Chapter VII: Part 7

This family is represented by a single well known tribe, whose range extended from Reno, on the line of the Central Pacific Railroad, to the lower end of the Carson Valley.

On the basis of vocabularies obtained by Stephen Powers and other investigators, Mr. Gatschet was the first to formally separate the language. The neighborhood of Carson is now the chief seat of the tribe, and here and in the neighboring valleys there are about 200 living a parasitic life about the ranches and towns.

WEITSPEKAN FAMILY.

= Weits-pek, Gibbs in Schoolcraft, Ind. Tribes, III, 422, 1853 (a band
and language on Klamath at junction of Trinity). Latham, El. Comp.
Phil., 410, 1862 (junction of Klamath and Trinity Rivers). Gatschet in
Mag. Am. Hist., 163, 1877 (affirmed to be distinct from any
neighboring tongue). Gatschet in Beach, Ind. Misc., 438, 1877.

< Weitspek, Latham in Trans. Philolog. Soc. Lond., 77, 1856 (junction
of Klamath and Trinity Rivers; Weyot and Wishosk dialects). Latham,
Opuscula, 343, 1860.

= Eurocs, Powers in Overland Monthly, VII, 530, June, 1872 (of the
Lower Klamath and coastwise; Weitspek, a village of).

= Eurok, Gatschet in Mag. Am. Hist., 163, 1877. Gatschet in Beach,
Ind. Misc., 437, 1877.

= Yu[']-rok, Powers in Cont. N.A. Eth., III, 45, 1877 (from junction of
Trinity to mouth and coastwise). Powell, ibid., 460 (vocabs. of
Al-i-kwa, Klamath, Yu[']-rok.)

X Klamath, Keane, App. Stanford's Comp. (Cent. and So. Am.), 475, 1878
(Eurocs belong here).

Derivation: Weitspek is the name of a tribe or village of the family situated on Klamath River. The etymology is unknown.

Gibbs was the first to employ this name, which he did in 1853, as above cited. He states that it is "the name of the principal band on the Klamath, at the junction of the Trinity," adding that "this language prevails from a few miles above that point to the coast, but does not extend far from the river on either side." It would thus seem clear that in this case, as in several others, he selected the name of a band to apply to the language spoken by it. The language thus defined has been accepted as distinct by later authorities except Latham, who included as dialects under the Weitspek language, the locality of which he gives as the junction of the Klamath and Trinity Rivers, the Weyot and Wishosk, both of which are now classed under the Wishoskan family.

By the Karok these tribes are called Yurok, "down" or "below," by which name the family has recently been known.

GEOGRAPHIC DISTRIBUTION.

For our knowledge of the range of the tribes of this family we are chiefly indebted to Stephen Powers.[109] The tribes occupy the lower Klamath River, Oregon, from the mouth of the Trinity down. Upon the coast, Weitspekan territory extends from Gold Bluff to about 6 miles above the mouth of the Klamath. The Chill['u]la are an offshoot of the Weitspek, living to the south of them, along Redwood Creek to a point about 20 miles inland, and from Gold Bluff to a point about midway between Little and Mad Rivers.

[Footnote 109: Cont. N.A. Eth., 1877, vol. 3, p. 44.]

PRINCIPAL TRIBES.

Chill['u]la, Redwood Creek.
Mita, Klamath River.
Pekwan, Klamath River.
Rikwa, Regua, fishing village at outlet of Klamath River.
Sugon, Shragoin, Klamath River.
Weitspek, Klamath River (above Big Bend).

WISHOSKAN FAMILY.

> Wish-osk, Gibbs in Schoolcraft, Ind. Tribes, III, 422, 1853 (given
as the name of a dialect on Mad River and Humboldt Bay).

= Wish-osk, Powell in Cont. N.A. Eth., III, 478, 1877 (vocabularies of
Wish-osk, Wi-yot, and Ko-wilth). Gatschet in Mag. Am. Hist., 162, 1877
(indicates area occupied by family). Gatschet in Beach, Ind. Misc.,
437, 1877.

> Wee-yot, Gibbs in Schoolcraft, Ind. Tribes, III, 422, 1853 (given as
the name of a dialect on Eel River and Humboldt Bay).

X Weitspek, Latham in Trans. Philolog. Soc. Lond., 77, 1856 (includes
Weyot and Wishosk). Latham, Opuscula, 343, 1860.

< Klamath, Keane, App. Stanford's Comp. (Cent. and So. Am.), 475, 1878
(cited as including Patawats, Weeyots, Wishosks).

Derivation: Wish-osk is the name given to the Bay and Mad River Indians by those of Eel River.

This is a small and obscure linguistic family and little is known concerning the dialects composing it or of the tribes which speak it.

Gibbs[110] mentions Wee-yot and Wish-osk as dialects of a general language extending "from Cape Mendocino to Mad River and as far back into the interior as the foot of the first range of mountains," but does not distinguish the language by a family name.

[Footnote 110: Schoolcraft, Ind. Tribes, 1853, vol. 3, p. 422.]

Latham considered Weyot and Wishosk to be mere dialects of the same language, i.e., the Weitspek, from which, however, they appeared to him to differ much more than they do from each other. Both Powell and Gatschet have treated the language represented by these dialects as quite distinct from any other, and both have employed the same name.

GEOGRAPHIC DISTRIBUTION.

The area occupied by the tribes speaking dialects of this language was the coast from a little below the mouth of Eel River to a little north of Mad River, including particularly the country about Humboldt Bay. They also extended up the above-named rivers into the mountain passes.

TRIBES.

Patawat, Lower Mad River and Humboldt Bay as far south as Arcata.
Weeyot, mouth of Eel River.
Wishosk, near mouth of Mad River and north part of Humboldt Bay.

YAKONAN FAMILY.

> Yakones, Hale in U.S. Expl. Exp., VI, 198, 218, 1846 (or Iakon,
coast of Oregon). Buschmann, Spuren der aztek. Sprache, 612, 1859.

> Iakon, Hale in U.S. Expl. Exp., VI, 218, 569, 1846 (or Lower
Killamuks). Buschmann, Spuren der aztek. Sprache, 612, 1859.

> Jacon, Gallatin in Trans. Am. Eth. Soc., II, pt. 1, c, 77, 1848.

> Jakon, Gallatin in Trans. Am. Eth. Soc., II, pt. 1, 17, 1848.
Berghaus (1851), Physik. Atlas, map 17, 1852. Gallatin in Schoolcraft,
Ind. Tribes, III, 402, 1853 (language of Lower Killamuks). Latham in
Trans. Philolog. Soc. Lond., 78, 1856. Latham, Opuscula, 340, 1860.

> Yakon, Latham, Nat. Hist. Man, 324, 1850. Gatschet, in Mag. Am.
Hist., 166, 1877. Gatschet in Beach, Ind. Misc., 441, 1877. Bancroft,
Nat. Races, III, 565, 640, 1882.

> Y['a]kona, Gatschet in Mag. Am. Hist., 256, 1882.

> Southern Killamuks, Hale in U.S. Expl. Exp., VI, 218, 569, 1846 (or
Yakones). Gallatin in Trans. Am. Eth. Soc., II, 17, 1848 (after Hale).

