Chapter IV: Conclusion

We have visualized the person of Horace and made his acquaintance. We have seen in his character and in the character of his times the sources of his greatness as a poet. We have seen in him the interpreter of his own times and the interpreter of the human heart in all times. We have traced the course of his influence through the ages as both man and poet. We have seen in him not only the interpreter of life, but a dynamic power that makes for the love of men, for righteousness, and for happier living. We have seen in him an example of the word made flesh. "He has forged a link of union," writes Tyrrell, "between intellects so diverse as those of Dante, Montaigne, Bossuet, La Fontaine, Voltaire, Hooker, Chesterfield, Gibbon, Wordsworth, Thackeray."

To know Horace is to enter into a great communion of twenty centuries,--the communion of taste, the communion of charity, the communion of sane and kindly wisdom, the communion of the genuine, the communion of righteousness, the communion of urbanity and of friendly affection.

"Farewell, dear Horace; farewell, thou wise and kindly heathen; of mortals the most human, the friend of my friends and of so many generations of men."

NOTES AND BIBLIOGRAPHY

The following groups of references are not meant as annotations in the usual sense. Those to the text of the poet are for such persons as wish to increase their acquaintance with Horace by reading at first hand the principal poems which have inspired the essayist's conclusions. The others are for those who desire to view in detail the working of the Horatian influence.

HORACE THE PERSON:
_Odes_, I. 27; 38; II. 3; 7; III. 8; IV. 11.
_Satires_, I. 6; 9; II. 6.
_Epistles_, I. 7; 10; 20.
Suetonius, _Life of Horace_. (see below.)

HORACE THE POET:
_Odes_, I. 1; 3; 6; 12; 24; 35; II. 7; 16; III. 1; 21; 29; IV. 2; 3; 4.
_Satires_, I. 4; 6.
_Epistles_, I. 3; 20; II. 2.

HORACE THE INTERPRETER OF HIS TIMES:
Landscape;
_Odes_, I. 4; 31; II. 3; 6; 14; 15; III. 1; 13; 18; 23.
_Epistles_, I. 12; 14.
Living;
_Odes_, I. 1; III. 1; 2; 4; 6; IV. 5; _Epode_, 2.
_Satires_, I. 1; II. 6.
_Epistles_, I. 7; 10.
Religion;
_Odes_, I. 4; 10; 21; 30; 31; 34; III. 3; 13; 16; 18; 22; 23; IV.
5; 6; _Epode_, 2.
Popular Wisdom;
_Epistle_, I. 1; 4; II. 2.

HORACE THE PHILOSOPHER OF LIFE:
The Spectator and Essayist; _Satires_, I. 4; II. 1.
The Vanity of Human Wishes;
_Odes_, I. 4; 24; 28; II. 13; 14; 16; 18; III. 1; 16; 24; 29; IV. 7.
_Satires_, I. 4; 6.
_Epistles_, I. 1.
The Pleasures of this World;
_Odes_, I. 9; 11; 24; II. 3; 14; III. 8; 23; 29; IV. 12.
_Epistles_, I. 4.
Life and Morality;
_Odes_, I. 5; 18; 19; 27; III. 6; 21; IV. 13.
_Epistles_, I. 2; II. 1.
Life and Purpose;
_Odes_, I. 12; II. 2; 15; III. 2; 3; IV. 9; _Epode_, 2.
_Satires_, I. 1.
_Epistles_, I. 1.
The Sources of Happiness;
_Odes_, I. 31; II. 2; 16; 18; III. 16; IV. 9.
_Satires_, I. 1; 6; II. 6.
_Epistles_, I. 1; 2; 6; 10; 11; 12; 14; 16.

HORACE THE PROPHET:
_Odes_, II. 20; III. 1; 4; 30; IV. 2; 3.

HORACE AND ANCIENT ROME:
_Odes_, IV. 3.
_Epistles_, I. 20.
Suetonius, _Vita Horati, Life of Horace_, Translation, J.C. Rolfe,
in _The Loeb Classical Library_, New York, 1914.
Hertz, Martin, _Analecta ad carminum Horatianorum Historiam_, i-v.
Breslau, 1876-82.
Schanz, Martin, _Geschichte der Römischen Litteratur_. München, 1911.

