Chapter II: The Modern Situation (4)

Steel Construction, 461, 470, 471, 473, 478

Steeples (Gloss.), 423

Stele (Gloss.), 14, 132

Stone, use of:
Arches, single stone, 199
Crosses, 18
Cut stone of Persia, 81
Egyptian use of large, 41
Italy, in, 154
Mediæval, in, 241
Obelisks, 43
Polished stone, 18, 19
Primitive use of large, 8, 13, 14, 15, 20
Pyramids, in, 40
Rough Stone age, 18
Sacrificial, 16, 20
Steel construction, in, 473

Stonehenge, 8, 16, 100

Stories, division into:
Arcades, in, 229
Byzantine use, 208, 209
Casa Lonja, in, 402
Escoriál, in, 404
Gothic, German, 306
Italian, 312
Netherlands, 307
Michelangelo’s treatment of, 350
Renaissance, English, 414, 418 421
French, 354, 360, 363, 364
Renaissance use, Netherlands, 407
Sky scrapers, in, 474
Temple of Nippur, in, 66
Wren’s Steeples, in, 423

Strains, 15
Carried by columns, 124
Gothic, 271-2, 285
Hellenic recognition of, 135
Vaulting, in, 166, 270

Stretchers and headers (Gloss.), 424

String course:
Gothic, Italian, 312, 314
Netherlands, 306
Palazzo Vecchio, 360
Queen Anne style, 424
Renaissance, Venetian, 361

Stuart and Revett, discoveries by 436

Stucco, use of (Gloss.):
Doric Temples, in, 121
Egypt, use in, 55
Greek use of, 122
Renaissance, 352
English, 417
German, 393
Venetian, 361
Rococo use of, 389
Tiryns, in, 102

Styles:
Anglo-Classical, 410, 424
Chinese, 428
Churrigueresque, 393, 405
Colonial, 430
Elizabethan, 410
Georgian, 427, 430
Jacobean, 410
Palladian, 368, 370, 402, 418, 424
Plateresque, 398-9, 400
Portico, 424
Queen Anne, 424, 427, 430
Queen Anne Revival, 458

Stylobate (Gloss.):
Asymmetries in, 137
Doric, 122
Ionic, 128
Panthéon, Paris, 443
Parthenon, 138
S. George’s Hall, Liverpool, 438
S. Paul’s, 421

Stylus, use of, 57

Subjective point of view, 4

Symonds, John Addington, 329

Syria, 199
Architectural remains in, 199
Cathedral of Borah, 200
Churches, Kalb-Lauzeh, 200
S. George, Esrah, 200
Turmanin, 200
S. Simeon Stylites, 200
Conquered by Muhammedans, 215
Influence on Byzantine, 202
Mosques:
Dome of the Rock, or, Mosque of Omar, 223
El-Aksah, 223
El-Walid, Damascus, 223

T

Tabernacles (Gloss.), German Gothic, 305
Spanish Renaissance, 398

Tabernæ, in Rome, 159

Taconia, 126

Tampa Tocco, ruins at, 19

Tel-el-Amarna, Ruins at, 55

Temples:
Abydos, at, 53
Agrigentum, 119
Ammon, 51
Aphrodisias, Caria, 193
Apollo at Bassæ, 123
at Miletus, 122
at Naucratis, 128
Assos, at, 126
Athene, at Ægina, 119
Athene Nike, 119, 141-2
Cæsar, 160
Castor and Pollux, 160, 164
Chons, 51
Concord, of, 161
Corinth, at, 118
Costa Rica, ruins at, 20
Deir-el-Bahri, 44
Delos, in, 119
Delphi, at, 119
Diana, 170
Diocletian’s Palace, in, 180
Edfou, at, 54
Egyptian, plans of, 46-50
Erechtheion, The, 121, 129, 131, 136, 141, 165, 193, 436, 438
Etruscan, 155
Hellenic, plans of, Early, 119
Later, 121-123
Hera, of, 111, 117
Hyperboreans, of the, 17
Jerusalem, at, 79, 223
Jupiter, Capitoline, 156, 158
Karnak, at, 44, 50
Luxor, at, 51, 53
Madeleine, The, modelled on, 443
Maison Carrée, 169
Mater Matuta, 170, 171
Medinct Abou, at, 139
Mexico, in, 20
Michelangelo’s adaptations of, 364-5
Minerva Medica, 207
Minoan, no temples, 92
Nebo, at, 62, 67
Nineveh, at, 60
Nippur, at, 66
Olympia, of, 119
Pantheon, Rome, 122, 164, 167-8, 170-1, 348, 372
Parthenon, the, 8, 119, 125, 127, 137, 138, 140, 436
Pasargadæ, at, 75
Philæ, at, 53
Phœbus Apollo, of, 118
Poseidon, of, 118, 119, 125
Rameses II, of, 45
Saturn, 160, 164
Seti II, of, 51
Sippar, at, 57
Sphinx, The Great, 38, 41
Tampu Tocco, 19
Theseum, 119, 193
Tholos, Epidauros, 121, 131
Uri, at, 139
Vesta, Rome, 160, 170
Vesta, Tivoli, 170, 171
Zeus, 111, 122
at Agrigentum, 118, 119
Olympian, 119, 120, 122
Selinas, 119