> Sued Killamuk, Berghaus (1851), Physik. Atlas, map 17, 1852.

> Sainstskla, Latham, Nat. Hist. Man, 325, 1850 ("south of the Yakon,
between the Umkwa and the sea").

> Say['u]skla, Gatschet in Mag. Am. Hist., 257, 1882 (on Lower Umpqua,
Say['u]skla, and Smith Rivers).

> Killiwashat, Latham, Nat. Hist. Man, 325, 1850 ("mouth of the
Umkwa").

X Klamath, Keane, App. Stanford's Comp. (Cent. and So. Am.), 475, 1878
(cited as including Yacons).

Derivation: From yakwina, signifying "spirit" (Everette).

The Yakwina was the leading tribe of this family. It must have been of importance in early days, as it occupied fifty-six villages along Yaquina River, from the site of Elk City down to the ocean. Only a few survive, and they are with the Alsea on the Siletz Reservation, Tillamook County, Oregon. They were classed by mistake with the Tillamook or "Killamucks" by Lewis and Clarke. They are called by Lewis and Clarke[111] Youikcones and Youkone.[112]

[Footnote 111: Allen, ed. 1814, vol. 2, p. 473.]

[Footnote 112: Ibid., p. 118.]

The Alsea formerly dwelt in villages along both sides of Alsea River, Oregon, and on the adjacent coast. They are now on the Siletz Reservation, Oregon. Perhaps a few are on the Grande Ronde Reservation, Oregon.

The Siuslaw used to inhabit villages on the Siuslaw River, Oregon. There may be a few pure Siuslaw on the Siletz Reservation, but Mr. Dorsey did not see any of them. They are mentioned by Drew,[113] who includes them among the "Kat-la-wot-sett" bands. At that time, they were still on the Siuslaw River. The Ku-itc or Lower Umpqua villages were on both sides of the lower part of Umpqua River, Oregon, from its mouth upward for about 30 miles. Above them were the Upper Umpqua villages, of the Athapascan stock. A few members of the Ku-itc still reside on the Siletz Reservation, Oregon.

[Footnote 113: U.S. Ind. Aff. Rept., 1857, p. 359.]

This is a family based by Hale upon a single tribe, numbering six or seven hundred, who live on the coast, north of the Nsietshawus, from whom they differ merely in language. Hale calls the tribe Iakon or Yakones or Southern Killamuks.

The Say['u]sklan language has usually been assumed to be distinct from all others, and the comments of Latham and others all tend in this direction. Mr. Gatschet, as above quoted, finally classed it as a distinct stock, at the same time finding certain strong coincidences with the Yakonan family. Recently Mr. Dorsey has collected extensive vocabularies of the Yakonan, Sayuskla, and Lower Umpqua languages and finds unquestioned evidence of relationship.

GEOGRAPHIC DISTRIBUTION.

The family consists of four primary divisions or tribes: Yakwina, Alsea, Siuslaw, and Ku-itc or Lower Umpqua. Each one of these comprised many villages, which were stretched along the western part of Oregon on the rivers flowing into the Pacific, from the Yaquina on the north down to and including the Umpqua River.

TRIBES.

Alsea (on Alseya River).
Yakw[vi][']na.
Kuitc.
Siuslaw.

_Population._--The U.S. Census Bulletin for 1890 mentions thirty-one tribes as resident on the Siletz Reservation with a combined population of 571. How many Yakwina are among this number is not known. The breaking down of tribal distinctions by reason of the extensive intermarriage of the several tribes is given as the reason for the failure to give a census by tribes.

YANAN FAMILY.

= N['o]-zi, Powers in Cont. N.A. Eth., III, 275, 1877 (or No-si;
mention of tribe; gives numerals and states they are different from
any he has found in California).

= Noces, Gatschet in Mag. Am. Hist., 160, March, 1877 (or Nozes;
merely mentioned under Meidoo family).

Derivation: Yana means "people" in the Yanan language.

In 1880 Powell collected a short vocabulary from this tribe, which is chiefly known to the settlers by the name Noje or Nozi. Judged by this vocabulary the language seemed to be distinct from any other. More recently, in 1884, Mr. Curtin visited the remnants of the tribe, consisting of thirty-five individuals, and obtained an extensive collection of words, the study of which seems to confirm the impression of the isolated position of the language as regards other American tongues.

The Nozi seem to have been a small tribe ever since known to Europeans. They have a tradition to the effect that they came to California from the far East. Powers states that they differ markedly in physical traits from all California tribes met by him. At present the Nozi are reduced to two little groups, one at Redding, the other in their original country at Round Mountain, California.

GEOGRAPHIC DISTRIBUTION.

The eastern boundary of the Yanan territory is formed by a range of mountains a little west of Lassen Butte and terminating near Pit River; the northern boundary by a line running from northeast to southwest, passing near the northern side of Round Mountain, 3 miles from Pit River. The western boundary from Redding southward is on an average 10 miles to the east of the Sacramento. North of Redding it averages double that distance or about 20 miles.

YUKIAN FAMILY.

= Yuki, Powers in Cont. N.A. Eth., III, 125-138, 1877 (general
description of tribe).

= Y['u]-ki, Powell in ibid., 483 (vocabs. of Y['u]-ki, H[-u]chnp[-o]m,
and a fourth unnamed vocabulary).

= Yuka, Powers in Overland Monthly, IX, 305, Oct., 1872 (same as
above). Gatschet in Mag. Am. Hist., 161, 1877 (defines habitat of
family; gives Yuka, Ashochemies or Wappos, Shumeias, Tahtoos).
Gatschet in Beach, Ind. Misc., 435, 1877. Bancroft, Nat. Races, III,
566, 1882 (includes Yuka, Tahtoo, Wapo or Ashochemic).

= Uka, Gatschet in Mag. Am. Hist., 161, 1877. Gatschet in Beach, Ind.
Misc., 435, 1877 (same as his Yuka).

X Klamath, Keane, App. Stanford's Comp. (Cent. and So. Am.), 475, 1878
(Yukas of his Klamath belong here).

Derivation: From the Wintun word yuki, meaning "stranger;" secondarily, "bad" or "thieving."

A vocabulary of the Yuki tribe is given by Gibbs in vol. III of Schoolcraft's Indian Tribes, 1853, but no indication is afforded that the language is of a distinct stock.

Powell, as above cited, appears to have been the first to separate the language.

GEOGRAPHIC DISTRIBUTION.

Round Valley, California, subsequently made a reservation to receive the Yuki and other tribes, was formerly the chief seat of the tribes of the family, but they also extended across the mountains to the coast.

PRINCIPAL TRIBES.

Ashochimi (near Healdsburgh).
Chumaya (Middle Eel River).
Napa (upper Napa Valley).
Tatu (Potter Valley).
Yuki (Round Valley, California).

YUMAN FAMILY.

