Chapter II: Part 2

Most people can float in salt water, no matter what may be their build. In learning, the first movement is to gradually throw the body on the back, arching the spine, keeping the chest well inflated, crossing the arms over and back on the head, the thumbs locked or fingers touching, which latter movement tends to increase the expansion of the chest and thus make the body more floatable. If the legs are kept straight out and together the beginner will find that their weight in this position, in most cases, has a tendency to sink the body. This can be overcome by drawing up the lower limbs and extending them slightly apart and keeping them bent, which will have the effect of more evenly balancing the body, and then, later on, when the swimmer masters control of the breathing, so that the lungs can be kept partly inflated all the time, he will find that the legs can be gradually extended until they are straight, when the position in the water will be more graceful. Because of their lighter bony structure and increased tissue, women learn to float easier than men, while stout persons, being more floatable, master floating quicker than slim people. But the latter need not despair of learning, for the best floating and the most graceful work I have ever seen of this kind has been performed by comparatively slim people, who have caught on to the proper equipoise of the body and overcome the tendency of the legs to sink. Floating does not properly belong to the elementary part of swimming, as there is considerable skill required and much practice needed before those who do not float naturally can accomplish the art; but, as the ability to float means so much in ornamental and scientific swimming, the novice is advised to learn to float as soon as possible. Double floating is much easier than single floating, as each of the two performers aids the other in supporting the feet and lower limbs, the parts that have a tendency to sink.

At the seashore nothing can be more pleasant than to go out beyond the breakers and float on the back and be buoyed up and down by the hidden power of the sea, and if one is tired from battling with the strong waves, it is only necessary to turn over on the back, a little farther out, on the long swell of the big rollers, and get thoroughly rested before coming in again.

Of Riverton, N. J.; the World’s Greatest Long-Distance Endurance Swimmer.]

THREE OF THE WORLD’S GREATEST SWIMMERS AND RECORD-HOLDERS.]

Brookline (Mass.) High School. Greatest Scholastic Speed Swimmer in the World. 100 Yards, 56 2-5s.; 220 Yards, 2m. 29 3-5s. Princeton, N. J., February 12, 1916.]

Stanford University, California; 20 years of age (1916); 6 feet 1
inch; 207 pounds. 50 yards, 24 2-5 seconds; 100 yards, 56 seconds;
220 yards, 2 minutes 21 3-5 seconds; one mile, 23 minutes 22
seconds; 150 yards on back, 1 minute 56 seconds; plunge, 65 feet.]

Diving

Shallow Dive

Diving is a necessary part of a swimmer’s knowledge, and once the learner has mastered the simple strokes, there is but one way to enter the water—head first. What is known as the low or shallow dive is not only the best for the beginner, but is useful when one advances to the racing stage in their experience, while being the easiest to learn. To make a good dive, stand perfectly erect, with the hands first placed at the sides of the body, the position being the same as you would assume when making a broad jump. Then bend the legs slightly, draw the arms back of the body and spring forward, getting the arms in front of the head, palms downward, the thumbs touching, entering the water with a shallow dive, keeping the feet and legs close together, without bending at the knees while entering the water. As soon as you make the plunge point the hands upward and the body will come to the surface at once, inclining always as the hands are pointed; for, if you should point the hands downward, then the body would descend. To learn to dive, a little confidence is needed more than anything else, and after you have made your first effort, which, on account of timidity, is usually a little awkward, it will be a matter of a short time only when you will catch on to the idea, after which you will never think of jumping in the water, the pleasure and sensation attending a dive always being fascinating. Of course, there are other forms of diving, such as the high dive, running header, etc.; but these can be mastered later on, when the pupil has advanced to a higher point in the art, when they will be found to be easy of accomplishment, and you will be ambitious to excel in all the various ornamental and difficult water feats of the expert swimmer.

Running Header

Probably the most interesting kind of a dive is known as the running header. This kind of a plunge admits of considerable artistic execution and finish, and to see a good diver run and spring upward and forward into the air and then poise and control the body, turning it in such a manner as to enter the water gracefully, keeping all the limbs rigid and cutting the water sharply like a knife, without making any splash, is a great treat. The running header is usually made from a spring-board, extending over the water or from the end of the bath. The swimmer takes a short run, similar to that taken by a high or broad jumper, in order to give sufficient impetus or force to the springing or forward movement. Then soaring upward and outward he shoots through the air, keeping the body straight until the declining turn toward the water is made, when a sudden twist of the body is given and the diver enters the water in a slanting position, keeping the upper and lower limbs straight and close together, the arms extended beyond the head, with the palms of the hands or fingers touching in a wedge-like manner.

Back Dive

The back dive is always an interesting swimming feat. It brings into play considerable gymnastic ability, but, on account of the confidence the performer has as to the certainty that the water will not hurt him much, barring a slight sting to the flesh, should he come down flat on his back, it does not require so much courage, in attempting the first trial, as tumbling on land, in which the back dive may be in a measure likened. While it is possible to make a good back dive from a rigid base, it can be more artistically made from the springing board. The diver stands erect, with his back towards the water. The hands are first held down to and close by the side. The person stands on the edge of the pool on the diving board, resting on the toes alone, the rest of the feet extended over the water. At the movement of making the spring, the diver lowers the body by bending the knees, while at the same time he extends his arms back of the body and then by a quick and sudden movement brings them forward, simultaneously with throwing the head back and entering the water very much the same as the forward dive. When properly done, the back dive is a beautiful method of entering the water.

