Chapter XVII: Summary (2)

The phenomena of the organism which bear the sharpest impress of their physical and chemical nature, also come under the influence of cellular “sensations.” Thus, in gastro-intestinal digestion, the secretion of the active juice is subordinated to the control of the nerve centres and even of the psychic centres. The sight of various kinds of food stimulates, unconsciously, by reflex action the activity of different digestive glands. In the same way the contraction of the contents of the cells of a plant subjected to plasmolysis, brings about the secretion of acid in order to augment the osmotic pressure.

Susceptibility, whose part is so great in the phenomena of immunity, taken as a whole, is a general property of living beings, regulated by a common law. Thus, in the chemiotaxis of the lowest unicellular organisms, as in the movements and the osmotic reaction of plants, there is manifested the same psycho-physical law of Weber-Fechner which regulates our own sensations.

[Sidenote: [591]]

All cells are able, by modifying their function under the direction of susceptibility, to adapt themselves to changes in the surrounding conditions. All living elements are able, therefore, to acquire a certain degree of immunity. But, amongst all the cells of the animal body, the elements which have retained most independence—the phagocytes—most easily and first acquire immunity to infective diseases. These are the cells which betake themselves to situations where micro-organisms and their poisons make their appearance, and which manifest a reaction against them. The phagocytes of the immune organism ingest and destroy micro-organisms and absorb toxins and other poisons. The final act of the reaction of the phagocytes is constituted by the chemical or chemico-physical processes concerned in the digestion of the micro-organisms, with the help of cytases, assisted by the fixatives; in the defence offered against poisons the phagocytes must also exert a chemical action. Before these phenomena come into play, however, the phagocytes manifest phenomena which are purely biological, such as the perception of chemiotactic and other sensations, the migration towards menaced situations, the ingestion of micro-organisms and the absorption of toxins, and finally the secretion of substances to be utilised in intracellular digestion.

The immunity in infective diseases presents itself, therefore, as a section of cellular physiology, and especially as a phenomenon concerned in the absorption of micro-organisms. This absorption being carried out by an act of intracellular digestion, the study of immunity comes into the chapter on digestion regarded from the general point of view.

As in the struggle of the body of the animal against infective agents the phagocytes play the principal part, it happens that in certain diseases the micro-organisms in order to manifest their morbific effect must be protected from the attacks of these defensive cells. It is for this reason that the cholera vibrio, which is not very injurious when introduced below the skin of the human subject, becomes very formidable when it succeeds in gaining access to the digestive canal. Incapable of maintaining a struggle against the phagocytes, the vibrio is able to overcome in the stomach and in the intestines without difficulty the obstacles which it here meets with. It is for this reason that the channel of entrance of the micro-organisms at times plays such a prominent rôle in immunity against infective diseases.

The question is often asked whether a theoretical study of immunity is capable of rendering service in the search for means of conferring immunity on the animal. It must not be forgotten that theory and practice frequently march side by side, but that sometimes they advance without very much regard for each other. Thus the first preventive inoculations against snake-bite, small-pox, and pleuropneumonia, attempted by laymen were evidently made independently of any theoretical ideas of any kind, but were guided by the purest empiricism. On the other hand, the theoretical researches on the nature and origin of ferments led to the discovery of vaccinations by means of micro-organisms and microbic products which have rendered immense services to practical medicine.

[Sidenote: [592]]

[Sidenote: [593]]

The discovery of antitoxins, so rich in practical applications, was influenced by theoretical researches on the mechanism of immunity. Von Behring began his important series of investigations on this subject with the study of the immunity of rats against the anthrax bacillus. It did not suggest itself to anyone to suppose that this question could have the slightest immediate practical interest; nevertheless, starting from this investigation, von Behring, after giving up the theory of the bactericidal property of the body fluids as a cause of immunity, advanced, step by step, to the discovery of the antitoxic power of the serums. When a study of the properties of the blood of animals treated with the red corpuscles of another species was commenced, no one would have suspected that these researches would end in the discovery of new methods for the recognition of human blood in medico-legal researches, or in the interests of hygiene for the determination of the source of a milk. The cellular theory of immunity is, as yet, of too recent date for us to claim the right to expect it to have amongst its assets methods for purely practical application. Nevertheless, it has already been found to be of service in the investigation of problems very closely affecting medical practice. Lord Lister, the greatest surgeon of the nineteenth century[925], asked himself how it was that wounds could heal “by first intention under circumstances before incomprehensible. Complete primary union was sometimes seen to take place in wounds treated with water-dressing, that is to say, a piece of wet lint covered with a layer of oiled silk to keep it moist. This, though cleanly when applied, was invariably putrid within twenty-four hours. The layer of blood between the cut surfaces was thus exposed at the outlet of the wound to a most potent septic focus. How was it prevented from putrefying as it would have done under such influence if, instead of being between divided living tissues, it had been between plates of glass or other indifferent material?” “How were the bacteria of putrefaction kept from propagating in the decomposable film? Metchnikoff’s phagocytosis supplied the answer. The blood between the lips of the wound became rapidly peopled with phagocytes which kept guard against the putrefactive microbes and seized them as they endeavoured to enter. If phagocytosis was ever able to cope with septic microbes in so concentrated and intense a form, it could hardly fail to deal effectually with them in the very mitigated condition in which they are present in the air. We are thus strongly confirmed in our conclusion that the atmospheric dust may safely be disregarded in our operations; and Metchnikoff’s researches, while they have illumined the whole pathology of infective diseases, have beautifully completed the theory of antiseptic treatment in surgery.” (_Rep. Brit. Ass._, p. 27.)

We may even attempt to increase phagocytosis in surgical operations, especially in those on the peritoneal cavity, by there setting up an artificial aseptic inflammation, by means of various substances, innocuous in themselves, which attract a large number of leucocytes. In laboratory practice this method is in daily use for the purpose of increasing the resistance of an animal against intraperitoneal injections of various micro-organisms, and Durham has suggested the extension of the same method to human medicine. Certain surgeons have already made attempts in this direction.

The application of the cellular theory of immunity to researches on new micro-organisms of infective diseases has already been crowned with success. Nocard and Roux have attempted to cultivate in the animal body the virus of the pleuropneumonia of cattle. They selected the rabbit, an animal naturally refractory against this infection. On the supposition that, in this immunity, the phagocytes must play an important part as destroyers of the presumed micro-organisms, the idea suggested itself to them to withhold the virus from their voracity. With this object they filled sacs of collodion or of reed pith with pleuropneumonia virus, and introduced these sacs into the peritoneal cavity of rabbits. Some time after this operation these investigators were able to demonstrate in the contents of the sacs impregnated by the blood fluid of rabbits, immune animals, the development of specific micro-organisms, the smallest discovered up to the present. By means of cultivations of this micro-organism, obtained in suitable media, they worked out a method of vaccinating animals which, as mentioned in Chapter xv., has already begun to give good results in veterinary practice. This method has thus contributed to the prevention of diseases, a branch of knowledge which has made such great advances since medicine became an exact science under the inspiration of the discoveries and ideas of Pasteur.

[Sidenote: [594]]

Within a very short period immunity has been placed in possession not only of a host of medical ideas of the highest importance, but also of effective means of combating a whole series of maladies of the most formidable nature in man and the domestic animals. Science is far from having said its last word, but the advances already made are amply sufficient to dispel pessimism in so far as this has been suggested by the fear of diseases, and the feeling that we are powerless to struggle against them.

LIST OF AUTHORITIES QUOTED.