Tænia (Gloss.), 126

Terraces (Gloss.):
Babylon, Gardens of, 61
Châteaux, of, 379
Machu Picchu, of, 20
Nippur, of, 66
Pasargadæ, of, 81
Persepolis, of, 85
Renaissance examples, 374
S. George’s Hall, Liverpool, 438
Sargon’s Castle, of, 68
Tampu Tocco, 19
Tenochtitlan, of, 20
Versailles, of, 387
Xerxes’ Palace, of, 85

Terracotta (Gloss.):
Etruscans, use by, 155
Renaissance, in, 411
Romans, use by, 168, 182
Roof construction, use in, 122
Steel construction, use in, 473

Tertiary Style, _see_ Flamboyant

Tessera (Gloss.), 168

Tetrastyle (Gloss.), 121

Thatched roofs, 155

Theatres:
Dionysos, of, 143
Ducal theatre, Weimar, 439
Epidauros in Argolis, 143
Federal Street Theatre, Boston, 448
Hellenic Theatres, 142, 145, 173, 175
Marcellus, of, 164
Orange, at, 176
Roman, 173
Royal Theatre, Berlin, 440
Sheldonian, Oxford, 419
Teatro Olympico, 352
Vitruvius’ description of, 144

Thermæ, _see_ Baths

Thessaly, remains at, 89

Thirteenth Century Gothic, _see_ Gothic, Primary

Thrust (Gloss.), 15
Basilicas, in, 178
Gothic, in, 273
Mansard roof, in, 385
Muhammedan arches, 221
Roman arches, in, 166, 170
Vaulting, in, 242, 244, 253

Tiglath-Pileser, Assyrian kings, 59, 60

Tiles (Gloss.):
Alhambra, use in, 227
Assyria, in, 68, 72, 97
Chaldæan, 68
Domes, in, 207
Doric Temples, in, 121, 122, 123
Early Christian churches, in, 201
Greek use, 122
Muhammedan use of, 222
Persian use of, 86, 97, 218, 229
Renaissance, English, 414
Roman use of, 168
Temple of Hera, roof of, 118
Turkish use of, 228

Tiryns, Prehistoric civilisation of, 88
Architecture, 98, 100-2
Resemblance to Etruscan, 155

Tivoli, Temple of Vesta, in, 170-1
Villa of Hadrian, 180-1

Tombs:
Abydos, at, 42
Agamemnon, of, 100
Altun Obu, at, 14
Amenopheum, the, 45
Artaxerxes, of, 76, 82
Atreus, of, 124
Barrows, 13, 14
Beehive, 15, 99
Cæcilia Metella, of, 173
Cassandra, of, 100
Cathedrals, in, 299
Constanza, of, 198
Cyrus, of, 81
Darius I, of, 82-4
Darius II, of, 76, 82
Dolmen, 14
Egyptian Middle Empire, of, 42
Escoriál, of the, 403
Etruscan, 155
Galla Placidia, Rome, 201
Henry VII, Westminster, of, 411
Lycia, in, 99, 130
Mahmud Bijapur, of, 230
Mastabas, 41
Midas, of, 130
Minoan, 90
Muhammedan, 217, 222
Mycenæan, 99
Myra, at, 99
Pasargadæ, at, 75, 81
Persepolis, at, 76, 82
Phrygia, at, 99
Primitive, 14
Queen Hatasu, of, 45
Rameses III, of, 45
Ramesseum, The, 45
S. Sebald, of, 391
Sheik Omar, of, 222
Suleiman and Roxelana, of, 228
Taj Mahal, the, 217, 230
Theban Empire, of, 42
Tholos, the, 99
Wolsey, Cardinal, of, 411
Wren, Sir Christopher, of, 423
Xerxes, of, 82