> Yuma, Turner in Pac. R. R. Rep., III, pt. 3, 55, 94, 101, 1856
(includes Cuchan, Coco-Maricopa, Mojave, Diegeno). Latham in Trans.
Philolog. Soc. Lond., 86, 1856. Latham, Opuscula, 351, 1860 (as
above). Latham in addenda to Opuscula, 392, 1860 (adds Cuchan to the
group). Latham, El. Comp. Phil., 420, 1862 (includes Cuchan,
Cocomaricopa, Mojave, Dieguno). Gatschet in Mag. Am. Hist., 156, 1877
(mentions only U.S. members of family). Keane, App. Stanford's Comp.
(Cent. and So. Am.), 460, 479, 1878 (includes Yumas, Maricopas,
Cuchans, Mojaves, Yampais, Yavipais, Hualpais). Bancroft, Nat. Races,
III, 569, 1882.

= Yuma, Gatschet in Beach, Ind. Misc., 429, 1877 (habitat and dialects
of family). Gatschet in U.S. Geog. Surv. W. 100th M., VII, 413, 414,
1879.

> Dieguno, Latham (1853) in Proc. Philolog. Soc. Lond., VI, 75, 1854
(includes mission of San Diego, Dieguno, Cocomaricopas, Cuchan, Yumas,
Amaquaquas.)

> Cochimi, Latham in Trans. Philolog. Soc. Lond., 87, 1856 (northern
part peninsula California). Buschmann, Spuren der aztek. Sprache, 471,
1859 (center of California peninsula). Latham, Opuscula, 353, 1860.
Latham, El. Comp. Phil., 423, 1862. Orozco y Berra, Geografia de las
Lenguas de Mexico, map, 1864. Keane, App. Stanford's Comp. (Cent. and
So. Am.), 476, 1878 (head of Gulf to near Loreto).

> Layamon, Latham in Trans. Philolog. Soc. Lond., 88, 1856 (a dialect
of Waikur?). Latham, Opuscula, 353, 1860. Latham, El. Comp. Phil.,
423, 1862.

> Waikur, Latham in Trans. Philolog. Soc. Lond., 90, 1856 (several
dialects of). Latham, Opuscula, 353, 1860. Latham, El. Comp. Phil.,
423, 1862.

> Guaycura, Orozco y Berra, Geografia de las Lenguas de Mexico, map,
1864.

> Guaicuri, Keane, App. Stanford's Comp. (Cent. and So. Am.), 476,
1878 (between 26th and 23d parallels).

> Ushiti, Latham in Trans. Philolog. Soc. Lond., 88, 1856 (perhaps a
dialect of Waikur). Latham, Opuscula, 353, 1860.

> Utshiti, Latham, El. Comp. Phil., 423, 1862 (same as Ushiti).

> Pericu, Latham in Trans. Philolog. Soc. Lond., 88, 1856. Latham,
Opuscula, 353, 1860. Orozco y Berra, Geografia de las Lenguas de
Mexico, map, 1864.

> Pericui, Keane, App. Stanford's Comp. (Cent, and So. Am.), 476, 1878
(from 23 deg. N.L. to Cape S. Lucas and islands).

> Seri, Gatschet in Zeitschr. fuer Ethnologie, XV, 129, 1883, and
XVIII, 115, 1886.

Derivation: A Cuchan word signifying "sons of the river" (Whipple).

In 1856 Turner adopted Yuma as a family name, and placed under it Cuchan, Coco-Maricopa, Mojave and Diegeno.

Three years previously (1853) Latham[114] speaks of the Dieguno language, and discusses with it several others, viz, San Diego, Cocomaricopa, Cuohan, Yuma, Amaquaqua (Mohave), etc. Though he seems to consider these languages as allied, he gives no indication that he believes them to collectively represent a family, and he made no formal family division. The context is not, however, sufficiently clear to render his position with respect to their exact status as precise as is to be desired, but it is tolerably certain that he did not mean to make Diegueno a family name, for in the volume of the same society for 1856 he includes both the Diegueno and the other above mentioned tribes in the Yuma family, which is here fully set forth. As he makes no allusion to having previously established a family name for the same group of languages, it seems pretty certain that he did not do so, and that the term Diegueno as a family name may be eliminated from consideration. It thus appears that the family name Yuma was proposed by both the above authors during the same year. For, though part 3 of vol. III of Pacific Railroad Reports, in which Turner's article is published, is dated 1855, it appears from a foot-note (p. 84) that his paper was not handed to Mr. Whipple till January, 1856, the date of title page of volume, and that his proof was going through the press during the month of May, which is the month (May 9) that Latham's paper was read before the Philological Society. The fact that Latham's article was not read until May 9 enables us to establish priority of publication in favor of Turner with a reasonable degree of certainty, as doubtless a considerable period elapsed between the presentation of Latham's paper to the society and its final publication, upon which latter must rest its claim. The Yuma of Turner is therefore adopted as of precise date and of undoubted application. Pimentel makes Yuma a part of Piman stock.

[Footnote 114: Proc. London Philol. Soc., vol. 6, 75, 1854.]

GEOGRAPHIC DISTRIBUTION.

The center of distribution of the tribes of this family is generally considered to be the lower Colorado and Gila Valleys. At least this is the region where they attained their highest physical and mental development. With the exception of certain small areas possessed by Shoshonean tribes, Indians of Yuman stock occupied the Colorado River from its mouth as far up as Cataract Creek where dwell the Havasupai. Upon the Gila and its tributaries they extended as far east as the Tonto Basin. From this center they extended west to the Pacific and on the south throughout the peninsula of Lower California. The mission of San Luis Rey in California was, when established, in Yuman territory, and marks the northern limit of the family. More recently and at the present time this locality is in possession of Shoshonean tribes.

The island of Angel de la Guardia and Tiburon Island were occupied by tribes of the Yuman family, as also was a small section of Mexico lying on the gulf to the north of Guaymas.

PRINCIPAL TRIBES.

Cochimi.
Cocopa.
Cuchan or Yuma proper.
Diegueno.
Havasupai.
Maricopa.
Mohave.
Seri.
Waicuru.
Walapai.

_Population._--The present population of these tribes, as given in Indian Affairs Report for 1889, and the U.S. Census Bulletin for 1890, is as follows:

Of the Yuma proper there are 997 in California attached to the Mission Agency and 291 at the San Carlos Agency in Arizona.

Mohave, 640 at the Colorado River Agency in Arizona; 791 under the San Carlos Agency; 400 in Arizona not under an agency.

Havasupai, 214 in Cosnino Canon, Arizona.

Walapai, 728 in Arizona, chiefly along the Colorado.

Diegueno, 555 under the Mission Agency, California.

Maricopa, 315 at the Pima Agency, Arizona.

The population of the Yuman tribes in Mexico and Lower California is unknown.

ZUNIAN FAMILY.

= Zuni, Turner in Pac. R. R. Rep., III, pt. 3, 55, 91-93, 1856 (finds
no radical affinity between Zuni and Keres). Buschmann, Neu-Mexico,
254, 266, 276-278, 280-296, 302, 1858 (vocabs. and general
references). Keane, App. Stanford's Com. (Cent. and So. Am.), 479,
1878 ("a stock language"). Powell in Rocky Mountain Presbyterian,
Nov., 1878 (includes Zuni, Las Nutrias, Ojo de Pescado). Gatschet in
Mag. Am. Hist., 260, 1882.

= Zunian, Powell in Am. Nat., 604, August, 1880.

Derivation: From the Cochit['i] term Suinyi, said to mean "the people of the long nails," referring to the surgeons of Zuni who always wear some of their nails very long (Cushing).

