Chapter V: GENUS MORPHNUS. Cuvier, Regne. Animal, I. p. 317. (1817.) (1)

URUBITINGA. Less., Rev. Zool., 1839, p. 132.
SPIZOGERANUS. Kaup, Class., p. 120. (1844.)

Size medium; bill rather long, abruptly curved at the tip, which is acute; edges of upper mandible festooned; wings and tail long; legs long; tarsi and toes strong, the former with wide transverse scales in front; claws strong. A genus of American species, inhabiting the southern portion of the continent.

1. Morphnus unicinctus. (Temm.) Harris’ Buzzard.
Falco unicinctus. Temm., Pl. col., I. p. (no page—livraison 53,
about 1827.)
“Falco anthracinus. Licht.” Gray, Genera, I. p. 27.
Buteo Harrisii. Aud., Orn. Biog., V. p. 30. (1839.)
Polyborus tæniurus. Tschudy, Wiegm. Archiv., X. p. 263. (1844.)

Temm., Pl. col., 313; Aud., B. of Am., pl. 392: oct. ed., I. pl. 5;
Tschudy, Fauna Peruana Orn., pl. 1.

Legs long, and with the feet robust; wings rather short; tail long.
Adult. Shoulders, wing-coverts and tibia chestnut-red or bay; other
parts very dark umber-brown; upper and under tail-coverts white; tail
white at its base, and tipped with white; middle portion presenting
the appearance of a very wide band, dark brownish-black, with a
reddish or violet tinge. Younger. Upper-parts umber-brown, much mixed
with fulvous; shoulders chestnut-red, with dark-brown spots; quills
dark-brown; secondaries tipped with yellowish-white; entire
under-parts yellowish-white, many feathers on the breast, sides and
abdomen, with large oblong and circular spots of brown; tibiæ
yellowish-white, with transverse irregular lines of light
brownish-red; upper and under tail-coverts white; tail brown, with
many bands of a deeper shade of the same color, and with the
inner-webs yellowish and reddish-white, and having many narrow bands
of dark-brown; base and tip of the tail yellowish-white.

Dimensions. _Female_—total length, 22 to 24 inches; wing, 15; tail, 10
inches. _Young male_—total length, 20 inches; wing, 13; tail, 9½
inches.

Hab. Southern States; Mexico, abundant; Texas, frequent (Col. McCall);
Mississippi, rare (Dr. Jenkins); Peru; Chili (Lieut. Gilliss); Chili,
abundant (Gay, Fauna Chilena). Spec. in Mus. Acad., Philada.

Obs. Col. McCall, who has seen this bird in large numbers in Texas, represents it as habitually frequenting the ground in the vicinity of water, and especially abundant on both sides of the Rio Grande. It is slow and heavy in flight, and a dull, sluggish bird in all its habits, partaking in these respects of the general characters of the Vultures.

The affinities of this species we regard at present as uncertain, and arrange it provisionally only in the present genus and sub-family, but by no means agreeing in our views with late European ornithologists.

The foregoing are all the birds of this family which can be regarded as well-established species inhabiting that portion of North America, within our prescribed limits.

Respecting their history, one of the most important questions to the naturalist is, the change of plumage from young to mature age, and another change which takes place in assuming their spring or summer and their winter liveries. The latter change is by no means well understood in many species, and to ascertain it completely in any one would yet be an interesting contribution to its history.

A few species are known only as of exceedingly rare occurrence in the United States, but the larger number are sufficiently numerous to be investigated without difficulty. Of the former, the Washington Eagle (_Haliaetus Washingtonii_), Harlan’s Buzzard (_Buteo Harlani_), the Black Hawk, the Rough-legged Hawk (_Archibuteo sancti-johannis_ and _lagopus_,) and nearly all the Western species, may be regarded as particularly requiring further research.

In the winter season, various species resort to the sea-coast, and others to the margins of bays and rivers in considerable numbers. In the vicinity of the cities these have, however, greatly diminished since the introduction of steamboats and railroads. Steam-engines, and especially locomotives, are innovations for which the Eagles and Hawks evidently have no fancy. To the markets appropriated to the accommodation of farmers and traders from the rural districts in all the cities on the Atlantic seaboard, specimens are frequently brought for sale, a demand, reliable to some extent, having arisen from collectors and amateurs.

Occasionally an immense multitude of Hawks soaring high in the air, and in company, has been observed. This curious phenomenon has been seen by our friends, Professor Baird, of the Smithsonian Institution, Washington city; Dr. Hoy, of Racine, Wisconsin; and by ourselves. It occurs in autumn, and is probably incidental to migration; but its exact character and object is unknown, and involves an interesting inquiry. It is necessarily temporary, as the procuring of suitable food by such a large number of rapacious birds would be impossible.

In the western and northern regions of North America, the birds of this family are particularly worthy of the attention of the traveller and naturalist, and would undoubtedly well repay him in the discovery of unknown species. This is the case also in the States of Florida and Texas, to the latter of which, very probably, some of the many Mexican species are visitors, that have not yet been noticed.

In Oregon and Russian-America, there are also very probably species which have not been recognized as inhabitants of this continent, though well known as birds of Northern Asia, and others entirely unknown to naturalists.

B.

Doubtful and obscure species which have been described as inhabiting North America.

1. Falco americanus. Gm., Syst. Nat., I. p. 257. (1788.) The
Black-cheeked Eagle. Pennant, Arctic Zoology, I. p. 227.

“With a dusky and blue-bill; yellow cere; head, neck and breast of a
deep ash-color, each cheek marked with a broad black bar passing from
the corner of the mouth beyond the eyes; back, belly, wings, and tail,
black; legs yellow; feathered below the knees. Is about the size of
the last (the Golden Eagle) North America,” (Pennant, as above.)

