Chapter VII: Part 7

Do not forget that what is true of the main slopes is also true of their minor features. On slopes facing east or west, for instance, each small undulation has its north and south side, the surface of which is affected by sun and frost in just the same way as the main slopes facing in that direction. If you remember this you will often, when running across a slope whose general surface is difficult, be able to find small patches of snow on the sides of the undulations in which you can turn quite easily.

When beginning the run down always make up your mind before you start how you mean to negotiate that part of the hill which is visible. If some way ahead the ground becomes steeper, so as to be invisible, and you do not know what it is like, don't run at a high speed to where the slope changes, but approach it in zigzags, or at any rate slowly, in case you should find it necessary to turn off or stop at the edge of the steeper slope. By doing this you will preclude the possibility of dropping over a precipice on unknown ground.

As soon as you can see what was hidden from you, plan out, without stopping if possible, the next visible piece of your course in the same way.

There is one difficulty about steering among obstacles which it may be as well to mention.

Suppose you are running down or across a slope with a tree straight ahead of you which you mean to avoid when fairly close to it, by swinging, say, to the left.

As you already know, you must, at the beginning of any turn, lean forwards, perhaps even a little outwards, _never_ inwards. Now, if there were no tree in front of you, you would probably have no difficulty whatever in making the turn, but the fear of running into the tree will at first be almost certain to make you lean away from it as you begin the turn--that is, backwards and to the left. You will then, if you don't fall down at once, at any rate fail to turn sharply, and so will probably do exactly what you were trying to avoid, viz. run into the tree.

Àpropos of trees, let me remind you that turns are mainly for _steering_, and that therefore, except just at first, they should be practised _where steering is necessary_--_i.e._ among trees or other obstacles. Unless you take every opportunity of practising them there, they will be of little real use to you. You should soon be able to make downhill turns on any _open_ slope with ease, and will soon afterwards cease to find much fun in doing so, but there is no end to the difficulty and therefore the interest of turning quickly among obstacles, and anyone who is or wishes to be a good ski-er will not be happy unless he gets plenty of wood-running. Nor, for much the same reasons, will he be contented without plenty of _bad and difficult snow_, a fact which you should lay to heart at the outset.

I have already said that when running fast on ground that is covered with hard ski-tracks, you should try to avoid crossing them at a narrow angle. You will sometimes find that you want to run a traverse on a slope closely covered with hard parallel tracks, leading exactly the way you want to go and steeply enough to make running in them extremely unsteady. Your best plan here is to run almost or quite directly downhill across them for a short distance, and then to turn upwards with a Christiania and make a longish traverse at a less steep angle than the tracks; your low speed then enabling you to cross them at a narrow angle in safety. By repeating this process you will reach the point to which the tracks lead almost as quickly and far more comfortably than by following them. To make alternate direct descents and gradual traverses in this way is also convenient when you would otherwise have to run a steep _stemming_ traverse.

By paying careful attention to all the above points you should soon be able to run safely and steadily, and to get down any ordinary hill with few or no falls. This also means that you will accomplish the descent in pretty quick time, provided that you _never stop_ if you can possibly help it, and that after a fall you get up without either hurrying or dawdling.

This kind of running makes no great demands on your skill, and still less on your nerve. Its main object is the avoidance of falls, and _at first this should certainly be your sole aim_. But if you wish to become a really good runner you should not allow it to remain so for long.

The first-rate runner has absolute command of the various swings, &c., and can stop suddenly or dodge among obstacles at a pretty high speed with perfect steadiness (at very high speeds it is impossible to turn or stop _suddenly_; the curve of the swing is then bound to be more or less long and gradual). He never turns or stops if he can help it, however, but runs everything _as straight as he can_, and _at the highest possible speed_.

There is not the least doubt that to take a hill in this way not only demands the utmost skill, but gives the greatest pleasure that ski-running, pure and simple, can afford.

It is not unusual to hear a man who never takes the easiest slope without constant zigzagging, say that he does so because he _prefers_ going slowly and spinning out the run to dashing down in a quarter of the time. He infers, if he does not actually say, that the fear of speed has nothing to do with his choice.