Diving Feet Foremost

To enter the water, diving feet foremost, is a difficult thing to do, but when such a plunge is nicely made it usually comes in for a good share of merited approval. Most of the ornamental and difficult swimming movements are usually performed in tanks or at swimming gatherings, where there is an audience, and the spectators, who know very little about scientific strokes, are interested, amused and entertained by these other performances, among which none ranks higher than plunging feet foremost. As in other forms of diving and plunging, the swimmer stands on the edge of the pool or starting station, and, taking the usual breath, leaps outward, feet foremost, much like jumping in the water, throwing the arms behind and over the head and entering the water feet first, instead of head first. The body must be well thrown back, and the legs straightened and kept perfectly rigid while entering the water. One must jump well out and be sure to judge the distance safely in order that there be no danger of striking the upper part of the body on the ledge of the bath, pier or wharf, as the case may be.

The number of ornamental feats in swimming is almost unlimited, according to the ability and ingenuity of the performer; but, in addition to the above-described movements, such figures as porpoise swimming, where the expert describes, by going under and over the water, the swimming of a porpoise; imitation of a torpedo, the head and body being submerged and the feet above the water, the swimmer propelling himself with the hands, the feet alone showing above the water; the back and front somersaults, which are really swimming gymnastics; sculling on the back, using feet and hands only; imitation of a bicycle rider, etc., etc., all of which can be mastered by a clever swimmer with practice.

The Propeller

To perform the propelling trick it is necessary that the swimmer be able to float well, for by that means the body is supported in the water, while the hands, extended beyond the head, the back of the hands pointing downwards, propel the swimmer, feet foremost, through the water. Place the body on or near the surface of the water as possible, lying on the back, the feet and legs fully extended and close together, the hands beyond the head, also in a straight line. Then, by a vigorous sculling movement of the hands against the water, the body is sent gradually but steadily forward, the quick action of the hands against the water having the same effect in driving the body forward as the propeller of a boat. Some pretty turning movements like the directing of the course of a boat with a rudder can be made by propelling with one hand only or each alternately, as the case may be, as, by sculling with the right hand, the body will glide or take an opposite course, while the left hand movement will direct to the right.

Marching on the Water

Until one sees the swimmer march on the water its title is somewhat misleading. It is not a difficult method of progression through the water, after one catches on to the idea. Place yourself in a floating position, with the arms folded across the breast or the hands crossed back of the head, with the fingers locked. Then by bending the knees and drawing up the legs slowly, one after the other, keeping the toes pointed straight out in the upward movement, so as to have as little resistance as possible against the water. Straighten out the limb, turning the toes upward toward the knee, making a downward stroke with the leg, bringing the calf against the water with pressure enough to draw the body along. The upward, or negative movement, as we said before, must be slowly executed, while the downward, or positive movement, should be performed with some force against the water, the locomotion, feet foremost, the alternate action being the same as in walking. As it is not possible to get much power from the positive movements, marching on the water is therefore not a rapid means of gliding along.

Swimming on the Back

Swimming on the back is one of the simplest of the natatorial exercises, and one of the easiest methods to learn, besides being absolutely necessary in life-saving, as well as useful as a means of resting after swimming a long while on the breast or side. The movements of the legs are very much the same as in the breast stroke, except that the knees are kept farther apart. The best way to learn to swim on the back is to place yourself in the water on the back, the same as you would when floating. This position can be easily attained by holding the arms straight down close to the sides, the hands pointing toward the feet, and by giving a few sculling movements with the hands, you will at once get into a good floating position. Now slowly open the legs apart, while at the same time extending the arms beyond the head and bring the legs together with a vigorous kick, holding the arms beyond the head for an instant until all the momentum from the kick is expended. At the second movement the arms are brought back to their former position, describing an arc and catching the water with the palms of the hands somewhat like an oar, which helps to send the swimmer ahead, repeating the movements as before.

When tired, swimming on the back is useful as a means of resting the muscles used in the other strokes.

Long-Distance Endurance Swimming

American swimmers have made some wonderful strides in long-distance swimming and tests of endurance in the past few years, until now our records over distance and time immersions stand out prominently among the world’s greatest watermen.

Over the very long and tiresome routes our swimmers use various strokes, some of them relying on the breast stroke, others using the over-arm side stroke, but most of them stick to the double-over-arm stroke (sometimes called the Trudgeon), the latter method affording an opportunity for putting more continuous power to the stroke, which makes for greater speed; besides, this method makes the swimmer breathe regularly and with precision on each stroke and is useful in both rough and smooth water.

Space will not admit of recounting the numerous performances made by the various distance swimmers of this country, but all the leading record authorities and writers on swimming have agreed on Charles B. Durborow of Riverton, N. J., the big Philadelphia bank clerk, as the foremost long-distance and greatest mileage swimmer in the world.

Durborow is thirty-four years old (1916); weight, 210 pounds; height, 6 feet; swims the double-over-arm stroke, and has been swimming since 1907. He swims about 600 miles a year, and has covered over 5,000 miles in ten years. In his training, particularly before he begins his very long swims, he does a lot of rowing over long routes, and generally rows about 2,000 miles a year. He is the only swimmer who has ultimately conquered every swim he ever tried. He never takes any nourishment during a swim, and is always at his work the next day after a big feat, none the worse for wear.

Among the hundreds of big swims made by Durborow, the following record of ten of his greatest performances, some of which have never been equalled by another swimmer, stamp him as the leading distance swimmer in the world:

Thirty-four miles, 12 hours and 44 minutes, from Arch Street wharf,
Philadelphia, to one mile below Market Street wharf, Chester, and
return to Washington Avenue wharf, Philadelphia, Delaware River,
July 10, 1910.

Ten miles, 7 hours and 59 minutes, from Flat Rock Dam to
Conshohocken and return, Schuylkill River, July 24, 1910.

Twelve miles, 5 hours and 53 minutes, from the million-dollar pier,
Atlantic City, N. J., across the mouth of Great Egg Harbor Bay,
over the bar to the beach, at Tenth Street, Ocean City, N. J., in
Atlantic Ocean, June 25, 1911.