Of this bird, Gmelin gives a short abstract of Pennant’s description, and applies a scientific name. Naturalists relying solely on that abstract, have erroneously considered the species meant as the Golden Eagle (_A. chrysaetus_), and the name _Falco americanus_ has accordingly been usually quoted as a synonyme. Though “feathered below the knees” is somewhat indefinite, yet, taken in connexion with “legs yellow,” it is clear that this cannot be the Golden Eagle, which has the tarsus densely feathered. There is no North American species known to which the original description applies.

2. Falco candidus. Gm., Syst. Nat., I. p. 258. (1788.) The Louisiana
White Eagle. Lath., Syn., I. p. 36. Du Pratz, Hist. Louisiane,
II. p. 109.
Falco conciliator. Shaw, Gen. Zool. Aves., VII. p. 77. (1809.)

White; tips of the wings black. Smaller than the Golden Eagle.

This bird is represented by Du Pratz as held in high estimation by the aborigines of Louisiana, who used its feathers for ornamenting the calumet or symbol of peace. It may have been an albino of a known species, or distinct and now unknown. The description applies to a beautiful Mexican species, _Buteo Ghiesbrectii_ (Dubus), which is about the size of the Red-tailed Hawk (_B. borealis_), and should it ever be observed in Louisiana, the question may be considered as settled.

3. Falco variegatus. Gm., Syst. Nat., I. p. 267. (1788.) The Speckled
Buzzard. Lath., Syn., I. p. 97.

“Length more than 12 inches; in shape like our common buzzard. The
bill is dusky; the whole head and neck as far as the shoulders
whitish; the shaft of each feather blotched irregularly with
rusty-brown; back and wing-coverts brown, several of the feathers,
especially on the wing-coverts, are spotted with white; tail dark
brown, crossed with several bars; but these are nearly obsolete,
appearing on close inspection; the quills are very dark, almost black;
the under parts from the breast are white; down the shaft of each
feather is a blotch of brown; these marks spread out larger and
broader as they proceed downwards to the belly; thighs pretty much the
same; vent plain white; legs yellow; claws black. A fine specimen of
this bird is in the Leverian Museum, which came from North America.”
(Latham, as above.)

Generally cited as a synonyme for the Marsh Hawk, _Circus hudsonius_, with, as we think, but a small degree of propriety. It appears to us to be the young of either _Buteo pennsylvanicus_ or _Accipiter cooperii_, or an unknown bird.

4. Falco albidus. Gm., Syst. Nat., I. p. 267. (1788.) The Buzzardet.
Penn., Arct. Zool., I. p. 245.

“With dusky bill; head, cheeks, neck, breast and belly white, marked
with large brown spots more sparingly dispersed over the breast and
belly; lesser coverts brown; the others colored like the head;
primaries dusky; thighs white, with small sagittal spots of brown;
tail dusky, barred and tipped with white; legs yellow. Length, 15
inches. It has much the habit of the Buzzard, but the legs in
proportion are rather longer. In the Leverian Museum. Except in the
almost uniform color of the tail, Mr. Latham’s species, p. 97, No. 83,
agrees with this (which is the preceding _F. variegatus_). North
America.” (Pennant, as above.)

Probably the same as the preceding.

5. Falco obsoletus. Gm., Syst. Nat., I. p. 268. (1788.) The plain
Falcon. Penn., Arct. Zool., I. p. 242.

“Bill black; head dusky; nape spotted with white; back and coverts of
the wings and tail of an uniform deep brown; under-side of the neck,
breast, belly and thighs deep brown, slightly spotted with white;
primaries dusky; inner webs marked with great oval spots of white,
mottled with brown; middle feathers of the tail plain brown; inner
webs of the rest mottled with white; exterior webs and ends slightly
edged with the same; legs strong; wing reaches near the length of the
tail. Length, from bill to tail, 2 feet 1 inch. Inhabits Hudson’s
Bay.” (Pennant, as above.)

We are acquainted with no bird to which this description and measurement apply.

6. Falco spadiceus. Gm., Syst. Nat., I. p. 273. (1788.) The
Chocolate-colored Falcon. Penn., Arctic Zool., I. p. 234, pl.
9.

“With a short and black bill, and yellow cere. The whole plumage of a
deep bay or chocolate color, in parts tinged with ferruginous;
primaries black; the lower exterior sides of a pure white, forming a
conspicuous spot or speculum; the wings reach to the end of the tail;
the exterior sides of the five outermost feathers of the tail dusky;
their inner sides blotched with black and white; the two middle black
and cinereous; the legs _and toes_ feathered, the last remarkably
short. Length, 1 foot 10 inches. Inhabits Hudson’s Bay and
Newfoundland. Preys much on ducks. Sits on a rock and watches their
rising, when it instantly strikes at them.” (Pennant, as above.)

Regarded by authors as a synonyme for the Black Hawk (_Archibuteo sancti-johannis_), but the description suits better the Ferruginous Buzzard (_A. ferrugineus_). Neither of these has, however, the _toes_ feathered, nor otherwise entirely agrees with the description. It may be an unknown species.

7. Falco obscurus. Gm., Syst. Nat., I. p. 281. (1788.) The Dusky
Falcon. Penn., Arct. Zool., I. p. 248.

“With a bluish bill; upper mandible armed with a sharp process; yellow
cere; head, neck and coverts of the wings and tail dusky brown,
slightly edged with ferruginous; hind part of the neck spotted with
white; primaries dusky; inner webs marked with oval spots of a pale
rust color; tail short, tipped with white, and barred with four broad
dusky _strokes_, and the same number of narrow ones of white; the hind
part of the head spotted with white; from the chin to the tail
whitish, streaked downwards with distinct lines of black; legs deep
yellow. Inferior in size to the last (_F. dubius_ or _fusca_).
Inhabits the province of New York.” (Pennant, as above.)

Cited by authors as a synonyme for the sharp-skinned Hawk (_Accipiter fuscus_), which seems to be erroneous, though correct enough if reference only be made to Gmelin’s compilation of Pennant’s description. The latter, as quoted above, and which is the original, appears to apply to _Falco columbarius_ (Linn.), but not with sufficient accuracy to be without doubt, and we know of no bird at present inhabiting “the province of New York” that it entirely suits.