You may be nearly sure that the man who talks in this way is inferring, if not telling, a lie, though very likely unconsciously. I used to say the same myself, and did not realise for some time that every ski-runner, whatever he may say or think, runs just as fast as he dares.

I don't for a moment mean to say that there is anything to be ashamed of in being afraid of going fast. Indeed, the man who realises and openly admits that he is afraid, and who refuses to attempt anything which puts a great strain on his nerve, is very likely a more reasonable and admirable person than the one who gradually becomes a better runner simply through being ashamed of admitting his cowardice even to himself. I only want to impress upon you that the _sine qua non_ of fine ski-running is _speed_, and that if you want to become a fine runner, you must be always trying to take things faster and faster. One reason why jumping is such an excellent training for the ski-runner is that it accustoms him to running at the greatest possible speed, and to falling occasionally while doing so.

To pay no particular attention to anything but straight running and speed from the first is of course absurd, for if you do this you will fall about hopelessly when any steering is necessary, and the most miserable stick-riding zigzagger will be down a hill long before you.

First of all, practise all the turns until you can make them with steadiness, for the special purposes and on the particular snow to which they are best adapted.

If you are weak in any turn, practise that one especially, _not only on the practice-ground, but during a run_.

To do the latter will, of course, add considerably to the number of your falls during a run, but it is the only way to improve, and you should never, except at the very outset, or for some special reason, be too anxious not to fall.

The boast of having accomplished a run without a single fall is usually sufficient to stamp the utterer of it as either a novice or a nervous person, who has negotiated his whole run in the easiest possible way. A very moderate runner, if he chooses, can thus avoid falling easily enough; but if he wishes to become a better one, he is bound to take chances, where an unambitious or timid one would play for safety.

Do not forget, however, that if to boast of not falling lays you open to suspicion in one way, to boast of _falling_ stamps you infallibly in another.

After you can make all the turns pretty well in the snow which is easiest for each, begin to practise them in difficult snow. When you can make them while running at a moderate speed, try to do so at higher and higher speeds.

You can then practise running with the same foot leading the whole time, and make only Telemarks one way and Christianias the other; if you find this easier with the right foot leading, run always with the left foot leading until that comes just as easy.

Do your utmost, in short, to improve your steering in every possible way, and then try to run everything as straight and fast as ever you can.

I don't, of course, mean that you are to become a past master at swinging and turning before you try to run straight and fast, for the two things can be practised together. But steering must come first, and until you can steer as well with your long grooved ski and without the help of the stick as the most redoubtable Lilienfeld stick-rider with his short smooth skis, you must give much more attention to that than to speed.

Your ultimate aim must, as I have already said, be to run in the utmost safety, with the utmost skill (_i.e._ with the least effort) and at the utmost speed; but if ever, as in a race, speed is almost your sole object, remember the following facts:--

Apart from the question of obstacles, the quickest way to get down a hill is of course to run _freely_ straight down it.

The _second_ quickest way is a _free_ direct descent checked at intervals by uphill swings, so that the speed never becomes high enough to be difficult.

The _third_ quickest way is a direct _stemming_ (Telemark, snow-plough, or side-slip) descent, and not, as most people imagine, a _free_ descent by tacks and downhill turns. The latter method takes more skill and less effort, but is a great deal slower.

To sum up, let me advise you to take in succession each of the following series of "Don'ts" as your guiding maxim when learning cross-country running:--

(1) _Don't fall_ (but stem, kick-turn, and stop _ad lib._).

(2) _Don't stop_ (_i.e._ stem _ad lib._, but make no kick-turns).

(3) _Don't stem_ (but make as gradual tacks as you like, and check the pace when necessary by uphill swings).

(4) _Don't slow up before turning downhill._

(5) _Don't_--if you can safely avoid it--_turn at all_.

When you can accomplish a run without _falling_ or _stopping_, you may consider yourself a third-rate cross-country runner, being quite safe and not too slow.

