Chapter IV: Conclusion

What the results of the Congress will be; what influence it may have; was it worth the work and cost, are questions often fairly asked.

The lasting results and influences are of course problematical. They depend upon the character and soundness of the addresses, and whether the uniform strength of the publication will make the work as a whole, what it undoubtedly is in parts, a source-book for the future on the bases of scientific theory at the beginning of the twentieth century, and a reliable sketch of the growth of science during the nineteenth century. Critical study of the addresses will alone determine this, but from the favorable reception of those already published in reviews, and from editorial acquaintance with the others, it seems assured. That portion of the section addresses which deals with the inter-relations of science and demonstrates both its unity and variety of processes is new and authoritative thought, and will be the basis of much discussion and remodeling of theories in the future. The immediate results of the Congress are highly satisfactory, and fully repay the work and the cost both from a scientific and an exposition standpoint. As an acknowledgment of the prominence of scientific methods, as a public recognition of the work of scientists, as the means of bringing to one place the most noted assemblage of thinkers the world has ever seen, as an opportunity for scholars to meet and know each other better, the Congress was an unqualified success and of enduring reputation. From the Exposition point of view, it was equally a success; not financially, nor was there ever a thought that it would be. Probably not more than seven thousand persons outside of St. Louis came primarily to attend the Congress, and their admission fees were a bagatelle; the revenue derived from the sale of the _Proceedings_ will not meet the cost of printing. There has been no money value sought for in the Congress,--none received. Its value to the Exposition lies solely in the fact that it is the final argument to the world of the initial claims of the officials of the Exposition that its purpose was purely educational. Coördinate with the material exhibits, sought, classified, and installed on a rigidly scientific classification, the Congress, which relates, illumines, and defends the principles upon which the material portion was founded, has triumphantly vindicated the good faith, the wisdom, and the foresight of the Universal Exposition of 1904. This printed record of its proceedings will be a monument not only to the spirit of Science, but to the spirit of the Exposition, which will endure as long as the records of man are preserved.

* * * * *

In conclusion, the editor wishes to express his obligations to the many speakers and officers of the Congress, who have evinced great interest in the publication and assisted by valuable suggestions and advice. In particular, he acknowledges the help of President Butler of Columbia University, Professor Münsterberg of Harvard University, and Professor Small of the University of Chicago. Acknowledgments are with justice and pleasure made to the Committee on Congresses of the Exposition, and the able chairman, Hon. Frederick W. Lehmann, for their unwavering and prompt support on all matters of policy and detail, without which the full measure of success could not have been achieved. To the efficient secretary of the Department of Congresses, Mr. James Green Cotchett, an expression of obligation is due for his indefatigable labors during the Congress period, and for his able and painstaking work in compiling the detailed records of this publication.

At a meeting of the Executive Committee of the Exposition on January 3, 1905, there was unanimously voted the following resolution, recommended by the Administrative Board and approved by the Committee on Congresses:--

MOVED: that a vote of thanks and an expression of deepest obligation be tendered to Dr. Simon Newcomb, President of the Congress, Prof. Hugo Münsterberg, vice-president of the Congress, and Prof. Albion W. Small, vice-president of the Congress, for their efficient, thorough, and comprehensive work in connection with the programme of the Congress, the selection and invitation of speakers, and the attention to detail in its execution. That, in view of the enormous amount of labor devolving upon these three gentlemen for the past eighteen months, to the exclusion of all opportunities for literary and other work outside their college departments, an honorarium of twenty-five hundred dollars be tendered to each of them.

At a subsequent meeting the following resolution was also passed:--

MOVED: that the Directors of the Louisiana Purchase Exposition Company place upon the record an expression of their appreciation of the invaluable aid so freely given by the Administrative Board of the Congress of Arts and Science. In organization, guidance, and results the Congress was the most notable of its kind in history. For the important part performed wisely and zealously by the Administrative Board the Exposition Management extends this acknowledgment.

SUMMARY OF EXPENSES OF THE CONGRESS

Office expenses $7,025 82
Travel 3,847 24
Exploitation, Organizing Committee abroad 8,663 16
Traveling expenses, American Speakers 31,350
Traveling expenses, Foreign Speakers 49,000
Honorariums 7,500
Banquet 3,500
Expenses for editing proceedings 5,875
Estimated cost of printing proceedings 22,000 $138,761 22

INTERNATIONAL

CONGRESS OF ARTS AND SCIENCE

UNIVERSAL EXPOSITION ST. LOUIS

SEPTEMBER 19-25 1904

* * * * *

PROGRAMME AND LIST OF SPEAKERS

PROGRAMME

Purpose and Plan of the Congress
Organization of the Congress
Speakers and Chairmen
Chronological Order of Proceedings
Programme of Social Events
List of Ten-minute Speakers
List of Chairmen and Principal Speakers

INDEX SUBJECTS

Division A. Normative Science

Department 1. Philosophy

Sec. A. Metaphysics
B. Philosophy of Religion
C. Logic
D. Methodology of Science
E. Ethics
F. Æsthetics

