Chapter VI: Postpositions

These resemble the suffixes just enumerated, except in the circumstance that they are not joined to the noun, but stand after it as separate words.

az egér fut a macska =elől=, the mouse runs from the cat.

Many have three forms, according as they answer the question _When? Whither? Whence?_

alatt, under (stationary): a macska az asztal =alatt= van, the cat is
under the table.
alá, under (towards): menj a fa =alá=, go under the tree.
alól, under (from under): a növény kikel a föld =alól=, the plant comes
from under the ground.

Such postpositions may be tabulated as follows:—

_Where?_ _Whither?_ _Whence?_

under alatt alá alól
before előtt elé elől
above fölött fölé fölől
around körött köré körül
between or among között közé közül
behind mögött mögé mögül
beside mellett mellé mellől
on hegyett hegyé
towards felé
away from felől

_Other Postpositions._

ellen, against
gyanánt, as, for
iránt, towards
miatt, because of
mulva, after, at the end of
nélkül, without
óta, since
szerint, according to
után, after
végett, for the purpose of
helyett, instead of

The above postpositions do not necessitate any orthographical modification of the preceding substantive.

a Duna mellett, beside the Danube.

The following postpositions do necessitate some change.

=közel=, near.

=képest=, in comparison with, in proportion to.

Before these the substantive takes =-hoz=, =-hez=, or =-höz=.

a templom=-hoz közel=, near the church.
öccsé=-hez képest= magas, he is tall compared with his younger brother.

=fogva=, since, by, from.

The substantive takes the suffix =-nál=, =-nél=, or =-tól=, =-től=.

kezé=-nél fogva=, by his hand.
tavasz=-tól fogva= épitik ezt a házat, they have been building this
house since the spring.

=nézve=, in regard to.

The substantive takes the suffix =-ra=, =-re=.

a dolog barátom=-ra nézve= kellemetlen, the business is disagreeable
as regards my friend.
a külsejé=-re nézve= megnyerő, he is pleasing as regards his appearance.

=együtt=, together with.

The substantive takes the suffix =-val=, =-vel=.

Sándor Mari=-val együtt= érkezett, Alexander has arrived together
with Mary.

_Note._—együtt can also be used as an adverb, meaning _together_.

a három ember =együtt= érkezett, the three men arrived together.

The following postpositions necessitate the addition to the substantives of the ending =-n=, =-on=, =-en=, or =-ön=.

=alul=, below, under.

a becsár=on alul= adták el mindenét, all his belongings were sold under
their value.

=át=, =által=, across, over.

a katonák a hid=on át= mentek el, the soldiers went away over the
bridge.

=belül=, within, inside.

az ajtó=n belül=, inside the door.

=fölül=, above.

a felhőkö=n fölül=, above the clouds.

=innen=, this side of.

a folyó=n innen=, this side of the river

=keresztül=, through, across.

az erdő=n keresztül=, through the wood.

=kívül=, outside.

a város=on kívül=, outside the town.

=túl=, beyond, the other side of.

az erdő=n túl= vadásznak, they are hunting the other side of the wood.

The above postpositions (with the exception of gyanánt, mulva, óta, közel, képest, fogva, nézve, együtt, át, belül, innen, keresztül, and túl) may, like the suffixes in the preceding chapter, take the personal endings.

alattam, under me alattad, under thee, &c.
nélkülem, without me nélküled, without thee, &c.
kívülem, besides me kívüled, besides thee, &c.

=alúl=, =belül=, =fölül=, =kívül=, =közel=, and =túl= can take the suffix for direction =-ról=, =ről= (from), and they then mean from under, from within, &c.

alúl-ról, from under
belül-ről, from within
fölül-ről, from above
kívül-ről, from without
közel-ről, from near
túl-ról, from beyond

EXERCISE VI.

A tehenek és lovak istállói tágasak és tiszták a gazdaságban. Magyarország hegyeiben sok ércz van. Atyánk uj könyvei a könyvtárban vannak. Hétfő helyett szerdán megyek el. A három közül ez a legszebb. A füst elszállt a tető fölől. A hirlap szerint a király megérkezett.

My father is in his garden, but will soon go into the house. The horses are in their stalls. The boys are coming out of school. The chimney fell down from the roof. Do not go to the shop without money. Flour is made into bread.

tágas, spacious
hegy, hill
ércz, metal
könyvtár, library
hétfő, Monday
szerda, Wednesday
legszebb, finest
elszállt, has flown
tető, roof
hirlap, newspaper
hamar, soon
jönnek, are coming
iskola, school
kémény, chimney
bolt, shop
ne menj, do not go
liszt, flour
kenyér, bread
csinálják, they make (the passive is not used)