Chapter XXVII: Conclusions (3)

This is in brief the doleful tale of the loyalist in the Deccan. I shall briefly touch upon one or two things with reference to what will strengthen the hands of the loyal citizen. The first thing is that the Government should boldly come forward to help on the coming into existence of a bigger class of educated men among the backward or lower classes of the Deccan. The suspicion that they too will join hands with the agitator must vanish once for all. The half-heartedness due to such lurking suspicion gives a fine tool in the hands of Government's enemies. The English people should realize the probable danger of this and should use their vast resources to create a strong body of educated men from the ranks of the loyal castes. H.H. the Maharaja of Kolhapur, in his attempts to break down Brahmanical supremacy, found nothing so useful as the bringing into being of such a class and for this he is doing the best he can. Unless this example is followed by the Government, there is no hope of a strong loyal party coming forth to combat the evil work done by Extremists. The strengthening of the loyal Press such as it exists and adding to it is another measure the Government might wisely adopt.

NOTE 25

HINDU THEORIES OF GOVERNMENT.

Englishmen are apt to ignore the hold which ancient Hindu traditions concerning the rights and duties of kingship and the old Hindu theories of government derived from the sacred books of Hinduism still have on the Indian mind. They have been recently reviewed in an article contributed to _The Times_ from a very scholarly pen.

The ancient Hindu theory of government is fully disclosed in the _Mahabharata_, the most majestic work ever produced by the human intellect, a work, too, which is to-day as popular with Indians as when 40 centuries ago it was chanted to instruct the youth and beguile the tedium of the princes of Hastinapura. Unlike all systems of government known to the West, the Hindu system contains no popular element whatever. In it we find no Witanagemote in which the nobles may advise the monarch; still less has it any place for a _comitia centuriata_, with its stormy masses of spearmen, to scrutinize and control the encroachments of the Royal prerogative. In the kingdoms described In the _Mahabharata_ the inhabitants are rigidly divided into four wholly distinct and separate classes (_Udhyog Parva_, p. 67, Roy's translation). First come the Brahmans whose duty it is to study, to teach, to minister at sacrifices--receiving in return gifts from, "known" or, as we should say, respectable persons. Then follow the _Kshattriyas_ or the warrior class, whose whole life has to be spent in fighting and in warlike exercises. Thirdly come the _Vaisyas_ who acquire merit by accumulating wealth through commerce, cattle-breeding, and agriculture. Fourthly, we have the _Sudras_, or serfs, who are bound to obey the other three classes, but who are forbidden to study their scriptures or partake in their sacrifices.

High over all classes is the King. He is the living symbol of strength and power. He is "the tiger among men," the "bull of the Bharata race," and his form and features bear the visible impress of the Most High. The whole arduous business of government rests on his shoulders. He cannot appeal to his subjects to help him in carrying out good administration nor can he leave his duties to others. For to beseech and to renounce are both against the laws of his order (_Vana Parva_, p. 457). At the utmost he can employ counsellors to advise him, but their numbers must never exceed eight (_Çanti Parva_, p. 275). In any case they only tender advice when asked (_Udhyog Parva_, p. 100), and the full responsibility of all acts rests on the King only. It is he who must keep up the arsenals, the depôts, the camps, the stables for the cavalry, the lines for the elephants, and replenish the military storehouses with bows and arrows. It is he who must maintain in efficient repair his six different kinds of citadels--his water citadels, his earth citadels, his hill citadels, his human citadels, his forest citadels, and his mud citadels (_Çanti Parva_, p. 277). It is he who must see that the capital has abundant provisions, impassable trenches, impenetrable walls; that it teems with elephants, cavalry horses, and war chariots. He must maintain an efficient staff of spies to ascertain the strength of neighbouring monarchs and do his utmost to cause dissension among their servants (_Çanti Parva_, p. 224). The War Office and the Foreign Office are alike under his immediate headship. It is for him to conclude treaties, to lead to battle his armies, and during peace to keep them prepared for war (_Çanti Parva_, p. 228). But the duty which comes before all others is to protect his subjects. That, indeed, is imposed on him as a religious duty. "For having protected his Kingdom a King becomes sanctified and finally sports in Heaven" (_Çanti Parva_, p. 68). "Whether he does or does not do any other religious acts, if only he protects his subjects he is thought to accomplish all religion." (ibid., p. 193).

In return for the proper discharge of his innumerable tasks, he is regarded by his subjects as the incarnation of Indra. He is entitled to a sixth share of the gross revenue of the country. Fearful penalties attach to the infringement of his rights. "That man who even thinks of doing an injury to the King meets with grief here and Hell hereafter" (_Çanti Parva_, p. 221). "He will be destroyed like a deer that has taken poison." On the other hand, should the King fail to meet his obligations--and above all, if he does not protect his subjects--he offends grievously, "These persons should be avoided like a leaky boat on the sea, a preceptor who does not speak, a priest who has not studied the Scriptures, a King who does not grant protection" (_Çanti Parva_, p. 176). "A King who does not protect his kingdom takes upon himself a quarter of its sins" (_Drona Parva_, p. 625). In the last resort his subjects will be freed from their allegiance. "If a powerful King approaches kingdoms torn by anarchy from desire of annexing them to his dominions the people should go forward and receive the invader with respect."

