Chapter XXXIV (2)

37. Malpighi was the first who employed good microscopes in anatomy, and thus revealed the secrets, we may say, of an invisible world, which Leeuwenhoek afterwards, probably using still better instruments, explored with surprising success. To Malpighi anatomists owe their knowledge of the structure of the lungs.[1124] Graaf has overthrown many errors, and suggested many truths in the economy of generation.[1125] Malpighi prosecuted this inquiry with his microscope, and first traced the progress of the egg during incubation. But the theory of evolution, as it is called, proposed by Harvey, and supported by Malpighi, received a shock by Leeuwenhoek’s or Hartsoeker’s discovery of spermatic animalcules, which apparently opened a new view of reproduction. The hypothesis they suggested became very prevalent for the rest of the seventeenth century, though it is said to have been shaken early in the next.[1126] Borelli applied mathematical principles to muscular movements in his treatise De Motu Animalium. Though he is a better mathematician than anatomist, he produces many interesting facts, the mechanical laws are rightly applied, and his method is clear and consequent.[1127] Duverney, in his Treatise on Hearing, in 1683, his only work, obtained a considerable reputation; it threw light on many parts of a delicate organ, which, by their minuteness, had long baffled the anatomist.[1128] In Mayow’s Treatise on Respiration, published in London, 1668, we find the necessity of oxygen to that function laid down; but this portion of the atmosphere had been discovered by Bathurst and Henshaw in 1654, and Hooke had shown by experiment that animals die when the air is deprived of it.[1129] Ruysch, a Dutch physician, perfected the art of injecting anatomical preparations, hardly known before, and thus conferred an inestimable benefit on the science. He possessed a celebrated cabinet of natural history.[1130]

[1124] Portal, iii., 120. Sprengel, p. 578.

[1125] Portal, iii., 219. Sprengel, p. 303.

[1126] Sprengel, p. 309.

[1127] Portal, iii., 246. Biogr. Univ.

[1128] Portal, p. 464. Sprengel, p. 288.

[1129] Portal, p. 176, 181.

[1130] Id. p. 259. Biogr. Univ.

|Medical theories.|

38. The chemical theory of medicine which had descended from Paracelsus through Van Helmont, was propagated chiefly by Sylvius, a physician of Holland, who is reckoned the founder of what was called the chemiatric school. His works were printed at Amsterdam, in 1679, but he had promulgated his theory from the middle of the century. His leading principle was that a perpetual fermentation goes on in the human body, from the deranged action of which diseases proceed; most of them from excess of acidity, though a few are of alkaline origin. “He degraded the physician,” says Sprengel, “to the level of a distiller or a brewer.”[1131] This writer is very severe on the chemiatric school, one of their offences in his eyes being their recommendation of tea; “the cupidity of Dutch merchants conspiring with their medical theories.” It must be owned that when we find them prescribing also a copious use of tobacco, it looks as if the trade of the doctor went hand-in-hand with those of his patients. Willis, in England, was a partisan of the chemiatrics,[1132] and they had a great influence in Germany; though in France the attachment of most physicians to the Hippocratic and Galenic methods, which brought upon them so many imputations of pedantry, was little abated. A second school of medicine, which superseded this, is called the iatro-mathematical. This seems to have arisen in Italy. Borelli’s application of mechanical principles to the muscles has been mentioned above. These physicians sought to explain everything by statical and hydraulic laws; they were, therefore, led to study anatomy, since it was only by an accurate knowledge of all the parts that they could apply their mathematics. John Bernouilli even taught them to employ the differential calculus in explaining the bodily functions.[1133] But this school seems to have had the same leading defect as the chemiatric; it forgot the peculiarity of the laws of organisation and life which often render those of inert matter inapplicable. Pitcairn and Boerhaave were leaders of the iatro-mathematicians; and Mead was reckoned the last of its distinguished patrons.[1134] Meantime, a third school of medicine grew up, denominated the empirical; a name to be used in a good sense, as denoting their regard to observation and experience, or the Baconian principles of philosophy. Sydenham was the first of these in England; but they gradually prevailed to the exclusion of all systematic theory. The discovery of several medicines, especially the Peruvian bark, which was first used in Spain about 1640, and in England about 1654, contributed to the success of the empirical physicians, since the efficacy of some of these could not be explained on the hypotheses hitherto prevalent.[1135]

[1131] Vol. v., p. 59. Biogr. Univ.