8. Aquila maculosa. Vieill., Ois d’Am. Sept., I. p. 28, pl. 3 bis.
(1807.)

Upper part of the head, nape, neck, and mantle, black; eyebrow white,
bordered by a black line from the eye; space between the bill and eye
and cere blue, the former with scattered hairs; iris yellow; throat
and breast white, every feather with a longitudinal central stripe of
black; abdomen black, many feathers having circular spots of white;
tibia and under tail-coverts ferruginous, with central spots of
brownish; rump and upper tail-coverts white, with transverse stripes
of black; quills and tail leaden gray above, light bluish-gray
beneath; feet orange; claws blackish. Total length, about 25 inches;
wing, 16; tail, 10 inches.

An excellent figure of this bird is given by Vieillot, as above, but which represents no species with which we are acquainted. In general appearance it resembles _Phalcobænus carunculatus_, Des Murs (Rev. et Mag. de Zool., April, 1853, p. 154), a South American species, of which specimens are in the collection of the Philadelphia Academy. Though given by Vieillot as a bird of North America (as above, and in Nouv. Dict., XXXII. p. 56), we suspect that he was mistaken.

9. Sparvius ardosiaceus. Vieill., Ency. Meth., III. p. 1274. (1823).

Body above, bluish slate color; beneath, ferruginous, with transverse
white bands; chin white; bill bluish-black; feet orange; cere and
edges of the mouth dull green; quills and tail brownish-black;
eyebrows dull white; tail slightly forked. North America.

Possibly _Accipiter fuscus_, but we regard it as quite remarkable that Vieillot, at so late a date, should have again described that species, being undoubtedly well acquainted with North American birds. We recollect no bird which exactly suits this description.

10. Falco Bachmanii. Aud., Orn. Biog., V. p. 334. (1839, the date on
the title-page of this volume is erroneously printed 1849.)

“I have several times seen in South Carolina a Hawk flying, equal in
size to _Falco lineatus_, and remarkable for the great breadth of its
wings. It was of a uniform brown color, excepting the tail, which was
barred with white. The same bird has also been repeatedly observed by
my friend, Dr. Bachman, who feels assured of its being distinct from
any other Hawk hitherto found in North America.” (Audubon, as above.)

This is the entire and only description published and the species alluded to has never been identified, to our knowledge.

11. Milvus leucomelas. Rafinesque, Annals of Nature, part I. p. 4.
(1820.)

“White, unspotted; top of head and part of the back, wings, tail, and
bill, black; feet yellow. It is found in West Kentucky and Illinois;
it feeds on fishes, and is therefore called Fishing Hawk. Size small,
tail quite forked.” (Raf., as above.)

This is a puzzler. If any such bird exists, it has escaped late researches, though we very much suspect that Rafinesque ventured a description on reports, rather oddly confounding the Forked-tailed Hawk (_Nauclerus_) and the Osprey, or Fish Hawk (_Pandion_).

12. Aquila dicronyx. Rafinesque, Atlantic Journal, p. 63. (1832.)

The specimen described under this name was the same that is alluded to by Mr. Audubon in his article on the White-headed Eagle, in Orn. Biog., II. p. 163, as being kept in captivity in the suburbs of Philadelphia, and this description and its author he also alludes to. We mention this bird for the purpose of facilitating the student who may not have access to the works of Rafinesque, and for the purpose of pointing out a curious error into which Mr. Audubon and Dr. Harlan, as quoted by him, seem to have fallen, in regarding it as the White-headed or Bald Eagle (_Haliaetus leucocephalus_). It is expressly stated by Rafinesque to have been brought from “near Buenos Ayres,” and was evidently, from his description, the _Circaetus coronatus_ of South America. This name is therefore by no means to be cited as a synonyme for _Haliaetus leucocephalus_.

13. Falco doliatus. Shaw, Gen. Zool., Aves., VII. p. 77. (1809.)

“Length ten inches; bill violet; cere, irides, and legs, yellow; tail
marked with whitish bars more apparent beneath than above; under
tail-coverts and flanks brown, with two or three round white spots on
each side of the shaft; thighs ferruginous, with black shafts.
Inhabits Carolina, observed by Bosc.” (Shaw, as above.)

Probably the young of either _Hypotriorchis columbarius_ or _Accipiter fuscus_, but quite impossible to identify from such a meagre description.

14. Falco glaucus. Bartram, Travels, p. 290. (1791.) Barton, Fragments
of the Nat. Hist. of Penna., p. 11. (1799.)

“The sharp-winged hawk, of a pale sky-blue color, the top of the wings
black.” (Bartram, as above.)

This insufficient description has been supposed to be intended for the adult of the Marsh Hawk (_Circus hudsonius_), but Barton (as above) applies it to the _Nauclerus furcatus_. It is probably one or the other.

15. Falco subceruleus. Bartram, Travels, p. 290. (1791.)

“The sharp-winged hawk, of a dark or dusky blue color.” (Bartram, as
above.)

Impossible to identify, from its brevity. It may be either the Mississippi Kite (_Ictinia mississippiensis_), the Fork-tailed Hawk (_Nauclerus furcatus_), or the adult Marsh Hawk (_Circus hudsonius_).

16. The following names have been given without descriptions, by the authors cited:—

Falco regalis. The great Gray Eagle. Bartram, Trav., p. 290.
Barton, Frag. Nat. Hist. Penna., p. 11.
Falco gallinarius. The Hen Hawk. Bartr. Trav., p. 290.
Falco pullarius. The Chicken Hawk. Bartr. Trav., p. 290.
Falco ranivorus. The Marsh Hawk. Bartr. Trav., p. 290.
Falco piscatorius. The Fishing Eagle. Bartram, Trav., p. 290.
Barton, Frag. Nat. Hist. Penna., p. 2, 17.
Falco cæsius. The Blue Hawk. Ord., Zool. N. A., in Guthrie’s Geog,
I. p. 315.