Forty-two and forty-three-one-hundredths miles, 14 hours, 15
minutes and 31 seconds, from Cape May, N. J., across the mouth of
Delaware Bay to Broadkill Shoals, Delaware, Atlantic Ocean and
Delaware Bay, July 1, 1912.

Thirteen miles, 8 hours, 12 minutes and 13 seconds, from the
Charlestown Bridge to Boston Light, Boston Harbor, July 27, 1913.

Thirty-two and one-half miles, 12 hours and 52 minutes, from Walnut
Street, Philadelphia, to one-eighth of a mile below Market Street,
Chester, Pa., and return to Washington Avenue, Philadelphia,
Delaware River, June 27, 1914.

Twenty-two miles, 8 hours and 46 minutes, from the Battery, New
York City, to Sandy Hook Beacon, Sandy Hook, N. J., New York
Harbor, July 19, 1914.

Twenty-six miles, 9 hours and 8 minutes, from Riverton, N. J., to
Bristol, Pa., and return to Riverton, N. J., upper Delaware River,
May 28, 1916.

Twenty-two miles, 8 hours and 42 minutes, from Cape Charles, Va.,
across the mouth of Chesapeake Bay to Cape Henry, Va., Atlantic
Ocean (swam outside the capes), June 23-24, 1916.

Thirty-six and one-half miles, 13 hours and 30 minutes, from Market
Street, Chester, Pa., to Penn Treaty Park, Philadelphia, and return
to Market Street, Chester, Pa., and then on the third tide to
Eddystone, Pa., Delaware River, September 9-10, 1916.

Philadelphia Turngemeinde; American Champion Sprint Swimmer and Record-holder.]

New Rochelle, N. Y.; American Champion Middle-Distance Swimmer and Record-holder.]

1. Gertrude Artelt, P. T. G.; 2.. Helen Pennepacker, P. T. G.;
Middle Atlantic champion diver; 3. Elizabeth Becker, P. T. G.; 4.
Josephine Bartlett, Metropolitan champion diver.

A QUARTETTE OF FAST GIRL SWIMMERS AND DIVERS.]

Left to right—Bessie Ryan, fast Philadelphia swimmer and frequent
prize-winner; Florence McLoughlin, First Regiment (Philadelphia),
America’s greatest juvenile swimmer; Anna C. Kean, Lansdowne, Pa.,
Ocean City to Atlantic City (in sea), 8h. 28m., and 26 miles,
Delaware River, 11h. 8m. 41 2-5s.]

Women and Girl Swimmers

Probably no other form of exercise or competitive sport among women and girls has advanced so rapidly in the United States as that of swimming, and with the recognition of women swimmers by registration in the Amateur Athletic Union, contests and championship events have been held in various cities throughout the United States, from the Atlantic to the Pacific, with the result that our women swimmers are rapidly coming to the front in speed swimming, and their records at various distances are very close to the best world’s marks for those of their sex.

Women make better swimmers than men, when equally skilled in the art, and while they do not quite approach the speed times of the men, because of the difference in muscular strength and power, they are more graceful than men in the water, practice more frequently, make less fuss about it, and get a lot of physical benefit from their favorite pastime.

A woman, being of lighter bony structure, with more flesh than a man in proportion to her size and weight, and with a different physical formation of body, gets a better equipoise in the water, with the result that most all women float naturally; in fact, after they learn to swim, very few of them have to make any effort to stay on top of the water, which gives them a confidence not usually seen among men swimmers; and, as nature has endowed them with a much better circulation than men, they are able to stay in the water and stand a lower temperature than the opposite sex without getting chilled.

Miss Olga Dorfner of the Philadelphia Turngemeinde has shown herself to be the fastest short-distance speed swimmer in this country in contests up to 220 yards, at which distances she has defeated all comers, and she holds the American records over these routes. She swims an excellent crawl stroke, and the following times, most of them American records for women, shows her top class as a sprint swimmer: 40 yards, 22 seconds; 50 yards, 29 seconds; 60 yards, 39 seconds; 80 yards, 53 seconds; 100 yards, 1 minute 8 4-5 seconds; 220 yards, 3 minutes 5 1-5 seconds.

Miss Claire Galligan, of New Rochelle, is the best middle distance swimmer among our girls, having defeated all the other aspiring contestants in races over 220 yards. Miss Galligan has swam 100 yards in 1 minute 9 seconds; 220 yards in 3 minutes 4 1-5 seconds; 440 yards in 7 minutes 6 3-5 seconds; half mile in 15 minutes 15 2-5 seconds, and one mile in 31 minutes 19 3-5 seconds. She uses a four-beat Trudgeon-crawl stroke, and is almost certain to break many more women’s swimming records, as she is increasing in speed all the time.

Gertrude Artelt, Philadelphia Turngemeinde, is coming on fast at sprint swimming, having now a record of 1 minute 13 2-5 seconds for 100 yards, while her team-mate, Elizabeth Becker, from the same organization, has covered 220 yards in a race in 3 minutes 13 1-5 seconds, with very fast times for the shorter distances.

Bessie Ryan of the First Regiment Swimming Pool, Philadelphia, is a coming fast swimmer who invariably wins a prize every time she competes. Her 100 yards time is 1 minute 15 seconds, her 220 yards 3 minutes 35 seconds, and all this in her first year of competition.

Florence McLaughlin of the First Regiment Swimming Pool, Philadelphia, was the most remarkable juvenile swimmer and diver in this country and her many records and prizes over all distances stamp her as a great swimmer.

Miss Anna C. Kean of Lansdowne, Pa., swam from Ocean City to Atlantic City, 12 miles in the sea, August 21, 1916, in 8 hours and 28 minutes, and on September 18, 1916, swam 26 miles in the Delaware River in 11 hours 8 minutes 41 3-5 seconds, this performance being the longest swim ever made by a woman in the world under same conditions.

