Chapter I: Preface

This volume, as indicated by the title, is designed to show the way to the beginner, to satisfy and more especially to excite his initial curiosity. It affords an adequate idea of the march of facts and of ideas. The reader is led, somewhat rapidly, from the remote origins to the most recent efforts of the human mind.

It should be a convenient repertory to which the mind may revert in order to see broadly the general opinion of an epoch--and what connected it with those that followed or preceded it. It aims above all at being _a frame_ in which can conveniently be inscribed, in the course of further studies, new conceptions more detailed and more thoroughly examined.

It will have fulfilled its design should it incite to research and meditation, and if it prepares for them correctly.

E. FAGUET.

CONTENTS

PART I ANTIQUITY

CHAPTER I BEFORE SOCRATES

Philosophical Interpreters of the Universe, of the Creation and Constitution of the World.

CHAPTER II THE SOPHISTS

Logicians and Professors of Logic, and of the Analysis of Ideas, and of Discussion.

CHAPTER III SOCRATES

Philosophy Entirely Reduced to Morality, and Morality Considered as the End of all Intellectual Activity.

CHAPTER IV PLATO

Plato, like Socrates, is Pre-eminently a Moralist, but he Reverts to General Consideration of the Universe, and Deals with Politics and Legislation.

CHAPTER V ARISTOTLE

A Man of Encyclopaedic Learning; as Philosopher, more especially Moralist and Logician.

CHAPTER VI VARIOUS SCHOOLS

The Development in Various Schools of the General Ideas of Socrates, Plato, and Aristotle.

CHAPTER VII EPICUREANISM

Epicureanism Believes that the Duty of Man is to seek Happiness, and that Happiness Consists in Wisdom.

CHAPTER VIII STOICISM

The Passions are Diseases which can and must be Extirpated.

CHAPTER IX ECLECTICS AND SCEPTICS

Philosophers who Wished to Belong to No School. Philosophers who Decried All Schools and All Doctrines.

CHAPTER X NEOPLATONISM

Reversion to Metaphysics. Imaginative Metaphysicians after the Manner of Plato, but in Excess.

CHAPTER XI CHRISTIANITY

Philosophic Ideas which Christianity Welcomed, Adopted, or Created; How it must Give a Fresh Aspect to All Philosophy, even that Foreign to Itself.

PART II IN THE MIDDLE AGES

CHAPTER I FROM THE FIFTH CENTURY TO THE THIRTEENTH

Philosophy is only an Interpreter of Dogma. When it is Declared Contrary to Dogma by the Authority of Religion, it is a Heresy. Orthodox and Heterodox Interpretations. Some Independent Philosophers.

CHAPTER II THE THIRTEENTH CENTURY

Influence of Aristotle. His Adoption by the Church. Religious Philosophy of St. Thomas Aquinas.

CHAPTER III THE FOURTEENTH AND FIFTEENTH CENTURIES

Decadence of Scholasticism. Forebodings of the Coming Era. Great Moralists. The Kabbala. Sorcery.

CHAPTER IV THE SIXTEENTH CENTURY

It Is Fairly Accurate to Consider that from the Point of View of Philosophy, the Middle Ages Lasted until Descartes. Free-thinkers More or Less Disguised. Partisans of Reason Apart from Faith, of Observation, and of Experiment.

PART III MODERN TIMES

CHAPTER I THE SEVENTEENTH CENTURY

Descartes. Cartesianism.

CHAPTER II CARTESIANS

All the Seventeenth Century was under the Influence of Descartes. Port-Royal, Bossuet, Fenelon, Malebranche, Spinoza, Leibnitz.

CHAPTER III THE ENGLISH PHILOSOPHERS OF THE SEVENTEENTH CENTURY.

Locke: His Ideas on Human Liberty, Morality, General Politics, and Religious Politics.

CHAPTER IV THE ENGLISH PHILOSOPHERS OF THE EIGHTEENTH CENTURY

Berkeley: A Highly Idealist Philosophy which Regarded Matter as Non-existent. David Hume: Sceptical Philosophy. The Scottish School: Philosophy of Common Sense.

CHAPTER V THE FRENCH PHILOSOPHERS OF THE EIGHTEENTH CENTURY

Voltaire a Disciple of Locke. Rousseau a Free-thinking Christian, but deeply Imbued with Religious Sentiments. Diderot a Capricious Materialist. D'Holbach and Helvetius Avowed Materialists. Condillac a Philosopher of Sensations.

CHAPTER VI KANT

Kant Reconstructed all Philosophy by Supporting it on Morality.

CHAPTER VII THE NINETEENTH CENTURY: GERMANY

The Great Reconstructors of the World, Analogous to the First Philosophers of Antiquity. Great General Systems, Fichte, Schelling, Hegel, etc.

CHAPTER VIII THE NINETEENTH CENTURY: ENGLAND

The Doctrines of Evolution and of Transformism: Lamarck (French), Darwin, Spencer.

CHAPTER IX THE NINETEENTH CENTURY: FRANCE

The Eclectic School: Victor Cousin. The Positivist School: Auguste Comte. The Kantist School: Renouvier. Independent and Complex Positivists: Taine, Renan.

INDEX

INITIATION INTO PHILOSOPHY