The above embrace all the names and descriptions of birds of this family that have come under our notice, except those of such as are now well ascertained to inhabit other countries exclusively, and for which nearly allied species of North America have been mistaken. Of the latter we may more particularly mention the European _Falco rusticolus_ (Linn.), which is given by Fabricius as a bird of Greenland, but stated by Holboll to have been the young of _F. anatum_, and _Buteo vulgaris_ and _Hypotriorchis æsalon_, both of which are also European species, and have never been found in America to our knowledge, though there are species which are nearly related to them.

The student may advantageously bear in mind that of those above, which were originally described by Pennant, in English, abstracts or compilations only, in Latin, are given by Gmelin in his edition of the Systema Natura of Linnæus. These abstracts are mostly very short, and not always to be relied on as conveying strictly the sense of the originals. Nor are they at all improved by Turton in his edition of Linnæus, in which, so far as relates to these species, he merely retranslates into English the Latin text of Gmelin without reference to Pennant. In the study of the obscure species alluded to, the original descriptions only can be consulted without risk of error.

FALCO POLYAGRUS.—Cassin.
The American Lanier Falcon.
PLATE XVI.—Male and Female.

The researches of late naturalists have tended to demonstrate that the animals of Western North America have a more intimate relationship with those of Asia and the old world generally than those of the Eastern portion of this continent. Nor is this affinity restricted, apparently, to any one class, or to such as might have migrated, but is found to exist in a greater or less degree in classes of animals, as that of reptiles, possessing powers of locomotion too limited to admit of such supposition. When, too, we have had our attention directed to the family of Sparrows and Finches, to the beautiful Jays and Magpies, or the various species of Grouse, Partridges, and many other families, we have been almost persuaded to entertain the opinion that the birds of Western America are of a higher grade of organization than those of the Atlantic States. Whether such is the case in other classes of animals, we are not prepared to say, but, if true, it is singularly accordant with the fact that, of the aboriginal American races of men, the West has produced the superior. And it is remarkable, too, that there are Western tribes which very intimately resemble the Mongolian variety of the human race, if they do not really belong to it; thus connecting themselves with the Chinese and Japanese, and other nations of Northern Asia.

The remarkable Falcon which we now have the pleasure of introducing to the reader, is one of the species that show close affinity to an Asiatic congener. It is so much like a common Falcon of India, a bird much used for the purposes of falconry, and known by the name of the _Jugger_, in the valley of the Indus and other parts of India (_Falco jugger._ Gray, Ill. of Indian Zoology, II. pl. 26, and Jerdon, Ill. Indian Orn., pl. 44), that it can scarcely be distinguished from it by any character, except size. It is in fact one of the most remarkable instances of close proximity to an Asiatic relative to be found in American birds. It is larger than the Indian _Jugger_, and more powerful and robustly organized.

Though trained for the chase, the Asiatic bird alluded to is not held in as high estimation as several others; the greatest favorites being the Peregrine Falcon (_Falco peregrinus_), nearly related to the Duck Hawk of the Atlantic coast of America (_F. anatum_), and the Indian Goshawk (_Astur palumbarius_), which is also a relative of an American species. Falconry, though now little cultivated in Europe, is yet a much-pursued and favorite pastime in several countries of the East. In addition to the Hawks just mentioned, several others, a few of which are more or less nearly related to species of this country, are employed. Some of the smaller Hawks of India are so easily trained that they are set free at the close of a hunting season, the Falconer not considering them of sufficient value to induce him to keep them until another.

The home of the bird now before us, appears to be the mountainous regions of Oregon and California, from which it descends in the winter season to the lower districts, in the valleys of the rivers, and on the shores of the Pacific. In the former country, near the sources of the Platte river, the first specimen that we ever saw, was obtained by the late Dr. John K. Townsend during his trip across the continent in the year 1834, and in whose collection, now belonging to the Philadelphia Academy, it yet remains. Since that period it has been observed in the Rocky Mountains and on the Columbia river, by the naturalists attached to the United States Exploring Expedition, in the Vincennes and Peacock. In the fine zoological collection made by this expedition, is preserved the only female specimen, in the dark plumage, described below, yet known to have been brought to the attention of naturalists. In California, Dr. Heermann particularly noticed this bird, and his collection contains several specimens which he obtained in the plains near Sacramento city.

DESCRIPTION AND TECHNICAL OBSERVATIONS.

Genus Falco. Linnæus, Syst. Nat., I. p. 124. (1766.)

General form compact and strong; bill strong, short, with a distinct and sharp tooth in the upper mandible; wings long, pointed; tail moderate, or rather long; tarsi short, robust; toes long, claws large, curved, sharp; tarsi covered with hexagonal or circular scales. A genus of birds remarkable for their courage and very rapid flight, species of which are found in all countries.

Falco polyagrus. Cassin, Birds of California and Texas, I. p. 88.
(1853.)

Form robust; wings rather long, second and third quills longest, and nearly equal; tail rather long; bill short, rather wide at base; tooth in the upper mandible prominent.

Dimensions. Female. Total length of skin, about 20 inches; wing, 14; tail, 8 inches.

Colors. Female nearly adult. Narrow frontal band, line over the eye, and entire under parts white; narrow stripe from the corner of the mouth running downwards, dark brown; some feathers on the breast, and abdomen with longitudinal stripes and spots of brown, which color forms a large and conspicuous spot on the flank. Entire upper parts brown, paler on the rump, many feathers with rufous edgings; tail above pale grayish-brown, with transverse bars of white, and narrowly tipped with white; quills dark grayish-brown, with numerous bars of white On their inner-webs; under wing-coverts dark brown; edge of the wing at the shoulder and below, white, spotted with brown. The brown of the back extending somewhat on to the breast at the wing. Bill, bluish horn color, under mandible yellow at its base. Large space around the eye, bare, with a narrow edging of brown on the first plumage by which it is encircled.