[1132] Sprengel, p. 73.

[1133] Sprengel, p. 159.

[1134] Id. p. 182. See Biographie Universelle, art. Boerhaave,
for a general criticism of the iatro-mathematicians.

[1135] Sprengel, p. 413.

SECT. IV.

ON ORIENTAL LITERATURE.

|Polyglott of Walton.|

39. The famous Polyglott of Brian Walton was published in 1657; but few copies appear to have been sold before the restoration of Charles II., in 1660, since those are very scarce which contain in the preface the praise of Cromwell for having facilitated and patronised the undertaking; praise replaced in the change of times by a loyal eulogy on the king. This Polyglott is in nine languages; though no one book of the Bible is printed in so many. Walton’s Prolegomena are in sixteen chapters or dissertations. His learning, perhaps, was greater than his critical acuteness or good sense; such, at least, is the opinion of Simon and Le Long. The former, in a long examination of Walton’s Prolegomena, treats him with all the superiority of a man who possessed both. Walton was assailed by some bigots at home for acknowledging various readings in the Scriptures, and for denying the authority of the vowel punctuation. His Polyglott is not reckoned so magnificent as the Parisian edition of Le Long; but it is fuller and more convenient.[1136] Edmund Castell, the coadjutor of Walton in this work, published his Lexicon Heptaglotton in 1669, upon which he had consumed eighteen years and the whole of his substance. This is frequently sold together with the Polyglott.

[1136] Simon, Hist. Critique du Vieux Testament, p. 541.
Chalmers. Biogr. Britan. Biogr. Univ. Brunet. Man. du Libraire.

|Hottinger.|

|Spencer.|

|Bochart.|

40. Hottinger of Zurich, by a number of works on the Eastern languages, and especially by the Bibliotheca Orientalis, in 1658, established a reputation which these books no longer retain since the whole field of Oriental literature has been more fully explored. Spencer, in a treatise of great erudition, De Legibus Hebræorum, 1685, gave some offence by the suggestion that several of the Mosaic institutions were borrowed from the Egyptian, though the general scope of the Jewish law was in opposition to the idolatrous practices of the neighbouring nations. The vast learning of Bochart expanded itself over Oriental antiquity, especially that of which the Hebrew nation and language is the central point; but his etymological conjectures have long since been set aside, and he has not, in other respects, escaped the fate of the older Orientalists.

|Pococke.|

|D’Herbelot.|

41. The great services of Pococke to Arabic literature, which had commenced in the earlier part of the century, were extended to the present. His edition and translation of the Annals of Eutychius in 1658, that of the History of Abulfaragius in 1663, with many other works of a similar nature, bear witness to his industry; no Englishman, probably, has ever contributed so much to that province of learning.[1137] A fine edition of the Koran, and still esteemed the best, was due to Marracci, professor of Arabic in the Sapienza or university of Rome, and published at the expense of Cardinal Barbadigo, in 1698.[1138] But France had an Orientalist of the most extensive learning, in D’Herbelot, whose Bibliothèque Orientale must be considered as making an epoch in this literature. It was published in 1697, after his death, by Galland, who had also some share in arranging the materials. This work, it has been said, is for the seventeenth century what the History of the Huns, by De Guignes, is for the eighteenth; with this difference, that D’Herbelot opened the road, and has often been copied by his successor.[1139]

[1137] Chalmers. Biogr. Univ.

[1138] Tiraboschi, xi., 398.

[1139] Biographie Universelle.

|Hyde.|

42. Hyde, in his Religionis Persarum Historia, published in 1700, was the first who illustrated in a systematic manner the religion of Zoroaster, which he always represents in a favourable manner. The variety and novelty of its contents gave this book a credit which, in some degree, it preserves; but Hyde was ignorant of the ancient language of Persia, and is said to have been often misled by Mohammedan authorities.[1140] The vast increase of Oriental information in modern times, as has been intimated above, renders it difficult for any work of the seventeenth century to keep its ground. In their own times, the writings of Kircher on China, and still more those of Ludolph on Abyssinia, which were founded on his own knowledge of the country, claimed a respectable place in Oriental learning. It is remarkable that very little was yet known of the Indian languages, though grammars existed of the Tamul, and perhaps some others, before the close of the seventeenth century.[1141]

[1140] Id.