Turner was able to compare the Zuni language with the Keran, and his conclusion that they were entirely distinct has been fully substantiated. Turner had vocabularies collected by Lieut. Simpson and by Capt. Eaton, and also one collected by Lieut. Whipple.

The small amount of linguistic material accessible to the earlier writers accounts for the little done in the way of classifying the Pueblo languages. Latham possessed vocabularies of the Moqui, Zuni, A[']coma or Laguna, Jemez, Tesuque, and Taos or Picuri. The affinity of the Tusayan (Moqui) tongue with the Comanche and other Shoshonean languages early attracted attention, and Latham pointed it out with some particularity. With the other Pueblo languages he does little, and attempts no classification into stocks.

GEOGRAPHIC DISTRIBUTION.

The Zuni occupy but a single permanent pueblo, on the Zuni River, western New Mexico. Recently, however, the summer villages of T[^a]iakwin, Heshotats['i]na, and K'iapkwainakwin have been occupied by a few families during the entire year.

_Population._--The present population is 1,613.

* * * * *

CONCLUDING REMARKS.

The task involved in the foregoing classification has been accomplished by intermittent labors extending through more than twenty years of time. Many thousand printed vocabularies, embracing numerous larger lexic and grammatic works, have been studied and compared. In addition to the printed material, a very large body of manuscript matter has been used, which is now in the archives of the Bureau of Ethnology, and which, it is hoped, will ultimately be published. The author does not desire that his work shall be considered final, but rather as initiatory and tentative. The task of studying many hundreds of languages and deriving therefrom ultimate conclusions as contributions to the science of philology is one of great magnitude, and in its accomplishment an army of scholars must be employed. The wealth of this promised harvest appeals strongly to the scholars of America for systematic and patient labor. The languages are many and greatly diverse in their characteristics, in grammatic as well as in lexic elements. The author believes it is safe to affirm that the philosophy of language is some time to be greatly enriched from this source. From the materials which have been and may be gathered in this field the evolution of language can be studied from an early form, wherein words are usually not parts of speech, to a form where the parts of speech are somewhat differentiated; and where the growth of gender, number, and case systems, together with the development of tense and mode systems can be observed. The evolution of mind in the endeavor to express thought, by coining, combining, and contracting words and by organizing logical sentences through the development of parts of speech and their syntactic arrangement, is abundantly illustrated. The languages are very unequally developed in their several parts. Low gender systems appear with high tense systems, highly evolved case systems with slightly developed mode systems; and there is scarcely any one of these languages, so far as they have been studied, which does not exhibit archaic devices in its grammar.

The author has delayed the present publication somewhat, expecting to supplement it with another paper on the characteristics of those languages which have been most fully recorded, but such supplementary paper has already grown too large for this place and is yet unfinished, while the necessity for speedy publication of the present results seems to be imperative. The needs of the Bureau of Ethnology, in directing the work of the linguists employed in it, and especially in securing and organizing the labor of a large body of collaborators throughout the country, call for this publication at the present time.

In arranging the scheme of linguistic families the author has proceeded very conservatively. Again and again languages have been thrown together as constituting one family and afterwards have been separated, while other languages at first deemed unrelated have ultimately been combined in one stock. Notwithstanding all this care, there remain a number of doubtful cases. For example, Buschmann has thrown the Shoshonean and Nahuatlan families into one. Now the Shoshonean languages are those best known to the author, and with some of them he has a tolerable speaking acquaintance. The evidence brought forward by Buschmann and others seems to be doubtful. A part is derived from jargon words, another part from adventitious similarities, while some facts seem to give warrant to the conclusion that they should be considered as one stock, but the author prefers, under the present state of knowledge, to hold them apart and await further evidence, being inclined to the opinion that the peoples speaking these languages have borrowed some part of their vocabularies from one another.

After considering the subject with such materials as are on hand, this general conclusion has been reached: That borrowed materials exist in all the languages; and that some of these borrowed materials can be traced to original sources, while the larger part of such acquisitions can not be thus relegated to known families. In fact, it is believed that the existing languages, great in number though they are, give evidence of a more primitive condition, when a far greater number were spoken. When there are two or more languages of the same stock, it appears that this differentiation into diverse tongues is due mainly to the absorption of other material, and that thus the multiplication of dialects and languages of the same group furnishes evidence that at some prior time there existed other languages which are now lost except as they are partially preserved in the divergent elements of the group. The conclusion which has been reached, therefore, does not accord with the hypothesis upon which the investigation began, namely, that common elements would be discovered in all these languages, for the longer the study has proceeded the more clear it has been made to appear that the grand process of linguistic development among the tribes of North America has been toward unification rather than toward multiplication, that is, that the multiplied languages of the same stock owe their origin very largely to absorbed languages that are lost. The data upon which this conclusion has been reached can not here be set forth, but the hope is entertained that the facts already collected may ultimately be marshaled in such a manner that philologists will be able to weigh the evidence and estimate it for what it may be worth.

The opinion that the differentiation of languages within a single stock is mainly due to the absorption of materials from other stocks, often to the extinguishment of the latter, has grown from year to year as the investigation has proceeded. Wherever the material has been sufficient to warrant a conclusion on this subject, no language has been found to be simple in its origin, but every language has been found to be composed of diverse elements. The processes of borrowing known in historic times are those which have been at work in prehistoric times, and it is not probable that any simple language derived from some single pristine group of roots can be discovered.

There is an opinion current that the lower languages change with great rapidity, and that, by reason of this, dialects and languages of the same stock are speedily differentiated. This widely spread opinion does not find warrant in the facts discovered in the course of this research. The author has everywhere been impressed with the fact that savage tongues are singularly persistent, and that a language which is dependent for its existence upon oral tradition is not easily modified. The same words in the same form are repeated from generation to generation, so that lexic and grammatic elements have a life that changes very slowly. This is especially true where the habitat of the tribe is unchanged. Migration introduces a potent agency of mutation, but a new environment impresses its characteristics upon a language more by a change in the semantic content or meaning of words than by change in their forms. There is another agency of change of profound influence, namely, association with other tongues. When peoples are absorbed by peaceful or militant agencies new materials are brought into their language, and the affiliation of such matter seems to be the chief factor in the differentiation of languages within the same stock. In the presence of opinions that have slowly grown in this direction, the author is inclined to think that some of the groups herein recognized as families will ultimately be divided, as the common materials of such languages, when they are more thoroughly studied, will be seen to have been borrowed.

In the studies which have been made as preliminary to this paper, I have had great assistance from Mr. James C. Pilling and Mr. Henry W. Henshaw. Mr. Pilling began by preparing a list of papers used by me, but his work has developed until it assumes the proportions of a great bibliographic research, and already he has published five bibliographies, amounting in all to about 1,200 pages. He is publishing this bibliographic material by linguistic families, as classified by myself in this paper. Scholars in this field of research will find their labors greatly abridged by the work of Mr. Pilling. Mr. Henshaw began the preparation of the list of tribes, but his work also has developed into an elaborate system of research into the synonymy of the North American tribes, and when his work is published it will constitute a great and valuable contribution to the subject. The present paper is but a preface to the works of Mr. Pilling and Mr. Henshaw, and would have been published in form as such had not their publications assumed such proportions as to preclude it. And finally, it is needful to say that I could not have found the time to make this classification, imperfect as it is, except with the aid of the great labors of the gentlemen mentioned, for they have gathered the literature and brought it ready to my hand. For the classification itself, however, I am wholly responsible.