HORACE AND THE MIDDLE AGE:
Manitius, Maximilian, _Analekten zur Geschichte des Horaz im
Mittelalter, bis 1300_. Göttingen, 1893.

HORACE AND MODERN TIMES:
In Italy;
Curcio, Gaetano Gustavo, _Q. Orazio Flacco, studiato in Italia dal
secolo XIII al XVIII_. Catania, 1913.
In France and Germany;
Imelmann, J., _Donec gratus eram tibi, Nachdichtungen und
Nachklänge aus drei Jahrhunderten_. Berlin, 1899.
Stemplinger, Eduard, _Das Fortleben der Horazischen Lyrik seit der
Renaissance_. Leipzig, 1906.
In Spain;
Menéndez y Pelayo, D. Marcelino, _Horacio en España_, 2 vols.
Madrid, 1885.[2]
In England;
Goad, Caroline, _Horace in the English Literature of the Eighteenth
Century_. New Haven, 1918.
Myers, Weldon T., _The Relations of Latin and English as Living
Languages in England during the Age of Milton_. Dayton, Virginia,
1913.
Nitchie, Elizabeth, "Horace and Thackeray," in _The Classical
Journal_, XIII. 393-410 (1918).
Shorey, Paul, and Laing, Gordon J., _Horace: Odes and Epodes_
(Revised Edition). Boston, 1910.
Thayer, Mary R., _The Influence of Horace on the Chief English
Poets of the Nineteenth Century_. New Haven, 1916.

HORACE THE DYNAMIC:
_Ars Poetica._
Cowl, R.P., _The Theory of Poetry in England; its development in
doctrines and ideas from the sixteenth century to the nineteenth
century_. London, 1914.
Dobson, Henry Austin, _Collected Poems_, Vol. I, 135, 181, 219, 222,
224, 231, 236, 245, 263; II. 66, 83, 243, etc. London, 1899.
Gladstone, W.E., _The Odes of Horace_, English Verse Translation.
New York, 1901.
Kipling, Rudyard, et Graves, C.L., _Q. Horati Flacci Carminum Liber
Quintus_. New Haven, 1920.[3]
Lang, Andrew, _Letters to Dead Authors_. New York, 1893.
Martin, Sir Theodore, _The Odes of Horace_; translated into English
verse. London, 1861.[2]
Untermeyer, Louis, "_--and Other Poets_." New York, 1916.
Whicher, G.M. and G.F., _On the Tibur Road, a Freshman's Horace_.
Princeton, 1912.

Besides the works mentioned above, reference should be made to:

CAMPAUX, A., _Des raisons de la popularité d'Horace en France_. Paris,
1895.
D'ALTON, J.F., _Horace and His Age_. London, 1917.
MCCREA, N.G., _Horatian Criticism of Life_. New York, 1917.
STEMPLINGER, EDUARD, _Horaz im Urteil der Jahrhunderte_. Leipzig,
1921.
TAYLOR, HENRY OSBORN, _The Classical Heritage of the Middle Ages_. New
York, 1903.[2]
_The Century Horace._

and, also, to the two following works, cited and quoted in the text:

DUFF, J. WIGHT, _A Literary History of Rome_. London, 1910.[2] (p.
545)
TYRRELL, R.Y., _Latin Poetry_. Boston, (lectures delivered at The
Johns Hopkins University, 1893). (p. 164)

_Note_: Translations of Horace, not otherwise assigned or not enclosed in quotation marks, are those of G.S.

