 97, 180;
evolution British, 100, 182, 188, 269, 280;
colonies, 280;
Dominions, 289.

Navigation Act, Commonwealth, 107.

Navy, English, first collected, 54;
constructed, 59;
weakened, 105;
defeated, 106;
wins command, 115;
Scottish, always small, 66;
defies English, 68.

Nelson, 131;
signal, 212;
white ensign, 276.

New England, controversies respecting cross, 162;
ensign, 166;
at Quebec, 166;
Lake George, 170;
Bunker Hill, 174.

New South Wales, emblem, 283.

New York taken, 112;
exchanged, 113;
retaken, 113.

Nineveh, emblems found, 15.

Normans, ancestors Canadians, 189.

O

Orders of Knighthood, 43, 50, 70, 77, 149.

Oriflamme, St. Denis, 25.

P

Parliaments, not united, 76;
separate flags, 77, 183;
Irish, 184;
Union Jack tells union of Scottish, 118;
of Irish, 186;
precedence of Union acknowledged, 218;
Colonial, 194, 261.

Patron Saints, England, 41;
Scotland, 64;
Ireland, 141.

Pennants, command flags, 51;
Henry VIII., 59;
Royal navy, 108;
Colonial navy, 284.

Paardeberg, Canadian at, 296.

Pennsylvania ensign, 176.

Percy Ensign, 39.

Peruvians' emblem, 17.

Philip II. salutes Union Jack, 60.

Pilgrim Fathers migrate to Holland, 155;
land in America, 157;
loyal subjects King James, 157;
flags carried, 158.

Pilot Jack, flag, 267.

Pine tree flag, 162, 166.

Poland, white eagle, 15.

President United States, position, 255.

Prussian, black eagle, 16.

Puritans, flag carried by, 158;
object to crosses, 160, 162.

Q

Quarters, flags, 12;
Union Jack, 217.

Quebec, defended under fleur-de-lis, 25, 166;
Wolfe and Montcalm, 133;
under Union Jack, 29, 136, 192.

Quebec Act, effect of, 135, 192.

Queen Anne creates Union Jack, 118;
authority of Parliament, 119;
designers, 120;
authorized by Privy Council, 121;
Draft C, 121;
promulgated in colonies, 121;
restricted to navy, 124;
border St. George enlarged, 127;
establishes Red Ensign, 122;
to be used on land and sea, 126, 268.

Queen Victoria uses Irish harp, 146;
Diamond Jubilee, 290.

Queenston Heights, 237.

R

Raleigh, sea maxim, 103, 116.

Red Ensign, see Ensign.

Red fighting flag of navy, 113.

Regulations for making Union Jack, 208.

Responsible government contrasted, 254, 257, 261.

_Revenge_, glorious contest, 61.

Richard I. adopts St. George, 44;
star and crescent badge, 48.

Rivalries create Jack of James, 70, 74, 80.

Roman eagle, 15;
labarum, 143.

Royal arms standard, 72;
removed from ships, 96;
fleur-de-lis, 71, 282;
harp inserted, 72;
origin Irish blue, 146, see Arms.

Royal Standard, flag of sovereign, 71, 92, 202;
present regulations, 99.

Royal Standard at main, 98, 99.

Royal Standard at stern, 37, 92, 99;
replaced by ensigns, 98;
meanings of change, 101.

Royal yacht squadron flag, 52.

Russian eagle, 16;
flags, 43, 70.

S

Saints, reverenced, not canonized, 42.

Shackleton, Union Jack, 213.

St. Andrew, banner and legend, 64;
why adopted by Scotland, 65;
Russia, 70.

St. Andrew Cross, white of Scotland, 38;
blue of Russia, 70;
united in James Jack, 77;
objections to position, 78;
in great union, 93;
in Union Jack, 119;
same size St. George, 205, 224;
same size St. Patrick, 206;
counterchanged with, 217;
why higher position, 218;
same size border St. George, 210, 225;
examples narrow form, 225.

St. Denis, red banner, 25.

St. George banner and legend, 41;
adopted by England, 44;
Christian attributes, 47;
knightly attributes, 48.

St. George Cross in crusades, 34;
in Greek ensign, 24;
in nobles' standards, 39;
in white ensign, 51;
in Great Union, 93;
receives homage of Dutch, 109;
united in James Jack, 77;
in Union Jack, 119;
surmounts other crosses, 216;
why surmounts, 216;
carried on _Mayflower_, 159;
controversies in New England, 158;
left out of colonist colours, 160, 162;
restored, 166;
taken at Quebec, 166.