I am also indebted to Mr. Albert S. Gatschet and Mr. J. Owen Dorsey for the preparation of many comparative lists necessary to my work.

The task of preparing the map accompanying this paper was greatly facilitated by the previously published map of Gallatin. I am especially indebted to Col. Garrick Mallery for work done in the early part of its preparation in this form. I have also received assistance from Messrs. Gatschet, Dorsey, Mooney and Curtin. The final form which it has taken is largely due to the labors of Mr. Henshaw, who has gathered many important facts relating to the habitat of North American tribes while preparing a synonymy of tribal names.

* * * * *

INDEX

A.

Abnaki, population 48
Achastlians, Lamanon's vocabulary of the 75
Acoma, a Keresan dialect 83
population 83
Adair, James, quoted on Choctaw villages 40
Adaizan family 45-48
Adaizan and Caddoan languages compared 46
Adam, Lucien, on the Taensa language 96
Agriculture, effect of, on Indian population 38
region to which limited 41
extent of practice of, by Indian tribes 42
Aht division of Wakashan family 129, 130
Ahtena tribe of Copper River 53
population 55
Ai-yan, population 55
Akansa, or Quapaw tribe 113
Akoklako, or Lower Cootenai 85
Aleutian Islanders belong to Eskimauan family 73
population 75
Algonquian family 47-51
list of tribes 48
population 48
habitat of certain western tribes of 113
Alibamu, habitat and population 95
Alsea, habitat 134
Al-ta-tin, population 55
Angel de la Guardia Island, occupied by Yuman tribes 138
Apache, habitat 54
population 56
Apalaches, supposed by Gallatin to be the Yuchi 126
Apalachi tribe 95
Arapaho, habitat 48, 109
population 48
Arikara, habitat 60
population 62
Assinaboin, habitat 115
population 117
Atfalati, population 82
Athapascan family 51-56
Atnah tribe, considered distinct from Salish by Gallatin 103
Attacapan family 56-57
Attakapa language reputed to be spoken by the Karankawa 82
Auk, population 87

B.

Baffin Land, Eskimo population 75
Bancroft, George, linguistic literature 13
cited on Cherokee habitat 78, 79
Bancroft, Hubert H., linguistic literature 24
Bandelier, A. F., on the Keres 83
Bannock, former habitat 108
population 110
Bartlett, John R., cited on Lipan and Apache habitat 54
the Pima described by 98
Barton, B. S., comparison of Iroquois and Cheroki 77
Batts on Tutelo habitat in 1671 114
Bellacoola, population 105, 131
Bellomont, Earl of, cited on the Tutelo 114
Beothukan family 57-58
Berghaus, Heinrich, linguistic literature 16
Bessels, Emil, acknowledgments 73
Biloxi, a Siouan tribe 112
early habitat 114
present habitat 116
population 118
Blount, on Cherokee and Chickasaw habitat 79
Boas, Franz, cited on Chimakum habitat 62
on population of Chimmesyan tribes 64
on the middle group of Eskimo 73
on population of Baffin Land Eskimo 75
Salishan researches 104
Haida researches 120
Wakashan researches 129
on the habitat of the Haeltzuk 130
Boundaries of Indian tribal lands, difficulty of fixing 43-44
Bourgemont on the habitat of the Comanche 109
Brinton, D. G., cited on Haumonte's Taensa grammar 96
cited on relations of the Pima language 99
Buschmann, Johann C. E., linguistic literature 18, 19
on the Kiowa language 84
on the Pima language 99
on Shoshonean families 109
regards Shoshonean and Nahuatlan families as one 140

C.

Cabeca de Vaca, mention of Atayos by 46
Caddoan and Adaizan languages compared 46
Caddoan family 58-62
Caddoan. See Southern Caddoan.
Calapooya, population 82
California, aboriginal game laws in 42
Calispel population 105
"Carankouas," a part of Attacapan family 57
Carib, affinities of Timuquana with 123
Carmel language of Mofras 102
Cartier, Jacques, aborigines met by 58, 77-78
Catawba, habitat 112, 114, 116
population 118
Cathlascon tribes, Scouler on 81
Caughnawaga, population 80
Cayuga, population 80
Cayuse, habitat and population 127, 128
Central Eskimo, population 75
Champlain, S. de, cited 78
Charlevoix on the derivation of "Iroquois" 77
Chehalis, population 105
Chemehuevi, habitat and population 110
Cherokees, habitat and population 78-80
Cheyenne tribe, habitat 48, 109
population 49
treaty cited 114
Chicasa, population 95
join the Na'htchi 96
Chilcat, population 87
Chill['u]la tribe 132
Chimakuan family 62, 63
Chimakum, habitat and population 62
Chimarikan family 63
Chimmesyan family 63-65
Chinookan family 65-86
Chippewyan, population 55
Chitimacuan family, possibly allied to the Attacapan 57
Chitimachan family 66-67
Choctaw Muskhogee family of Gallatin 94
Choctaw, population 95
Choctaw towns described by Adair 40
Chocuyem, a Moquelumnan dialect 92
Cholovone division of the Mariposan 90
Chopunnish, population 107
Chowanoc, perhaps a Tuscarora tribe 79
Chukchi of Asia 74
Chumashan family 67, 68
Chumashan languages, Salinan languages held to be
dialects of 101
Clackama, population 66
Clallam language distinct from Chimakum 62
Clallam, population 105
Classification of linguistic families, rules for 8, 12
Classification of Indian languages, literature relating to 12-25
Clavering, Captain, Greenland Eskimo, researches of 72
Coahuiltecan family 68, 69
Cochitemi, a Keresan dialect 83
Cochiti, population of 83
Coconoon tribe 90
Coeur d'Alene tribe, population of 105
Cofitachiqui, a supposed Yuchi town 126
Cognation of languages 11, 12
Columbia River, improvidence of tribes on 37, 38
Colville tribe, population 105
Comanche, association of the Kiowa with 84
habitat 109
population 110
Comecrudo, vocabulary of, collected by Gatschet 68
Communism among North American Indians 34, 35
Conestoga, former habitat of the 78
Cook, Capt. James, names Waukash tribe 129
Cookkoo-oose tribe of Lewis and Clarke 89
Cootenai tribe 85
Copehan family 69-70
Corbusier, Wm. H., on Crow occupancy of Black Hills 114
Corn, large quantities of, raised by certain tribes 41
Cortez, Jose, cited 54
Costano dialects, Latham's opinion concerning 92
Costanoan family 70, 71
Cotoname vocabulary, collected by Gatschet 68
Coulter, Dr., Pima vocabulary of 98
Coyotero Apache, population 56
Cree, population 49
Creeks, habitat and population 95
Crows, habitat 114, 116
population 118
Curtin, Jeremiah, Chimarikan researches of 63
Costanoan researches of 70
Moquelumnan researches of 93
Yanan researches of 135
acknowledgments to 142
Cushing, Frank H., on the derivation of "Zuni" 138
Cushna tribe 99

D.