Our Debt to Greece and Rome

AUTHORS AND TITLES

1. HOMER. John A. Scott, Northwestern University.
2. SAPPHO. David M. Robinson, The Johns Hopkins University.
3A. EURIPIDES. F.L. Lucas, King's College, Cambridge.
3B. AESCHYLUS AND SOPHOCLES. J.T. Sheppard, King's College,
Cambridge.
4. ARISTOPHANES. Louis E. Lord, Oberlin College.
5. DEMOSTHENES. Charles D. Adams, Dartmouth College.
6. ARISTOTLE'S POETICS. Lane Cooper, Cornell University.
7. GREEK HISTORIANS. Alfred E. Zimmern, University of Wales.
8. LUCIAN. Francis G. Allinson, Brown University.
9. PLAUTUS AND TERENCE. Charles Knapp, Barnard College, Columbia
University.
10A. CICERO. John C. Rolfe, University of Pennsylvania.
10B. CICERO AS PHILOSOPHER. Nelson G. McCrea, Columbia University.
11. CATULLUS. Karl P. Harrington, Wesleyan University.
12. LUCRETIUS AND EPICUREANISM. George Depue Hadzsits, University of
Pennsylvania.
13. OVID. Edward K. Rand, Harvard University.
14. HORACE. Grant Showerman, University of Wisconsin.
15. VIRGIL. John William Mackail, Balliol College, Oxford.
16. SENECA. Richard Mott Gummere, The William Penn Charter School.
17. ROMAN HISTORIANS. G. Ferrero, Florence.
18. MARTIAL. Paul Nixon, Bowdoin College.
19. PLATONISM. Alfred Edward Taylor, University of Edinburgh.
20. ARISTOTELIANISM. John L. Stocks, University of Manchester,
Manchester.
21. Stoicism. Robert Mark Wenley, University of Michigan.
22. LANGUAGE AND PHILOLOGY. Roland G. Kent, University of
Pennsylvania.
23. RHETORIC AND LITERARY CRITICISM. (Greek) W. Rhys Roberts, Leeds
University.
24. GREEK RELIGION. Walter W. Hyde, University of Pennsylvania.
25. ROMAN RELIGION. Gordon J. Laing, University of Chicago.
26. MYTHOLOGIES. Jane Ellen Harrison, Newnham College, Cambridge.
27. THEORIES REGARDING THE IMMORTALITY OF THE SOUL. Clifford H. Moore,
Harvard University.
28. STAGE ANTIQUITIES. James T. Allen, University of California.
29. GREEK POLITICS. Ernest Barker, King's College, University of
London.
30. ROMAN POLITICS. Frank Frost Abbott, Princeton University.
31. ROMAN LAW. Roscoe Pound, Harvard Law School.
32. ECONOMICS AND SOCIETY. M.T. Rostovtzeff, Yale University.
33. WARFARE BY LAND AND SEA. E.S. McCartney, University of Michigan.
34. THE GREEK FATHERS. Roy J. Deferrari, The Catholic University of
America.
35. BIOLOGY AND MEDICINE. Henry Osborn Taylor, New York.
36. MATHEMATICS. David Eugene Smith, Teachers College, Columbia
University.
37. LOVE OF NATURE. H.R. Fairclough, Leland Stanford Junior
University.
38. ASTRONOMY AND ASTROLOGY. Franz Cumont, Brussels.
39. THE FINE ARTS. Arthur Fairbanks, Museum of Fine Arts, Boston.
40. ARCHITECTURE. Alfred M. Brooks, Swarthmore College.
41. ENGINEERING. Alexander P. Gest, Philadelphia.
42. GREEK PRIVATE LIFE, ITS SURVIVALS. Charles Burton Gulick, Harvard
University.
43. ROMAN PRIVATE LIFE, ITS SURVIVALS. Walton B. McDaniel, University
of Pennsylvania.
44. FOLK LORE.

45. GREEK AND ROMAN EDUCATION.

46. CHRISTIAN LATIN WRITERS. Andrew F. West, Princeton University.
47. ROMAN POETRY AND ITS INFLUENCE UPON EUROPEAN CULTURE. Paul Shorey,
University of Chicago.
48. PSYCHOLOGY.
49. MUSIC. Théodore Reinach, Paris.
50. ANCIENT AND MODERN ROME. Rodolfo Lanciani, Rome.