In a similar manner the entire civil administration must be conducted by the King. He must see to it that wide roads, shops, and water conduits are constructed. He must look after the streets and by-paths. He must treat all classes impartially, and, above all, scrutinize carefully the work of the Courts of Justice. "The penal code properly applied by the ruler maketh the warders [i.e., Judges] adhere to their respective duties, and leadeth to an acquisition by the ruler himself of virtue." (_Udhyog Parva,_ p. 383). But although the subjects have the right to expect justice they cannot expect kindness or even easy condescension. "The heart of a King is as hard as thunder" _(Çanti Parva,_ p. 57). "Knowledge makes a man proud, but the King makes him humble" _(Çanti Parva,_ p. 223). "When the King rules with a complete and strict reliance on the science of chastisements, the foremost of ages called the Kirta is said to set in" (ibid., p. 228). "The King must be skilful in smiting" (ibid., p. 174). "Fierceness and ambition are the qualities of the King" (ibid., p. 59). "The King who is mild is regarded as the worst of his kind, like an elephant that is reft of fierceness" (ibid., p. 171). Indeed, failure to treat subjects with rigour is visited with penalties as tremendous as failure to protect them. "They forget their own position and most truly transcend it. They disclose the secret counsels of their master; without the least anxiety they set at nought the King's commands. They wish to sport with the King as with a bird on a string" (ibid., p. 172). And in the end they destroy him. "The King should always be heedful of his subjects as also of his foes. If he becomes heedless they fall on him like vultures upon carrion" (_Çanti Parva,_ p. 289).

Here we have commended as a pattern of administration a despotism such as the West has never experienced. It is inquisitorial, severe--sometimes, perhaps, wantonly cruel. But from the fearful pitfalls that encompass weakness it is certain to be sleeplessly vigilant and in the highest degree virile, forceful, and efficient. Now it will be asked what bearing the doctrines of a work four thousand years old have on the problems of the present day. But it must be remembered, as that eminent scholar, the late Mr. Jackson, the victim of the abominable Nasik outrage, pointed out, that Hindu civilization and Hindu thought are at bottom the same now as in the days of Yudhisthira.

The _Mahabharata_ is the constant companion from youth to age of every educated Indian. Its tales have provided matter for the poetry, the drama, and the folk-songs of all ages and of all languages. No Hindu will live in a house facing south, as it is there that lives Yama, the god of death. No Hindu will go to sleep without murmuring _Takshaka_ as a preventive against snake-bite. For Takshaka rescued the snakes from the vengeance of Janamajaya, the great-grandson of the _Mahabharata_ hero Arjuna. The independent Indian Princes conduct their administration exactly on the lines indicated in the _Mahabharata_, and even States as enlightened as Baroda and Kolhapur still adhere to the Council of eight Ministers recommended in that immortal work. Indeed, its teachings really explain the puzzle of Indian loyalty to the British Government. According to Western ideas, no amount of _pax Britannica_ would compensate the conquered for foreign rule. The Poles still sigh for the bad old days of independence and misrule, and are in no way comforted by the efficiency of German administration. But the Indian's allegiance to his native kings was, as the _Mahabharata_, lays down, released by their weakness, and he readily transferred his loyalty to those who, although foreign, had yet shown that they could govern vigorously.

INDEX

Acts of Parliament:
Age of Consent Act (1891),42, 75.
Charter Act (1833), 307, 308, 310.
Explosive Substances Act (1908), 98.
Government of India Act (1858), 307, 310.
Indian Councils Act (1909), 10, 100, 120, 162-175.
Indian Newspapers (Incitement
to Offences) Act, (1908), 96, 98.
Press Act (1910), 15, 98-99,335-337.
Punjab Land Alienation Act (1900), 156.
Summary Justice Act (1908), 98.
Universities Act (1904), 78,2, 229.

Administration of British India,
comparison of the total
number of Englishmen and
Indians employed in, 293.

Aga Khan, 132, 133.

Age of Consent Act, 1891,42, 75.

Agriculture, the greatest of
all Indian industries, 259;
need for practical education in, 262.

Ahmad, Sir Syed, 122, 131.

Aitchison, Sir Charles, 213.

Ajit Singh, proceedings against, 112.

_Akash_, newspaper, Delhi, 21.

Ali, Mr. Ameer, 132.

All-India Moslem League, 131,132, 281.

All-India Temperance Conference, 200.

America, Indian revolutionary
organizations in, 146, 147.

Anglo-Russian Agreement, 319.

"Animists," 177.

