Chapter II: Preface: Chapter I. Operation of Geographic Factors in History

Man a product of the earth's surface--Persistent effect of geographic barriers--Recurrent influences of nature-made highways--Regions of historical similarity--Persistence of climatic influences--Relation of geography to history--Multiplicity of geographic factors--Evolution of geographic relations--Interplay of geographic factors--Direct and indirect effects of environment--Indirect effects in differentiation of colonial peoples--General importance of indirect effects--Time element--Previous habitat--Transplanted religions--Partial response to environment--The larger conception of environment--Unity of the earth and the human race.

CHAPTER II. CLASSES OF GEOGRAPHIC INFLUENCES

Four classes of influences--Physical effects of environment--Stature and environment--Effects of dominant activities--Physical effects of climate--Pigmentation in relation to heat and light--Pigmentation and altitude--Difficulty of generalization from geographic distribution--Psychical effects--In Religion--In mind and character--In language--The great man in history--Economic and social effects--Size of the social group--Effects on movements of peoples--Segregation and accessibility--Change of habitat.

CHAPTER III. SOCIETY AND STATE IN RELATION TO THE LAND

People and land--Political geography--Political versus social geography--Land basis of society--Morgan's _societas_--Land bond in primitive hunter tribes--In fisher tribes--In pastoral tribes--Land and state--Strength of the land bond in the state--Evolution of land tenure--Land and food supply--Advance from natural to artificial basis of subsistence--Land basis in relation to agriculture--Migratory and sedentary agriculture--Geographic checks to progress in economic and social development--Native animal and plant life as factors in progress--Density of population under different cultural and geographic conditions--Its relation to government--Territorial expansion of the state--Artificial checks to population--Extra-territorial relations of state and people--Theory of progress from the standpoint of geography--Progressive dependence of man upon nature.

CHAPTER IV. MOVEMENTS OF PEOPLES IN THEIR GEOGRAPHICAL SIGNIFICANCE

Universality of such movements--The name Historical Movement--Its evolution--Its importance in history--Geographical interpretation of historical movement--Mobility of primitive peoples--Civilization and mobility--Migration and ethnic mingling--Cultural modification during migration--The transit land--War as form of historical movement--Slavery--Military colonies--Withdrawal and flight--Natural regions of asylum--Emigration and colonization--Commerce as a form of historical movement--Movements due to religion--Historical movement and race distribution--Zonal distribution--Movements to like or better geographic conditions--Their direction--Return movements--Regions of attraction and repulsion--Psychical influences in certain movements--Two results of historical movement--Differentiation and area--Differentiation and isolation--Geographic conditions of heterogeneity and homogeneity--Assimilation--Elimination of unfit variants through historical movement--Geographical origins.