Torus (Gloss.), pl. Tori, 47
Cnossus, in fresco at, 123
Corinthian, 164
Doric, 124
Ionic, 129

Tours, School of, 376

Towers:
Anglo-Saxon, 254
Angoulême, at, 253
Antwerp Cathedral, 308
Babel, 62
Babylon, 61
Cathedral del Pillar, 401
Châteaux, 378
de Blois, 380
de Chambord, 381
Church of Apostles, Cologne, 259
Cologne Cathedral, 303
Diocletian’s Palace, 180
Durham Cathedral, 256
Earl’s Barton Church, 255
Escoriál, the, 404
Giralda, The, 225
Gothic, English, 274, 289, 298
Netherlandish, 307
Houses of Parliament, 451
Layer Marney, Essex, 411
Madison Square Garden, New York, 226
Malines Cathedral, 408
Nôtre Dame, Paris, 282
Palazzo Vecchio, 359
Renaissance, English, 414
Renaissance, German, 392
Rheims Cathedral, 282
Romanesque, 244
S. Ouen’s, 286
S. Paul’s, 421
Saragossa, La Seo, 401
Sargon’s Castle, 67-8
Town Hall, Brussels, 307
Turmanin Church, 200
Wind, of the, Athens, 121
Woolworth Building, 476
Worms Cathedral, 258
Wren’s Churches, 423

Trabeated (Gloss.), 8

Tracery (Gloss.):
Branch, 305
Double, 304
Early English, 290, 291
Gothic, German, 303, 304
Italian, 310, 312
Netherlandish, 307
Milan, in, 314
Plate, 274-5
Renaissance, French, 378

Transepts (Gloss.):
Cathedrals, English, 289, 298
Cologne Cathedral, 303
Cologne, Church of Apostles, 259
Early Christian Churches, 194
Milan, S. Maria della Grazie, 346
Norwich Cathedral, 246
Nôtre Dame, Paris, 281
S. Paul’s Cathedral, 420-1
Pisa, Cathedral, 247
Romanesque Churches, 241, 244
Santiago de Compostello, 260
Tournai, Cathedral, 307
Worms Cathedral, 258

Transoms (Gloss.), 290
Château de Blois, 380
English Renaissance, 414

Transverse beams (Gloss.), 8

Travertine (Gloss.), use of, 154, 175, 362

“Treatise on Civil Architecture,” (Sir William Chambers), 427

Trefoils, 290, 316

Triada, Palace at, 98

Triclinium (Gloss.), 181

Triforium (Gloss.), 290, 299, 304, 314

Triglyphs (Gloss.):
Coloured, 136
Doric entablature, in, 126
Roman, 164

Triumphant Arches, _see_ Arch

Troubadours, 238, 331

Truss, 296

Tudor Gothic, 288

Tufa (Gloss.), 154, _see_ concrete

Tumuli (Gloss.), 13, 17

Turkish Architecture, 227

Turrets, Gothic, Italian, 312
Château de Chambord, 381
Houses of Parliament, 451
Renaissance, French, 378
German, 392
Holland, 409
Romanesque, Spanish, 260
S. Sulpice, Church of, 389

Tuscan Orders, 155, 174

Tympanum (Gloss.), 135, 171

U

Uffizi, 354

United States, The:
Beaux Arts Training, influence, 463, 464
Capitol, Washington, 446
Chicago Exposition, influence of, 465
Christ Church, Philadelphia, 430
Classical revival, 445
Colonial architecture, 423, 429, 431
Craigie House, 431
Domestic Architecture, 468-9
Engineering problems, 477
English influence, 430
French influence, 441, 445
Gothic Revival, 452-3
Imitative tendency, 466-8
Office Buildings, 469, 475
Old South Church, 430
S. Paul’s, New York, 430
Sherburn House, 431
Steel Construction, 461, 470-7
Trinity Church, New York, 452
White House, The, 446
Woolworth Building, 471, 476

Unity of design (Gloss.), 11, 174, 209, 245

“Universal Mirror,” _see_ “Speculum Universale”