Younger female. Entire plumage above and below, brownish-black; throat white; many feathers on the under parts with edgings and circular spots of white; under wing-coverts also with circular spots of white, and the under tail-coverts with wide transverse stripes of the same.

Young male? Frontal band nearly obsolete; entire upper parts uniform pale brown, with narrow rufous stripes on the head; under parts white, with a tinge of fulvous, and nearly every feather with a narrow longitudinal stripe of blackish-brown; large spaces on the flanks, brown; tarsi and feet, lead-colored.

Hab. Oregon and California. Spec. in Nat. Mus., Washington; and Mus. Acad., Philada.

Obs. This is the only American Falcon yet discovered, which belongs to the group forming the sub-genus _Gennaia_, Kaup., which contains _Falco laniarius_, Linn., (Gould, B. of Eur., I. pl 20); _Falco biarmiaus_, Temm., (Pl. col., 324); _Falco jugger_, Gray, and several other species. It especially resembles the last, but is larger, and we are at present of opinion that the young of the two species differ in the colors of their plumage.

PIPILO FUSCA.—Swainson.
The Cañon Finch.
PLATE XVII.—Adult Male.

This plain-plumaged and sober-looking bird is another of the feathered inhabitants of the mountainous wilds of California and New Mexico. Numerous specimens have been brought in the various collections which have been made in those countries, and it may be regarded as one of the most abundant of the peculiar species of Western America.

It was first described, however, by Mr. Swainson, from Mexican specimens.

Our friend, T. Charlton Henry, M. D., of the United States Army, a zealous and talented young naturalist, who has been for some years in New Mexico, has noticed this bird at all seasons in that country. For much valuable and satisfactory information relating to the birds to be included in the present work, we are indebted to this gentleman, amongst whose notes in our possession we find the following, relating to the species now before the reader:—

“This bird is common in New Mexico during both summer and winter, and so far as I have observed, lives almost entirely in the mountains. It is very retiring in its habits, and seems to prefer the cañons; indeed, I have seldom observed it far from some shady gorge, where, like its relative of the Eastern States, the Towhe-Bunting (_Pipilo erythropthalma_), it passes the greater part of its time on the ground, and is generally accompanied by its congener, the Arctic Ground Finch (_Pipilo arctica_). When disturbed, it seeks the thickest cover, though it is by no means shy nor difficult to approach. Its nest is usually constructed in the thick branches of a cedar or dwarf oak, and I am not aware of its producing more than a single brood in a season.

“The only note that I have ever heard this bird utter, is a simple chirp, somewhat resembling that of the Fox Sparrow (_F. iliaca_), but more subdued. It is usually to be met with in pairs, at all seasons.”

Col. McCall observed this bird to be abundant also in California, and with his usual kindness, has furnished a notice of it for our present article.

“The _habitat_ of this species, I am inclined to believe, extends throughout California, as I met with it from the upper waters of the Sacramento river to the mouth of the Gila, the former having its origin in the north, the latter debouching at the extreme southern boundary of the State; yet, it is by far the most abundant from Santa Barbara southwardly.

“The habits and manners of this species differ somewhat from those of its relatives, the Towhe and the Arctic Finch (_P. erythropthalmus_, and _P. arctica_). Its flight is more even and regular, as it is without that violent jerking of the tail from side to side which gives such singularity and appearance of awkwardness to the movements of the Towhe. It is also less shy and suspicious than the Arctic Finch, which I occasionally met with in the same regions. The latter I had previously observed with attention in New Mexico, where I procured specimens; and all my observations lead me to pronounce the present species less decidedly a _Ground Finch_ than either of the others, although all are doubtless closely allied.

“The favorite abode of this species appeared to be the vicinity of water-courses, where it was generally seen singly or in pairs, though I have at times surprised eight or ten together, under the shade of a large bush, at noon in a summer-day; and at such times I had no difficulty in procuring, with my gun, three or four specimens before the party was dispersed. In fact, it appeared at all times a familiar bird, boldly coming into the roads to feed, and permitting the close approach of a person either mounted or on foot. If compelled to retreat, it darted suddenly into the thicket, but returned again as soon as the cause of alarm had disappeared. Near Santa Barbara, in the month of July, I found thirty or forty of these birds dispersed over an old field of some five acres in extent, lying contiguous to the sea-beach, and through which a small stream of fresh water trickled as it crept silently away to the sea. Here they were feeding on the ground, sheltered by a rank growth of weeds; and when I flushed one of them as I walked along, he almost invariably flew into a neighboring tree, instead of seeking shelter again in the weeds at a little distance.

“At this time, the birds of the year were fully fledged, and scarcely differed in the color of their plumage from the adults. The rufous tints of the head, the wing-coverts, and the lower parts generally, being only rather more bright and distinct in the old birds than in the others.”

The collections made in California by both Mr. Bell and Dr. Heermann, contained many fine specimens of this species. According to the latter (in Journal of the Philadelphia Academy, quarto, II. p. 267), it builds its nest always in a bush or tree, in which respect it differs from the Arctic Ground Finch (_Pipilo arctica_), another Western species, which builds on the ground, and from others of the same genus, in this respect confirming the observation of Dr. Henry, as given in a preceding page. Dr. Heermann’s observations possess an especial interest, from his having so carefully stated the peculiarities of the construction of the nests and other facts relating to the nidification of many species. He says, respecting the present bird: “I found one nest built in a grape-vine, overhanging the Sacramento river, and all that I have seen were placed in the immediate vicinity of water. The nest is composed of coarse twigs and grasses, and lined with fine roots. The eggs, four in number, are of a pale blue color, dashed with black spots, and interspersed with a few faint neutral tint blotches, which are more abundant at the larger end.”

The name Cañon Finch we have taken the liberty of adopting from Dr. Henry’s manuscript notes in our possession: it was very appropriately given by him with reference to the localities which he has observed to be the favorite haunts of this bird in the mountains of the Far West.

DESCRIPTION AND TECHNICAL OBSERVATIONS.