Abel, 443, 444, 445, 536

Abel. _See_ Loeffler

Achalme, 96

Achard and Bensaude, 264, 451

Adil Bey. _See_ Nicolle

Almquist, 178

Arloing, 264, 452

Arloing, Cornevin and Thomas, 471

Arnold, 411

Arthus, 95

Babes, 75, 348

Bach, 408, 410

Bail, 151, 185, 359

Balbiani, 13, 23, 133

Bardach, 150

Barthels, 507

Bary (de), 31, 32

Batzaroff, 411

Baumgarten, 138, 193, 521, 522, 524

Bayeux. _See_ Roger

Behring, 20, 152, 153, 205, 242, 290, 334, 335, 348, 350, 352, 367,
369, 374, 375, 378, 417, 526, 540, 561, 564, 567

Behring and Kitasato, 266, 344, 347, 354, 357, 493, 495

Behring and Kitashima, 42, 290, 368, 370, 373

Behring and Knorr, 355

Behring and Nissen, 211, 226, 526, 531

Bensaude, 439

Bensaude. _See_ Achard

Bernard, 59

Bernheim, 408

Bertrand. _See_ Phisalix

Besredka, 111, 191, 231, 263, 273, 318, 353, 390, 396

Besson, 170

Beumer and Peiper, 230

Biedl and Kraus, 44

Birch-Hirschfeld, 514

Bitter, 525

Bizzozero, 48, 177, 418, 428

Bjelooussoff, 55

Blagovestchensky, 323

Bolton, 205

Bordet, 22, 68, 79, 87, 90, 94, 95, 105, 107, 111, 112, 115, 123, 166,
179, 185, 193, 194, 196, 199, 215, 217, 223, 244, 251, 256, 257,
258, 282, 298, 302, 313, 320, 321, 535, 537

Bordet. _See_ Gengou

Bordet and Danysz, 467

Borrel, 478

Borrel. _See_ Roux, Yersin

Bouchard, 184, 232, 286, 323, 343, 427, 529

Bouchard and Charrin, 42, 528

Bourne, 327

Braun, 12

Brieger, 369

Brieger and Fränkel, 344

Briot, 109

Brücke, 66

Brunner, 45

Buchner, 87, 95, 184, 185, 188, 193, 255, 357, 362, 377, 412, 512, 527,
528, 530, 539, 540

Cahanescu, 430

Calmette, 334, 339, 345, 346, 347, 348, 358, 365, 386, 389, 395, 425,
489

Calmette. _See_ Yersin

Calmette and Deléarde, 365

Calmette and Salimbeni, 491

Camus and Gley, 110, 121, 360

Cantacuzène, 224, 225, 306

Castle. _See_ Davenport

Cattani, 446

Cayley, 484

Celakovsky, 30

Celli, 278

Centanni, 446

Chamberland, 470

Chamberland. _See_ Pasteur, Roux

Chantemesse, 259

Chantemesse and Widal, 230, 267, 319, 437

Chapeaux, 55, 56

Charrin, 232, 286, 287, 427, 428, 541

Charrin. _See_ Bouchard

Charrin and Gamaleia, 290, 343

Charrin and Gley, 446

Charrin and Lefèvre, 419

Charrin and Magnin, 427

Charrin and Roger, 232, 256

Chatenay, 393

Chauveau, 289, 446, 455, 511, 512

Chépowalnikoff, 59

Cherry. _See_ Martin

Cienkowski, 446

Cobbett, 205

Cohn, 23

Colombot. _See_ Sabrazès

Cornevin, 452

Cornevin. _See_ Arloing

Couch, 53

Courmont, 400

Courmont. _See_ Nicolas

Courmont and Doyon, 330, 386, 394

Curtis, 172

Czaplewski, 146, 147

Dallinger, 26

Danysz, 21, 25

Danysz. _See_ Bordet

Daremberg, 87

Darwin, 8

Davenport and Castle, 27

Davenport and Neal, 24

Decroly and Rousse, 396

Deléarde. _See_ Calmette

Delezenne, 61, 96, 98, 107, 116

Delezenne and Froin, 66

Delius and Kolle, 277

Dembinski, 147

Denys, 533

Denys and Havet, 151, 185

Denys and Kaisin, 151

Denys and Leclef, 243, 246, 283, 312

Denys and Marchand, 313

Denys and van de Velde, 359

Deutsch, 107, 293, 294, 537

Dienert, 26

Dieudonné, 139, 143, 147

Dinkelspiel. _See_ Nuttall

Doederlein, 429

Dönitz, 391

Dominici, 78

Dominici. _See_ Gilbert

Doyon. _See_ Courmont

Dreyer, 350

Duclaux, 26

Dujardin-Beaumetz, 478

Dungern (von), 91, 109, 123, 324

Durham, 256, 261, 569

Dzierzgowsky, 448, 449

Effront, 26

Ehrlich, 114, 115, 344, 346, 349, 356, 360, 361, 365, 378, 391, 392,
420, 449, 562, 563

Ehrlich and Hübener, 446, 452

Ehrlich and Lazarus, 76

Ehrlich and Morgenroth, 88, 89, 92, 95, 104, 114, 116, 124, 193, 194,
199, 268, 537, 538, 563