Universities:
Augsburg, 328
Basel, 328
Cambridge, 290, 295, 299
Constantinople, 266
Leyden, 334
London, 438
Nuremburg, 328
Oxford, 257, 288, 293, 295, 299
Salamanca, 399
Strasburg, 328
Virginia, 448

Urbino, 346

Urn, Burial, 155

Usertesen, Obelisk of, 43

V

Vases, Minoan, 90, 91, 97

Mycenæan, 89

Vatican:
Borgia Apartments, 97
Museum, 198
Sistine Chapel, 374
Stanze Apartments, 374

Vault (Gloss.), Vaulting:
Amiens, at, 281, 284
Asymmetries in, 69, 70
Barrel vaults, 42, 70-1, 209, 242, 253, 260, 373
Basilicas, in, 177
Byzantine use of, 204, 208
Certosa, The, in, 313
Chaldæan, 71
Cross Groined, 167, 178, 242, 250, 253, 271-2
Decorated, 168
Dome or semidome, 167
Egyptian use of, 53
Escoriál, in, 404
Fan Vaults, 295
Gothic, 270
English, 287, 293, 298
French, 252
German, 304
Italian, 314
Lombard, 310
Spanish, 309
Groin, 178, 242, 250, 253
Hindu use of, 230
Liernes, 294
Madeleine, in the, 443
Muhammedan use of, 222, 229
Norman use of, 256
Nôtre Dame, 281
Palais de Justice, Liège, 406
Pendentive Vaults, 295
Persian use of, 229
Pointed Groin Vault, 253
Renaissance, Spanish, 401
Rib and panel, 294
Rib Vault, 243, 249, 272
Romanesque, 241-2
Rhenish, 259
Spanish, 260
Roman use of, 166-7, 173, 175
Rudimentary, 15
S. Andrea, Mantua, 345, 368
S. Lorenzo, Florence, 343
S. Mark’s, Venice, 209
S. Spirito, Florence, 367
Sainte Chapelle, in, 285
Semicylindrical, vaulting, 167
Sexpartite, 254
Skew Vault, 254
Stellar vaulting, 294
Temple of Diana, Nîmes, 170
Tiercerons, 294

Vaults:
Foundations of Adelphi Terrace, 428
S. Francisco, Rimini, in, 345

Vega, Lope de, 330

Velarium, 174, 176

Veneer:
Byzantine use of, 203
Italian Gothic exterior, in, 311
Muhammedan use of, 222
Roman use of, 168
S. Stefano Rotondo, in, 199
Sphinx Temple, in, 41
Turkish Mosques, in, 228

Venice:
Byzantine Influence in, 352
Ca d’Oro, 360
Cornaro Palace, 354
Doge’s Palace, 210, 315
Gothic architecture, 315-16
Gvimane Palace, 355
Il Redentore, Church of, 352
Library of San Giorgio, 344
Library of San Marco, 354, 365
Lido, Fortifications at, 355
Renaissance in, 352-6
S. Giorgio dei Greci, 354
S. Giorgio Maggiore, 352
S. Maria della Salute, 356
S. Maria dei Miracoli, 353
S. Mark’s, 209, 210, 248, 252
S. Zaccaria, 353
Scuolo di S. Marco, 354
Trade centre, a, 265, 353
Vendramini Palace, 354, 360
Zecca, The, 354

Verandah, 432

Verona:
Bevilacqua Palace, 355
Canossa Palace, 355
Pompeii Palace, 355

Vesta, Temple of, 160

Vestibules (Gloss.), 101, 102, 120

Vicenza, 351
Mediæval Basilica, 352
Palazzo Barbarano, 352
Palazzo Capitania, 352

Villa Rotonda, 352

Villas:
Chiswick on Thames, 352, 426
Farnesina, the, 347
House of Pansa, 181
Pompeii, at, 181
Pope Julius III, of, 348
Roman Villas, 181, 400
Villa Capra, 426
Villa Madama, 347
Villa of Hadrian, Tivoli, 180
Villa Rotonda, 352

Vincent of Beauvais, writings of, 266, 312

Virgil, 436

Vitruvius, descriptions of, 122, 144, 155, 182, 351, 352

Vogüé, Marquis of, Explorations in Syria, 199

Volutes (Gloss.), 131
Assyrian ornament, in, 131
Ionic ornament, in, 130
Persian ornament, in, 87
Roman ornament, in, 164