[1141] Eichhorn, Gesch. der Cultur, v., 269.

SECT. V.

ON GEOGRAPHY AND HISTORY.

|Maps of the Sansons.|

43. The progress of geographical science long continued to be slow. If we compare the map of the world in 1651, by Nicholas Sanson, esteemed on all sides the best geographer of his age, with one by his son in 1692, the variances will not appear, perhaps, so considerable as we might have expected. Yet some improvement may be detected by the eye. Thus, the Caspian sea has assumed its longer diameter from north to south, contrary to the old map. But the sea of Aral is still wanting. The coasts of New Holland, except to the east, are tolerably laid down, and Corea is a peninsula, instead of an island. Cambalu, the imaginary capital of Tartary, has disappeared;[1142] but a vast lake is placed in the centre of that region; the Altai range is carried far too much to the north, and the name of Siberia seems unknown. Africa and America have nearly the same outline as before; in the former, the empire of Monomotopa stretches to join that of Abyssinia in about the 12th degree of south latitude; and the Nile still issues, as in all the old maps, from a lake Zayre, in nearly the same parallel. The coasts of Europe, and especially of Scandinavia, are a little more accurate. The Sanson family, of whom several were publishers of maps, did not take pains enough to improve what their father had executed, though they might have had material helps from the astronomical observations which were now continually made in different parts of the world.

[1142] The Cambalu of Marco Polo is probably Pekin; but the
geographers frequently placed this capital of Cathay north of the
wall of China.

|De Lisle’s map of the world.|

44. Such was the state of geography when, in 1699, De Lisle, the real founder of the science, at the age of twenty-four, published his map of the world. He had been guided by the observations, and worked under the directions of Cassini, whose tables of the emersion of Jupiter’s satellites, calculated for the meridian of Bologna in 1668, and, with much improvement, for that of Paris in 1693, had prepared the way for the perfection of geography. The latitudes of different regions had been tolerably ascertained by observation; but no good method of determining the longitude had been known before this application of Galileo’s great discovery. It is evident that the appearance of one of those satellites at Paris being determined by the tables to a precise instant, the means were given to find the longitudinal distance of other places by observing the difference of time; and thus a great number of observations having gradually been made, a basis was laid for an accurate delineation of the surface of the globe. The previous state of geography and the imperfect knowledge which the mere experience of navigators could furnish, may be judged by the fact that the Mediterranean sea was set with an excess of 300 leagues in length, being more than one third of the whole. De Lisle reduced it within its bounds, and cut off at the same time 500 leagues from the longitude of Eastern Asia. This was the commencement of the geographical labours of De Lisle, which reformed, in the first part of the eighteenth century, not only the general outline of the world, but the minuter relations of various countries. His maps amount to more than one hundred sheets.[1143]

[1143] Eloge de De Lisle, in Œuvres de Fontenelle, vol. vi.,
p. 253. Eloge de Cassini, in vol. v., p. 328. Biogr. Universelle.

|Voyages and travels.|

45. The books of travels, in the last fifty years of the seventeenth century, were far more numerous and more valuable than in any earlier period, but we have no space for more than a few names. Gemelli Carreri, a Neapolitan, is the first who claims to have written an account of his own travels round the world, describing Asia and America with much detail. His Giro del Mondo was published in 1699. Carreri has been strongly suspected of fabrication, and even of having never seen the countries which he describes; but his character, I know not with what justice, has been latterly vindicated.[1144] The French justly boast the excellent travels of Chardin, Bernier, Thevenot, and Tavernier in the East; the account of the Indian archipelago and of China by Nieuhoff, employed in a Dutch embassy to the latter empire, is said to have been interpolated by the editors, though he was an accurate and faithful observer.[1145] Several other relations of voyages were published in Holland, some of which can only be had in the native language. In English there were not many of high reputation: Dampier’s Voyage round the World, the first edition of which was in 1697, is better known than any which I can call to mind.

[1144] Tiraboschi, xi., 86. Selfi, ix., 442.