St. George Jack, see English Jack.

St. George and dragon, early instances, 46, 49.

St. George's Day, origin, 41;
in England, 45.

St. John, Knights of, 23, 45.

St. Martin, blue banner, 25.

St. Patrick, banner and legends, 141;
adopted by Irish, 144;
emblems of, 142, 145, 149.

St. Patrick Cross, red of Ireland, 141;
origin, 141;
first used as banner, 151;
not sign of fealty, 151;
when placed in Union Jack, 199;
same size as St. Andrew, 206;
why counterchanged, 218.

Saltire Cross, shape, 64;
origin, 142;
errors in Union Jack, 218.

Sardinia royal arms, 23.

Scottish Jack, heraldic description, 64;
flag of Bruce, 65;
forays, 66;
national flag, 75;
united in James Jack, 76;
in Union Jacks, 119, 185.

Sea maxims, Alfred, 54;
Edward III., 57;
Raleigh, 103.

Sewall, Samuel, troubles over cross, 164.

Shamrock Emblem, 149.

Slavery under various flags, 243.

Sluys, naval victory, 50, 57.

South Africa deeds, 213;
contingents, 262.

Sovereign of Britain, position of, 257.

Spanish flag, 133, 153, 169.

Stars, Washington, 178;
Orion, 179;
in United States Ensign, 180.

Stars and Stripes, United States, 31;
form in successive periods, 77;
stripes, 174;
origin, 177;
heritage, 180.

Stern, place of honour, 94, 99;
marks constitutional change, 101.

Supremacy of Seas, 53, 63, 111, 116.

Surcoats, 33, 34, 36.

Switzerland, white cross, 44.

T

Thane, reward of merchants, 55.

Thirteen American Colonies, flags
raised, 153;
troubles, 171;
fight under Union Jack, 169;
Union Flag, 170;
Grand Union, 174;
heritage in U. S. ensign, 180, 253.

Trafalgar, white ensign, 212, 278.

Tri-colour, origin, 24;
English introduce to Canada, 27;
why displayed, 28;
carries no allegiance, 29.

Tromp, Admiral, 108.

U

Union Jack, First, 74;
Glory Roll, 79;
Second, 118;
Glory Roll, 129;
Present day, 199;
Glory Roll, 211.

Union Jack (_form_), tells history of nations, 32;
origin of name, 33;
combinations, 40, 74, 126, 205;
designers, 119, 200;
designs precede blazon, 205;
regulations for making, 208;
fimbriations, 77, 206;
errors, 218;
how to make correctly, 220;
proportions, 220;
reasons for proportions, 231;
heraldic requirements met, 232.

Union Jack (_significance_), displaces national Jacks, 118;
requirements entry of cross, 76, 151, 186;
more than union of thrones, 185;
emblem of Parliamentary union, 76, 188, 194;
lessons taught, 215;
democratic expansion, 253;
freedom, 243;
liberty, 253;
equal rights, 262;
on schools, 270;
in Dominion ensigns, 287.

Union Jack (_progress design_), two crosses, James I. heralds, 75;
two crosses, Anne, committee, 119;
Draft C approved, 120;
white border enlarged, 127, 205;
three crosses, George III., committee, 199;
draft approved, 200;
white border maintained, 205;
crosses counterchanged, 217;
blazon, 203, 205;
regulations issued, 208;
change declined, 211;
made as ordered, 234.

Union Jack (_variations use_), James, 1606, on all ships, 74;
Charles I., restricted to navy, 82;
abolished by Commonwealth, 87;
Charles II. restored restricted to navy, 89;
William III. restricts, 90;
Anne, 1707, on land, all subjects, 119, 268;
at sea, navy, 124;
George III., 1801, all subjects, 268;
Edward VII., all subjects, land or sea, 268;
successive names, 264.

Union Jack (_in other flags_), King's colours, 40;
Hawaii, 29;
Thirteen Colonies Ensign, 174;
raised by Washington, 175;
Pennsylvania Ensign, 176;
Red, White and Blue Ensigns, 272;
Dominion Ensigns, 286.

United Empire Loyalists, 137, 193.

United States Ensign, 77, 177.

V

Venezuela, 114.

Victoria Colony Emblem, 283.

Virginia defends English Jack, 170.

W

War of 1812, 214, 235.

Washington, ancestry, 178;
stars, 179;
Ensign, 180.

Webster, Daniel, 290.

Western Australia Emblem, 283.

White Ensign, see Ensign.

Whip-lash flag, 108.

Y

Yard-arm, origin of name, 59.