Genus Pipilo. Vieillot, Analyse, p. 32. (1816.)

Form lengthened, but rather robust; bill short, conical, strong; wings short, rounded, the fourth primary usually longest, but little longer than the third and fifth; tail long, wide, much rounded at the end; tarsi and toes strong, compressed. An American genus, comprising several species of both divisions of this continent.

Pipilo fusca. Swainson. Philos. Mag., 1827, p. 434.

Form large for this genus; bill rather longer than in other species; tail long, and composed of broad feathers.

Dimensions. Total length (of skin) from tip of bill to end of tail, about 9 inches; wing, 4⅛; tail, 4⅝ inches.

Colors. Entire upper parts olive-brown, with a rufous tinge on the head, and ashy on the scapulars and wing-coverts. Nares, circle around the eye and throat, pale rufous; the latter spotted with black. Breast, sides, and flanks, cinereous; middle of the abdomen white, with a tinge of fulvous; under tail-coverts bright fulvous. Quills and tail-feathers brown, the former edged exteriorly with ashy, the latter with olive. Bill and feet light. Sexes very nearly alike.

Hab. California and New Mexico. Spec. in Mus. Acad., Philada.

Obs. This bird resembles no other species of its genus, except _Pipilo Aberti_, Baird, (Stansbury’s Report of a Survey of the Valley of the Great Salt Lake of Utah, Zoology, p. 325, 1852). From this it differs in the color of the throat, that of the latter being uniform with the other inferior parts of the body, and in other characters.

The figure in our plate represents the adult male about two-thirds of the natural size.

PYROCEPHALUS RUBINEUS.—Boddaert.
The Scarlet-crowned Flycatcher.
PLATE XVIII.—Adult and Young Males.

This bright-plumaged little bird is a summer visitor to Texas and New Mexico, in which countries it rears its young, and appears to be an inhabitant also not only of Mexico, but of nearly the whole of Central and South America. It has been long known as a bird of the last-named division of this continent, though but recently ascertained to be a resident within the limits of the United States, having been first observed in Texas by Captain J. P. McCown, of the United States Army, in 1850, and announced as an addition to the ornithology of North America, by Mr. Lawrence, in the Annals of the New York Lyceum of Natural History, V. p. 115. In some interesting notes on the birds of Texas, by Capt. McCown, published in the same journal, VI. p. 12, we find the following in reference to the present species:

“This beautiful little Flycatcher is seldom seen. I did not notice over a dozen of them while in Western Texas. I always found them near the ponds along the Rio Grande, and generally on a tree or stake near the water. The only nest I ever found was built upon a _retama_ (a variety of acacia), over the water, and I was not able to procure it. The female is quite a plain bird.”

Our friend, Lieut. D. N. Couch, one of the several officers of the Army who have greatly contributed to the knowledge of the Natural History of little-explored portions of this country, and the results of whose observations have most generously been placed at our disposal, met with this bird in small numbers in Northern Mexico. From many valuable papers, which will add much to the interest of the present work, and for which we are indebted to this gentleman, we make the following extract:

“This bird was first seen at Charco Escondido, in Tamaulipas, on the tenth of March. The male had evidently preceded the female in his arrival, as the latter was not observed until several weeks afterwards. Early in the morning, and again about sunset, he came to the artificial lake that is constructed here for the supplying of water to the inhabitants, and appeared to be of a very quiet and inoffensive disposition, usually sitting on the upper branches of the trees, occasionally uttering a low chirp. Subsequently, it was met with in Nueva Leon, though I had little opportunity of observing its habits. It appeared, however, to be in some respects similar in its manners to the smaller species of the Northern Flycatchers.”

Dr. Henry has also met with the present bird in the vicinity of Fort Webster, New Mexico. He represents it, however, as of exceedingly rare occurrence, so far as he has observed, and fully confirms the statements given above, respecting its partiality for the neighborhood of water. His first specimen, a male in full plumage, was obtained on the Rio Miembres, near Fort Webster, in the month of March, 1853.

DESCRIPTION AND TECHNICAL OBSERVATIONS.

Genus Pyrocephalus. Gould, Zool. Voy. Beagle, Birds, p. 44. (1841.)

General form compact and rather heavy; bill depressed, wide at base, rather long, acute, with an indentation near the tip of the upper mandible, and with several pairs of bristles at its base; wing long, the second and third quills longest, and nearly equal; tail ample, wide; tarsi rather long, slender; toes moderate or short. The species generally have the feathers of the head above lengthened and crest-like, and with other parts of the plumage of a fine scarlet color. An American genus of Flycatchers inhabiting the southern portion of the northern and nearly the whole of the southern division of this continent.

Pyrocephalus rubineus. (Boddaert.)
Muscicapa rubineus. Bodd., Tab. dez Pl. Enl. Buff., p. 42. (1783.)
Muscicapa coronata. Gm., Syst. Nat., II. p. 932. (1788.)

Form. Head above, from the base of the bill to the occiput, with long crest-like feathers. General form rather broad and robust; wings and tail long; legs slender.

Dimensions. Male. Total length (of skin), about 5½ inches; wing, 3¼; tail, 2½ inches.

Colors. Adult Male. Long feathers of the head above, and entire under parts, fine scarlet; brightest on the top of the head, palest on the under tail-coverts. Upper parts of the body, line from behind the eye, wings and tail, sepia brown; bill and feet dark. Under wing-coverts frequently edged and tipped with pale red.

Female. Entire upper parts plain sepia brown; under parts yellowish-white, with a few longitudinal lines of brown.

Young Male. Similar to the female, but with the flanks tinged with pale red.

Hab. Texas and New Mexico. Spec. in Mus. Acad., Philada.

Obs. On comparison of our specimens from Texas with others from various parts of South America, we cannot at present find differences sufficient to induce us to regard them in any other light than as one species. The present is the first bird of its genus which has been observed within the limits of the United States.

The sexes of this species are quite unlike each other, the female having none of the brilliant color of her companion.