Anti Cow-killing Society, founded by Tilak in 1893, 43.

_Anusilan Samiti_ Society, 99.

Army, Indian, position of Indians in, 328.

Arya Samaj, 27; founded by Swami Dayanand, 109; work
of, 110-112; seditious activity of its members, 112-114;
its scheme for restoring the Vedic system of education, 114;
Sir Louis Dane on, 115;
a powerful proselytizing agency, 116;
propaganda in the Native Army, 117;
hostile to Islam as to British rule, 117.

_Asiatic Quarterly Review_ cited, 265.

Atkinson, Mr. (Madras), on _ryotwari_ landlords, 260.

Ayerst, Lieut., murder of, 48.

Baig, Mr. M.A. Ali, 171.

Baker, Sir Edward, 272.

_Bande Mataram_, newspaper, 78, 149, 150, 151.

Banerjee, Mr. Surendranath, 30, 50, 52, 79, 83, 84, 88,
01, 224, 274, 341, 353.

Banks, co-operative, 261-262.

Bannerjee, Mr. W.C., President of the first Indian
National Congress, 75.

Bar, Native, disaffection in, 100.

Baroda, Gaekwar of, on the elevation of the depressed
castes, 181-183;
on the unrest, 193.

Baroda, State of, 186, 187

_Bedari_, newspaper, Lahore, 19.

Bekanir, State of, 190.

Belapur Swami Club, 69.

Bengal, before the Partition, 72-80;
compared with the Deccan, 72-73;
education in, 77, 214;
Brahmanism in, 74, 102;
the storm in, 81-105;
outrages in, 96;
deportation of nine prominent agitators, 99;
disaffection in the native Bar, 100;
comparison of the number of Hindus and Mahommedans
in Government employ, 125;
Sir Lancelot Hare on the lawlessness in, 342-345.

Bengal, Partition of, agitation against, 50;
the signal rather than the cause of agitation, 81.

Bengal Iron and Steel Company, 268.

_Bengalee_, newspaper, 79, 101, 168, 353.

Besant, Mrs. Annie, influence of, 28-29.

_Bhagvat Gita_, 30, 79, 90, 201.

Bhandarkar, Dr., 42.

Bhopal, State of, 187.

Bijapurkar, Mr., 71.

Bilgrami, Mr. Husain, 171.

Bir, disturbances at, 69.

Birdwood, Sir George, 263.

Biswas, Mr. Ashutosh, murder of, 97.

Blavatsky, Mme., 28.

Bobbili, Rajah of, 171.

Bombay, comparison of the number of Hindus and Mahommedans
in Government employ, 125.

Bombay Technical Institute, 264.

Bose, Mr. Bhupendranath, 163, 165, 168.

Bose, Khudiram, murderer of Mrs. and Miss Kennedy, 96,
97, 147, 340, 341.

Brahmanism, the system and its influences, 32-33;
the stronghold of reaction, 36;
most militant in the Deccan, 37;
part played in the unrest in the Deccan, 37-63;
in Bengal, 74, 102;
in the Punjab, 109;
in Southern India, 140-141;
one of the two forces which aspire to
substitute themselves for British rule, 324.

Brahmans, number in India, 33;
number holding higher Government appointments in
Bombay Presidency, 39;
their grievances against Western education, 353-354.

Brahmo Samaj, 25, 27, 75.

Brodrick, Mr. (now Viscount Midleton), 86.

Buck, Sir Edward, 263.

Budget, Indian, and the new Councils, 174.

Burdwan, Maharajah of, 162.

Butler, Mr. Harcourt, first Minister of Education, 233,
237, 264.

Calcutta Presidency College, comparison of the
number of English and Indian professors, 214.

_Calcutta Review_, 78.

Capital, British, invested in India, 264.

Carey, Rev. Eustace, 24, 73, 209.

Cawnpore, proposal to establish a Technological College at,
267.

Central Hindu College, Benares, 28.

Central Provinces, comparison of the number of Hindus and
Mahommedans in Government employ, 125.

Chailley, J., _Administrative Problems of British India_, 107-108.

Chakilians, 177.

Chamars, 177.

Chandavarkar, Mr. Justice (Sir N.G.), 42, 340.

Chapekur, Damodhar, murderer of Rand and Ayerst, 48.

Charter Act of 1833, 307, 308, 310.

Chatterjee, Mr. A.C., 285, 260.

Chatterton, Mr. Alfred, Director of Industries, Madras, 266.

Chaubal, Mr. M.B., 171.

Chitnavis, Mr., 275, 276.

Chitpavans, most powerful and most able of the Brahmans, 37-38.

Christian Endeavour Convention, 200.

Civil Service, Indian, 290-301.

Clark, Mr., Minister for Commerce and Industry, 298, 317.

Clarke, Sir George S., 56, 57, 232, 352.

Clubs, Anglo-Indian, exclusion of Indians from, 290.

Cochin, State of, 186-187.