Modern Methods of Life-Saving

It is often remarked by those who have a very limited knowledge of swimming matters, that it is the good swimmer who gets drowned. This is a very erroneous impression and one that will not bear investigation.

It is the fellow who thinks he is a good swimmer and who usually tries some fool-hardy stunt which he is not competent to undertake, who loses his life. Besides, this sort of chap may be a fair swimmer, but he does not get any practice, and probably overeats before going into the water, and goes far out beyond his depth, forgetting that he has to come back again, and when his muscles and wind, which are not accustomed to the extra tax, give out, loses his head, gulps a big shipment of water, and then the excitement strangles him and brings on heart-failure and he is gone for good. He is not literally drowned, he is shocked to death, for I mean to say it, and most medical men and other experts competent to judge will bear out my statement when I tell you that there are very few people drowned in the water, and that most of the deaths occur from heart-failure, as I have stated above, while the fact that many of the drowning cases in the surf are found floating face down, show that the shock has closed up the epiglottis, and no water has penetrated the stomach or lungs.

But until everyone who attends school is taught to swim and be competent to take care of themselves in the water under all conditions, life-saving must be part of the educational work of swimming, in fact, made a strong feature of natatorial instruction; therefore, it behooves the skilled swimmer to learn the best ways to approach a person in the water who may need help, and better still, to know how to release one’s self from the death-grip of a drowning person.

The chief don’t that I would emphasize is that, unless you are a good swimmer yourself, and know how to keep cool in times of excitement such as when a boat overturns, or some one is suddenly precipitated in the water, you had better not attempt a rescue, for, while it is very commendable to be a hero, unless you know what you are about, two people will lose their lives instead of one. However, if you are cool, and can swim well, to approach a person in the right way, break any hold they may take on you, and tow them into shore and out of danger, is but a simple task, although if you have to go quite a distance, it may tire you a lot, but you will have that glorious satisfaction of having saved a life of a fellow brother.

In attempting a rescue, never approach a person from in front, if you can possibly avoid it, and you invariably can, unless you are in a boat with them and you are suddenly thrown in the water, and coming up near someone they may grasp you before you have time to get back of them. Always get back of them and then it will be easy to grasp them by the various holds that are herein described, and by telling them to keep cool, easily tow them to shore.

The most likely grip to be taken by the drowning person is for them to grasp you by the wrists, if in front of them. This is a very easy hold to break, for, by turning your elbows up suddenly and your hands down and outward, they will have to release because they have no clutch on you but the thumb-hold. After effecting the releases, you can turn the person around, so you will be back of them and then bring them in by the holds here explained and illustrated.

A most dangerous hold is for the person to grasp you around the neck with both arms, and clutching you tight, draw you very close to them in a strangle-hold. When this hold is taken, you must put your right arm under their left shoulder, placing your thumb and forefinger tightly over their nose and shutting off the wind, while you press your left hand against his back, drawing him to you and pushing his head back. Be strong and rough about it if necessary, as you will not hurt him, and very soon, because he cannot get his breath, he will release his hold, and then you must turn him around quickly on his back and the rest will be easy, especially if you assure him that there is no danger if he will not try to struggle.

Another hold that looks as if it might be very hard to break is the back strangle-hold, where the excited one grasps you from behind around the neck with both arms. You must at once take hold of both of his hands with your hands, throw your head back with all the force you can, knocking him a hard blow on the nose with the back of your head, and then by ducking your head down under water, you will be able to get free, but you must keep hold of one of his hands in order to turn him around as in the other holds, in order not to lose your grip so you can tow him to safety.

Towing the subject to shore, of course, is much easier than breaking the holds. One of the very easy methods is to grasp the person by the hair of the head, unless he be bald, and as the body is easy to carry this way and floats well, you can use both your lower limbs and one arm to tow him to shore or to the upturned boat or canoe, if the latter is near, for it is not wise to go further than necessary, for someone will be very apt to come to your assistance if you hold on to the craft, and numerous cases are on record of the rescuer becoming exhausted when having to carry a person very far.

If you are swimming with a friend or near another person who gets tired, it is the easiest thing in the world to help him, for all you have to do is to ask him to place his forefingers of both hands upon your shoulders, he lying on his back, his feet kept close together and between your legs, and then you swim the breast stroke, and as you have the use of all your limbs, the person will be very easy to carry for a long distance, providing you swim easy and slowly and do not try to hurry.

Another method of carrying is by the neck and arm hold, where you turn the person on their side, grasping them with one arm around and under the neck and over their shoulder, to prevent them from struggling, and you can then swim on your side, using one arm under water and getting a side-stroke kick, having the person entirely under your control, in a case where he might be struggling to release himself.

More people’s lives are now saved annually than at any time before in the world’s history, on account of the advanced ideas now in vogue in connection with the resuscitation of the apparently drowned, and with the latest and best method now used, called the Schaefer method, it is easier to bring the person who is recovered from the water, when not submerged too long, back again to life by producing artificial respiration, and restoring circulation, if life is not already extinct.

As soon as the person’s body is recovered, he is placed face down on the beach or some flat place, preferably with the head at the lowest point, in order that any water that may be in the stomach or lungs will be more readily gotten out. The face is turned to one side, the tongue pulled out and fastened by a rubber band, a string, or held out by an assistant, so it will stay out and not fall back again into the mouth and close up the passage-way. The hands are extended straight out beyond the head. The operator kneels down on one knee, grasps the sides of the body just below the lower ribs, making pressure steadily and firmly inwards and upwards, and releasing suddenly, the idea being to make the lungs work something like a rubber ball would act after pressure and on sudden release, or in other words producing an artificial gasp, for the purpose of bringing back respiration, for when this is accomplished, the circulation will be restored, and by keeping the patient warm and rubbing the limbs you will be able to bring the apparently dead back to life.