The figures in our plate represent the adult and young males about two-thirds of the natural size.

CALLIPEPLA SQUAMATA.—(Vigors.)
The Blue Partridge. The Scaly Partridge.
PLATE XIX.—Male and Female.

This is another of the fine game birds that inhabit the countries on the southwestern frontier of the United States, and the adjoining regions of Mexico. Though not presenting such gay colors in its plumage as the two other Partridges which we have previously figured in the present work, it is by no means destitute of claim to respect in personal appearance, and in gracefulness and delicacy of form is not at all their inferior. We have always particularly admired its ample and curious crest, which is possessed by both male and female, and, though admitting of being flattened so as to lie close on the head, is usually to be seen erect, and gives it an air unusually spirited and striking. It is remarkable for great swiftness in running, and is more of an insect-eater than is usual in this family of birds. It is abundant in Texas and New Mexico.

Specimens of this bird had reached Europe as early as 1830, in which year it was first brought to the notice of naturalists by Mr. Vigors, one of the founders of the Zoological Society of London, and one of the most profound naturalists of the only school of systematic Zoology, the Circularian and Quinarian, which Anglo-Saxon mind has yet produced, a consideration one would think not slightly to be regarded. His description is in the Zoological Journal, V. p. 275. It has, however, always, until within a few years, been of great rarity in collections, and nothing was known of its history or habits until the publication of the valuable contributions to Natural History which have been made by officers of the Army of the United States.

The Blue Partridge was first noticed within the territory of the United States, by Lieut. J. W. Abert, a son of the distinguished officer who presides over the Topographical Department of the Army. In Lieut. Abert’s very able and valuable “Report of an examination of New Mexico in the years 1846-7,” made as an officer of Topographical Engineers, and which, besides its great military and geographical usefulness, contains much information relating to the natural history of that country, we find several notices of this bird, one of which, occurring under date of twelfth of November, 1846 (p. 497), we take the liberty of transferring to our pages:—

“After passing through the little town of Las Canas, we encountered another hill of sand, very difficult of ascent, and after we reached the top, we commenced the descent through a crooked ravine that was strewed with fragments of rocks. On the way, we saw several flocks of crested quails, which were running along with great rapidity among the clumps of the Kreosote plant (_Larrea mexicana_). We procured one of them; at the report of the gun, only three or four rose up; they seemed to depend more on their fleetness of foot than swiftness of wing. This bird proved to be the _Ortyx squamata_. The size, contour, and general character, greatly resemble the common quail (_O. virginiana_); the plumage is of soft, silvery gray, the iris hazel, and the crest fringed with white. On opening the stomach, I found it filled with grass seeds and insects of the order Hemiptera.” This is the earliest record of this bird having been observed within the limits of the United States; subsequently, it has been noticed by others.

Capt. S. G. French, of the United States Army, to whom we are indebted for fine specimens of this and other birds of Western America, has also favored us with the following note:—

“It was in 1846 that I first met with this bird near Camargo, on the Rio Grande. At Monterey, none were to be found; but on the plains at Agua Nueva, a few miles south of Saltillo, I observed them in considerable numbers.

“Since then, I have met with them occasionally on the Upper Rio Grande, in the vicinity of El Paso, and some seventy miles down the river from that place. They inhabit the same section of country with Gambel’s Partridge, though I have never seen them associated together in the same covey. Their favorite resorts are the sandy chaparral and mesquite bushes, through which they run with great swiftness, resorting to the wing only when suddenly alarmed by finding themselves too nearly approached.

“They appear to be very shy, and but seldom are found near habitations, though I once saw a large covey run through my camp in the suburbs of El Paso.

“The bird that I sent you was killed on the Rio Grande, below El Paso, in July last (1852).”

Col. McCall, in his “Remarks on the habits, &c., of birds met with in Western Texas,” in Proceedings of the Philadelphia Academy, V. p. 222, thus alludes to the Blue Partridge:—

“This species I have met with, at different times, throughout a more extended region than either of the former (the Massena Partridge and Gambel’s Partridge), viz.: from Camargo on the lower Rio Grande, to Santa Fé. On the present occasion, they were more numerous between the latter point and Don Ana than elsewhere. They seem to prefer the vicinity of the greater water-courses to interior tracts. They are much more wild than either of the preceding, and being extremely watchful and swift of foot, they elude pursuit with surprising skill, scarcely resorting to flight even in comparatively open, sandy ground. They do not approach the settlements as much as the last.

“For the table, all these species, however, possess in a high degree the requisites of plump muscle and delicate flavour. Massena is, perhaps, the best.”

The following more extended and beautiful sketch, referring to this Partridge, has been very kindly furnished by the same gentleman (Col. McCall), for our present article:—

“The _habitat_ of this species, as I have remarked elsewhere, embraces an extensive region, the limits of which, though not yet positively defined with any degree of accuracy, may, at least with reference to our own territory, be asserted to lie principally within the valley of the Rio Grande or Rio del Norte of Mexico. This valley, although comparatively narrow, contains a country of great extent from north to south; and embraces, in its stretch between the Rocky Mountains and the Gulf of Mexico,—every variety of climate, from the extreme of cold to that of tropical heat. This entire region, not even excepting the narrow mountain-valleys, covered in winter with deep snows, is inhabited by the species under consideration. I have met with it on the Rio Grande and its affluents, from the 25th to the 38th degree of north latitude—that is to say, from below Monterey, in Mexico, along the borders of the San Juan river to its junction with the Rio Grande; and at different points on the latter as high up as the Taos and other northern branches, which gush from the mountain sides. I have also found it, though less frequently, near the head of the Riado creek, which likewise rises in the Rocky Mountains and flows eastwardly to the Canadian; further north than this my examinations did not extend.