Ehrlich, Kossel and Wassermann, 496

Ehrlich and Wassermann, 356

Elmassian. _See_ Morax

Emden (van), 264

Emmerich, 237, 322, 527

Emmerich and di Mattei, 236, 527

Emmerich and Löw, 254

Emmerich and Mastbaum, 475

Ermengem, 420, 491

Errera, 39

Escherich. _See_ Klemensiewicz

Faber (Knud), 344

Fahrenholtz, 138

Fehleisen, 434

Fermi and Pernossi, 109

Ferran, 480

Fischer, 193, 213, 253

Fischl and Wunschheim, 445

Fleck, 413

Flügge, 43, 184, 525, 540

Fodor, 184, 525

Foerster, 380

Fontana, 333

Forssmann, 565

Frank, 35, 154, 542

Fränkel, 344, 347, 499, 534

Fränkel. _See_ Brieger

Fränkel and Sobernheim, 268

Frantzius, 425

Fraser, 345, 425

Frédéricq, 55, 57

Freudenreich, 323

Freund, Grosz and Jelinek, 365

Froin. _See_ Delezenne

Funck, 267, 319, 320, 456

Galeotti. _See_ Lustig

Gamaleia, 419

Gamaleia. _See_ Charrin

Garnier, 220, 304

Gaule, 515

Gautier, 400

Gengou, 19, 20, 146, 151, 157, 185, 190, 203, 242, 252, 255, 260, 264,
308, 543

Gengou and Bordet, 190

Geret. _See_ Hahn

Gheorghiewsky, 210, 234, 236, 261, 269, 301, 307, 359

Gibier, 137

Giessler, 37

Gilbert and Dominici, 424

Gilkinet, 172

Gley. _See_ Camus, Charrin

Glogner, 434

Goldschmidt, 411

Gottstein, 499

Gramatschikoff, 412

Grancher. _See_ Pasteur

Grawitz, 513, 515

Griffon. _See_ Landouzy

Grosz. _See_ Freund

Gruber, 224, 256, 262, 542

Gscheidlen. _See_ Traube

Guarnieri, 455

Guinon. _See_ Voisin

Günther, 541

Haeckel, 517

Haffkine, 480, 486–488

Hafkine, 17

Hahn, 188, 190

Hahn and Geret, 197

Hankin, 156, 187

Hardy. _See_ Kanthack

Harnack, 337

Häser, 507

Havet. _See_ Denys

Hayem, 47, 514

Hegeler, 196

Herbst, 565

Héricourt. _See_ Richet

Herzen, 62

Hess, 144, 149, 524

Hewlett. _See_ Thomson

Heymans. _See_ Lang

Heymans and Masoin, 396

Hildebrandt, 109, 119, 412

Himmel, 182

Hippocrates, 342

Hirsch and Mehring, 64

Hoffmann and Recklinghausen, 46

Horvath, 337

Hübener. _See_ Ehrlich

Hudalo, 436

Hueppe, 254

Hugenschmidt, 415

Issaeff, 219, 262, 287, 318, 320, 441

Issaeff. _See_ Pfeiffer

Jakowski, 42

Jeanselme, 411

Jelinek. _See_ Freund

Jenner, 507

Jetter, 193

Jona, 172

Joubert. _See_ Pasteur

Kaisin. _See_ Denys

Kanthack, 360, 542

Kanthack and Hardy, 185

Karlinsky, 134, 260

Kempner and Schepilewsky, 387

Kempner. _See_ Rabinowitsch

Kilborne. _See_ Smith

Kitasato. _See_ Behring

Kitashima. _See_ Behring

Klebs, 514

Klecki (von), 44

Klein, 324

Klemensiewicz and Escherich, 443

Klemperer, 271, 356, 411, 441, 449

Klipstein, 170

Knorr, 361, 362, 370, 375, 378, 383, 392, 443

Knorr. _See_ Behring

Koch, 137, 247, 278, 279, 283, 419, 425, 434, 436, 466, 514, 529

Kolle and Turner, 466, 467

Kolle. _See_ Delius, Pfeiffer

Kondratieff, 365

Kossel, 110, 121, 183

Kossel. _See_ Ehrlich

Kossiakoff, 25

Kovalevsky, 41, 133, 134, 209

Krafft-Ebing, 436

Krajouchkine, 465

Kraus and Seng, 258

Kraus. _See_ Biedl

Kretz, 371

Krikliwy, 46

Krompecher, 83

Krönig. _See_ Menge

Krukenberg, 30, 49, 55

Kübler, 458

Kupffer, 75

Kuprianow, 204, 340

Kurt, 499

Laehr, 413

Landouzy and Griffon, 451

Landsteiner, 100

Lang, Heymans and Masoin, 363

Langhans, 73, 84

Laschtschenko, 188

Laurent, 33, 35, 86

Laveran and Mesnil, 173, 248, 316

Lazarus, 272, 441

Lazarus. _See_ Ehrlich

Leber, 79, 96

Leclainche, 475, 476

Leclainche. _See_ Nocard

Leclainche and Vallée, 107, 171, 472, 523

Leclef. _See_ Denys

Le Dantec, 13

Lefèvre. _See_ Charrin

Leishman. _See_ Wright

Leo and Senator, 66

Lépine, 564

Lermoyez. _See_ Wurtz

Lesage, 47

Le Sourd. _See_ Widal

Leube, 67

Levaditi, 223

Levin, 159

Lewes, 53

Lewin, 337, 338

Lignières, 247, 279

Lindemann, 68

Lingelsheim, 193, 244, 312

Lister, 521, 530, 568

Loeffler, 7, 283, 513

Loeffler and Abel, 267

Löhr, 500

Lombard, 396

London, 94

Lorenz, 475

Löw. _See_ Emmerich

Lubarsch, 141, 151, 184, 529

Lustig and Galeotti, 490

Madsen, 349, 350

Madsen. _See_ Salomonsen

Magnin. _See_ Charrin

Maksutow. _See_ Pawlowsky

Malm, 149

Manfredi, 428

Mankowski. _See_ Podwyssozki

Marchand, 167

Marchand. _See_ Denys

Marchoux, 240, 276, 309, 311

Marie, 331, 382, 465

Marinesco, 75

Marmorek, 243, 312

Martel, 150, 159

Martin and Cherry, 361

Marx, 465, 476, 497

Marx. _See_ Pfeiffer

Masoin. _See_ Heymans, Lang

Massart, 34, 38, 39, 79, 281

Mastbaum. _See_ Emmerich

Mattei (di). _See_ Emmerich

Maupas, 16

Mehring. _See_ Hirsch

Melkich. _See_ Sawtchenko

Mendez, 470

Menge and Krönig, 429, 430

Mesnil, 55, 75, 78, 135, 139, 141, 143, 188, 209, 221, 238, 262, 270,
305, 307, 527

Mesnil. _See_ Laveran

Metchnikoff, 31, 55, 69, 70, 73, 100, 101, 116, 131, 137, 138, 146,
149, 151, 153, 154, 156, 160, 163, 180, 181, 185, 214, 221, 227,
237, 239, 241, 256, 259, 266, 271, 275, 286, 287, 290, 302, 304,
311, 377, 382, 385, 393, 396, 405, 426, 441, 520, 521, 522, 531,
532, 534

Metchnikoff (Mme), 20, 159, 193

Métin, 44

Miller, 414, 415, 418

Mitchell, 423

Morax and Elmassian, 409

Morgenroth, 109, 119, 331

Morgenroth. _See_ Ehrlich

Morishima, 390

Morse, 412

Mouton, 15

Moxter, 101, 185, 199

Müller, 17, 89, 114, 233

Myers, 68, 107

Myers. _See_ Stephens

Neal. _See_ Davenport

Néfédieff, 68

Neisser, 194, 196

Neisser and Wechsberg, 205, 298, 349, 359

Nencki, 419, 424, 427

Nencki and Sieber, 109, 355

Nencki, Sieber and Wyznikiewicz, 468

Netter, 503

Nicolas and Courmont, 353

Nicolas, Courmont and Prat, 353

Nicolle and Adil Bey, 279, 468

Nikanoroff, 348

Nissen. _See_ Behring

Nittis (de), 277, 288

Nocard, 148, 279, 494

Nocard and Leclainche, 461

Nocard and Roux, 130, 466, 478, 479, 569

Nolf, 94, 96

Nowakowski, 12

Nuttall, 107, 138, 150, 184, 192, 525, 527

Nuttall and Dinkelspiel, 107

Oken, 337

Opitz, 43, 44

Oppel, 231

Orlowski, 443, 444

Pagel, 507

Panum, 514

Pasteur, 2, 181, 208, 288, 322, 477, 508, 510, 511, 569

Pasteur, Chamberland and Roux, 469

Pasteur and Joubert, 144

Pasteur, Roux and Grancher, 208

Pasteur and Thuillier, 283, 473

Patella, 97

Pawloff, 59, 62, 65, 427

Pawlowsky, 44, 323

Pawlowsky and Maksutow, 348

Peiper. _See_ Beumer

Péré, 26

Pernossi. _See_ Fermi

Petruschky, 138

Pfaundler, 259

Pfeffer, 27, 38, 79

Pfeiffer, 130, 165, 185, 219, 221, 267, 269, 271, 277, 290, 301, 303,
320, 365, 438, 455, 532, 533, 534