Voussoirs (Gloss.):
Cloaca Maxima, in, 156
Concrete construction compared, 166
Dome of Cathedral, Florence, in, 343
Mosque of Kait Bey, in, 224

Vriendt, Cornelius de, book of ornament, 393

W

Wainscots (Gloss.):
Alhambra, in, 227
Colonial use, 432
English Renaissance, in, 417
Musée Plantin-Moretus, 408

Wall Decoration in marble:
Chaldæan, 71-2
Early Christian churches, 196
Egyptian, 41, 48
Florence, S. Maria Novella, 345
Italian Gothic, 311, 316
Renaissance use, 354, 393
Romanesque use, 246, 249
Roman use, 168, 172
Turkish, 228
Venetian use, 354

Wall Painting:
Assyrian use of, 72
Capitol, Washington, 447
Cnossus, at, 93, 96, 97, 102, 123
Egyptian use of, 45, 48
English-Norman, 257
Etruscan, 155
Hellenic, 136
Italian-Gothic, 311
Minoan, 91
Odeion of Herodes Atticus, 146
Panthéon, Paris, 443
Pyramid of Onas, 40
Raphael’s Stanze, Vatican, 194,374
Renaissance, in, 339
Romans, use by, 168, 181
S. Paul’s-without-the-walls, 197
S. Stefano Rotondo, in, 199
Tiryns, in, 102

Walter, Thomas Ustic, 447

Water, use of:
Assyrian, 56
Early Christian Churches, 194
Egyptian, 30
Minoan, 93, 97, 98, 101
Muhammedan, 217, 218
Persian, 86
Roman, 176, 181, 182-3

Weighing Houses of Holland, 409

Winckelmann’s critical studies, 436

Windows:
Alhambra, of, 226-7
Anglo-Saxon, 254
Angoulême, Cathedral of, 253
Arcade type, 362
Assyria, 70
Blenheim Castle, of, 426
Ca d’Oro, 360
Campanile, of, 252
Cancellaria, of, 363
Casa Lonja, 402
Château de Blois, 380
Château de Chambord, 381
Clerestory, 49
Colonial, 431-2
Crete, in, 93
Cyrus’s Palace, 83
Doge’s Palace, 316
Doric Temple, 122, 126
Egyptian use, 47, 50, 55
Escoriál, the, 404
Giralda, of the, 225
Gothic, 274-276
English, 290, 291
German, 304, 316
Italian, 310, 312
Netherlandish, 307
Hôtel des Invalides, of, 388
Iffley Church, of, 257
Lantern of Galla Placidia, 201
Louvre, of the, 383, 384, 385
Milan Cathedral, in, 313
Modern necessity for, 438
Muhammedan, 222
Norman, 255
Order type, 362
Oriel, 414
Palace of Charles V, in, 403
Palace of Diocletian, in, 196
Palazzo Riccardi, in, 359-60
Vecchio, 359-60
Vendramini, 360
Palladian design, 370
Perpendicular style, 271
Primitive, 20
Queen Anne Style, 424
Renaissance, English, 414, 417
French, 378
German, 392-3, 395-6
Spanish, 399, 400
Romanesque treatment of, 242, 244, 245
Spanish, 260
Roman treatment of, 172, 178
Rose or wheel, 251, 271
S. Peter’s, of, 372
S. Sophia’s, of, 208
Sainte Chapelle, of, 285
Sky-scrapers, of, 475
Tampu Tocco, at, 19
Tiryns, at, 101
Venetian Renaissance, of, 362
Whitehall Palace, of, 418
Worms, Cathedral, of, 258
Xerxes, Palace, of, 86
York Minster, of, 298

Wings:
Capitol, Washington, in, 446-7
English Renaissance houses, in, 414
Friedrichsbau, in, 394
Heinrichsbau, in, 394
Louvre, of the, 383, 444
Luxembourg, of the, 387
Whitehall, of, 418

Wyatt, 335

Wycliffe, 335

X

Xerxes I, of Persia, 76
Invades Hellenic States, 108
Palace, 85 _et seq._
Tent, in Odeion of Pericles, 145

Z

Zecca (the mint), Venice, 354

Zeus, 101, 128
Temple of, 111, 122

Ziggurat (Gloss.), 66-67, 73

Zoroaster, 78

Zoroastrianism, 78, 81

BIBLIOGRAPHY

GENERAL.