Colvin, Sir Auckland, 263.

Commerce and Industry, Portfolio of, 263.

Cost of living, increase during last decade, 2;
effect on teaching profession, 224.

Cotton, duties on, 277.

Cotton, Sir Henry, 156.

Council of India, 171, 317.

Craddock, Mr. B.H., 136.

Creagh, Sir O'Moore, 167.

Credit societies, 261-262.

Cromer, Lord (then Major Baring), on the relations between
the Secretary of State and the Viceroy, 356-357.

Crown, influence of the, 331.

Curzon, Lord, 126, 229, 231, 266, 286, 295, 303;
his Universities Bill (1904), 78;
effect of his fall on the anti-Partition campaign, 86;
on ignorance in India, 247;
on primary education, 248;
on the excess of imports over exports, 255;
on co-operative banks and credit societies, 261;
on technical education, 263;
creation of a separate portfolio of Commerce and Industry, 263;
on the ill-treatment of Indians in South Africa, 283;
tributes to his attitude on the question of the _status_
of Indians in the Empire, 285;
controversy with Lord Kitchener, 311;
creation of Imperial Cadet Corps, 329.

DACCA COLLEGE, 231.

Dacca Conspiracy Trial, 341.

_Dacca Gazette_, 18.

Dadabhoy, Mr., 283.

Dairies, State, in Northern India, 266.

Dane, Sir Louis, 115.

Das, Pulin Bahari, 99.

Davar, Mr. Justice, 22, 55.

David, Sir Sassoon, 163.

Dayanand, Swami, founder of the Arya Samaj, 27, 109, 110.

Deccan, unrest in, 37-63; compared with Bengal, 72-73.

Deportation, of nine prominent Bengalee agitators (1908), 99;
of two agitators from the Punjab (1907), 107.

Depressed castes, 167-134.

Dewas, Rajah of, on the unrest, 192, 194-195.

_Dharma_, newspaper, Calcutta, 18.

Dhingra, murderer of Sir W. Curzon Wyllie, 21, 148.

"Drain," the, 255, 355-356.

Duff, Dr. Alexander, 24, 75, 209.

Dufferin, Lord, 213.

Durga, worship of, 18, 102.

Dutt, Mr. Bhupendranath, 91.

Economic Department, creation of (1886), 263.

Economic progress of India, 254-270.

Education:--
_General_.--Deficiencies of the system, 2;
effect on the Bengalees, 77;
most difficult and most urgent problem in India, 207;
four important features of the system, 208;
system displays its gravest shortcomings in Bengal, 214;
greater elasticity wanted, 236;
grievances of Brahmans against Western education, 353-354.

_History of System_: Macaulay's Minute (1835), 208-210;
Lord Hardinge's Educational Order (1844), 209;
influence of Dr. Alexander Duff, 209;
Sir Charles Wood's Educational Dispatch (1854),209-210;
Education Commission (1882-1883), 212;
Public Service Commission (1886-87), 212;
Sir Antony MacDonnell's resolution (1889), 229;
Government Resolution (March 11, 1904), 229, 263;
Conference presided over by Lord Curzon, 229-230.

_Primary_, 246-253; number of scholars in Government
schools (1854), 210; Mr.
Gokhale's resolution for free and compulsory education, 247;
Educational Dispatch (1854), 248;
Education Commission(1882-83), 248;
Government Resolution (1904), 248;
present situation, 249;
cost of making primary education free, 249;
difficulty of finding teachers, 250;
Mr. Orange on the aims to be kept in view, 251-252.

_Higher_: Universities Bill (1904), 78, 82, 229;
Europeans on staff of secondary schools and colleges, 215;
the Indian student, 216-221;
Dr. Garfield Williams on the Indian student, 217-219;
provision of hostels for students, 231;
question of raising fees charged for higher education, 234;
wastage in Indian Universities, 351-352.

_Female_, 252-253;
views of Mr. Sharp, 354-355.

_Scientific and Technical_: need of encouragement, 235;
technical education, 263-267;
proposal to establish a Technological College at Cawnpore, 267.

_Religious_, 238-245;
the Maharajah of Jaipur on the need of religious education, 242.

_Service_: total number of Europeans in, 221;
effect of rise in the cost of living on the teaching profession, 224;
deficiencies of the native teaching staff, 226;
pay of teachers, 226-227;
effect of Public Service Commission (1886-87) on the native side of
the service, 227;
need of more and better training colleges for teachers, 232;
teachers must be brought into touch with parents, 235-236.

_"National" Schools, 241-242.

_Vedic System_, 114-115.

Education, Minister of (Mr. Harcourt Butler), 233, 237, 264.

Elibank, Master of, on the "drain" theory, 355-356.

Empire, _status_ of Indians in the, 284.

Engineering Colleges, 263.

_Evil of Continence, The_, translated into the vernacular, 28.

_Examiner_, newspaper, Bombay, 352-353.