When you can do so without _falling_, _stopping_, or _stemming_, your running will be sufficiently safe, fast, and in particular _effortless_, to be called second-rate.

When you can manage most of your run without either _falling_, _stopping_, _stemming_, or _turning_, you may be quite pleased with yourself.

The last sentence suggests a further word of advice.

It is seldom reasonable to feel very proud of one's running, but it is often the greatest help to _pretend_ to do so.

If after taking all possible pains to learn any manoeuvre you still find a difficulty in doing it, try the effect of imagining yourself rather a desperate fellow--a careless, skilful, dashing person who has done this sort of thing all his life and thinks nothing of it. You will very likely find that this acts like a charm, and that it was only the stiffness that comes from over-carefulness which prevented you from succeeding before. A certain amount of "side," in fact--whether natural or assumed--is really an excellent thing. Most good performers _talk_ of their running--perhaps sincerely--with becoming modesty, but they seldom show much sign of this modesty in their _actions_ when ski-ing--evincing, as a rule, a healthy self-confidence which might almost be mistaken for a desire to show off.

In the above series of "Don'ts" I have not included "_Don't use the stick_," because I trust it would never enter your head to do so. I might however have said, "Don't be afraid of leaving your sticks at home," for unless you want to race uphill or on the level you can easily dispense with them, and to do so occasionally will prevent you from getting into the slovenly habit of prodding with the inner stick at the end of every swing. Not that this prodding need be considered a very serious crime, for as long as a stick is used with one hand for _pushing_ and not with both for _pulling_, no great harm will be done to the style. But this prodding is a slight waste of energy, and therefore the tendency to do it should be checked. To go without a stick at all occasionally is the best possible way to cultivate a perfectly free and effortless style, not only of running _down_ a hill, but of climbing _up_ it.

One sometimes hears the absurd statement that to tour without a stick is "unnatural," and therefore not permissible. All ski-ing is "unnatural." If it is "natural" to carry a stick, it is still more "natural" to lean on it hard the whole time. The only real and searching test of the _skill_ and _ease_ of a man's running is to take away his stick altogether and see if he can run fast and steadily across any sort of country without it; and I strongly advise you to test your own running in this way from time to time.

It is a curious coincidence, if nothing more, that in Canada it is the regular thing for ski-ers to do their cross-country running without sticks, and that in Canada, _and nowhere else_, an Anglo-Saxon (Barney Reilly) has already done some first-rate jumping.

About the special dangers of ski-running a word or two may be useful. The risk of injury from falling on snow is not very great, and there is not much danger of any one but a lunatic dropping over a precipice in an unknown country, or dashing at full speed into a solid obstacle, instead of adopting the simple device of falling down before he reaches it, if he cannot manage to turn. I have never heard of anything worse than a broken leg (which is no doubt quite bad enough) resulting from a fall in snow. The kind of snow most likely to lead to injury is not hard, icy snow, as the beginner generally fancies, but deep soft snow, especially if covered by a breakable crust; for in this the skis may plunge beneath the surface, and, getting jammed, may throw a strain on the foot or leg.

But even here the runner whose style is good is not very likely to hurt himself, even when going fast, if his binding fits properly; it is the stick-rider with his feet level and skis apart who gets the most awkward falls. In jumping, owing to the firmness of the surface, there is hardly any danger at all.

The real danger of injury in ski-running does not consist so much in the nature of the injury itself as in the fact that it may leave the runner incapable of movement in a dangerous situation.

If he is far from shelter he may be badly frost-bitten before he can be got home--therefore the more spare clothing he carries the better.

If he is alone, he will be lucky if he gets home at all--and any one who thoroughly realises this will think twice before he goes ski-ing by himself without saying where he is going.

The advantage of carrying a map and compass, and of knowing how to use them in case of losing one's way, is obvious. It is not only the mountaineer but the ordinary tourist who is exposed to this danger, for even the latter should remember that when once he is above the tree-line a snow-storm or a fog may make it impossible for him to find his way for ten yards by eye alone.