Pfeiffer and Issaeff, 212, 533

Pfeiffer and Kolle, 230, 267, 274, 302, 319, 481

Pfeiffer and Marx, 185, 264, 291, 442

Pfeiffer and Proskauer, 253

Phisalix, 387, 425

Phisalix and Bertrand, 333, 337, 338, 345, 347

Pierallini, 218, 219

Plato, 181

Podwyssozki, 77

Podwyssozki and Mankowski, 456

Pollender, 11

Ponfick, 46

Portier, 96

Prat. _See_ Nicolas

Preobrajensky, 431

Prevôt, 374

Proskauer. _See_ Pfeiffer

Rabinowitsch and Kempner, 248, 316

Ransom, 351, 379, 382, 389

Ranvier, 409

Rauchfuss, 501

Recklinghausen (von), 514

Recklinghausen. _See_ Hoffmann

Remlinger, 447, 450

Répin, 420

Rhumbler, 15

Ribbert, 413, 428, 524

Richet and Héricourt, 266, 532

Rindfleisch, 514

Rochebrune (de), 506

Röden, 109

Roger, 243, 257, 287

Roger. _See_ Charrin

Roger and Bayeux, 414

Rogers, 468

Römer, 401

Roncali, 170

Roser, 515, 516

Ross, 129

Rossbach, 95

Rouget. _See_ Vaillard

Rousse. _See_ Decroly

Roux, 156, 347, 358, 497, 498, 530

Roux. _See_ Nocard, Pasteur

Roux (W.), 565

Roux and Borrel, 340, 383, 386, 391

Roux and Chamberland, 530

Roux and Vaillard, 347, 355, 356, 357, 367, 379, 432, 493

Roux and Yersin, 343

Ruffer, 427, 428, 523

Rysselberghe (van), 37, 39

Sabouraud, 406

Sabrazès and Colombot, 135

Sakharoff, 160, 177

Salimbeni, 222, 245, 261, 478

Salimbeni. _See_ Calmette

Salmon, 455

Salomon, 418

Salomonsen, 19

Salomonsen and Madsen, 346, 356, 370, 379, 380

Saltykoff, 272

Samoïloff, 63

Sanarelli, 262, 287, 415

Sanchez-Toledo, 170

Sarassewitch, 195

Sawtchenko, 21, 99, 156, 162, 227, 240, 260, 270

Sawtchenko and Melkich, 162, 227

Schattenfroh, 172, 188, 196

Schepilewsky. _See_ Kempner

Schiff, 62

Schimmelbusch, 42

Schoumow-Simanowski. _See_ Sieber

Schumacher, 451

Schütz, 283, 422

Schütz. _See_ Voges

Schütze, 107, 114

Schütze. _See_ Wassermann

Sclavo, 276, 310

Selander, 290

Senator. _See_ Leo

Seng. _See_ Kraus

Serpa Pinto, 506

Shaffer, 42

Sicard. _See_ Widal

Sieber. _See_ Nencki

Sieber and Schoumow-Simanowski, 419, 424

Skchiwan, 172

Slateano, 277

Slawyk, 501

Smith, 259

Smith and Kilborne, 247, 279

Sobernheim, 242, 276, 310, 441

Sobernheim. _See_ Fränkel

Soudakewitch, 75

Soulié, 460

Stadelmann, 97

Stahl, 30, 31

Stein, 12

Stephens and Myers, 360

Stern, 419, 542

Sticker, 411

Stöhr, 428

Stoudensky, 388, 394

Strassman, 499

Straus and Wurz, 417, 418

Stroganoff, 429

Takaki. _See_ Wassermann

Talma, 424

Tarassewitch, 86, 87, 98, 99

Tchistovitch, 68, 75, 106, 110, 120, 121, 122, 283, 413

Thiltges, 145, 147

Thomas, 452

Thomas. _See_ Arloing

Thomson and Hewlett, 410

Thuillier. _See_ Pasteur

Tizzoni, 357, 446

Tooth, 484

Torday, 498

Toussaint, 509

Trapeznikoff, 139, 145

Traube and Gscheidlen, 184

Trommsdorff, 23, 189

Trumpp, 261

Turner. _See_ Kolle

Uhlenhuth, 68, 107

Vaillard, 204, 335, 347, 356, 372, 447

Vaillard. _See_ Roux

Vaillard and Rouget, 169, 170

Vaillard and Vincent, 169, 394

Vallée, 289, 425

Vallée. _See_ Leclainche

Velde (van de). _See_ Denys

Viala, 465

Vincent. _See_ Vaillard

Vincenzi, 443

Virchow, 48, 519, 524

Voges, 238, 272

Voges and Schütz, 475

Voisin and Guinon, 502

Vries (de), 35

Wagner, 144

Waldeyer, 514

Wallgren, 168

Walter, 64

Walz, 193

Warlomont, 456

Washbourn, 485

Wassermann, 115, 191, 205, 231, 234, 273, 317, 318, 319, 322, 351, 358,
371, 441

Wassermann. _See_ Ehrlich

Wassermann and Schütze, 107

Wassermann and Takaki, 292, 382, 394

Wassilieff, 65

Watson-Cheyne, 323

Weber-Fechner, 27, 38, 566

Wechsberg. _See_ Neisser

Wecker, 502

Wehrmann, 417, 419, 424

Weichhardt, 118, 124

Weigert, 363, 379, 399, 424, 523

Werigo, 281

Wernicke, 276, 446, 447

Widal, 257

Widal. _See_ Chantemesse

Widal and Le Sourd, 439

Widal and Sicard, 260, 261, 264, 439, 440, 450

Wood. _See_ Woodhead

Woodhead and Wood, 323

Wright, 482

Wright and Leishman, 482

Wunschheim. _See_ Fischl

Wurtz and Lermoyez, 410

Wurz. _See_ Straus

Wyssokowitch, 43, 412, 485

Wyznikiewicz. _See_ Nencki

Yersin, 468

Yersin. _See_ Roux

Yersin, Borrel and Calmette, 487

Zabolotny, 95

Zeliony. _See_ Zilberberg

Ziegler, 519, 522

Zilberberg and Zeliony, 282

INDEX.

Abrin, 344, 345, 346, 401

Abrin intoxication, action of body fluids on, 365, 420;
leucocytic reaction against, 393, 401

Absorption. _See_ Resorption

Acari, mechanical action of, 3

Acclimatisation. _See_ Adaptation

Acid reaction inside phagocytes, 83, 182

Acid, secretion of, in osmosis, 37, 566

Acidophile microbian flora of stomach, 418

Actinians, digestion in, 53, 82, 85

Actinodiastase, 57, 197

_Actinophrys_, 14, 18

Adaptation. _See also_ Immunity

Adaptation to toxic substances, 21–27, 30, 342, 390;
to saline solutions, 23, 30, 515;
to physical conditions, 26, 30–31;
of plasmodia to arsenious acid, 31;
of pancreatic secretion to kind of food, 64, 65;
of phagocytes to destroy micro-organisms, 281, 558, 566;
of animals to spinal concussion, etc., 564;
of cells, 513

Addiment (syn. Complement), 95

Agglutination in natural immunity, 202, 206;
and phagocytosis, 202, 242, 245;
in the diagnosis of typhoid, 256, 257, 261, 439;
its mechanism, 257;
of red blood corpuscles by serums, 258;
of red blood corpuscles by ricin, 360;
does not prevent growth of micro-organisms, 262

Agglutinative power, transmission by heredity or suckling, 450;
not developed parallel with bactericidal power, 483

Agglutinins in immunity, 242, 245, 256–265, 295, 542, 559;
characters of, 255, 559;
origin of, in immunised animal, 263–265, 294;
difference between fixatives and, 255, 265, 559;
not the same as protective substances, 268, 269, 294

Albuminoid substances, resorption of, 106–127

Alexins. _See also_ Cytases

Alexins, 87–95, 96, 98, 184, 193, 255, 528, 533, 535, 539

Alimentary canal. _See_ Intestine

Alizarin sulpho-acid, 13, 83, 183

Alligator, 77, 143, 332, 401

Amboceptors (syn. fixatives), 91, 93, 297, 557

_Ammocoetes_, 77, 78

_Amoeba_, 14, 18, 23, 547, 549

Amoebo-diastase, 16, 197, 549

Amoeboid cells. _See_ Leucocytes and Phagocytes

Amphibia. _See_ Frog, Axolotl

Amylase, 95;
in the urine, 65

_Androctonus._ _See_ Scorpion

_Anopheles_ and malaria, 129

Antagonism between certain bacteria, 323

Anthrax, 11, 20, 21, 25, 41, 46, 180;
immunity of dog against, 149–151, 242;
acquired immunity of _Scolopendra_ against, 209;
natural immunity of white rat against, 526;
protective serums against, 20, 276, 309–311;
phagolysis in acquired immunity against, 280;
immunisation against, by means of other bacteria, 323;
infection by inhalation, 412;
by ingestion, 423;
immunity against, transmitted to offspring, 445, 447;
vaccinations against, 208, 241, 468–471;
method, 470;
statistics, 471;
vaccination against, by heated anthrax blood, 507;
vaccines against, 208, 470, 509;
phagocytosis in, 521, 523

Anthrax bacillus, action on rabies, 150;
bactericidal action of blood serums on, 20, 146, 150, 151, 156, 157,
240;
increasing the virulence of, 150;
attenuation of, 208, 288;
eosinophile transformation in, 198;
protective thickening of bacterial membrane in, 242;
agglutination of, 203, 242, 260, 264;
natural immunity against, 132–140, 143, 147, 149–159, 511, 512;
acquired immunity against, 239–242, 276, 277;
antagonism between, and certain bacteria, 323;
fate of, in Algerian sheep, 512;
destruction of, by defibrinated blood, 525

Anthrax, symptomatic: immunity against bacilli of, 171;
heredity of immunity against, 452;
vaccinations against, 471–473;
phagocytosis in, 523

Antiabrin, 401

Anti-arsenic serum, 390

Anticytases, 112

Anticytase serum, 115, 371

Anticytotoxins, 110, 118, 122, 127, 360

Antidiastase, 109

Antidiastatic serums, 361

Anti-enzymes, 109

Antifixative, 112

Antihaemolysins, 111

Antihaemotoxins, 111, 119, 122

Anti-infective. _See_ Protective

Antileucocidin, 359

Antineurotoxin, 116

Antirennet, 109

Antiricin, 360

Antisepsis, Nature replaces by asepsis, 432

Antiseptics. _See also_ Toxins and Adaptation

Antiseptics and foods, 26

Antiseptic action of the gastric juice, 417

Antispermofixative, 124

Antispermotoxins, 116, 122–126

Antistreptococcic serum, 243–245

Antitetanin, nervous origin of, 390

Antitoxic. _See also_ Protective

Antitoxic unit of Ehrlich, 373, 496;
action of non-specific and normal serums and of broth, 365;
function of the saliva, 417;
function of pepsin and other digestive ferments, 419, 424;
action of intestinal flora, 427;
property of the body fluids, 531 (_see_ Body fluids, Serums);
power of the blood of new-born children, 445

Antitoxins, natural, in normal blood, 111, 204, 444;
rarity in body fluids in natural immunity, 204, 532, 533;
development of, during immunisation, 354;
properties of, 354;
present in various fluids of immunised animal, 355, 531;
mode of action of, on toxins, 356–362, 371;
conditions acting in mixtures of, with toxins, 362;
immunity against toxins not in direct constant ratio to amount of,
367–376;
effect of using serum from same species, 379;
hypothesis as to nature and origin of, 377–402, 562;
probable part played by phagocytes in production of, 400–402;
rapid regeneration of, after bleeding, 379;
augmentation in production of, by pilocarpin, 380;
transmission of, by milk to offspring, 449;
analogy of, with fixatives, 561;
hypersecretion of, 563

Antivenomous property of blood of scorpion, 328;
action of serums, 334, 338;
serum, action of, 334, 338, 358, 360

Aqueous humour, bactericidal action of, 184, 192;
in immunised animals contains no fixative, 217, 222;
in immunised animals contains antitoxin, 355

Arsenic; adaptation to, 31, 343, 390;
protective serum against, 390;
leucocytic reaction against, 396–399;
as a remedy against microbial disease, 513

Arsenic acid, action of, on anthrax bacillus, 25

Arsenious acid, adaptation of plasmodia to, 31

Arthropoda. _See_ Clothes-moth, Crayfish, Crustacea, _Daphnia_,
_Scolopendra_, Scorpion, Spider, Tick