Dahcota. See Dakota.
Dahcotas, habitat of the divisions of 111
Dakota, tribal and family sense of name 112
divisions of the 114
population and divisions of the 116
Dall, W. H., linguistic litera 21, 22, 24
cited on Eskimo habitat 53
Eskimo researches of 73
on Asiatic Eskimo 74
on population of Alaskan Eskimo 75
Dana on the divisions of the Sacramento tribes 99
Dawson, George M., cited on Indian land tenure 40
assigns the Tagisch to the Koluschan family 87
Salishan researches 104
De Bry, Timuquanan names on map of 124
Delaware, population 49
habitat 79
De L'Isle cited 60
De Soto, Ferdinand, on early habitat of the Kaskaskias 113
supposed to have visited the Yuchi 126
Timuquanan towns encountered by 124
D'Iberville, names of Taensa towns given by 96
Diegueno, population 138
Differentiation of languages within single stock,
to what due 141
Digger Indian tongue compared by Powers
with the Pit River dialects 98
Disease, Indian belief concerning 39
Dobbs, Arthur, cited on Eskimo habitat 73
Dog Rib, population of 55
Dorsey, J. O., cited on Pacific coast tribes 54
cited on Omaha-Arikara alliance 60
Catawba studies 112
on Crow habitat 114
Takilman researches 121
Yakonan researches 134
acknowledgments to 142
Drew, E. P., on Siuslaw habitat 134
Duflot de Mofras, E. de, cited 92
Duflot de Mofras E. de, Soledad, language of 102
Dunbar, John B., quoted on Pawnee habitat 60
Duncan, William, settlement of Chimmesyan tribes by 65
Duponceau collection, Salishan vocabulary of the 103
Du Pratz, Le Page, cited on Caddoan habitat 61
on certain southern tribes 66
on the Na'htchi language 96

E.

Eaton, Captain, Zuni vocabulary of 139
Ecclemachs. See Esselenian family.
Eells, Myron, linguistic literature 24
on the Chimakuan language and habitat 62, 63
E-nagh-magh language of Lane 122
Emory, W. H., visit of, to the Pima 98
Environment as affecting language 141
Eskimauan family 71-75
Eslen nation of Galiano 75
Esselenian family 75, 76
Etah Eskimo, habitat of 72, 73
['E]-ukshikni or Klamath 90
Everette on the derivation of "Yakona" 134

F.

"Family," linguistic, defined 11
Filson, John, on Yuchi habitat 127
Flatbow. See Kitunahan family.
Flathead Cootenai 85
Flathead family, Salish or 102
Fontanedo, Timuquanan, local names of 124
Food distribution among North American Indians 34
Friendly Village, dialect of 104

G.
Galiano, D. A., on the Eslen and Runsien 75, 76
Gallatin, Albert, founder of
systematic American philology 9, 10
linguistic literature 12, 15, 16, 17
Attacapan researches 57
on the Caddo and Pawnee 59
Chimmesyan researches 64
on the Chitimachan family 66
on the Muskhogean family 94
on Eskimauan boundaries 72
comparison of Iroquois and Cheroki 77
on the Kiowa language 84
on the Koluschan family 86
on Na'htchi habitat 96
Salishan researches 102, 103
reference to "Sahaptin" family 107
on the Shoshonean family 108
on the Siouan family 111
Skittagetan researches 119, 120
on Tonika language 135
on the habitat of the Yuchi 126
linguistic map 142
Game laws of California tribes 42
Garcia, Bartolome, cited 68
Gatschet, A. S., work of 7, XXXIV
linguistic literature 23, 24
comparison of Caddoan and Adaizan languages by 46
on Pacific Coast tribes 54
Attacapan researches 57
Beothukan researches 57
Chimakuan researches 62
on the derivation of "Chitimacha" 66
Chitimachan researches 67
Coahuiltecan researches 68
Mutson investigations 70
Tonkawe vocabulary collected by 82
on the Kitunahan family 85
distinguishes the Kusan as a distinct stock 89
on the habitat of the Yamasi 95
on the Taensa language 96
on the derivation of "Palaihnih" 97
on the Pima language 99
discovered radical affinity between
Wakashan and Salishan families 104
Catawba studies 112
surviving Biloxi found by 114
Takilman researches 121
on the derivation of "Tano" 122
classes Tonkawan as a distinct stock 125
Tonikan researches 125
on early Yuchi habitat 127
on the derivation of Waiilatpu 127
Washoan language separated by 131
Wishoskan researches 133
on the Say['u]sklan language 134
Gens du Lac, habitat 111
Gibbs, George, linguistic literature 17, 22
on the Chimakum language 62
on the Kulanapan family 87
the Eh-nek family of 100
on the Weitspekan language 131
Wishoskan researches 133
Yuki vocabulary cited 136
Gioloco language 108
Gosiute, population 110
Grammatic elements of language 141
Grammatic structure in classification of Indian languages 11
Gravier, Father, on the Na'htchi and Taensa 97
Greely, A. W., on Eskimo of Grinnell Land 73
Greenland, Eskimo of 73, 75
Grinnell Land, Eskimo of 73
Gros Ventres, habitat 116
Guiloco language 92

H.

Haeltzuk, habitat 129, 130
principal tribes 131
population 131
Haida, divisions of 120
population 121
language, related to Koluschan 120
method of land tenure 40
Hailtzuk, population 105
Hale, Horatio, linguistic literature 14, 25
discovery of branches of Athapascan family in Oregon by 52
on the affinity of Cheroki to Iroquois 77
on the derivation of "Iroquois" 77
on the "Kaus or Kwokwoos" 89
on the Talatui 92
on the Palaihnihan 97
on certain Pujunan tribes 99, 100
Salishan researches 104
on the Sastean family 106
Tutelo researches 114
classification and habitat of Waiilatpuan tribes 127
on the Yakonan family 134
Hamilton manuscript cited 54
Hanega, population 87
Hano pueblo, Tusayan 123
population 123
Hare tribe, population 55
Harrison, on early Tutelo habitat 114
Haumonte, J. D., on the Taensa 96
Havasupai habitat and population 138
Hayden, Ferdinand V., linguistic literature 20
Haynarger vocabulary cited 54
Henshaw, H. W., Chumashan researches of 68
Costanoan researches of 70
Esselenian investigations of 76
Moquelumnan researches of 93
Salinan researches of 101
on Salinan population 102
on population of Cayuse 128
acknowledgments to 142
synonomy of tribes by 142
Heshotats['i]na, a Zuni village 139
Hewitt, J. N.B., on the derivation of "Iroquois" 77
Hidatsa population 118
Hoh, population and habitat 63
Holm, G., Greenland Eskimo 72
on East Greenland Eskimo population 75
Hoodsunu, population 87
Hoquiam, population 105
Hospitality of American Indians, source of 34
Howe, George, on early habitat of the Cherokee 78
Hudson Bay, Eskimo of 73
Humptulip, population 105
Hunah, population 87
Hunting claims 42, 43
Hupa, population of 56

I.