The work of the operator must not be too quickly done, but timed in keeping with your own or natural breathing, and it is better to have another person ready to take up the work when you are tired and thus work in relays, persisting for a long time if necessary, or until medical help can be obtained, for as long as there is life in the body, even though animation be suspended, there is hope.

HIGH DIVE.

Competitive Diving

The illustrations of various styles of diving have been taken from the prospectus issued for the benefit of intending competitors at the last Olympic Games, held at Stockholm, Sweden, in 1912. The text for the regulation of diving contests has been taken bodily from Rule 55 of the Amateur Athletic Union handbook.

The Amateur Athletic Union is the governing body of amateur athletic sport in the United States and every amateur swimmer who expects to enter in races or competition of any kind should be registered with his local association of the Amateur Athletic Union in order to prevent being disqualified.

Regulations for Diving Competitions

_Instruction to Judges._ In making awards for points for each dive the judges shall have regard to the character of the respective dive to be performed, and shall take into consideration: The manner of the dive (proper carriage, confidence and form), the force and speed of the dive, the entrance into the water and how the run or take-off is performed. When judging the carriage the individuality of the diver should be taken into consideration. The bearing in the air should be natural, easy, supple and graceful. When performing plain head dives, the head should be erect, back hollowed, legs closed with feet turned back, arms supple and fingers closed. The start should be made gracefully, with confidence and in a bold manner; in running dives the force and energy imparted should be considered. The entrance into the water should be made without splashing and with good carriage of the body.

For each dive each judge shall award points according to the following scale:

Points.
Unsuccessful attempt 0
Bad dive 3
Fair dive 6
Good dive 8
Excellent dive 10

The judges may mark points and half points between those mentioned in the above scale, but 10 shall be the highest possible that can be awarded by any judge.

An unsuccessful attempt is one in which the competitor has failed to perform the dive nominated.

In all jackknife dives the competitor should enter the water within six feet from the take-off.

All head dives with arms by sides are ruled out.

Swallow and all other forms of straight front dives are to be considered as plain front dives.

In all somersaults or jackknife dives with twists, the somersaults or jackknives must be completed before twisting.

Under observation of the foregoing conditions and instructions in making their respective awards each judge shall:

a. Write down his points for each dive performed by each competitor
according to the scale of points named in point table above.

b. The points awarded by him for each voluntary dive shall be
multiplied by the points allowed for the degree of difficulty in
each case as specified in the following diving tables.

c. After the total of points for each competitor has been found and
checked as being correct, each judge shall place the competitors in
the order in which they finish on his diving card. He shall give
1, to the diver scoring the greatest number of points; 2, to the
diver scoring the second greatest number of points, etc. If two
competitors score the same number of points their place numbers
shall be added and each given one-half. For instance, if two
competitors receive the same number of points, which is the second
largest on the diving card of a judge, their place numbers 2 and 3
shall be added, and each competitor shall receive 2½, and the next
following competitor shall receive the number 4. The place numbers
given to the respective competitors by each of the judges shall be
added together and the competitor showing the lowest total of place
numbers shall be declared the winner. In case of a tie the point
totals of all the judges shall be added together and the competitor
whose total of points is greatest shall be the winner of the tie.

A list of voluntary dives shall be submitted by each competitor to the judges in writing before the beginning of the competition. Changes in the list of voluntary dives are not permitted. No competitor shall be permitted to repeat any of his dives.

The Referee must ascertain before the beginning of a competition that the depth of the water is sufficient to insure the safety of the competitors.

Competitions or exhibitions of diving from a greater height than 34 feet are prohibited.

The conditions of a diving competition, namely, height of board, number of voluntary and compulsory dives, and the character of the latter, must be stated in entry blanks.

_Fancy Diving from the Springboard._ The board shall have a length of 13 feet and shall be 20 inches wide and shall be of the usual elastic character.

In championship meetings the height of the board from the surface of the water shall be not less than 9 feet 6 inches, nor more than 11 feet.

The program for championships shall consist of the following dives: Running front dive, back dive, running forward jackknife, back jackknife and six voluntary dives selected from the following table:

Standing. Running.
1—Backward spring and forward dive (half twist) 1.4
2—Backward spring and backward dive (full twist) 2.0
3—Forward spring with half twist and backward dive 1.5 1.6
4—Forward spring with full twist and forward dive 1.8 1.8
5—Forward somersault 1.5 1.5
6—Forward 1½ somersault 1.6 1.6
7—Backward somersault 1.5
8—Backward 1½ somersault 2.2
9—Forward double somersault 1.9 1.9
10—Backward double somersault 1.9 1.9
11—Backward spring and forward somersault 1.7
12—Backward spring and 1½ forward somersault 2.0
13—Forward somersault with half twist 1.6 1.6
14—Forward 1½ somersault with half twist 2.2 2.2
15—Forward 2½ somersault 2.3 2.3
16—Flying Dutchman (forward spring with backward
dive) 1.8 1.9
17—Flying Dutchman somersault (forward spring with
backward somersault) 1.7 1.7
18—Flying Dutchman 1½ somersault 2.4 2.4
19—Flying Dutchman with half twist 1.7 1.7
20—Handstand dive 1.4
21—Handstand dive with somersault 1.7
22—Handspring dive with somersault 1.6 1.6
23—Jackknife forward 1.5 1.5
24—Jackknife backward 1.5
25—Jackknife forward with half twist and back dive 1.8 1.9
26—Jackknife forward with full twist and forward dive 2.2 2.2
27—Jackknife backward with half twist and forward
dive 1.9
28—Jackknife backward with full twist and backward
dive 2.3
29—Backward dive 1.5