[1145] Biogr. Univ.

|Historians.|

|De Solis.|

46. The general characteristics of historians in this period are neither a luminous philosophy, nor a rigorous examination of evidence. But, as before, we mention only a few names in this extensive province of literature. The History of the Conquest of Mexico by Antonio De Solis, is “the last good work,” says Sismondi, perhaps too severely, “that Spain has produced; the last where purity of taste, simplicity, and truth are preserved; the imagination, of which the author had given so many proofs, does not appear.”[1146] Bouterwek is not less favourable; but Robertson, who holds De Solis rather cheap as an historian, does not fail to censure even his style.

[1146] Littérature du Midi, iv., 101.

|Memoirs of De Retz.|

47. The French have some authors of history who, by their elegance and perspicuity, might deserve notice; such as St. Real, Father D’Orleans, and even Varillas, proverbially discredited as he is for want of veracity. The Memoirs of Cardinal De Retz rise above these; their animated style, their excellent portraitures of character, their acute and brilliant remarks, distinguish their pages, as much as the similar qualities did their author. “They are written,” says Voltaire, “with an air of greatness, an impetuosity and an inequality which are the image of his life; his expression, sometimes incorrect, often negligent, but almost always original, recalls continually to his readers what has been so frequently said of Cæsar’s Commentaries, that he wrote with the same spirit that he carried on his wars.”[1147] The Memoirs of Grammont, by Antony Hamilton, scarcely challenge a place as historical, but we are now looking more at the style than the intrinsic importance of books. Every one is aware of the peculiar felicity and fascinating gaiety which they display.

[1147] Biogr. Univ., whence I take the quotation.

|Bossuet on universal history.|

48. The Discourse of Bossuet on Universal History is perhaps the greatest effort of his wonderful genius. Every preceding abridgment of so immense a subject had been superficial and dry. He first irradiated the entire annals of antiquity down to the age of Charlemagne with flashes of light that reveal an unity and coherence which had been lost in their magnitude and obscurity. It is not perhaps an unfair objection that, in a history calling itself that of all mankind, the Jewish people have obtained a disproportionate regard; and it might be almost as reasonable, on religious grounds, to give Palestine a larger space in the map of the world, as, on a like pretext, to make the scale of the Jewish history so much larger than that of the rest of the human race. The plan of Bossuet has at least divided his book into two rather heterogeneous portions. But his conceptions of Greek, and still more of Roman history, are generally magnificent; profound in philosophy, with an outline firm and sufficiently exact, never condescending to trivial remarks or petty details; above all, written in that close and nervous style which no one certainly in the French language has ever surpassed. It is evident that Montesquieu in all his writings, but especially in the Grandeur and Decadence des Romains, had the Discourse of Bossuet before his eyes; he is more acute, sometimes, and ingenious, and has reflected longer on particular topics of inquiry, but he wants the simple majesty, the comprehensive eagle-like glance of the illustrious prelate.

|English historical works.|

|Burnet.|

49. Though we fell short in England of the historical reputation which the first part of the century might entitle us to claim, this period may be reckoned that in which a critical attention to truth, sometimes rather too minute, but always praiseworthy, began to be characteristic of our researches into fact. The only book that I shall mention is Burnet’s History of the Reformation, written in a better style than those who know Burnet by his later and more negligent work are apt to conceive, and which has the signal merit of having been the first, as far as I remember, which is fortified by a large appendix of documents. This, though frequent in Latin, had not been usual in the modern languages. It became gradually very frequent and almost indispensable in historical writings, where the materials had any peculiar originality.

* * * * *

|General character of 17th century.|

50. The change in the spirit of literature and of the public mind in general, which had with gradual and never receding steps been coming forward in the seventeenth century, but especially in the latter part of it, has been so frequently pointed out to the readers of this and the last volume, that I shall only quote an observation of Bayle. “I believe,” he says, “that the sixteenth century produced a greater number of learned men than the seventeenth; and yet the former of these ages was far from being as enlightened as the latter. During the reign of criticism and philology, we saw in all Europe many prodigies of erudition. Since the study of the new philosophy and that of living languages has introduced a different taste, we have ceased to behold this vast and deep learning. But in return there is diffused through the republic of letters a more subtle understanding and a more exquisite discernment; men are now less learned but more able.”[1148] The volumes which are now submitted to the public contain sufficient evidence of this intellectual progress both in philosophy and in polite literature.