Iakon, see Yakwina 134
Improvidence of Indians 34, 37
Indian languages, principles of classification of 8-12
literature relating to classification of 12-25
at time of European discovery 44
Indian linguistic families, paper by J. W. Powell on 1-142
work on classification of 25, 26
Industry of Indians 36
Innuit population 75
Iowa, habitat and population 116, 118
Iroquoian family 76-81
Isleta, New Mexico, population 123
Isleta, Texas, population 123
Ives, J. C., on the habitat of the Chemehuevi 110

J.

Jargon, establishment of, between tribes 7
Jemez, population of 123
Jewett's Wakash vocabulary referred to 129
Jicarilla Apache, population 56
Johnson, Sir William, treaty with Cherokees 78
Johnston, A. R., visit of, to the Pima 98
Joutel on the location of certain Quapaw villages 113

K.

Kaigani, divisions of the 121
Kaiowe, habitat 109
Kaiowe. See Kiowan family.
Kai Pomo, habitat 88
Kai-yuh-kho-t['a]na, etc., population 56
Kalapooian family 81-82
Kane, Paul, linguistic literature 19
Kansa or Kaw tribe 113
population 118
Karankawan family 82-83
Kaskaskias, early habitat 113
Kastel Pomo, habitat 88
Kat-la-wot-sett bands 134
Kato Pomo, habitat 88
Kaus or Kwokwoos tribe of Hale 89
Kaw, habitat 116
Kaw. See Kansa.
Keane, Augustus H., linguistic literature 23
on the "Tegua or Taywaugh" 122
Kek, population 87
Kenesti, habitat 54
Keresan family 83
K'iapkwainakwin, a Zuni village 139
Kichai habitat and population 61, 62
Kickapoo, population 49
Kinai language asserted to bear analogies to the Mexican 86
Kiowan family 84
Kitunahan family 85
Kiwomi, a Keresan dialect 83
Klamath, habitat and population 90
Klanoh-Klatklam tribe 85
Klikitat, population 107
K'nai-khotana tribe of Cook's Inlet 53
K'naia-khot['a]na, population 56
Koas['a]ti, population 95
Koluschan family 85-87
Ku-itc villages, location of 134
Kulanapan and Chimarikan verbal correspondences 63
Kulanapan family 87-89
Kusan family 89
Kutchin, population 56
Kutenay. See Kitunahan family.
Kwaiantikwoket, habitat 110
Kwakiutl tribe 129

L.

Labrador, Eskimo of 73
Labrador, Eskimo population 75
Laguna, population 83
La Harpe cited 61
Lake tribe, Washington, population 105
L['a]kmiut population 82
Lamanon on the Eeclemachs 75, 76
Land, Indian ownership of 40
amount devoted to Indian agriculture 42
Lane, William C., linguistic literature 17
on Pueblo languages 122
Languages, cognate 11, 12
Latham, R. G., linguistic literature 14, 15, 16, 17, 18, 20
cited on Beothukan language 57
Chumashan researches 67
proposes name for Copehan family 69
Costanoan researches 70
Salinas family of 75
mention of the Kaus tribe 89
on the Tonika language 125
on the Weitspekan language 132
Wishoskan researches 133
on the Say['u]sklan language 134
Yuman researches 137
Pueblo researches 139
classification of the Mariposan family 90
on the Moquelumnan family 92
on the Piman family 98
on the Pujunan family 99
on the Ehnik family of 100
on the Salinan family 102
Lawson, John, on Tutelo migration in 1671 114
Lewis and Clarke cited on improvidence of
Indians of the Northwest 37
on Pacific coast tribes 53
on Arikari habitat 60
authorities on Chinookan habitat 65
on the habitat of Kalapooian tribes 82
on the Kusan tribe 89
Salishan tribes met by 104
on habit of Shoshonean tribes 109
on Crow habitat 114
on the Yakwina 134
Lexical elements considered in classification of
Indian languages 11, 141
Linguistic classification, rules for 8-12
Linguistic families of North America,
paper by J. W. Powell on 1-142
nomenclature of 7-12
work on classification of 25, 26
number of 45
Linguistic "family" defined 11
Linguistic map, preparation of 142
notes concerning 25, 45
Lipan, habitat 54
population 56
Literature relating to classification of Indian languages 12-25
Loucheux classed as Athapascan 52
Lower California, native population of, unknown 138
Lower Spokane, population 105
Lower Umpqua villages, location of 134
Lummi, population 105
Lutuamian family 89-90

M.

Madison tribe, population 105
Mahican, population 51
Makah tribe 129
habitat 130
population 130
Mallery, Garrick, cited on early Indian population 33
acknowledgments to 142
Malthusian law, not applicable to American Indians 33-34
Mandan habitat 116
population 118
Map showing Indian linguistic families, explanation of 26, 45
Marchand on the Tshinkitani 86
Margry on early habitat of the Biloxi 114
Maricopa population 138
Mariposan family 90-91
Marquette's map, location of the Quapaw on 113
Marriage among Indians 35
Marys River tribe, population 82
Maskegon, population 49
Mdewakantonwan, population 116
Medicine Creek treaty 84
Medicine practice of the Indians, evils of 39
Meherrin, joined by the Tutelo 114
Mendewahkantoan, habitat 111
Menominee, population 49
Mescalero Apache, population 56
Mexican language, Kinai bears analogies to the 86
Miami, population 49
Micmac, population 49
western Newfoundland colonized by 58
Migration of Siouan tribes westward 112
Migration, effect of, upon language 141
Milhau on the derivation of "Coos" 89
Misisauga, population 49
Missouri tribe, habitat 116
Miwok division of Moqueluman family, tribes of 93
"Mobilian trade Jargon" 96
Modoc, habitat and population 90
M['o]dokni, or Modoc 90
Mohave, population 138
Mohawk, population 80
Moki. See Tusayan.
Mol['a]le, habitat and population 127, 128
Monsoni, population 49
Montagnais, population 49
Monterey, Cal., natives of 71
Montesano, population 105
Montigny, M. de, on the Na'htchi and Taensa 96, 97
Mooney, James, acknowledgments to 142
Moquelumnan family 92-93
Muekleshoot, population 105
Murdoch, John, Eskimo researches of 73
Muskhogean family 94-95

N.

Nahanie, population 56
Na'htchi, Taensa and Chitimacha,
supposed by Du Pratz to be kindred tribes 65-66
Na'htchi, habitat and population 96-97
Nahuatl, Pima a branch of the 99
Shoshonean regarded by Buschmann as a branch of 109
Na-isha Apache, population 56
Namb['e], population 123
Names, population 56
Nascapee, population 49
Nascapi joined by the Beothuk 58
Natchesan family 95
Navajo, habitat 54
Nelson, E. W., cited on Athapascan habitat 53
Eskimo researches of 73
Nespilem, population 105
Nestucca, habitat 104
Newfoundland, aborigines of 57
New Metlakahtla, a Chimmesyan settlement 65
Nisqually language distinct from Chimakum 62
Nisqually, population 105
Noje. See Nozi. 135
Nomenclature of linguistic families,
paper by J. W. Powell on 1-142
Nootka-Columbian family of Scouler 129, 130
Northwestern Innuit population 75
Notaway tribe 79
Notaway joined by the Tutelo 114
Nozi tribe 135

O.