Executive Councils, reforms in, 171.

Explosive Substances Act (1908), 98.

Famines, 3; reduction of famine areas, 260.

Ferris, Col., conspiracy to murder (1908), 70.

Financial and fiscal relations between India and Great
Britain, 271-279.

Fraser, Sir Andrew, 88, 97.

_Free Hindustan_, newspaper, Seattle, 147.

Fuller, Sir Bampfylde, 87, 88, 255.

Ganesh, celebrations in honour of, 30, 44.

Ganpati celebrations, in honour of Ganesh, 30, 44.

_Gazette of India_, 169.

Ghose, Mr. Arabindo, 50, 52, 78, 79, 89, 90, 98, 337.

Ghose, Mr. Barendra Kumar, 90, 91, 98.

Ghose, Dr. Rash Behari, 75, 160.

Ghosh, Mr. Surat Kumar, 3.

Gladstone, Mr., attitude towards Mahommedanism, 126.

Gokhale, Mr. G.K., 42, 53,159, 163, 165, 169, 181,
202-206, 247, 252, 265, 280, 284, 294.

Gosain, Norendranath, murder of, 97, 146.

Government of India, 306-318;
respective powers of the Secretary of State and
Viceroy, 306-310;
Government of India Act (1858), 307, 310;
Charter Act (1833), 307, 308;
Sir Courtenay Ilbert's summary of the powers of the Secretary
of State, 307-308;
"Governor-General in Council," 308;
"Secretary of State in Council," 309;
ultimate responsibility with the people of
the United Kingdom represented by Parliament, 309;
John Stuart Mill on the function of the Home Government, 310;
twofold danger in any eclipse of the Governor-General
in Council, 313-314;
Council of India, 317;
need for decentralization in India, 318.

_Government of India, The_, by Sir C. Ilbert, 307-308.

_Gujarat_, newspaper, 17.

Guntur, riots in, 144.

Gupta, Birendranath, murderer of Mr. Shams-ul-Alam, 101.

Gupta, Mr. K.G., 171.

_Gurukuls_, in the Punjab, 114-115.

Gwalior, Maharajah of, on the unrest, 192.

Gwalior, State of, 186, 187, 190.

Hardie, Mr. Keir, 20, 255.

Hardinge, Lord, Educational Order (1844), 209.

Hardinge, Lord (present Viceroy), 299, 319, 320, 321.

Hare, Sir Lancelot, on the lawlessness in Bengal, 342-345.

Hewett, Sir John, 136, 263, 267.

_Hind Swarajya_, newspaper, 16.

Hinduism, loftiness of its philosophic conceptions, 26;
Western allies of, 28;
theory of government, 358-360.

Hindu revival, the, 24-36;
as consistently anti-Mahommedan as anti-British, 120-121, 133-134;
leaders allied with Radical politicians, 126-127.

Hindus, most dangerous forms of unrest confined to, 5;
number holding Government appointments, 39, 125, 346-347;
difficulties of loyal Hindus, 357-358;
their antagonism to Mahommedans, 120-121, 133-134;
this antagonism not the creation or the result of British rule,
124-125.

Hindu women, influence of, 103-104.

Hindu Punjab Conference, 200.

Hindu Tract Society of Madras, campaign against missionaries, 28.

_Hitabadi_, newspaper, 340.

_Hitaishi_, newspaper, Barisal, 18.

Hunter, Sir William, 212.

Hyderabad, State of, 186-187.

Ilbert, Sir Courtenay, _The Government of India_, 306.

Imam, Mr. Ali, appointed member of Viceroy's Council, 351.

Imperial Advisory Council, proposal to establish, 185.

Imperial Cadet Corps, created by Lord Curzon, 329.

Imperial Council, first session of, 162; drawbacks to, 166-167;
reporting of debates, 163-169;
can exercise no directly controlling power over Executive, 173;
Mr. Gokhale's resolution in regard to elementary education, 247;
resolution in regard to the ill-treatment of Indians in South Africa,
280.

India, financial and fiscal relations with Great Britain, 271;
relations with the rest of the Empire, 280.

_India_, newspaper, 126, 347.

_India and the Empire_, by Mr. M. de P. Webb, 278.

"India House," Highgate, 60, 148.

Indians, British, treatment of in South Africa, 3, 166;
_status_ of in the Empire, 287;
question urgently calls for settlement, 287.

Indian Councils, duties of Anglo-Indian officials in, 164.

Indian Councils Act (1909), 10, 100, 120, 162-175.

Indian Institute of Science, 264.

Indian newspapers (Incitement to Offences) Act (1908), 96.

"Indian Red Flag" organization, 147.

_Indian Sociologist_, newspaper, 112, 149.

Indo-American Association, 147.

Indore, State of, 187.

Industrial Conference, 200, 267.

Iron and steel industry in India, 268.

Irrigation, 260.

Iyangar, Mr. Srinivasaraghava, 142.