[1148] Dictionnaire de Bayle, art. Aconce, note D.

|Conclusion.|

51. I here terminate a work, which, it is hardly necessary to say, has furnished the occupation of not very few years, and which, for several reasons, it is not my intention to prosecute any farther. The length of these volumes is already greater than I had anticipated; yet I do not perceive much that could have been retrenched without loss to a part, at least, of the literary world. For the approbation which the first of them has received I am grateful; for the few corrections that have been communicated to me I am not less so; the errors and deficiencies of which I am not specially aware may be numerous; yet I cannot affect to doubt that I have contributed something to the general literature of my country, something to the honourable estimation of my own name, and to the inheritance of those, if it is for me still to cherish that hope, to whom I have to bequeath it.

THE END.

_S. Cowan & Co., Strathmore Printing Works, Perth._

INDEX.

Page

Aberlard, Poetry of, 17
Academies, Italian Literary, 229
Academy del Cimento, The, 831
---- French, Established, 630
---- Neapolitan, 112
Afra Behn, Plays of, 808
Agricola, The first Mineralogist, 227
---- Works of, 103
Agrippa, Cornelius, 192
Augustine, Antonio, 201
Alamanni, 202
Alciati, Andrew, 201
Aldine Editions, The, 109
Aldus, Press of, 125
Algebra, Descartes on, 650
---- Earliest Work on, 118
Alchemy, Study of, 58
Amadis de Gaul, The, 66, 152
Aminto, Passo’s, 351
Amyot, His Translations, 371
Ana, The, 820
Anatomy, Fallopius on, 397
---- Leaders in studying, 842
Andreæ, John Valentine, 532, _and note_
Anglo-Saxon, Change of, to English, 22
Antiquaries, Society of, founded, 405
Apianus, Cosmography of, 228
Apology, Jewell’s, 272
Arabic, Rise of Study of, 399
Arcadia, Sir Philip Sydney’s, 383
---- Character of, 383
---- Walpole on, 383
Aretin, Leonard, 44
---- Plays of, 211
Argensola, The Brothers, 570
Arianism in Italy, 181
Ariosto, Satires of, 203
Aristotle countenanced by Melancthon, 189
---- Veneration shown for, 189
Arithmetic of Sacro Bosco, 56
Arnauld on true and false ideas, 725
Art of Rhetoric, Cox’s, 219
Ascham, His Character of Cambridge, 168
---- Writings of, 372
Astronomy in Middle Ages, 58
Augsburg, Confession of, 173
---- Diet of, 259
Averroes on the Soul, 93
Avis aux Refugiéz, 772
Ayala, Balthazar, on War, 315

