Chapter XX

Animal Galls, Produced by Breeze-Flies and Snail-Beetles 424
Grub Parasite in the Snail 436

ILLUSTRATIONS.

PAGE

1. Eggs of Insects, magnified 16
2. Larvæ 17
3. Pupæ 18
4. Insects in the Imago or perfect state 19
5. Mason-Wasp 23
6. Jaws of Mason-Wasp 24
7. Cuckoo-Fly 25
8. Mason-Wasp's Nest and Cocoons 25
9. Mason-Wasp 25
10. Nests, &c., of Mason-Wasps 26
11. Towers built by Mason-Wasp 29
12. Nests of _Pompilus punctum_ 29
13. _Scolia Xantiana_, and section of its burrow 35
14. Mason-Bee 38
15. Exterior wall of Mason-Bee's Nest 39
16. Cells of a Mason-Bee 39
17. Cells of Mason-Bees 46
18. Cells of _Chalicodoma_ 49
19. Nest of _Synagris calida_ 50
20. Cell of Mining-Bee 51
21. Cells of Carpenter-Bees, in an old post 57
22. Carpenter-Bee and Cells 58
23. Carpenter-Wasp and Cells 62
24. Rose-leaf-cutter-Bee and Nest 71
25. Carder-Bee and Nest 75
26. Breeding-cells of Carder-Bee 77
27. Interior view of Carder-Bee's Nest 78
28. Cells of Humble-Bee and Insects 80
29. Nest of Common Wasp in early stage 88
30. Section of Wasp's Nest 89
31. Section of Social-Wasps' Nest 90
32. Suspension-rod and part of external crust of
Social-Wasps' Nest 91
33. Hornet's Nest in its first stage 92
34. Complete Hornet's Nest, and Insect 93
35. Hornet's Nest in hollow tree 94
36. Nest of Tree-Wasp 96
37. Wasp's Nest 97
38. Wasps' Cells attached to a branch 98
39. Comb of _Polistes_ 99
40. Nest of the Pasteboard-maker Wasp 103
41. Nest of _Myrapetra_ 105
42. Nests of _Polybia_ 108
43. Nests of _Synæca_ and _Polybia_ 109
44. Part of a Honeycomb and Bees at work 112
45. Worker-Bee, magnified 123
46. Abdomen of Wax-worker Bee 124
47. Structure of the Legs of the Bee 130
48. Curtain of Wax-workers secreting wax 133
49. Wax-worker laying the foundation of first cell 136
50. Curtain of Wax-workers 137
51. Arrangement of Cells 141
52. Foundation-wall and Cells commenced 143
53. Hive-Bees and Cells 159
54. Ovipositors, with files, of Tree-hopper 167
55. Excavations for eggs of Tree-hopper 167
56. Ovipositor of Saw-Fly 169
57. Ovipositor of Saw-Fly, much magnified 170
58. Portion of Saw-Fly's comb-toothed rasp 171
59. Nest of eggs of Saw-Fly 173
60. Saw-Fly of the gooseberry 174
61. Exterior and section of Nest of _Deilocenes Ellisii_,
and Insect 176
62. Cells of _Icaria_ 177
63. Cells of _Raphigaster Guiniensis_ 178
64. Single Cells of _Icaria_ 179
65. Lilac-tree Moth 182
66. Nest of Lilac-leaf-roller 182
67. Do. another specimen 183
68. Small green Oak-Moth 184
69. Nests of Oak-leaf-rolling Caterpillars 184
70. Nest of Nettle-leaf-rolling Caterpillar 186
71. Leaf-rolling Caterpillars of the sorrel 188
72. Nests of the _Hesperia Malvæ_ with Caterpillar, Chrysalis,
and Butterflies 189
73. Nest of Willow-leaf-roller 191
74. Ziczac Caterpillar and Nest 192
75. Cypress-Spurge Caterpillar 198
76. Moss-cell of small Caterpillar 200
77. Leaf-nest of Caddis-Worm 202
75. Reed-nest of Caddis-Worm 202
79. Cell of _Phryganea_ 203
80. Shell-nests of Caddis-Worms 203
81. Stone-nest of Caddis-Worm 204
82. Sand-nest balanced with a stone 204
83. Nest of Caddis-Worm balanced with straws 204
84. Various Nests of Caddis-Worms 206
85. Caterpillar of Goat-Moth 208
86. Winter-nest of Goat-Caterpillar 208
87. Nest of Goat-Moth 209
88. Larva of _Ægeria_ 211
89. Eggs of the Puss-Moth 213
90. Rudiments of the Cell of Puss-Moth 213
91. Cell of Larva of Puss-Moth 214
92. Ichneumon 215
93. Magnified Cells of _Pyralis strigulalis_ (?) 217
94. Outside view of Nests of Earth-Mason Caterpillars 220
95. Nests, etc., of Earth-Mason Caterpillar 221