Iyengar, Mr. Rangaswami, 174-175.

Jackson, Mr., murder of, 30, 40, 48, 57-59, 67, 150.

Jaipur, Maharajah of, on the unrest, 192;
on the need for religious education, 242, 244.

Jaipur, State of, 187, 190.

Japan, attitude towards Indian agitators, 148.

_Jhang Sial_, newspaper, 21.

Joshi, Mr. B.N., 65.

Joshi, Rao Sahib, 354.

Jubbulpore Engineering College, 263.

_Justice_, newspaper, 347-348.

_Kal_, newspaper, Poona, 17, 22, 52, 148.

Kali, worship of, 18, 27, 102;
sacrifice of "white goats" to, 103, 345-346.

Kanhere, Ananta Luxman, murderer of Mr. Jackson, 58, 62, 103.

Kapurthala, State of, 188.

_Karnatak Vaibhav_, newspaper, 22.

Kashmir, State of, 186.

Kayasthas, 102.

Kelkar, Mr., on the staff of the _Kesari_, 49.

Kennedy, Mrs. and Miss, murder of, 55, 96, 147.

_Kesari_, newspaper, 22, 42, 48, 49, 52, 382, 337, 339.

Khadilkar, Mr., on the staff of the _Kesari_, 49, 337.

Khataiyas, 102.

_Khulnavasi_, newspaper, 19.

_Killing of Kichaka, The_, play by Mr. Khadilkar, 337-339.

Kingsford, Mr., magistrate at Muzafferpur, 96.

Kitchener, Lord, 273, 311.

Kolhapur, State of, 64, 69, 186, 190.

Kolhapur, Maharajah of, 64, 65, 66.

Kolhapur Shivaji Club, suppressed, 69.

Krishnavarma, Shyamji, 60, 112, 114, 149, 152.

Kshatrya Conference, 200.

Lahore, disturbances at (1907), 107.

Lal, Mr. Roshan, President of the Lahore branch of the
Arya Samaj, 111-112.

Lalcaca, Dr., murder of, 148.

Lansdowne, Lord, 158, 172, 229.

Legislative Councils, reforms in, 172.

Literacy, in Southern India, 143;
in India generally, 246;
amongst Indian women, 252.

Lyon, Mr. P.C., 165, 168.

Lytton, Lord, 293.

MacDonnell, Sir Antony, 261, 263.

Mackarness, Mr., 156, 299.

Madigas, 177.

Madras, Bishop of, 180.

Madras Engineering College, 263.

_Mahabharata_, 358-360.

Mahmudabad, Rajah of, 163.

Mahommedan College, Aligarh, 233, 244.

Mahommedans, not implicated in the unrest, 5;
Number holding Government appointments, 39, 125, 346-347;
everything to gain from the Partition of Bengal, 85;
difficult position of, 118-135; Hindu antagonism to, 120-121, 133-134;
representation in the Indian Councils, 127-128;
desire separate electorates, 128;
number in India, 130.

Malaria Conference, (1909), 20.

Malavya, Pandit Mohan, 160, 163.

Maniktolla bomb outrage, 90, 98.

Manu, Code of, 33.

_Manumakkathayam_ system, in Southern India, 140-141.

Mazhar-ul-Haq, Mr., 165.

Mazzini, _Autobiography_ translated by Vinayak Savarkar, 146;
_Life of_, by Lajpat Rai, 146.

Mehta, Sir Pherozeshah, 51.

Military charges, on the Government of India, 273-274.

Minto, Lord, 1, 90, 99, 163, 167,169, 170, 172, 138, 197, 248, 266, 306,
311, 313, 314, 315, 329;
attempted assassination of, 62;
relations with Lord Morley, 311-312.

_Mlenccha_, term applied by Hindus equally to Europeans and Mahommedans,
44.

Mohsin-ul-Mulk, Nawab, 132.

Moneylenders, influence of, 107, 108, 261.

Montagu, Mr. E.S., Under-Secretary of State for India, 299, 306-311, 313.

Mookerjee, Dr. Ashutosh, 75, 214, 223, 230, 239, 245.

Mookerjee, Mr. E.N., 351.

Morley, Lord, 1, 15, 86, 128, 154, 172, 173, 175, 233, 271, 306, 311,
313, 314, 316, 317, 321, 332;
constitutional reforms, 170-175;
relations with Lord Minto, 311-312;
retirement of, 333-334.

Moslem Educational Congress, 200.

Muchis, 177.

Mudholkar, Mr., 267, 285.

_Mukti con pathe_ ("Which way does salvation lie?"), reprinted from the
_Yugantar_, 95.

Mullick, Dr., on the Indian student, 218-219.

Mysore, State of, 143, 186.

Nabha, State of, 186.

Namasudras, Brahman agitation among, 102; rise of, 183.

Naoroji, Mr. Dadabhai, 10, 51, 155.