In thick snow or fog nothing is visible except a blank whiteness. When the fog or falling snow are thin, objects which are darker than the snow (rock, trees, &c.) may be visible for some distance, but all light and shade disappears in the snow itself, all tracks, holes, and irregularities in its surface become quite invisible, and it is then impossible, in a bare tract of snow, for the runner to tell whether the ground in front of him goes downhill, uphill, or level.

Even an overcast sky causes this curious absence of light and shade; and then, though the main landmarks may be visible, and there may be no danger of getting lost, running becomes exceedingly difficult and uncomfortable, perhaps even dangerous, for the snow on the edge of a precipice or steep drop, when seen from above, is apparently continuous with the snow at the foot of it.

In the description of equipment I have already mentioned the necessary safeguards against frost-bite and snow blindness.

Anything more than an allusion to the danger from avalanche is quite beyond the scope of this book. It is an intricate subject, about which whole books have been, and no doubt will yet be, written.

I believe that even now the conditions which produce winter avalanches are not fully understood. On any open slope of more than certain steepness--23° or so--an avalanche may start, especially after a thaw, or before the snow of a recent fall has had time to settle down. An avalanche, once started, can of course travel over a less steep slope, or even level ground. Lose no time in collecting all the information you can on the subject; for, although the ordinary tourist (not the climber) can usually avoid it, the danger is a very serious one, and you should never willingly expose yourself to the smallest risk of it. If the risk is unavoidable, make sure that you can get your skis off your feet in a moment, for if you are caught in an avalanche this is the first thing to do. The next is, if possible, to keep your head above the surface of the snow.

The ancient quip about presence of mind and absence of body is particularly applicable in a case of this sort.

I have said something about the special discomforts and dangers of the mountains and the snow, but nothing about their extraordinary beauty and fascination. If I were better fitted for the task than the ordinary guide-book writer, I might attempt a description of them; as I am not, I will spare the reader.

To some ski-runners these beauties may be of secondary importance to the sport itself. The ski-runner may even exist who looks upon climbing a mountain as an altogether exasperating, but unfortunately inevitable, preparation for a run down, and whose ideal is an artificial jumping-hill in his garden provided with a lift. I have never met him.

APPENDIX

HOW TO PRACTISE

Broadly speaking, your object in practising should be to learn to run first _safely_, then _easily_, and then _quickly_. This is more or less equivalent to saying that you should first learn _braking_, then _turning_, and only then _free straight-running_, and that you should practise on slopes of _gradually increasing steepness_ as well as in all sorts of snow.

You should, moreover, by very easy stages, learn jumping from the very outset.

You will hardly be able to follow the first part of this advice quite literally, for to learn to brake without learning something about turning, or to do either without learning to run straight at all is nearly impossible and quite unnecessary.

The following scheme for five days' practice is one way of setting to work. If it does not suit you, by all means vary it, but stick to the principle of learning every manoeuvre in its easiest form pretty thoroughly before passing to more difficult ones, for this is the best way to gain confidence if you are nervous, and to steady yourself and avoid bad habits if you are inclined to be reckless.

Never think of learning to "do a Telemark" or anything else for its own sake alone, and never look on jumping as an extra.

_1st Morning._--=Hard= _snow on a_ =gentle= _slope_
(10° _to_ 15°) _with level outrun_.

About 15 minutes.--(1) Level going. Hill-climbing (kick-turns,
side-stepping and half side-stepping, herring-boning, &c.). This
will, of course, be distributed throughout the morning practice.

About 30 minutes.--(2) Braking by single-stemming (half snow-plough);
at first from a standstill in stemming position, then from a
traverse in normal running position.

About 30 minutes.--(3) Braking by snow-ploughing; at first nearly from
a standstill on the hillside, then on the level after a direct
descent in normal running position.

About 10 minutes.--(4) Uphill _step_ round to standstill from slow
traverse in normal running position.

About 15 minutes.--(5) Uphill stemming turns from traverse in normal
running position.

About 20 minutes.--(6) Uphill stemming turns (snow-plough and lift
round inner ski) on level from direct descent in normal running
position.