Cummings, Charles A. History of Architecture in Italy. Boston:
Houghton, Mifflin & Co. 1901. 2 vols.

Fergusson, James. History of Modern Architecture. 1873.

Fletcher, Bannister. A History of Architecture. London.

Hamlin, A. D. F. Text Book of the History of Architecture. 1898.
Longmans, Green & Co.

Joseph, Dr. D. Geschichte der Baukunst. Berlin: Bruno Hessling. 4
v. 1902-09.

Simpson, F. M. A History of Architectural Development. London:
Longmans, Green & Co. 1905. 3 vols.

Stratham, H. Heathcote. A Short Critical History of Architecture.
London: B. T. Batsford. 1912.

Sturgis, Russell. A History of Architecture. New York: Doubleday,
Page Co. 1906-1915. 4 vols.

Sturgis, Russell. European Architecture. A historical study. New
York: Macmillan & Co. 1896.

Wallis, Frank E. How to Know Architecture. New York: Harper & Bros.
1910.

EGYPTIAN.

Bell, Edward. The Architecture of Ancient Egypt. London: G. Bell &
Sons. 1915.

King, L. W. and H. R. Hall. Egypt and Western Asia: in the light of
recent discoveries. London: Soc. for Promoting Christian Knowledge.
1907.

BABYLONIAN AND ASSYRIAN.

Handcock, Percy S. P. Mesopotamian Archæology; an introduction to
the archæology of Babylonia and Assyria. London: Macmillan & Co.
1912.

Koldewey, Robert. The excavations at Babylon. Translated by A. S.
Johns. London: Macmillan & Co. 1914.

MUHAMMEDAN.

Saladin, H. L’architecture. Paris: A. Picard & Fils. 1907. (Manuel
d’art musulman.)

GOTHIC.

Bond, Francis. Gothic Architecture in England. London: B. T.
Batsford. 1905.

Bumpus, T. Francis. Guide to Gothic Architecture. New York: Dodd
Mead Co. 1914.

Cram, Ralph A. The Gothic Quest.

Gonse, Lewis. L’Art Gothique. Paris: Maison Quantin. (1890.)

Jackson, T. G. Gothic Architecture in France, England and Italy.
Cambridge University Press. 2 v. 1915.

West, G. H. Gothic Architecture in England and France. London: G.
Bell and Son. 1911.

RENAISSANCE.

Anderson, Wm. J. Architecture of the Renaissance in Italy. London:
B. T. Batsford. 1896.

Gotch, J. Alfred. Early Renaissance Architecture in England.
London: B. T. Batsford. 1914.

Moore, C. H. Character of Renaissance Architecture. New York:
Macmillan & Co. 1905.

ORNAMENT.

Goodyear, William H. The Grammar of the Lotus. Sampson Low. London.
1891. Architectural Record (articles in), Vol. II, No. 4; Vol. III,
Nos. 2, 3, 4.

Hamlin, A. D. F. The History of Ornament: Century Co. 1916.

ASYMMETRIES.

Goodyear, William H. Greek Refinements. Yale University Press.
1912. Architectural Record (articles in), Vol. VI, Nos. 1, 2, 3, 4;
Vol. VII, Nos. 1, 2, 3; Vol. XVI, Nos. 2, 5, 6; Vol. XVII, No. 1.
American Architect (articles in), 1909, 1910, 1911. American
Journal of Archæology (articles in), Vol. XIV, No. 4; Vol. XV, No.
3. Yale Quarterly Review, 1912, April.

FOOTNOTES:

[1] An exception occurs in a temple at =Assos=, where the architrave is decorated.

[2] It was sometimes used in connection with the Doric order, as in the case of the =Tholos at Epidauros=, where the internal circle of columns is of the Corinthian order.

[3] A corresponding curvature in plan has also been discovered in Egyptian architecture, for example, in the Second Temple Court at =Medinct Abou=.

[4] Erected eighty years after the death of Euripides, whose plays, like those of Æschylus and Sophocles, were performed in temporary theatres.

[5] Note the similarity of this portico to the projection from the back of an Elizabethan stage.

[6] The reader may be reminded that longitudinal is in the direction of the nave from west to east, transverse, across the nave, at right angles, while the “diagonals” span the bay obliquely.

[7] The above was written before the revolting desecration of Belgium by the German invasion.

End of Project Gutenberg's How to Study Architecture, by Charles H. Caffin