Nasik, murder of Mr. Jackson at, 57; a great stronghold
of Hinduism, 60.

Natal, Indian indentured labour for, 280.

National Congress, Indian, 154-161;
ideas of founders, 25;
subsidies to supporters in England, 347;
meetings of: Poona (1895), 159;
Benares (1905), 50, 51, 159;
Calcutta (1906), 50, 51, 159, 202;
Surat (1907), 52, 159;
Madras (1908), 160;
Lahore (1909), 160, 163, 281.

"National" schools, 241-242.

National Social Conference, Indian, 200.

Native Princes, on the unrest, 190-196;
influence of, 329-330.

Native States, 185-197;
total population of, 185;
proposal to establish an Imperial Advisory Council, 185;
no voice in questions of tariff, &c., 189;
Lord Minto on our policy towards, 188;
their action in regard to the unrest, 190.

Natu, the brothers, allied with Tilak, 42.

_Navasakti_, newspaper, 91.

_New India_, newspaper, 78.

Nicholson, Sir Frederick, 261.

Nizam, of Hyderabad, 186-187;
on the unrest, 191-192, 194, 196.

Northbrook, Lord, 356-357.

Nulkar, Mr. A.K., 42.

Official relations between Englishmen and Indians, 290-301.

Olcott, Col., 28.

Opium policy, 189, 272.

Orange, Mr. H.W., 226, 251, 352, 354.

Oxford Mission, Calcutta, 216.

Pal, Mr. Bepin Chandra, 9, 10-14, 50, 51, 78, 89, 143-144, 160, 295.

Palshikar, Mr., 59.

Panchamas, 177-184, 180-181.

Parciyas, 177.

Parmanand, Bhai, 112.

Parsee Conference, 200.

Parsees, number holding higher Government appointments in
Bombay Presidency, 39.

Patiala, Kur Sahib of, 162.

Patiala, State of, 113, 186, 190.

"Permanent Settlement" in Bengal, 260, 291.

Poona College of Science, 263.

Prarthana Samaj, 25, 27.

_Prem_, newspaper, Firozpur, 20.

Press, Indian, 325, 335-337.
_Akash_ (Delhi), 21.
_Bande Mataram_, 78, 149, 150, 151.
_Bedari_ (Lahore), 19.
_Bengalee_, 79, 101, 168, 353.
_Calcutta Review_, 78.
_Dacca Gazette_, 18.
_Dharma_ (Calcutta), 18.
_Examiner_ (Bombay), 352-353.
_Free Hindustan_ (Seattle), 147.
_Gazette of India_, 169.
_Gujarat_, 17.
_Hind Swarajya_, 16.
_Hitabadi_, 340.
_Hitaishi_ (Barisal), 18.
_India_, 126, 347.
_Indian Sociologist_, 112, 149.
_Jhang Sial_, 21.
_Justice_, 347-348.
_Kal_ (Poona), 17, 22, 52, 148.
_Karnatak Vaibhav_, 22.
_Kesari_, 22, 42, 48, 49, 52, 332, 337, 339.
_Khulnavasi_, 19.
_Navasakti_, 91.
_New India_, 78.
_Prem_ (Firozpur), 20.
_Rashtramat_ (Poona), 52, 57.
_Sahaik_ (Lahore), 20.
_Sandhya_, 91, 340.
_Shakti_, 17.
_Swarajiya_, 113.
_Talvar_, 149.
_Vartabaha_ (Ranjpur), 21.
_Vishvavritta_, 71.
_Yugantar_ (Calcutta), 16, 91-96, 98, 113, 295, 340.

Press Act (1908), 96, 98.

Press Act (1910), 15, 98-99;
Sir H. Risley's speech on its introduction, 335-337.

_Press, History of the Indian_, by Sir. G.C. Sanial., 78.

_Prince of Destiny, The_, by Mr. S.K. Ghosh, 3.

Protection, Indian desire for, 274.

Public Service Commission (1886-1887), 212, 227.

Public Instruction, Department of, 209.

Public Works Department, 289.

Punjab, 106;
deportation of two prominent agitators (1907), 107;
Brahmanism in, 109;
_gurukuls_ in, 114-115;
free from outrages and dacoities, 116.

Punjab Land Alienation Act (1900), 156.

Raffeisen System, the, 261.

Rai, Mr. Lala Lajput, 110, 112, 146, 275.

Raj, Mr. Lala Dev, 201.

Rajput Conference, 200.

Ranade, Mahadev Govind, 36, 40, 41, 201, 257.

Rand, Mr., murder of, 48.

_Rashtramat_, newspaper, Poona, 52, 57.

Ratlam, Rajah of, on the unrest, 193.

Rawal Pindi, disturbances at (1907), 107, 112.

Religion, the basic element of Indian life, 239-240.

Ripon, Lord, 126, 212.

Risley, Sir H., on the language of Bengal, 73;
on the demoralization of the Native Press, 335-337.