Total, 2 hours.

_1st Afternoon._--_Shallow_ =soft= _snow on_ =gentle= _slope
with level outrun_.

About 30 minutes.--(1) Telemark-stemming while traversing; at first
from a standstill, then from a traverse in Telemark running
position.

About 30 minutes.--(2) Telemark-stemming straight downhill; at first
from a standstill, then on the level after direct free descent in
Telemark position.

About 20 minutes.--(3) Uphill Telemark swings from traverse.

About 20 minutes.--(4) Uphill Telemark swings from direct descent.

About 20 minutes.--(5) Zigzag descent in snow-plough position.

Total, 2 hours.

_2nd Morning._--=Hard= _snow on_ =moderate=
_slope_ (20° _or so_).

About 30 minutes.--(1) Repeat (2) and (3) of first morning's practice.
(If slope steep enough to make snow-ploughing at all difficult,
substitute Telemark-stemming.)

About 30 minutes.--(2) Uphill Christiania swing from traverse; first
from a standstill, then while running in normal position.

_On_ =gentle= _slope_.

About 30 minutes.--(3) Downhill stemming turns from a traverse in
normal position.

About 20 minutes.--(4) Uphill Christiania swings from direct
descent--at first from a standstill.

About 10 minutes.--(5) Uphill jump round to standstill from slow
traverse.

Total, 2 hours.

_2nd Afternoon._--=Soft= _snow on_ =moderate= _slope_.

About 50 minutes.--(1) Repeat (1) to (3) of first afternoon's
practice, running first in Telemark, then in normal position
when practising the swing.

About 15 minutes.--(2) Uphill Christianias from direct descent.

About 5 minutes.--(3) Uphill jump round to standstill from traverse.

_On_ =gentle= _slope_.

About 40 minutes.--(4) Downhill Telemarks.

About 10 minutes.--(5) Practise positions of jumping ("Sats," &c.)
during a direct descent.

Total, 2 hours.

_3rd Morning._--=Hard= _snow on_ =steep= _slope_ (30°).

About 20 minutes.--(1) Side-slipping (both traversing at various
angles and straight down the slope).

About 20 minutes.--(2) Uphill Christianias from traverse.

_On_ =moderate= _slope_.

About 30 minutes.--(3) Uphill Christianias from direct descent.

About 60 minutes.--(4) Downhill stemming turns.

Repeat (3) and (4) on _steep_ slope if you can.

Total, 2 hours.

_3rd Afternoon._--=Soft= _snow on_ =steep= _slope_.

About 10 minutes.--(1) Telemark-stemming traverses and direct descents.

About 30 minutes.--(2) Uphill Telemarks and Christianias from traverse
in normal position.

_On_ =moderate= _slope_.

About 20 minutes.--(3) Uphill Telemarks from direct descent.

About 60 minutes.--(4) Downhill Telemarks.

Repeat (3) and (4) on _steep_ slope if possible.

Total, 2 hours.

_4th Morning.--Jumping._

Practise the positions first of all while running down a slope of
20° or so, not merely straightening up when making the "Sats," but
springing into the air (legs straight). Then do the same at the
point where an upper slope of about 20° joins a lower one of, say,
25°. Then build a low platform at the same point and practise on
that.

_4th Afternoon._

Short practice run--say, 1000-ft. climb.

_5th Day._

Practice expedition--about 2000-ft. climb.

* * * * *

I do not expect for a moment that a single one of my readers will work through this course in detail exactly as I have set it down, but these suggestions may at least give him something to disagree with and rearrange.

Some further explanation of the arrangement of the first three days' practice may be a help. The idea is that on each day the beginner shall practise both on _hard_ and _soft_ snow (by all means let him find breakable crust, too, for his stepping and jumping round if he wants to be very thorough); that on the first day he learns _braking_ and the elements of _uphill_ turning on _gentle_ slopes, that next day on _steeper_ slopes he learns _braking_, _uphill_ turns, and the elements of _downhill_ turning, and that on the third he learns to _brake_ and turn _uphill_ and, if he can manage it, _downhill_ on _really steep_ slopes. Incidentally he ought to learn quite enough about _straight-running_ to find that the least difficult part of his first practice-run.