Bacon, Lord, 468
---- Conception of his Philosophy, 469
---- Essays of, 293, 529
---- his fame on the Continent, 489
---- his Instauratio Magna, 469
---- ---- ---- ---- Analysis of, 469
---- ignorant of Mathematics, 488
---- Nature of his Philosophy, 472
---- Novum Organum, 478
---- Plan of Philosophy, 469
Bacon, Roger, 57
Balbi, Catholicon of, 40
Baldi, Sonnets of, 319
Ballads, Early Spanish, 59
Balzac, Letters of, 628
Bandello, Novels of, 380
Barbarism, A relapse into, 38
Barbarus, Hermolaus, 111
Barclay, his works, 642
Barlæus, Gaspar, 589
Barrow, Sermons of, 703
Basson, Sebastian, 463
Bath, Adelard of, 56
Bayle on the Comet, 819
---- his Dictionary, 819
---- Philosophical Commentary of, 700
Beaumont, Fletcher and, 611
Bellarmin, Works of, 273
Bellenden, de Statu, 534
Bello Francesco, 113
Belon, Zoology of, 394
Belphegor, Machiavel’s, 215
Bembo, Care of, 159
---- Life of, 217
---- Works of, 159, 201
Berigard, Claude, 463
Benserade, Poems of, 781
Bentley, Richard, the Critic, 682
Berchonius, 59
Beza, Works of, 27
Bible, Cranmer’s, 187
---- First printed, 76
---- Latin Versions of the, 137
---- Mazarin, 77
---- The Authorised Version, 457
Bibles, Early English, 187
Block-books, 75
Blood, Circulation of the, discovered, 665
Boccalini, Trajan, 624
Bodin, compared with Aristotle and Machiavel, 310
Bodleian, Foundation of the, 674
Boehm, Jacob, 464
Boethius, his Consolation of Philosophy, 1
---- Poem on, 13
Boiardo, Works of, 112
Boileau, Works of, 780
Bookselling, Rise of, 121
---- The Universities and, 123
Books, Early, price and form of, 122
---- Number of, printed at close of the Fourteenth Century, 120
---- Price of in Middle Ages, 52
---- Sold by printers, 121
Bossu on Epic Poems, 816
Bossuet, Exposition of Faith, 688
---- other Works, 689
---- Sermons of, 702
Botany, Turner’s, 395
Botero, Giovanni, 301
Boucher, Treatise of, 299
Bouhours, Works by, 813
Bourdalone, Style of, 701
Boyle, Works of, 833
Brahé, Tycho, 387
---- System of, 387
Brandt, Sebastian, 117
Browne, Thomas, 531
---- his Religio Medici, 531
---- William, 581
Bruno, characteristics of his system, 285
Buchanan, de Jure Regni, 296
---- Poetry of, 349
Buda, Royal Library at, 81
Budæus, Budé on, 115
---- his Commentaries, 161
---- Style of, 162
Bunyan, John, 828
Burnet, his Theory of Earth, 841
Burton, The Anatomy of Melancholy, 637
Bury, Richard of, 39
Butler, Hudibras of, 783
Byzantine Literature, 48

Cabbala, The Jewishp, 100
Calderon, his Comedies, 593
----- his Tragedies, 595
Calendar, Gregorian, 390
Calisto and Melibœa, Drama of, 128
Calvin, John, 177
---- Institutes of, 177
Camoenss, The Lusiad of, 330
Cancionero General, The, 61
Cardan, Jerome, 193
---- Discoveries of, 221
Carew, Poetry of, 584
Cartesian Theory, The, 655
Casa, Poems of, 318
Casaubon, Isaac, 248, 410
---- Wavering of, 428, 430, _note_
Cassander, Consultation of, 265
Castalio, Sebastian, 270
Castelvetro, Ludovico, 377
Castile, Rhymes in Language of, 60
---- The Language of, 21
Castillejo, 329
Casuistry, Schemes of, 523
Casuists, English, 527
---- Literature of the, 521
Cathani, Labours of, 276
Catholicon, Balbi’s, 40
Cats, Father, 577
Caxton, First Works of, 79
Celio Magno, Odes of, 319
Celso Minop, 271
Cena de li Ceneri, The, 282
Century, Twelfth, Progress during, 6
Cervantes, his Don Quixote, 638
---- Minor Novels, 640
Cesalpin, System of, 280
Ceva, Poems of, 791
Chapman, his Translation of Homer, 341
Charlemagne, Few schools before, 4
---- Greeks under, 45
---- Work effected by, 4
Charron, Pierre, 529
---- on Wisdom, 529
Chaucer, Gower and, 24
Chaulieu, Poems of, 781
Cheke, Teaching of, 168
Chiabrera, Poems of, 569
---- Style of, 569
Chillingworth, his Religion of Protestants, 436
China, Jesuits in, 401
Chivalry, Effects of, on Poetry, 64
---- Romances of, 215
Christianismi Restitutio, The, 268, _note_
Christianity, Vindicators of, 699
Chronicle, The Saxon, 23
Chronology, Lydiat’s, 420
---- Scaliger’s, 258
Chrysoloras, Disciples of, 49
Chrysostom, Saville’s, 412
Church, Early Learning in the, 2
---- High, Rise of in England, 427, 435
Cicero, Editions of, 160
Ciceronianus, The, 159
---- Scaliger on the, 160
Cid, The, 597
Citizens, Privileges of, 303
Clarendon, History of, 636
Classics, First Editions of, 231
Clergy, Discipline of the, 261
---- Prejudices of, against profane learning, 2
---- Use of their prejudices, 3
Codex, Chartaceus, 30
Colleges at Alcala and Louvain, 134
---- not derived from Saracens, 9
Colonna, Vittoriap, 202
Columbus, the Anatomist, 398
Columns, Double, use of, 241
Comedies of the Restoration, 807
Comedy, First English, 214
Comenius, Popularity of, 409
Commès, Philip de, 118
Commentators, English, about 1600, 453
Commonwealths, Origin of, 303
Concord, Form of, 267
Congreve, Plays of, 807, 808
Conti, Account of the East by, 72
Controversy raised by Baius, 267
Copernican Theory, The, 386
Copernicus, Labours of, 222
Corneille, Pierre, Plays of, 597
---- Style of, 598
Corneille, Thomas, 799
Cortesius, Paulus, 89
Costanzo, Poems of, 319
Cowley, Johnson’s Character of, 580
Crashaw and Donne, 580
Crellius, Ruanus and, 440
Cremonini, 281
Criticism in the Sixteenth Century, 375
Critics about 1600, 414
Cruquius of Ypres, 236
Cudworth, Ralph, 707
Cumberland, Richard, 747