Arthrospores of Hueppe, 254

_Ascaris_, poor microbian flora in intestine of, 421;
phagocytic organs of, 547

Asepsis is Nature’s method, 432

Aspergillosis, 2, 4.
_See also_ Mycoses

Atrophic diseases, probably due to a parasite, 3

Atropin, reaction of rabbit and guinea-pig to, 395, 396

Attenuation. _See also_ Vaccination, Vaccines

Attenuation of micro-organisms and viruses, discovery and application
of, 208, 247, 288, 508;
of micro-organisms by the fluids of immunised animals, 286–289;
of toxins, 344

Autodigestion in yeast, 197

Autospermotoxins, 101

Autotoxins, 104

Axolotl, susceptible to tetanus toxin, 330

Bacilli, anaerobic, natural immunity against, 169, 170

_Bacillus aërogenes_, agglutination in, 264

_Bacillus chauraei._ _See_ Anthrax symptomatic

_Bacillus coli_ attacks potato, 35;
vaccination against, 267;
transformation of, into granules, 198;
modified growth on certain serums, 259

Bacillus of Doederlein, 429;
of Kiel water, 408

_Bacillus pyocyaneus_, 42, 180, 254, 528;
acquired immunity against, 210, 232–236, 301;
Pfeiffer’s phenomenon in, 234, 307;
special forms of growth in serums from vaccinated animals, 256;
agglutination of, 261, 307;
susceptibility to the toxins of, 290, 351;
action of specific serum on, 307, 358;
antagonistic to anthrax bacillus, 323;
immunisation against toxin of, 351;
a leucocidin from, 359;
action of liver on toxin of, 427;
heredity of immunity against toxin of, 446

_Bacillus ranicida_, 140

Bacteria. _See_ Micro-organisms

Bactericidal action of serum, influence of alkalinity or acidity on,
196;
function of the tears, 408

Bactericidal property. _See also_ Body fluids, Humoral theory, Serums

Bactericidal property: in blood and other fluids, 20, 146, 150, 151,
156, 157, 184–193, 211, 226, 233, 238, 240, 241, 243, 244, 512,
525–531, 542, 554;
of body fluids, theory of osmotic pressure, 193, 213;
of extracts of glands and exudations, 195;
of the saliva, 415;
absence of, from the intestinal ferments, 424, 567;
of serums, Wright’s method of testing, 483;
does not develop parallel with agglutinative, 483;
and immunity, absence of parallelism, 554

Bactericidal substance (alexin, complement, cytase): in blood and other
fluids, 184–193, 534;
source of, in body fluids, 185–193;
theory of leucocytic secretions, 187–191;
presence in body fluids due to phagolysis, 191;
is of phagocytic origin, 185, 192;
in body fluids, microphages source of, 187;
not resistant to heat, 268;
and so distinguished from protective substance, 268;
Pfeiffer’s theory of, 534

Bacteriolysis. _See_ Micro-organisms, destruction of

Bacteriolysis, analogy between haemolysis and, 537

Bat, immunity against tetanus of hibernating, 339

Baumès-Colles’ law in syphilis, 436

Behring’s “normal serum,” 496

Bile, function of, 60;
salts protective against snake venom, 388;
protective function of, 424

_Bipinnaria_, 70, 518

Blastomycetes. _See also_ Yeast-cells

Blastomycetes, resistance of _Daphnia_ to, 131, 404, 520;
fate of, in refractory organism, 172;
acidophile, 418

Blood, pepsin in the, 66, 563;
precipitins in the, 68, 106, 107, 568;
fate of effusions of, 73;
bactericidal power of, 184 (_see also_ Bactericidal, Serums);
natural antitoxins in normal, 111, 204, 444;
stimulant (protective) action of human, 271, 318;
immunity conferred by maternal, 447;
recognition of, in medico-legal research, 107, 568;
from convalescents, protective power of, 437, 441, 443;
agglutination of (_see_ Agglutination)

Blood corpuscles, resorption of red, 47, 50, 56, 57, 70, 72, 79–100,
537 (_see also_ Haemolysis);
fixation of cytase by red, 194;
agglutination of red, by serums, 258;
agglutination of red, by ricin, 360

Body fluids. _See also_ Bactericidal, Blood, Humoral theory, Serums

Body fluids, natural immunity and the composition of, 128–131, 146;
in natural immunity, absence of antitoxic property in, 204;
bactericidal power of, 184–193, 512, 525–531, 542 (_see also_ Body
fluids, Serums);
antitoxic power of the, 204, 531, 533, 543;
protective properties of, 266–280

_Boophilus bovis_, 247

Bordet’s sensibilising substance, 91, 199, 298, 535, 537, 557

Botulism, protective action of fats against toxin of, 387;
action of digestive diastases on toxin of, 420

Bouchard’s theory of acquired immunity, 232, 286;
of attenuating power of serums, 286–289

Bouillon de panse, 473

Bovidae, acquired immunity of, against Texas fever, 247, 279;
protection of, against tetanus, 494;
vaccination of, against rinderpest, 425, 466–468;
against rabies, 466;
against anthrax, 470;
against symptomatic anthrax, 471;
against pleuropneumonia, 477–479;
ancient methods against pleuropneumonia in, 506

Broth as a protective fluid, 320, 321, 365

Buccal cavity, microbial products in the protection of the, 416;
flora of, 414

Buchner’s theory of immunity, 512, 527

Calf lymph vaccine, method of preparation, 456

_Carassius._ _See_ Goldfish

Carmine, fixation of tetanus toxin by, 388, 394

Cattle. _See_ Bovidae

Cattle plague. _See_ Rinderpest

Cayman. _See_ Alligator

Cellular or histogenic immunity, 335, 336, 340, 563–565

Cellulosase, 86

Cerebral substance, action of emulsions of, on toxins, 386

Cerebral tetanus, 383, 391

Chemiotaxis. _See also_ Hyperleucocytosis, Susceptibility

Chemiotaxis in Infusoria, 19;
in plasmodia of the Myxomycetes, 30;
of duodenal mucous membrane, 64;
of phagocytes, 79, 108, 133, 167, 177, 280;
of leucocytes for rennet, &c., 119;
positive, in segmentation-cells of frog embryo, 565

Cholera antibody (fixative), 253, 267, 292

Cholera, Asiatic, protective power of blood of convalescents from, 441;
vaccinations against, 480–481

Cholera peritonitis, heredity of immunity against, 447, 448;
immunity of guinea-pig against, 533

Cholera toxin, alligator resistant to, 333;
immunisation against, 350;
action of normal serum of goat on, 365

Cholera vibrio. _See also_ Pfeiffer’s phenomenon, Vibrios

Cholera vibrio, adaptation of, to bactericidal substance, 23;
susceptibility of larva of Rhinoceros beetle to, 40, 133;
immunity of frog against, 142;
of guinea-pig against, 163, 533;
extracellular destruction of, 165, 212 (_see also_ Pfeiffer’s
phenomenon);
eosinophile transformation in, 198;
arthrospores of, 254;
agglutination of, 261, 264;
protective action of serums against, 268, 271, 318;
of human blood against, 271, 318;
immunity to, is not insusceptibility to its toxin, 290;
origin of protective property against, 291;
protective action of various fluids against, 320;
antagonism between certain bacteria and, 324;
in stomach, 419, 567;
susceptible to acids _in vitro_, 419;
in intestine, 423, 567;
serum from animals immunised against, 532

Cholesterin. _See also_ Fats

Cholesterin, fixation of toxins by, 387;
fixation of saponin by, 389

_Chytridium_, 12

Cicatrisation of plants, 34

Clasmatocytes, 78

Clavelée (la). _See_ Sheep-pox

Clavelisation against Sheep-pox, 460

Clothes-moths, micro-organisms absent from digestive canal of larvae of
certain, 420

_Coccobacillus prodigiosus._ _See under Micrococcus_

Cockchafer larva, 70, 326

Complement of Ehrlich, 88, 91, 193, 251, 297

Complementoids of Ehrlich, 115

Concussion, spinal, adaptation to, 564

Conjunctiva, elimination of micro-organisms by the, 408;
absorption of toxins by the, 409

Copula of P. Müller, 91

Cornea, protective resistance by the, 409

Crayfish, susceptible to certain toxins, 345;
blood of, antitoxic against scorpion venom, 366;
poor intestinal flora of, 421

Crickets and micro-organisms, 41, 133;
natural immunity against toxins in, 329

Crustacea. _See_ Crayfish, _Daphnia_

Crustacea, protective function of integument of, 404

_Cyprinus._ _See_ Goldfish

Cytase of Laurent, 86

Cytases (syn. alexins, complements), 93, 98, 123;
elaborated by phagocytes, 197, 252, 539, 549–556;
thrown out into plasmas during phagolysis, 95, 99, 102, 197, 252,
551–554;
bactericidal power of, 183, 184, 191, 193–198, 217 (_see also_
Bactericidal, Body fluids, Serums);
unity or plurality of, in same serum, 193, 197;
absorption of, 194, 200;
two kinds of, macrocytase and microcytase, 195, 296, 549;
characters of the, 197, 549;
enzymes other than, in phagocytes, 197;
in the immunised organism, 250–255, 296, 317, 554;
presence or absence of, how determined, 253;
Ehrlich’s and author’s views on, contrasted, 297;
compared with fixatives, 555