Roy, Ram Mohun, 25, 75, 201.

Rurki Engineering College, 263.

Sabnis, Rao Bahadur, 65, 68.

_Sahaik_, newspaper, Lahore, 20.

Salisbury, Lord, 356.

_Samitis_, or "national volunteers," 84.

_Sandhya_, newspaper, 91, 340.

Sanial, Mr. G.C., _History of the Indian Press_, 78.

Sanyasis, 103.

_Satyarath Prakash_, by Swami Dayanand, 109.

Savarkar, Vinayak, 60, 146, 148, 140.

_Science Progress_, 266.

Secretary of State for India, powers of, 306-310;
position in regard to Viceroy, 356-357.

Sen, Keshub Chunder, 25, 201.

"Servants of India" society, 202-206, 294.

Shakti worship, 18, 29, 83-84, 93.

_Shakti_, newspaper, 17.

Shains-ul-Alam, Mr., murder of, 97, 101, 341-342.

Shams-ul-Huda, Maulvi Syed, 165.

Sharp, Mr., on female education, 354-355.

Shivaji-Maharaj, cult of, 27, 45, 84, 339-340.

Sibpur Engineering College, 263.

Sikh Educational Conference, 200.

Sikhs, loyalty of, 107.

Sinha, Mr. S.P., 128, 171.

Social reform in India, 198-206.

Social relations between Englishmen and Indians, 3, 288-305.

South Africa, ill-treatment of British Indians in, 3, 281-282.

Southern India, position in, 137-144.

Strachey, Mr. Justice. 22.

Student, the Indian, 216-228.

Sudras, 178.

Summary Justice Act (1908), 98.

_Swadeshi_, 11, 30, 31, 83, 254-270, 275.

_Swaraj_, 9, 10-14, 31, 254.

_Swarajiya_, newspaper, 113.

Tagore, Dr., 25, 36

Tai Maharaj case, 49, 340.

_Talvar_, newspaper, 149.

Tata, Mr. Jamsetjee N., 264, 277.

Tata, Messrs., and the iron and steel industry. 268.

Telang, Mr. K.T., 156.

Telugu Mission, work among the Namasudras 180-181.

Thackersey, Sir Vithalda, 271-273.

Theosophists, influence on Hindu revival, 28.

Tilak, Bal Gangadhar, a Chitpavan Brahman, 40;
the father of Indian unrest, 41;
initial campaign in the Deccan, 41-48;
compelled to sever his connexion with the Poona Educational Society,
42;
denounces the Age of Consent Bill, 42;
forms the Anti Cow-killing Society, 43;
organizes Ganpati celebrations, 44;
becomes master of the Poona Sarvajanik Sabha, 44;
revives the memory of Shivaji, 45-46;
returned as member of the Bombay Legislative Councils 47;
"no-rent" campaign, 47;
imprisoned (1897), 48;
the Tai Maharaj case, 49, 340;
begins second campaign in the Deccan, 49;
associates himself with the Indian National Congress, 50;
one of the first champions of _Swadeshi_, 50;
starts movement for the creation of "national" schools, 52;
influence on the cotton operatives in Bombay, 53;
twofold appeal to Hindus, 54;
arrested (1908), 55;
riots in Bombay following his sentence, 50;
his conviction a heavy blow to the forces of unrest, 57;
the _Kesari_ and the _Kal_ on his sentence, 22;
his connexion with the Indian National Congress, 159-160.

Tilang, Mr. Justice., 42.

Tinnevelly, riots in, 144.

Tiwana, Malik Umar Hyat Khan of, 163.

Travancore, State of, 186-187.

Tuticorin, riots in, 144.

Udaipur, Maharana of, on the unrest, 192.

Udaipur, State of, 186-187.

United Provinces, comparison of the number of Hindus and
Mahommedans in Government employ, 125.

Universities, Indian, wastage in, 351-352.

Universities Act (1904), 78, 82, 229.

_Vartabaha_, newspaper, Ranjpur, 21.

_Veda Bashya Basmika_, by Swami Dayanand, 109.

Vedic system of education, 114-115.

Viceroy of India, powers of, 306-310;
position in regard to the Secretary of State, 356-357.

_Vishvavritta_, newspaper. 71.

Vivekananda, Swaini, 29, 91.

_War of Indian Independence of 1857_, by Savarkar, 149.

Watt, Sir George, 263.

Webb, Mr. M. de P., 278.

Wedderburn, Sir William, 261.

Whitehead, Dr., Bishop of Madras, 180.

Williams, Dr. Garfield, on the Indian Student, 317-219.

Wilson, Sir Fleetwood, 275.

Wood, Sir Charles, Educational Dispatch (1854), 209.

Wyllie, Sir W. Curzon, murder of, 21, 148-149.

Young India Association, 147.

_Yugantar_, newspaper, Calcutta, 16, 91-96, 98, 113, 295, 340.