Ojibwa, population 50
Okinagan, population 105
Olamentke dialect of Kostromitonov 92
Olamentke division of Moquelumnan family, tribes of 93
Omaha, habitat 115
population 117
Oneida, population 80
Onondaga, population 80
Orozco y Berra, Manuel, linguistic literature 20
cited 54
on the Coahuiltecan family 68
Osage, early occupancy ot Arkansas by the 113
Osage, habitat and population 116, 118
Oto and Missouri, population 118
Otoe, habitat 116
Ottawa, population 50
Oyhut, population 105

P.

Packard, A. S., on Labrador Eskimo population 75
Pai Ute, population 110
Pakaw['a] tribe, habitat 68
Palaihnihan family 97, 98
Paloos, population 107
Papago, a division of the Piman family 98
population 99
Pareja, Padre, Timuquana vocabulary of 123
Parisot, J., et al., on the Taensa language 96
Parry, C. C., Pima vocabulary of 98
Patriotism of the Indian 36
Paviotso, population 110
Pawnee, divisions of, and habitat 60, 61, 113
population 62
Peoria, population of the 50
Petroff, Ivan, Eskimo researches of 73
on population of the Koluschan tribes 87
Picuris, population 123
Pike, Z., on the Kiowa language 84
on the habitat of the Comanche 106
Pilling, James C., work of XXX, XXXI, XXXVI, 142
acknowledgments to 142
Pit River dialects 97
Pima alta, a division of the Piman family 98
Piman family 98
Pima, population 99
Pimentel, Francisco, linguistic literature 21
on the Yuman language 137
Pinto tribe, habitat 68
Point Barrow Eskimo, habitat 73
Pojoaque, population 123
Ponca, habitat 113, 115
population 117
Pope on the Kiowa habitat 84
Population of Indian tribes discussed 33-40
Pottawatomie, population of the 50
Powell, J. W., paper of, on Indian linguistic families 1-142
linguistic literature 22, 23, 24
Mutsun researches 70
Wishoskan researches 133
Noje vocabulary of 135
separates the Yuki language 136
Powers, Stephen, linguistic literature 22
cited on artificial boundaries
of Indian hunting and fishing claims 42
cited on Pacific coast tribes 54
on the Chimarikan family 63
on the Meewok name of the Moquelumne River 92
on the Pit River dialects 97
Cahroc, tribe of 100
Pujunan researches 100
on Shoshonean of California 110
Washoan vocabularies of 131
on habitat of Weitspekan tribes 132
on the Nozi tribe 135
Pownall map, location of Totteroy River on 114
Prairie du Chien, treaty of 112
Prichard, James C., linguistic literature 14
Priestly, Thomas, on Chinook population 66
Pueblo languages, see Keresan, Tanoan, Zunian.
Pujunan family 99, 100
Pujuni tribe 99
Pur['i]sima, inhabitants of 67
Puyallup, population 105

Q.

Quaitso, population 105
Quapaw, a southern Siouan tribe 113
early habitat 113
present habitat 116
population 118
Quarrelers classed as Athapascan 52
"Queen Charlotte's Islands," language of, Gallatin 119
Queniut, population 105
Quile-ute, population and habitat 63
Quinaielt, population 105
Quoratean family 100, 101

R.

Ramsey, J. G. M., on Cherokee habitat 78
Rechahecrian. See Rickohockan.
Rickohockan Indians of Virginia 79
Riggs, A. L., on Crow habitat 114
Riggs, S. R., Salishan researches 104
Rink, H. J., on population of Labrador Eskimo 75
Rogue River Indians 121
population 56
Ross, Alexander, cited on improvidence of Indians of Northwest 38
Ross, Sir John, acknowledgments to 73
Royce, Charles C., map of, cited on Cherokee lands 78
Runsien nation of Galiano 75
Ruslen language of Mofras 102

S.

Sac and Fox, population of the 50
Sacramento tribes, Sutter and Dana on the division of 99
Saiaz, habitat 54
Saidyuka, population 110
Saint Regis, population 81
Salinan family 101
Salishan family 102-105
Salish, population 105
Salish of Puget Sound 130
San Antonio language 75
San Antonio Mission, Cal. 101, 102
San Buenaventura Indians 67, 68
San Carlos Apache population 56
Sandia, population 123
San Felipe, population 83
San Ildefonso, population 123
San Juan, population 123
San Luis Obispo, natives of 67
San Luis Rey Mission, Cal. 138
San Miguel language 75
San Miguel Mission, Cal. 101, 102
Sans Puell, population 105
Santa Ana, population 83
Santa Barbara applied as family name 67
Santa Barbara language, Cal. 101
Santa Clara, Cal., language 92
Santa Clara, population 123
Santa Cruz Islands, natives of 67
Santa Cruz, Cal., natives of 71
Santa Inez Indians 67
Santa Rosa Islanders 67
Santee population 116
Santiam, population 83
Santo Domingo, population 83
Sastean family 105
Satsup, population 105
Say, Dr., vocabularies of Kiowa by 84
Say's vocabulary of Shoshoni referred to 109
Say['u]sklan language 134
Schermerhorn, cited on K[:a]do hadatco 61
on the Kiowa habitat 84
Schoolcraft, H. R., on the Cherokee bounds in Virginia 79
on the Tuolumne dialect 92
on the Cushna tribe 99
Scouler, John, linguistic literature 13-14
on the Kalapooian family 81
Skittagetan researches 119
Shahaptan family of 107
"Nootka-Columbian," family of 139
Secumne tribe 99
Sedentary tribes 30-33
Seminole, population 95
Seneca, population 80
Senec['u], population 123
Shahaptian family 106
Shasta, habitat 106
Shateras, supposed to be Tutelos 114
Shawnee, population 50
habitat 79
Shea, J. G., on early habitat of the Kaskaskias 113
Sheepeaters. See Tukuarika.
Shiwokugmiut Eskimo, population 75
Shoshonean family 108-110
regarded by Buschmann as identical with Nahuatlan 140
Shoshoni, population 110
Sia, population 83
Sibley, John, cited on language of Adaizan family of Indians 46-47
Attacapan researches 57
cited on Caddo habitat 61
on the habitat of the Karankawa 82
states distinctness of Tonika language 125
Siksika, population 50
Simpson, James H., Zuni vocabulary 139
Siouan family 111-118
Sioux, use of the term 112
Sisitoans, habitat 111
Sisseton, population 116
Sitka tribe, population 87
Siuslaw tribe 134
Six Nations joined by the Tutelo 114
Skittagetan family 118
Skokomish, population 105
Slave, and other tribes, population 56
Smith, Buckingham, on the Timuquana language 123
Snohomish, population 105
Sobaipuri, a division of the Piman family 98
Soke tribe occupying Sooke Inlet 130
Soledad language of Mofras 102
Sorcery, a common cause of death among Indians 39
Southern Caddoan group 113
Southern Killamuks. See Yakwina 134
Sproat, G. M., suggests Aht as name of Wakashan family 130
Squaxon, population 105
Stahkin, population 87
Stevens, I. I., on the habitat of the Bannock 109
"Stock," linguistic, defined 11
Stockbridge, population 51
Stoney, Lieut., investigations of Athapascan habitat 53
Superstition the most common source of death among Indians 39
Sutter, Capt., on the divisions of the Sacramento tribes 99
Swinomish, population 105

T.