Cytotoxins, 105 (note), 110, 116

_Daphnia_, resistance of, to Blastomycetes, 131, 404, 520

Darwin on the extinction of the elephant, 8

Dermis, arrest of micro-organisms in the, 406

Desmon (of London), 91

Diastases. _See_ Digestive ferments, Ferments

Digestion in the higher animals, 49, 59–65;
psychical and nervous elements in, 62, 566;
extracellular, by secreted juices, 49, 58, 62;
the liver of the Mollusca as second organ of, 59;
in the tissues, 67;
and resorption closely related, 69, 85;
by macrophagic organs, 85, 150

Digestion, intracellular. _See also_ Phagocytes, Phagocytosis,
Resorption

Digestion, intracellular, 48, 85, 517, 518, 520;
in the Protozoa, 13, 30, 49;
in Planarians, 49, 71, 82;
in Actinians, 53, 82, 85;
in Sponges, 69, 517;
transition from, to digestion by secreted juices, 49, 58

Digestive ferments, antitoxic function of, 424;
action of, on toxin of botulism, 420

Diphtheria, 7, 41, 132, 204;
antitoxic power of blood of convalescents from, 443;
antitoxic power against, in blood of healthy persons, 444;
and in blood of new-born children, 445;
heredity of immunity against, 445, 447, 448;
influence of anticytase serum on, 371;
vaccinations against, 495–503;
serum against, 495;
standardisation and testing of this serum, 496–498;
its protective and antitoxic powers do not develop in equal ratio,
497;
its prophylactic use, 498–503;
accidents during treatment, 499, 502;
statistics, 500–503

Diphtheria toxin, increased susceptibility of immunised guinea-pig to,
290;
natural immunity of rat and mouse against, 204, 339;
natural immunity of frog against, 330;
immunisation against, 344, 347, 349, 353;
attenuation of, 344;
preventive action of nucleohiston on, 365;
action of, on brain of laboratory animals, 386;
sets up local lesions in the conjunctiva, 409;
pepsin destroys, 419

_Diplococcus pneumoniae._ _See_ Pneumococcus

Diseases, fear of, and pessimism, 1, 569;
atrophic, probably due to a parasite, 3;
mechanical element as etiological factor, 3;
toxic element as etiological factor, 4;
developed on the earth at a very early epoch, 8;
and extinction of species, 8;
infective, in multicellular plants, 29–39;
set up by Fungi. _See_ Fungi

Dog, immunity of, against anthrax, 149–151, 242;
action of anthrax bacillus on rabid, 150;
immunity of, against streptococci, 167;
naturally refractory against a staphylococcus, 266;
bactericidal action of blood of, on anthrax bacillus, 150, 151, 156;
digestion of gelatine by leucocytes of, 108;
enterokynase in lymphoid organs of, 61;
digestive fluids of, 62–65;
disinfecting power of small intestine of, 422;
phagocytosis in, 149, 151;
haematozoon in, 279

Domestic animals, immunisation of, against disease. _See_ Bovidae, Dog,
Goat, Horse, Pig, Sheep, Swine, Vaccines, Vaccinations

Dourine, 2, 247

_Drepanidium_, 515

Drugs, absorption of, by leucocytes, 400

Duodenum, chemiotaxis of mucous membrane of, 64

“Dust” cells, 75, 411–414

Eel’s serum. _See also_ Ichthyotoxin

Eel’s serum, toxic action of, 20, 111, 563;
and precipitins, 68, 106

Effusions of blood, fate of, 73

Ehrlich’s neutral red reaction, 13, 83, 181;
classification of leucocytes, 74, 76–78;
theory of side-chains or receptors, 120, 381–384, 538, 557, 562–563;
compared with theory of phagocytes, 296–299, 538, 558;
“immunising unit,” 373, 496

Elephant, extinction of, 8

Elimination of micro-organisms from the body, 43, 46;
by the epidermis, 406;
by the conjunctiva, 408;
by the nasal mucosa, 410

_Emys._ _See_ Turtle

Endo-enzymes, 197

Endotrypsin of yeast, 197

Enterokynase, 59, 98

Enzymes. _See_ Ferments

Eosinophile leucocytes, secretion by, in bacteriolysis, 187, 542

Eosinophile staining reaction, 198

Epidermis, exfoliation of the, 406

Ernst’s bacillus, immunity of frog against, 140

Erysipelas. _See_ Swine erysipelas

Erysipelas, immunity in, 434

Erysipelas streptococcus, protective action of, against anthrax, 323;
its use in malignant tumours, 434

Excretion. _See also_ Elimination

Excretion in relation to micro-organisms, 43, 432;
of pepsin in the urine, 65;
of pepsin in the blood, 66, 563

Exfoliation of the epidermis, 406

Exudations, bactericidal power of, 185, 193, 195

Farcy, slow evolution of, 406

Fats, protective action of, against toxins, 387

Ferments. _See also_ Intestinal, Digestive, Fibrin-ferment, Gastric
juice, Saliva, Trypsin

Ferments, Pasteur on the organised nature of, 2;
soluble (diastases or enzymes), in digestion, 49, 55, 57, 108, 109,
197;
antitoxic function of digestive, 424;
phagocytic, 197, 549–559;
hypersecretion of, 563

Fibrin ferment (plasmase), 95, 197, 550

Fishes. _See_ Goldfish

Fishes, phagocytosis in, 135

Fixatives (immunising body, or amboceptor, or sensibilising substance),
88, 92–95, 97, 98, 103–105, 199–202, 296;
synonyms of, 91;
analogy of, with enterokynase, 98;
presence of, in plasmas, 103, 112–114, 217;
in protective serums, 269, 438;
in mesenteric glands, 98;
in spermotoxins, 101;
origin of, 103, 294, 537, 556–559;
specificity of, 88, 105, 216, 251, 253, 296;
rarity of, in normal fluids, 199–201, 250;
method of determining whether present in a serum, 199;
absent from aqueous humour of immunised animals, 217, 222, 251;
in the immunised organism, 250–255;
properties of, 251, 253, 255, 554;
differ from agglutinative substances, 255, 265, 559;
relation of, to phagocytosis, 291, 295;
part played by, in Pfeiffer’s phenomenon, 251, 295;
and protective substances closely connected, 269, 294, 295, 561;
compared with cytases, 555;
mechanism of action of, 557

Food substances, absorption of, by other channel than alimentary canal,
67

Foods and antiseptics, 26

Foreign bodies, fate of, in organism, 46, 52, 55, 56, 517

Formed elements, resorption of the, 47, 67–105

Fowl, immunity of, against anthrax, 144, 159;
phagocytosis in, 144, 282;
bactericidal action of plasma of, on anthrax, 146;
blood serum of, and tetanus, 204;
immunity of, against tetanus, 204;
natural immunity of, against tetanus toxin, 335;
influence of removal of parts of brain and cord on tetanus in, 384

Fowl cholera, infection of laboratory animals with, 181;
vaccine against, 208;
phagocytosis in, 282;
action of exudations of fowls vaccinated against, 288;
acquired immunity against, 288, 508;
failure of bacillus of, to grow in certain media, 510

Friedländer’s bacillus prevents infection by anthrax, 323

Frog, phagocytosis in, 137, 142;
immunity of, against anthrax, 137;
against Ernst’s bacillus, 140;
against bacillus of mouse septicaemia, 141;
against cholera vibrio, 142;
acquired immunity of, against pyocyanic disease, 210, 301;
natural immunity of, against tetanus toxin, 330;
against diphtheria toxin, 330;
immunisation of, against abrin, 345;
absorption of tetanus toxin by brain of, 386

Frog embryo, positive chemiotaxis in segmentation-cells of, 565

Fungi, diseases set up by, 2, 4, 18, 32, 131, 135, 404
(_see also_ Aspergillosis, Mycoses)

Galactose. _See_ Milk-sugar

Gamaleia’s vibrio. _See Vibrio metchnikovi_

Gastric juice, antiseptic action of, 417;
psychic influence on, 63, 566.
_See_ Pepsin

Gelatine, resorption of, 107

Gentilly bacillus. _See_ Pneumo-enteritis

Gerbil, tubercle in, 22, 183

Goat, action of normal serum of, on cholera toxin, 365;
vaccination of, against rabies, 466;
acquired immunity in, 563