Department 2. Mathematics

Sec. A. Algebra and Analysis
B. Geometry
C. Applied Mathematics

Division B. Historical Science

Department 3. Political and Economic History

Sec. A. History of Asia
B. History of Greece and Rome
C. Mediæval History
D. Modern History of Europe
E. History of America
F. History of Economic Institutions

Department 4. History of Law

Sec. A. History of Roman Law
B. History of Common Law
C. Comparative Law

Department 5. History of Language

Sec. A. Comparative Language
B. Semitic Language
C. Indo-Iranian Languages
D. Greek Language
E. Latin Language
F. English Language
G. Romance Languages
H. Germanic Languages

Department 6. History of Literature

Sec. A. Indo-Iranian Literature
B. Classical Literature
C. English Literature
D. Romance Literature
E. Germanic Literature
F. Slavic Literature
G. Belles-Lettres

Department 7. History of Art

Sec. A. Classical Art
B. Modern Architecture
C. Modern Painting

Department 8. History of Religion

Sec. A. Brahminism and Buddhism
B. Mohammedism
C. Old Testament
D. New Testament
E. History of the Christian Church

Division C. Physical Science

Department 9. Physics

Sec. A. Physics of Matter
B. Physics of Ether
C. Physics of the Electron

Department 10. Chemistry

Sec. A. Inorganic Chemistry
B. Organic Chemistry
C. Physical Chemistry
D. Physiological Chemistry

Department 11. Astronomy

Sec. A. Astrometry
B. Astrophysics

Department 12. Sciences of the Earth

Sec. A. Geophysics
B. Geology
C. Palæontology
D. Petrology and Mineralogy
E. Physiography
F. Geography
G. Oceanography
H. Cosmical Physics

Department 13. Biology

Sec. A. Phylogeny
B. Plant Morphology
C. Plant Physiology
D. Plant Pathology
E. Ecology
F. Bacteriology
G. Animal Morphology
H. Embryology
I. Comparative Anatomy
J. Human Anatomy
K. Physiology

Department 14. Anthropology

Sec. A. Somatology
B. Archæology
C. Ethnology

Division D. Mental Science

Department 15. Psychology

Sec. A. General Psychology
B. Experimental Psychology
C. Comparative and Genetic Psychology
D. Abnormal Psychology

Department 16. Sociology

Sec. A. Social Structure
B. Social Psychology

Division E. Utilitarian Sciences

Department 17. Medicine

Sec. A. Public Health
B. Preventive Medicine
C. Pathology
D. Therapeutics and Pharmacology
E. Internal Medicine
F. Neurology
G. Psychiatry
H. Surgery
I. Gynecology
J. Ophthalmology
K. Otology and Laryngology
L. Pediatrics

Department 18. Technology

Sec. A. Civil Engineering
B. Mechanical Engineering
C. Electrical Engineering
D. Mining Engineering
E. Technical Chemistry
F. Agriculture

Department 19. Economic

Sec. A. Economic Theory
B. Transportation
C. Commerce and Exchange
D. Money and Credit
E. Public Finance
F. Insurance

Division F. Social Regulation

Department 20. Politics

Sec. A. Political Theory
B. Diplomacy
C. National Administration
D. Colonial Administration
E. Municipal Administration

Department 21. Jurisprudence

Sec. A. International Law
B. Constitutional Law
C. Private Law

Department 22. Social Science

Sec. A. The Family
B. The Rural Community
C. The Urban Community
D. The Industrial Group
E. The Dependent Group
F. The Criminal Group

Division G. Social Culture

Department 23. Education

Sec. A. Educational Theory
B. The School
C. The College
D. The University
E. The Library

Department 24. Religion

Sec. A. General Religious Education
B. Professional Religious Education
C. Religious Agencies
D. Religious Work
E. Religious Influence: Personal
F. Religious Influence: Social

PURPOSE AND PLAN OF THE CONGRESS

The idea of the Congress grows out of the thought that the subdivision and multiplication of specialties in science has reached a stage at which investigators and scholars may derive both inspiration and profit from a general survey of the various fields of learning, planned with a view of bringing the scattered sciences into closer mutual relations. The central purpose is the unification of knowledge, an effort toward which seems appropriate on an occasion when the nations bring together an exhibit of their arts and industries. An assemblage is therefore to be convened at which leading representatives of theoretical and applied sciences shall set forth those general principles and fundamental conceptions which connect groups of sciences, review the historical development of special sciences, show their mutual relations and discuss their present problems.

The speakers to treat the various themes are selected in advance from the European and American continents. The discussions will be arranged on the following general plan:--

After the opening of the Congress on Monday afternoon, September 19, will follow, on Tuesday forenoon, addresses on main divisions of science and its applications, the general theme being the unification of each of the fields treated. These will be followed by two addresses on each of the twenty-four great departments of knowledge. The theme of one address in each case will be the Fundamental Conceptions and Methods, while the other will set forth the progress during the last century. The preceding addresses will be delivered by Americans, making the work of the first two days the contribution of American scholars.