In competitions where a lower board is used, the board shall be not less than 2 feet 6 inches or more than 4 feet from the surface of the water and the voluntary dives shall be selected from the following table:

Standing. Running.
1—Backward spring and forward dive (half twist) 1.4
2—Backward spring and backward dive (full twist) 1.9
3—Forward spring and backward dive (half twist) 1.5 1.6
4—Forward spring and forward dive (full twist) 1.8 1.8
5—Forward somersault 1.5 1.5
6—Forward 1½ somersault 1.8 1.7
7—Forward double somersault 2.2 1.9
8—Backward somersault 1.5
9—Backward 1½ somersault 2.2
10—Backward double somersault 2.2
11—Backward spring and forward somersault 1.9
12—Flying Dutchman (forward spring and backward
dive) 1.7 1.8
13—Flying Dutchman somersault (forward spring and
backward somersault) 1.8 1.8
14—Handstand 1.2
15—Jackknife forward 1.4 1.5
16—Jackknife backward 1.5
17—Jackknife forward and half twist 1.8 1.9
18—Jackknife forward and full twist 2.2 2.2
19—Jackknife backward and half twist 1.9
20—Jackknife backward and full twist 2.2
21—Backward dive 1.5

_High Diving from a Firm Take-off._ For high diving competitions from a firm take-off the platforms shall be 7 feet wide, fixed, free from spring and placed at two heights, the first not less than 14 feet and not more than 16 feet and the second not less than 24 feet and not more than 27 feet above the surface of the water.

The program for championships shall consist of two compulsory dives from the lower platform, namely, one plain back dive and one backward somersault; and two from the high platform, one running plain dive and one standing plain dive, and six voluntary dives, to be performed from the high platform and to be selected from the following table:

Standing. Running.
1—Backward spring and forward dive with half twist 1.4
2—Forward spring and backward dive with half twist 1.6 1.7
3—Forward spring and forward dive with full twist 1.9 1.9
4—Backward spring and backward dive with full twist 2.1
5—Armstand 1.6
6—Armstand and somersault 1.5
7—Armstand backward fall dive 2.1
8—Armstand with double somersault 2.2
9—Backward dive 2.1
10—Backward somersault 1.7
11—Forward somersault 2.1 2.1
12—Forward 1½ somersault 1.9 1.9
13—Forward double somersault 2.2 2.2
14—Forward 2½ somersault 2.3 2.3
15—Backward 1½ somersault 2.4
16—Backward double somersault 2.1
17—Forward somersault with half twist 2.1 2.1
18—Forward 1½ somersault with half twist 2.2 2.2
19—Backward spring and forward somersault 1.8
20—Backward spring and forward 1½ somersault 2.0
21—Flying Dutchman 2.1 2.2
22—Flying Dutchman somersault 1.9 1.9
23—Flying Dutchman 1½ somersault 2.5 2.5
24—Flying Dutchman double somersault 2.3 2.3
25—Flying Dutchman with half twist 1.8 1.8
26—Jackknife forward 1.4 1.4
27—Jackknife backward 1.4
28—Jackknife forward with half twist 1.9 1.9
29—Jackknife forward with full twist 2.1 2.1
30—Jackknife backward with half twist 2.0
31—Jackknife backward with full twist 2.2

_Plunge for Distance._ The maximum height of take-off for the plunge for distance shall be limited to eighteen inches above the surface of the water.

A plunge shall be a standing dive, made head first from an indicated firm take-off (i. e., diving base), free from spring. The body is to be kept motionless—face downward—and no progressive action to be imparted to it other than impetus of the dive.

The plunge shall terminate, if the competitor has not already raised his face above the surface of the water, at the expiration of 60 seconds, or such time as may have been previously announced by the promoting body. The duration of such plunge shall be reckoned from the time the competitor dives from the take-off.

At the finish of any plunge the competitor must leave the water as quietly as possible. Anyone disturbing the water so as to interfere with the progress of the competitor following will be disqualified.

The distance traversed in a plunge shall be measured along a straight line, at right angles to the diving base, to a line parallel to the diving base, over the farthest point reached by any portion of the competitor’s body while fulfilling the above conditions.

In championship or level contests each competitor shall be allowed three plunges, and the farthest plunge shall win. In handicaps, the number of plunges shall be left to the discretion of the promoting club.

When a competitor touches the side of the tank or pool, his distance shall be taken and he shall be compelled to stop.

A line may be made or painted along the bottom of the pool or tank to enable the competitors to guide themselves.

_Miscellaneous._ A competitor in turning must touch the end of the bath or course with one or both hands before kicking off.

Standing upon the bottom in the shallow end of a bath during a competition is only allowed for the purpose of resting. Walking or jumping from the bottom in the shallow end of a bath shall not be allowed.

The competitor in a handicap race who has the lowest handicap shall have the choice of position.

Where two men are on the same mark they shall draw for choice of position.

In case of a dead heat in a handicap the competitor with the lowest handicap shall be declared the winner. Where a dead heat occurs between two men on the same mark the tie shall be decided by a swim-off on the same day, or the one refusing to swim shall be given the next lowest prize.

Choice of position shall be drawn for in races other than handicaps.

When a trophy or prize is given to a club scoring the greatest number of points in a meeting, the points shall be counted as follows:

Points.
First in swim, plunge or dive 5
Second in swim, plunge or dive 3
Third in swim, plunge or dive 1
First in relay race 10
Second in relay race 6
Third in relay race 2
First in water polo 15
Second in water polo 9
Third in water polo 3

HOW TO SCORE A DIVING COMPETITION.

SUGGESTIONS FOR SCORE CARDS.