Goldfish, 72, 135

Goose septicaemia. _See Spirochaete anserina_

“Greek method” of variolisation against small-pox, 507

Gruber’s theory of immunity, 256, 262

Guinea-pig, immunity of, against spirilla, 160, 162;
against vibrios, 163, 211–227, 275, 287, 531, 533;
against streptococci, 165;
against tetanus bacillus, 169;
against symptomatic anthrax, 171;
against _Trypanosomata_, 173;
acquired immunity against spirilla of recurrent fever, 227–230;
against typhoid, 191, 230;
against _Bacillus pyocyaneus_, 234–236;
against anthrax, 276, 277;
phagocytosis in, 162, 163, 166, 170, 223;
hypersusceptibility of immunised, to diphtheria toxin, 290;
protective power of serum of immunised, 293;
effect of removal of spleen of, 293;
antivenomous action of serum of, 338;
immunisation of, against cholera toxin, 351;
increasing natural susceptibility of, to toxins, 369, 370;
reaction of, to atropin, 396

Haematopoietic organs. _See also_ Lymphoid organs

Haematopoietic organs as source of protective substance, 292–294

Haematozoa. _See_ _Piroplasma_, _Trypanosoma_

Haematozoon in dog closely allied to that of Texas fever, 279

Haemolysis. _See also_ Blood corpuscles, resorption of

Haemolysis, 79–100, 111, 112, 537;
the two substances which act in, 88, 98, 538;
analogy between bacteriolysis and, 537

Haemomacrophages, 76, 136

Haptophore atomic group in a toxin, 120, 350, 384

Hedgehog, natural immunity of, against poisons and venoms, 337

_Helix pomatia_, 70, 134

Heredity of immunity, 445–453, 513

_Herpestes._ _See_ Mongoose

Hibernation, effects on resistance to toxins, 339

_Hippocampus_, 135

Histogenic immunity, 336
(_see_ Immunity, cellular)

Hog cholera, resemblance of bacillus of, to that of pneumo-enteritis,
259;
serum of animals vaccinated against, 260;
agglutination in, 260;
protective action of serums against, 272;
susceptibility of vaccinated animals to the toxin, 290

Horse. _See also_ Diphtheria

Horse, acquired immunity against cholera vibrio, 222;
against streptococci, 244, 245, 313;
local reaction to tetanus toxin in, 352;
immunised, with poor yield in antitoxin, 373, 375;
reaction of, to one unit of toxin, 378;
antitoxic power of serum of normal, 380;
phagocytosis in, 245, 313;
antivenomous action of serum of, 338;
vaccination of, against rabies, 466;
vaccination of, against anthrax, 470;
protective serum against tetanus in, 493

Humoral phenomena in immunity, 184, 250, 290, 437–440, 525–531, 542,
543

Humoral theories of immunity, 184, 525–531, 542, 543;
attempts to reconcile with theory of phagocytes, 539

Humours. _See_ Body fluids, Serums

Hyperleucocytosis. _See also_ Chemiotaxis

Hyperleucocytosis during immunisation, 352, 393

Hypersecretion, 563 (_see_ Receptors)

Hypersusceptibility to toxins in immunised animals, 290, 368–374, 564

Hyphomycetes, diseases caused by, 2

Hypopyon, pus of, 96

Ichthyotoxin, 110, 120, 121, 122, 326, 360
(_see also_ Eel’s serum)

Immunisation. _See_ Immunity, acquired, artificial and temporary,
Vaccination

Immunisation against toxins, principal methods of, 345–350;
by unmodified toxins, 345–346;
by modified toxins, 347;
by mixtures of toxin and antitoxin, 348;
by toxones and toxoids, 349;
phenomena produced during, 352–354

Immunising body of Ehrlich, 91, 251;
unit of Ehrlich, 373, 496

Immunity, historical sketch, 505–543;
summary, 544–569;
by attenuated micro-organisms, 2;
predisposition or absence of, 7;
against infective diseases, 9;
definition of, 10;
against micro-organisms, 10, 41, 42, 128–206, 207–324;
against toxins, 10, 41, 42, 325–341, 342–402;
not same as against micro-organisms, 290, 351;
in unicellular organisms, 11–28;
in multicellular plants, 29–39;
in plants, action of manures on, 36;
in the animal kingdom, 40–66;
cellular or histogenic, 335, 336, 340, 563–565;
active (Ehrlich), 378 = isopathic immunity (von Behring);
passive (Ehrlich), 378, 453 = antitoxic immunity (von Behring);
passive against micro-organisms, 300–324, 560;
isopathic (von Behring), 378;
antitoxic (von Behring), 378;
of the skin, 403–407;
of the mucous membranes, 407–432;
susceptibility in, 565 (_see also_ Hypersusceptibility,
Susceptibility);
channel of entrance in, 567;
applications of theory of, to medical practice and to the research of
new organisms, 567–569

Immunity, natural: 10, 17, 18, 30;
amongst Invertebrates, 40, 131–135;
amongst Vertebrata, 41, 135–174;
against micro-organisms, 128–174, 175–206;
and composition of body fluids, 128–131;
against anaerobic bacteria, 169, 170;
part played by inflammation in, 176;
importance of microphages in, 177;
humoral theory of, 184;
agglutination in, 202, 206;
against toxins, 325–341

Immunity, acquired: 10, 19, 31;
against micro-organisms, 207–249, 250–299;
against vibrios, 211–227;
against pyocyanic disease, 210, 232–236, 301;
against spirilla of recurrent fever, 227–230;
against typhoid bacillus, 230;
against swine erysipelas, 236–239;
against anthrax, 239–242;
against streptococcus, 243–247;
against _Trypanosomata_, 247–249, 316;
against staphylococcus, 266

Immunity, rapid and temporary: against micro-organisms, 300–324;
conferred by specific serums, 301–317;
conferred by normal serums, 317–320;
conferred by fluids other than serums, 320–322;
conferred by non-specific micro-organisms, 322–324

Immunity, artificial, against toxins, 342–402;
against bacterial toxins, 343;
against vegetable toxins, 344, 365;
against snake venom, 345;
not in direct ratio to amount of antitoxin in body fluids, 367–376

Immunity acquired by natural means, 433–453;
acquired after recovery from infective diseases, 433–444;
acquired by heredity, 445–453;
conferred by maternal blood, 447;
by the yolk, 449;
by the milk of the mother, 449

Immunity, acquired: amongst Invertebrata, 209–210;
amongst Vertebrata, 210–249;
relation of Pfeiffer’s phenomenon to, 224;
Bouchard’s theory of, 232, 286;
double action of cytases and fixatives in, 250–255, 296, 554;
agglutinative substances in, 242, 245, 256–265, 295, 542, 559;
protective properties of body fluids in, 266–280;
phagocytosis in, 220, 223–226, 245, 280–286, 295;
origin of fixative properties in body fluids in, 294;
relation between fixatives and phagocytosis in, 291, 295;
humoral phenomena in, 184, 250, 290, 525–531, 542, 543;
bactericidal power of fluids in, 250;
Gruber’s theory of, 256, 262;
against micro-organisms, susceptibility to the specific toxin in,
289;
principal phenomena associated with, 295–296;
against micro-organisms in no ratio to protective power of blood,
372–374;
by suckling, mouse the only animal in which, 450, 452;
theory of exhaustion of nutrient medium as cause of, 510–512;
theory of presence of inhibitory substance, 511, 512;
theory of local inflammatory reaction, 512;
theory of adaptation of cells in, 513;
theory of phagocytes in, 514–525, 539–543;
theory of bactericidal power of body fluids, 525–531, 542, 543;
theory of antitoxic power of body fluids, 531;
theory of extracellular destruction of micro-organisms by leucocytic
secretions, 187–191, 533–537, 542;
theory of side-chains, 120, 381–384, 538, 557, 562–563;
present phase of the question of, 540–543

Immunproteidin of Emmerich and Löw, 254

Infection, agents, mechanical and other, that prevent or aid, 3–5,
170–173, 426
(_see also_ Diseases, Elimination, Micro-organisms)

Inflammation in immunity, 176, 512;
Cohnheim on, 518;
and phagocytosis, 516, 519–520, 547, 568

Influenza bacillus, cultivation of, in body fluids, 130, 554;
vaccination against, 277

Infusoria. _See also Trypanosoma_

Infusoria, 12–20, 23, 26, 326

Inoculation. _See_ Immunisation, Vaccination

Insects, natural immunity in, 132, 326, 329;
acquired immunity in, 209;
protective lining of digestive canal of, 421

Insusceptibility of cells of refractory animals, 341

Integument of Invertebrata, protective function of, 404

Intermediary body, 88, 91, 296, 557

Intestine, protective function of the, 422;
microbian flora of, 420;
antitoxic action of this flora, 427