On the third day, with the opening of the sections, the international work will begin. One hundred twenty-eight sectional meetings will be held on the four remaining days of the Congress, at each of which two papers will be read, the theme of one being suggested by the relations of the special branch treated to other branches; the other by its present problems. Three hours will be devoted to each sectional meeting, thus enabling each hearer to attend eight such meetings, if he so desires. The programme is so arranged that related subjects will be treated, as far as possible, at different times. The length of the principal addresses being limited to forty-five minutes each, there will remain at least one hour for five or six brief communications in each section. The addresses in each department will be collected and published in a special volume.

It is hoped that the living influence of this meeting will be yet more important than the formal addresses, and that the scholars whose names are announced in the following programme of speakers and chairmen will form only a nucleus for the gathering of thousands who feel in sympathy with the efforts to bring unity into the world of knowledge.

ORGANIZATION OF THE CONGRESS

* * * * *

PRESIDENT OF THE EXPOSITION:
HON. DAVID R. FRANCIS, A.M., LL.D.

DIRECTOR OF CONGRESSES,
HOWARD J. ROGERS, A.M., LL.D.
_Universal Exposition, 1904._

* * * * *

ADMINISTRATIVE BOARD

NICHOLAS MURRAY BUTLER, PH.D., LL.D.
_President of Columbia University, Chairman._

WILLIAM R. HARPER, PH.D., LL.D.
_President of the University of Chicago._

R. H. JESSE, PH.D., LL.D.
_President of the University of Missouri._

HENRY S. PRITCHETT, PH.D., LL.D.
_President of the Massachusetts Institute of Technology._

HERBERT PUTNAM, LITT.D., LL.D.
_Librarian of Congress._

FREDERICK J. V. SKIFF, A.M.
_Director of the Field Columbian Museum._

* * * * *

OFFICERS OF THE CONGRESS

PRESIDENT:
SIMON NEWCOMB, PH.D., LL.D.
_Retired Professor U. S. N._

VICE-PRESIDENTS:
HUGO MÜNSTERBERG, PH.D., LL.D.
_Professor of Psychology in Harvard University._

ALBION W. SMALL, PH.D., LL.D.
_Professor of Sociology in The University of Chicago._

HONORARY VICE-PRESIDENTS:
RIGHT HONORABLE JAMES BRYCE, M.P.
GREAT BRITAIN.

M. GASTON DARBOUX,
FRANCE.

PROFESSOR WILHELM WALDEYER,
GERMANY.

DR. OSKAR BACKLUND,
RUSSIA.

PROFESSOR THEODORE ESCHERICH,
AUSTRIA.

SIGNOR ATTILIO BRUNIALTI,
ITALY.

PROFESSOR N. HOZUMI,
JAPAN.

EXECUTIVE SECRETARY:
DR. L. O. HOWARD,
_Permanent Secretary American Association
for the Advancement of Science_.

SPEAKERS AND CHAIRMEN

* * * * *

DIVISION A--NORMATIVE SCIENCE

SPEAKER: PROFESSOR JOSIAH ROYCE, Harvard University.

(_Hall 6, September 20, 10 a. m._)

* * * * *

DEPARTMENT 1--PHILOSOPHY
(_Hall 6, September 20, 11.15 a. m._)

CHAIRMAN: PROFESSOR BORDEN P. BOWNE, Boston University.
SPEAKERS: PROFESSOR GEORGE H. HOWISON, University of California.
PROFESSOR GEORGE T. LADD, Yale University.

SECTION A. METAPHYSICS. (_Hall 6, September 21, 10 a. m._)

CHAIRMAN: PROFESSOR A. C. ARMSTRONG, Wesleyan University.
SPEAKERS: PROFESSOR A. E. TAYLOR, McGill University, Montreal.
PROFESSOR ALEXANDER T. ORMOND, Princeton University.
SECRETARY: PROFESSOR A. O. LOVEJOY, Washington University,

SECTION B. PHILOSOPHY OF RELIGION. (_Hall 1, September 21, 3 p. m._)

CHAIRMAN: PROFESSOR THOMAS C. HALL, Union Theological Seminary, N. Y.
SPEAKERS: PROFESSOR OTTO PFLEIDERER, University of Berlin.
PROFESSOR ERNST TROELTSCH, University of Heidelberg.
SECRETARY: DR. W. P. MONTAGUE, Columbia University.

SECTION C. LOGIC. (_Hall 6, September 22, 10 a. m._)

CHAIRMAN: PROFESSOR GEORGE M. DUNCAN, Yale University.
SPEAKERS: PROFESSOR WILLIAM A. HAMMOND, Cornell University.
PROFESSOR FREDERICK J. E. WOODBRIDGE, Columbia University.
SECRETARY: DR. W. H. SHELDON, Columbia University.