Blanks for voluntary dives to be supplied by the club holding the competition. After filling them out and signing them, competitors deliver them to the clerk of the course. The announcer announces each voluntary dive from these blanks when the respective competitor’s turn comes, and the diving judges must see that the dive nominated shall be performed. After the competition these blanks are turned over to the diving scorers.

Backward spring outward and turning inward with 1½ somersault.

HIGH DIVE.]

VOLUNTARY DIVES.

——+—————————+——————————————————————————————————————————————+——————————
|Number | |Grade of
|in Table | Description |Difficulty
——+—————————+——————————————————————————————————————————————+——————————
1.| 6 |Forward, 1½ Somersault, standing | 1.6
——+—————————+——————————————————————————————————————————————+——————————
2.| 7 |Backward Somersault | 1.5
——+—————————+——————————————————————————————————————————————+——————————
3.| 16 |Flying Dutchman, standing | 1.8
——+—————————+——————————————————————————————————————————————+——————————
4.| 16 |Flying Dutchman, running | 1.9
——+—————————+——————————————————————————————————————————————+——————————
5.| 8 |Backward, 1½ Somersault | 2.2
——+—————————+——————————————————————————————————————————————+——————————
6.| 25 |Jackknife, forward, with Half Twist, standing | 1.8
——+—————————+——————————————————————————————————————————————+——————————

Competitor’s Signature:
_S. Jones_.

VOLUNTARY DIVES.

——+—————————+——————————————————————————————————————————————+——————————
|Number | |Grade of
|in Table | Description |Difficulty
——+—————————+——————————————————————————————————————————————+——————————
1.| 15 |2½ Forward Somersault, standing | 2.3
——+—————————+——————————————————————————————————————————————+——————————
2.| 15 |2½ Forward Somersault, running | 2.3
——+—————————+——————————————————————————————————————————————+——————————
3.| 18 |1½ Flying Dutchman, standing | 2.4
——+—————————+——————————————————————————————————————————————+——————————
4.| 18 |1½ Flying Dutchman, running | 2.4
——+—————————+——————————————————————————————————————————————+——————————
5.| 14 |1½ Forward Somersault with Half Twist, |
| | standing | 2.2
——+—————————+——————————————————————————————————————————————+——————————
6.| 12 |Backward Spring, 1½ Forward Somersault | 2.0
——+—————————+——————————————————————————————————————————————+——————————

Competitor’s Signature:
_W. Smith_.

VOLUNTARY DIVES.

——+—————————+——————————————————————————————————————————————+——————————
|Number | |Grade of
|in Table | Description |Difficulty
——+—————————+——————————————————————————————————————————————+——————————
1.| 6 |Forward, 1½ Somersault, standing | 1.6
——+—————————+——————————————————————————————————————————————+——————————
2.| 12 |Backward Spring, 1½ Forward Somersault | 2.0
——+—————————+——————————————————————————————————————————————+——————————
3.| 16 |Flying Dutchman, running | 1.9
——+—————————+——————————————————————————————————————————————+——————————
4.| 16 |Flying Dutchman, standing | 1.8
——+—————————+——————————————————————————————————————————————+——————————
5.| 4 |Full Twist, forward, running | 1.8
——+—————————+——————————————————————————————————————————————+——————————
6.| 25 |Jackknife, forward, with Half Twist, standing | 1.8
——+—————————+——————————————————————————————————————————————+——————————

Competitor’s Signature:
_J. Brown_.

Falling dive forward.

Ordinary header forward (arms at sides).

Screw dive forward with half turn.

SPRINGBOARD DIVE.]

Pike dive forward.

Pike dive (arms at sides).

SPRINGBOARD DIVE.]

Isander’s dive.

Backward somersault.

SPRINGBOARD DIVE.]

VOLUNTARY DIVES.

——+—————————+——————————————————————————————————————————————+——————————
|Number | |Grade of
|in Table | Description |Difficulty
——+—————————+——————————————————————————————————————————————+——————————
1.| 12 |Backward Spring, 1½ Forward Somersault | 2.0
——+—————————+——————————————————————————————————————————————+——————————
2.| 15 |Forward, 2½ Somersault, running | 2.3
——+—————————+——————————————————————————————————————————————+——————————
3.| 18 |1½ Flying Dutchman, standing | 2.4
——+—————————+——————————————————————————————————————————————+——————————
4.| 8 |Backward, 1½ Somersault | 2.2
——+—————————+——————————————————————————————————————————————+——————————
5.| 4 |Full Twist, forward, running | 1.8
——+—————————+——————————————————————————————————————————————+——————————
6.| 4 |Full Twist, forward, standing | 1.8
——+—————————+——————————————————————————————————————————————+——————————

Competitor’s Signature:
_W. Black._

SCORE CARD AS FILLED OUT BY JUDGE AND DELIVERED TO DIVING SCORERS

First Column for Each Name Only to be Used by Judge.