Intestinal ferments, absence of microbicidal power from, 424, 567;
intestinal micro-organisms, favouring and retarding functions of,
426;
destruction of toxins by, 427

Invertebrata, natural immunity in the, 40, 131–135, 326–329;
acquired immunity in the, 209–210, 301;
immunisation of, by specific serums, 301;
protective function of integument of, 404

Iodine trichloride in immunisation, 347

Iron, absorption of, by leucocytes, 399

Irritability, part played by, 18, 27 (_see also_ Susceptibility);
in plants, 38

_Isaria_, resistance to infection by, 329

Koch’s phenomenon in tuberculosis, 437

Kupffer’s cells, 75

Leprosy, etiological factors in, 4

Leprosy bacillus, 75, 411

Leucocidin, and its neutralisation, 359

Leucocytes. _See also_ Phagocytes

Leucocytes (amoeboid cells) in resorption, 47, 73, 175, 514, 515;
adaptation of, to virulent bacteria, an education, 281;
various categories of, 74–79;
soluble ferments of, 95;
chemiotaxis of, 119, 177;
theory of bactericidal secretions by, 187–191, 533–537, 539, 540,
542;
action of leucocidin on, 359;
absorption of poisons by, 393–400;
situations where there are no pre-existing, 551

Lily of the valley, acquired immunity in, 513, 515

Liver, serum against cytotoxin acting on, 116;
protective function of the, 427;
of Mollusca an organ of second digestion, 59

Lizard, resistance of, to tetanus toxin, 332

Lugol’s solution in immunisation, 347

Lupus, slow growth of, 406

Lymphocytes. _See also_ Leucocytes, Phagocytes

Lymphocytes, 76, 78

Lymphoid organs. _See also_ Haematopoietic organs, Phagocytic organs

Lymphoid organs, protective function of the, 428;
as source of sensibilising substance (fixative), 537

Lymphomacrophages, 76

Macrocytase (alexin, complement), 86, 98, 105, 112, 196, 549;
analogy of, with actinodiastase, 86;
escape of, during phagolysis, 95, 99, 102, 552;
presence of, in spermotoxin, 101;
origin of, 103;
active for resorption of animal cells, 196, 197, 296;
in extracellular solution of red corpuscles, 552

Macrophages, 76, 77, 79, 547;
the part they play in resorption, 80–100, 176;
staining reactions of, 77;
in phagocytosis, 144, 148, 154, 157, 161, 162, 164, 173, 184, 228,
245, 321, 548;
act more especially in resorption of animal cells, 176, 196, 548;
but intervene specially against human tubercle bacillus in pigeon,
148;
against spirilla, 162, 177, 228;
and against streptococci, 245;
not source of bactericidal substance in body fluids, 187;
part played by, in arsenic poisoning, 397;
the principal source of antitoxin, 401;
of skin, reaction of, against micro-organisms, 407

Macrophagic organs, digestive property of, 85, 150

Malaria, immunity against, 129, 278;
protective action of serum in, 278;
immunity acquired after, 434

Manures, influence on plant diseases, 36

Marmot, immunity of hibernating, against tetanus, 339

Martin’s broth (bouillon de panse), 473

Massowah vibrio, acquired immunity against, 221;
action of specific serum on, 305

Mastzellen, 77

Membranes, protective secretion of, by bacteria, 21, 242

_Meriones shawii_, 22, 183

Mesenteric glands, 62, 85, 98, 195

Mesoderm, function of amoeboid cells of, 518

Microbicidal. _See_ Bactericidal

_Micrococcus prodigiosus_, 42, 45;
antagonistic to anthrax bacillus, 323;
action of vaginal mucus on, 430

Microcytase digests bacteria, 196, 197, 296, 550;
in immunity, 218;
escape of, during phagolysis, 218, 222, 230, 295, 554;
transforms vibrios into granules, 552;
action of, on _Vibrio metchnikovi_, 553

Micro-organisms, minuteness of certain pathogenic, 3;
variability in action of, 5;
staining reactions of, 13, 83, 181, 183, 198, 213;
immunity by attenuated, 2, 509;
pathogenic, in healthy persons, 7;
adaptation of, to toxic substances, 21, 25;
protective secretion of membranes by, 21, 242;
defence in plants against, 35;
defences of animals against, 545;
elimination of, from the body, 43, 46 (_see also_ Elimination);
resorption of, 46, 175, 546;
antidiastase against enzymes of, 109;
natural immunity against pathogenic, 128–174, 175–206;
acquired immunity against pathogenic, 207–249, 250–299, 300–324;
anaerobic, immunity against, 169, 170;
pathogenic animal, 2, 173, 247–249, 277–279, 316;
destruction of, an act of resorption, 175, 206 (_see_ Bacteriolysis);
presence of, in white corpuscles, 514;
adaptation of phagocytes to destroy, 558, 566;
mode of entry into phagocytes, 177;
digested by phagocytes, 181, 514–525, 536, 539–543 (_see_ Phagocytes,
Phagocytosis);
transformation into spherical granules, 198 (_see also_ Pfeiffer’s
phenomenon);
extracellular destruction of, 165, 212, 533–537, 542;
modified growth in serums from immunised animals, 256, 259 (_see
also_ Agglutination);
specific diagnosis of, by modified growth, 256, 259;
agglutination does not prevent growth of, 262;
changes which they undergo in immunised animal, 289;
attenuation of, 208, 286–289, 508;
adjuvant and retarding functions of, 170, 426;
antagonism between anthrax and certain, 323;
antagonism between cholera vibrio and certain, 324;
acidophile, 418;
exfoliation of epidermis to get rid of, 406;
localisation and arrest of, in the dermis, 406;
destruction of toxins by, 427

Microphages, 77, 78, 79, 148, 152, 154, 162, 164, 172, 185, 245, 548;
intervene specially against micro-organisms and in acute infections,
177, 196, 206, 549;
source of bactericidal substance in body fluids, 187, 195;
granular transformation of vibrios inside, 164, 165, 224
(_see also_ Pfeiffer’s phenomenon)

_Microsphaera_, 18

Milk, absorption of, 107;
precipitins in the differentiation of various kinds of, 107, 568;
of immunised animals, antitoxin in, 356;
immunity conferred by mother’s, 449, 450, 452;
transmission of agglutinative power by, 450

Milk-sugar, adaptation of yeasts to, 26

Mithridates, method of protecting himself against poisons, 343

Mollusca. _See also Helix_, _Phyllirhoë_, _Thetys_

Mollusca, natural immunity in, 134;
liver of, an organ of second digestion, 59

Mongoose, immunity of, against snake venom, 339

Monkeys, immunised, with poor yield in antitoxin, 373;
immunisation of, against diphtheria toxin, 373;
transient acquired immunity against recurrent fever, 434

_Monospora_, parasite of _Daphnia_ disease, 131, 404, 520

Morphia, adaptation to, 343

Mouse, infection of, by swine erysipelas, 270, 307, 476;
the only animal that acquires immunity by suckling, 450, 452;
acquired immunity of, against typhoid, 230;
natural immunity of, against diphtheria toxin, 204, 339

Mouse septicaemia, immunity of frog against, 141;
phagocytosis in, 283;
acquired immunity of rabbit against, 509

Mouth. _See_ Buccal cavity

Mucous membranes, immunity of the, 407–432;
elimination of micro-organisms by the nasal, 410;
protective function of the genital, 429

Mycoses, pulmonary, 413
(_see also_ Aspergillosis)

_Mygale._ _See_ Spiders

Myriapods. _See Scolopendra_

Myxomycetes, plasmodia of, 30, 545

Naegeli’s theory of immunity, 512

Nagana disease, 2, 4, 247, 316
(_see Trypanosoma_)

Narcosis. _See_ Opium

Nasal mucous membrane, elimination of organisms by, 410

_Nepenthes_, digestive juice of, 355

Nerve centres, susceptibility of, to toxins, 564

Neuroglia cells, their phagocytic function, 75

Neurotoxin, 116

Neutral red, reaction of, 13, 83, 181

Nuclein as a protective substance, 320;
vaccinal against plague, 490

Nucleohiston, preventive action of, on diphtheria toxin, 365

Nutrition, certain diseases of, probably due to a parasite, 3;
extra-buccal, 67, 69

_Oidium albicans_, growth of, in serum of immunised animals, 257

Omentum, glands of, 85;
bactericidal power of extracts of, 195;
phagocytosis of vibrios in, 224

Opium, its action on leucocytes, 225, 231, 236, 306, 307;
its influence on immunisation by specific serums, 306;
resistance of hedgehog to, 337

_Oryctes nasicornis._ _See_ Rhinoceros beetle