96. Do. with perfect Moth 223
97. Nests of the Grubs of _Ephemeræ_ 225
98. Nests of _Ephemeræ_ in holes of Cossus 225
99. Grub of the Ant-Lion with traps 228
100. Ant-Lion's traps in experimenting-box 231
101. Cases of the Clothes-Moth and Insect 238
102. Transformations of the Honeycomb-Moths 240
103. Transformations of the Grain-Moths 242
104. Tent of Caterpillar upon elm-leaf 244
105. Operations of Caterpillar upon leaf 246
106. Lichen-tents and Caterpillars 247
107. Branch of willow with Caterpillars' muff-tents 251
108. Rose-leaf mined by Caterpillars 253
109. Bramble-leaf do. 254
110. Primrose-leaf do. 255
111. Bark mined by Beetle-Grubs 259
112. Cocoons of _Rhagium_ and _Rhyncophorus_ 261
113. Capricorn-Beetle rounding off bark of tree 262
114. _Cerambyx carcharias,_ and _Cerambyx populneus_ 263
115. The Mole-Cricket 265
116. Nest of Mole-Cricket 266
117. _Acrida Verrucivora_ depositing her eggs 269
118. Transformations of the Cockchafer 276
119. Ant-hive or Formicary 291
120. Floor of Ant-nest 292
121. Insecure Nest propped up by Ants 293
122. Nest of Wood-Ant 295
123. Artificial Formicary 298
124. Portion of a tree tunnelled by Jet Ants 302
125. _Formica fuliginosa_ 304
126. _Crematogaster_ 310
127. Nests of _Polyrachis bispinosa_ and _P. textor_ 311
128. _Termes bellicosus_ in the winged state 317
129. Queen Termite distended with eggs 320
130. Tree-nest of _Termites arborum_, and Hill-nests of
_T. bellicosus_ 324
131. Turret-nests of White Ants 326
132. Leg and Pro-leg of Caterpillar 331
133. Caterpillar of Goat-Moth 332
134. Interior structure of Cossus 333
135. Side view and section of Silk-tube of Cossus 334
136. Labium of Cossus 334
137. Cocoons of Emperor-Moth 343
138. Cocoon of _Arctia villica_ 345
139. Net-work Cocoon 345
140. Nest of Puss-Moth 347
141. Caterpillars of small Ermine on Siberian crab 351
142. Winter-nests of _Porthesia chrysorrhoea_ 352
143. Winter-nests of Social Caterpillars 353
144. Pendulous Leaves 356
145. Nest of _Larrada_ 357
146. Nests of _Polybia_ 358
147. Nests of _Oiketicus_, &c. 359
148. Nests of _Pelopæus_, &c. 361
149. _Bombycidæ_ 363
150. Processionary Caterpillars 364
151. Nest of do. 365
152. Garden Spider suspended by single thread 367
153. Spinnerets of Spiders 368
154. Single thread of Spider, greatly magnified 369
155. Attached end of Spider's thread 369
156. Geometric Net of _Epeira diadema_ 387
157. Nest of the Mason-Spider 389
158. Nest of _Mygale sauvagesii_ 391
159. Insect emerging from its Nest 391
160. Triple-clawed Foot of Spider 395
161. Small Galls on Oak-leaf 398
162. Ovipositor of Gall-Fly 399
163. Gall-Fly and mechanism of ovipositor 400
164. Bedeguar Gall of the Rose 402
165. One of the bristles of Bedeguar, magnified 403
166. Artichoke Gall of the Oak-bud, and Insect 405
167. Leafy gall of Dyer's Broom 406
168. Semi-gall of the Hawthorn 408
169. Woolly Gall of the Oak 409
170. Oak-apple Galls 410
171. Root-galls of the Oak 411
172. Woody Gall on a Willow Branch 412
173. Currant-gall of the catkins of the Oak 413
174. Gall of the Hawthorn-Weevil 414
175. Plant-Louse, magnified 416
176. Galls produced on the Poplar, and Insects 417
177. Leaf of the Currant-bush with Aphides 419
178. Shoot of Lime-tree contorted by _A. tiliæ_ 421
179. Pseudo-gall of the Bramble 422
180. Pseudo-galls of the Hawthorn 423
181. Ovipositor of the Breeze-Fly 426
182. The Grub of Breeze-Fly 432
183. The Ox-Breeze-Fly 433
184. Bumps produced on cattle by Breeze-Fly 434
185. _Microgaster glomeratus_ 438
186. _Microgaster alveolarius_ 439

INSECT ARCHITECTURE.

_CHAPTER 1._