——————————————+—————————————+—————————————+——————————————+————————————
NAME | JONES | SMITH | BROWN | BLACK
——————————————+—————————————+—————————————+——————————————+————————————
1. Compulsory | | | | | | | | | | | |
Dive | 7 | | | 9 | | |8½ | | |9½ | |
——————————————+—————————————+—————————————+——————————————+————————————
2. Compulsory | | | | | | | | | | | |
Dive | 8 | | |10 | | |9 | | |9 | |
——————————————+—————————————+—————————————+——————————————+————————————
3. Compulsory | | | | | | | | | | | |
Dive | 9 | | |10 | | |9½ | | |10 | |
——————————————+—————————————+—————————————+——————————————+————————————
4. Compulsory | | | | | | | | | | | |
Dive | 9 | | |10 | | |9½ | | |10 | |
——————————————+—————————————+—————————————+——————————————+————————————
1. Voluntary | | | | | | | | | | | |
Dive | 7 | | | 2 | | |9 | | |7½ | |
——————————————+—————————————+—————————————+——————————————+————————————
2. Voluntary | | | | | | | | | | | |
Dive | 9 | | | 3 | | |7½ | | |7 | |
——————————————+—————————————+—————————————+——————————————+————————————
3. Voluntary | | | | | | | | | | | |
Dive | 8 | | | 1 | | |10 | | |5½ | |
——————————————+—————————————+—————————————+——————————————+————————————
4. Voluntary | | | | | | | | | | | |
Dive | 4 | | | 0 | | |10 | | |9 | |
——————————————+—————————————+—————————————+——————————————+————————————
5. Voluntary | | | | | | | | | | | |
Dive | 1 | | | 6 | | |6 | | |8 | |
——————————————+—————————————+—————————————+——————————————+————————————
6. Voluntary | | | | | | | | | | | |
Dive | 7 | | | 8 | | |7½ | | |7 | |
——————————————+—————————————+—————————————+——————————————+————————————
Total | | | |
——————————————+—————————————+—————————————+——————————————+————————————
Place Number | | | |
——————————————+—————————————+—————————————+——————————————+————————————

Judge’s Signature:
_J. S. White._

Checked by...................................

SCORE CARD AS FILLED OUT BY DIVING SCORERS

The second column to be used for grade of difficulty for voluntary dives to be left blank for compulsory dives. Last column to be used for result of multiplication for voluntary dives, and on line of last compulsory dive the total for all compulsory dives to be extended.

——————————————+—————————————+—————————————+——————————————+————————————
NAME | JONES | SMITH | BROWN | BLACK
——————————————+—————————————+—————————————+——————————————+————————————
1. Compulsory | | | | | | | | | | | |
Dive | 7 | | | 9 | | |8½ | | |9½ | |
——————————————+—————————————+—————————————+——————————————+————————————
2. Compulsory | | | | | | | | | | | |
Dive | 8 | | |10 | | |9 | | | 9 | |
——————————————+—————————————+—————————————+——————————————+————————————
3. Compulsory | | | | | | | | | | | |
Dive | 9 | | |10 | | |9½ | | |10 | |
——————————————+—————————————+—————————————+——————————————+————————————
4. Compulsory | | | | | | | | | | | |
Dive | 9 | |33.0|10 | |39.0|9½ | |36.5|10 | |38.5
——————————————+—————————————+—————————————+——————————————+————————————
1. Voluntary | | | | | | | | | | | |
Dive | 7 |1.6|11.2| 2 |2.3| 4.6| 9 |1.6|14.4|7½ |2.0|15.0
——————————————+—————————————+—————————————+——————————————+————————————
2. Voluntary | | | | | | | | | | | |
Dive | 9 |1.5|13.5| 3 |2.3| 6.9|7½ |2.0|15.0| 7 |2.3|16.1
——————————————+—————————————+—————————————+——————————————+————————————
3. Voluntary | | | | | | | | | | | |
Dive | 8 |1.8|14.4| 1 |2.4| 2.4|10 |1.9|19.0|5½ |2.4|13.2
——————————————+—————————————+—————————————+——————————————+————————————
4. Voluntary | | | | | | | | | | | |
Dive | 4 |1.9| 7.6| 0 |2.4| 0.0|10 |1.8|18.0| 9 |2.2|19.8
——————————————+—————————————+—————————————+——————————————+————————————
5. Voluntary | | | | | | | | | | | |
Dive | 1 |2.2| 2.2| 6 |2.2|13.2| 6 |2.2|13.2| 8 |1.8|14.4
——————————————+—————————————+—————————————+——————————————+————————————
6. Voluntary | | | | | | | | | | | |
Dive | 7 |1.8|12.6| 8 |2.0|16.0|7½ |1.8|13.5| 7 |1.8|12.6
——————————————+—————————————+—————————————+——————————————+————————————
Total | 94.5| 82.1| 129.6| 129.6
——————————————+—————————————+—————————————+——————————————+————————————
Place Number | 3 | 4 | 1½ | 1½
——————————————+—————————————+—————————————+——————————————+————————————
Judge’s Signature:
_J. S. White._

Checked by _McCarthy_.

——————————————+———————————————————————————————————————————————————————
| SUMMARY
——————————————+—————————————+—————————————+——————————————+————————————
NAME | JONES | SMITH | BROWN | BLACK
——————————————+—————————————+—————————————+——————————————+————————————
|Points| Place|Points| Place|Points| Place|Points| Place
Judge WHITE | 94.5 | 3 | 82.1 | 4 |129.6 | 1½ |129.6 | 1½
——————————————+——————+——————+——————+——————+——————+——————+——————+——————
Judge GREEN | 97.0 | 3 | 88.0 | 4 |132.4 | 1 |128.2 | 2
——————————————+——————+——————+——————+——————+——————+——————+——————+——————
Judge ROSE | 99.3 | 3 | 92.0 | 4 |129.2 | 2 |131.2 | 1
——————————————+——————+——————+——————+——————+——————+——————+——————+——————
Total |290.8 | 9 |262.1 | 12 |391.2 | 4½ |389.0 | 4½
——————————————+——————+——————+——————+——————+——————+——————+——————+——————
Final placing | | | | | | | |
Average Points| 96.93| 3rd | 87.37| 4th |130.4 | 1st |129.67| 2nd
——————————————+——————+——————+——————+——————+——————+——————+——————+——————
Scorers’ Signatures:
_J. Wilson._ _B. Gordon._ _J. Van Dyke._

_Brown and Black having the same total of place numbers, the total of points decides the competition and Brown wins._

SPRINGBOARD DIVE.

SPRINGBOARD DIVE.

SPRINGBOARD DIVE.

ACCEPT NO GUARANTEES
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