“Now, as the Partridge, wherever found, is always _resident_, there is in the extensive distribution above noted, good proof of a hardiness of constitution possessed by no other species of American Partridge, except the common or Virginia Partridge; for no other species has been found in regions as cold and inhospitable as those I have named. Again, arguing from analogy, if the plainer plumage is always found in birds inhabiting more northern latitudes, my opinion is strengthened when I look upon the plain and sober hues of the _Blue_ Partridge as contrasted with the bright and more decided colors of the _Massena_, _California_, and _Gambel’s_ Partridges, all of which prefer the milder regions, and shun those of snow.

“The habits, moreover, of this species are more like those of the common Partridge than either of the others. I have shot these birds over a pointer dog, and at times found them to lie sufficiently close to afford good sport; this, however, it must be admitted, was not often the case, and never, unless the cover was remarkably good; for, in general, they are vigilant and wild, making their escape by running on the first approach of danger. In swiftness of foot none of the family can compete with them. When running, they keep the body erect and hold the head high; and in this attitude they seem fairly to skim over the surface of the ground. On such occasions the white plume is erected and spread out like a fan, or rather like an old fashioned _chapeau de bras_, worn fore and aft: this gives them a trim, jaunty air, that is peculiarly pleasing and attractive. I remember once being particularly struck with the beautiful appearance thus presented by a large covey that I came upon suddenly in open sandy ground. It was in the month of February, just at sunrise; I was half asleep on my horse, and thoroughly benumbed with cold (having been in the saddle since two hours before daybreak, in order to reach Eagle Spring by breakfast time), when a sudden start of my horse roused me into wakefulness. On looking up, I beheld about twenty of these birds in the trail a few yards in advance. Contrary to their usual manner, they were strutting along, or rather slowly walking away; and with their white _chapeaux_ spread out to the full extent, they glanced over their shoulders and clucked to each other as if uncertain whether danger threatened or not. I drew up my horse and looked on with delight, until the little fellows finally took to their heels and swiftly glided away to the nearest cover. This little incident having restored me to full consciousness, I cast my eyes around, and never shall I forget the sublime prospect that then burst upon my enchanted gaze.

“A more glorious, a more heavenly dawn of day than this, it is impossible to conceive! The heavy dew of the preceding night has been congealed, and the whole country is white with frost. The rising sun casts his broad beams over the vast plain, and in an instant its surface is brilliant with sparkling crystals.

“The abrupt and isolated peaks, whose soft parts the frosts and storms of past ages have loosened and swept away, seem in the distance to rear still higher their lofty summits, now crowned with glittering diadems. On all sides, to the farthest extent of my powers of vision, the varied prospect is open to my view—hereaway, strongly defined, I behold the bold outline of the Apache mountains; yonder, I regard, with admiration growing as I gaze, the countless undulations of the prairie, each as it succeeds the other diminishing in the distance until the last faint wave is blended with the blue horizon. Still admiring as I turn, I find my horse at last fairly faced about; and now another view, the grandest, the strangest of all, is presented to my almost bewildered senses. It is the _mirage_! Wonderful illusion, cruel mockery—how often hast thou deceived the famished wanderer of the plains with the semblance of water; leading him on farther and farther, and leaving him at last sinking and exhausted in the midst of the desert!

“Behold! I clearly see a broad lake of bright water, with noble trees growing on either hand; and nothing but the positive knowledge that this counterfeit lake lies directly across the road over which I have just passed, and the perfect certainty under which I rest, from actual examination, that neither wood nor water is to be found in that direction within thirty miles, can persuade me that what I now look upon is not real! But I will return from this digression—yet, if this page ever meets the eyes of my two companions on that expedition (Lieutenants B—— and M——, of the 3d), they will remember the glorious sunrise, the mirage, and finally, the covey of Partridges to which I have here alluded.

“This species is found farther to the south on the Mexican side of the Rio Grande than on our own, owing probably to the rugged character of the country there, for I never met with it anywhere in low grounds. The first appearance it makes in Texas is a little above Rhinosa, on the first highlands on this side encountered in ascending the river from its mouth. Thence up to the Rocky Mountains, the birds of this species may be considered denizens of the United States, being about equally distributed on both sides of the great river.”

In a paper in the “Registro Trimestre,” I. p. 144 (Mexico, 1832), Don Pablo de la Llave, an able Mexican naturalist, gives a description of this bird, and names it _Tetrao cristata_. He had kept it, with other species, in captivity, and of his notice of it we give the following translation: “The second species is considerably smaller than the preceding,” (_Tetrao marmorata_, Llave, which is _Ortyx macroura_, Jardine and Selby). “It has on its head a crest of feathers very erect and soft, bill black, the neck moderate, body elongated, much compressed, feet robust, gray or blackish, small, and have, more than in _Tetrao_, the appearance of the Larks or Buntings. It is almost entirely of a lead color, with the feathers of the breast speckled with black, and those of the sides with many longitudinal bands of white. Its voice is very much varied, and that of the male is loud, sounding like a castanet, at the same time raising and depressing its head.

“I have not observed in this bird any courage;—it is very timid; all its movements are rapid, and notwithstanding that I have fed my specimens for a long time, every day they become more wild and intractable.

“It inhabits the _Mezquite_ regions in Northern Mexico.”

The contents of the stomachs of Capt. French’s specimens were hemipterous insects, some of which were very minute, with a few seeds and pods.

Our plate represents the male and female, which are nearly alike in plumage, about two-thirds of the size of life.

DESCRIPTION AND TECHNICAL OBSERVATIONS.

Genus Callipepla. Wagler in Isis, 1832, p. 277.
Callipepla squamata. (Vigors.)
Ortyx squamatus. Vig. Zool. Jour., V. p. 275. (1830.)
Callipepla strenua. Wagler, Isis, XXV. p. 278. (1832.)
Tetrao cristata. Llave, Registro Trimestre, I. p. 144. (1832.)

Form. Robust, body compressed; head with long, erectile, crest-like feathers; bill rather strong, curved; wings short, with the fourth quill slightly longest, tertiaries long; tail rather long, ample, rounded; legs and feet moderate; tongue pointed, very acute at the tip; nostrils large.