The jumping and short-expedition day might very well--perhaps _better_--be taken after the _second_ day's ordinary practice instead of after the _third_, where I have put it.

By cutting the _downhill_ turns out of the three days' practice and learning them later, or by cutting out everything but the various methods of _braking_, the beginner can more quickly make himself efficient and safe (though of course slow) as a tourist if he is in a great hurry to become one. But however he varies his procedure, let him practise on different sorts of snow and slopes of every steepness up to 30° or so from the very first. One mistake that nearly all beginners make is that they never practise on anything like a really steep slope, the result being that the greater part of their practice is pure waste of time, and utterly useless to them when they go for an expedition.

Finally, let me once more urge the beginner to do everything he can to make things easier for himself. One excellent plan if he is very nervous--or even if he is not--is, as Lieutenant Bilgeri suggests, to learn the manoeuvres of the descent _on the level_ at first, by getting under way with a few _running_ steps and then stemming or turning before he loses impetus. Another plan (which should always be followed) is to try the position for every manoeuvre at a _standstill_, and to make sure that it is accurate in every detail before attempting that manoeuvre while running. This can, of course, also be done without skis, indoors. Indoor exercises being a pet fad of mine, I herewith suggest a few as more or less direct aids to ski-ing--if I had not been actually asked to do so, fear of ridicule would have prevented me.

(1) Place heels together and knees touching, and try to turn toes outwards until feet are in a straight line (kick-turn).

(2) Make as wide a straddle as possible, then try to make it wider. Turn toes in as far as possible (snow-plough).

(3) Place yourself in Telemark position, right foot leading, knees pressed inwards. Change with a jump to same position, _left_ foot leading. Repeat quickly, bringing your feet to _exactly_ the same places on the floor that they occupied before, and not letting them point outwards.

(4) Stand on tiptoe, feet parallel and touching. Squat and straighten up again repeatedly.

(5) Stand on one foot, holding the other clear of the floor; sit on the heel and rise again.

(6) Stand on one leg and move the other about in all directions.

(7) Stand with feet parallel and touching. Let yourself slowly fall forwards, saving yourself at the last possible moment by a jump with the feet together. Repeat this in all directions.

(8) Stand with feet in straight line, one in front of the other. Jump as high as you can, land, steadily balanced, on the spot you left.

(9) Practise the "Sats," both methods, also drawing up your legs in the air, saving yourself from a forward fall in each case either by dropping into Telemark position or by a jump forward with both feet together.

(10) Stand with feet parallel and touching, knees together and bent, body slightly stooping. Swing arms and shoulders, and turn head as far round to the right as you can. Reverse position sharply with a _jump_, so that feet then point to the right, shoulders and head full to left. Repeat this quickly.

* * * * *

If you find any of the balancing exercises too easy, try them with your eyes shut. Number (10) may not teach you the "jerked" Christiania, but is highly beneficial to the liver.

FOOTNOTES:

[1] Unless, however, this horizontal grain runs very _straight_ throughout the ski, the vertical arrangement is the better.

[2] If however with a _very narrow_ ski a _very wide_-soled boot is worn, traversing a steep, hard slope becomes uncomfortable, as the projecting sole is then apt to catch in the crust and trip the runner.

[3] The Bilgeri binding, a development of the Lilienfeld, is lighter and less rigid.

[4] No wider a welt, however, than is absolutely necessary. See note, p. 28.

[5] Sold as "griffe Norvégienne."

[6] For the above method of herring-boning I am indebted, through Mr. Rickmers, to Herr Zdarsky.

[7] Soft enough to give steerage way, and free from breakable crust or very soft patches that check the skis suddenly.

[8] If, when one ski crosses the other, you put (or keep) _all_ your weight on the one that is undermost, you can easily withdraw the other and save yourself from falling.

End of Project Gutenberg's How To Ski and How Not To, by Vivian Caulfeild