Daillé on the Fathers, 435
Dalgarno, George, 735
Daniel, his History of England, 635
Dante, Petrarch and, 22
De Bergerac, Novels of, 827
De Gongora, Luis, 572
---- Style of, 572
---- Works of, 572
De Leon, Luis, 328
De Lisle, Map of the World by, 845
De Retz, Memoirs of, 846
De Sevigné, Madame, 812
De Vega, Lope, 353
---- Fertility of, 353
---- Popularity of, 354
---- Style of, 354
---- Versification of, 354
De Villegas, Manuel Estevan, 571
Dead, Dialogues of the, 811
Decline of German Poetry, 20
Defensio Fidei Nicenæ, The, 695
Deistical Writers, 277
Delineation, Arts of, 93
Della Causa, The, 282
Delphin Editions, 680
Denham, Sir John, 579
Descartes, René, 491
---- Attacked by Gassendi, 497
---- Charged with Plagiarism, 505
---- Early Life, 491
---- his Meditations, 495
---- his Mental Labours, 492
---- his Paradoxes, 499
---- his Publications, 492
---- his Superiority, 497
---- Merits of his Writings, 503
---- on Free will, 503
---- on Intuitive Truth, 501
Desportes, Poems of, 335
Deventes, College at, 54
Devotional Works in 1600, 454
Dictionary, Della Crusca, 625
Dodorus, Clusius and, 396
D’Oliva, Perez, 195
Don Quixote, 638
Don Sancho Ortiz, Analysis of, 355
Donne, Crashaw and Cowley, 580
Dramatic Mysteries, Origin of, 105
Drayton, Michael, 581
---- His Polyolbion, 591
Dryden, Early Poems, 787
---- Fables, 789
---- Odes, 790
---- Style of, 821
---- Tragedies, 805
---- Translations, 790
Ductor Dubitantium, Taylor’s, 745
Dunbar, Poems of, 130
Dupin on Ancient Discipline, 686
Du Vair, Works of, 371

Earle, John, Works of, 637
Eastern Languages, Early Study of, 128
Ecclesiastical Polity, The, 289
Elizabeth, Learning under, 249
Encomium Moræ, The, 143
Encyclopædias of Middle Ages, 58
England, Reformed Tenets in, 178
England, Revival of Learning in, 3
English, Use of, 22
Equations, Cubic, Invention of, 220
Episcopius, Works of, 440
Erasmus, Adages of, 139
---- Character of, 139
---- Epistles of, 175
---- First Visit to England, 116
---- His Controversy with Luther, 174
---- Jealousy of, 139
---- Quotations from, 140
---- Testament of, 142
---- Zeal of, 114
Erastianism, Disputes on, 444
Ercilla, The Araucana of, 329
Erpenius, Works of, 671
Essays, Bacon’s, 293
---- Montaigne’s, 290
---- Sir W. Temple’s, 824
Essex, Earl of, 633
Etherege, Plays of, 808
Euclid, Early Translations of, 56
Europe, Language in, in 1400, 25
Eustachius on Anatomy, 397
Evelyn, Works of, 821

Faber of Savoy, 313
Fabricius on the Language of Brutes, 663
Faery Queen, The, 343
---- Style of, 344
---- Superiority of First Volume, 343
Fallopius on Anatomy, 397
Fanaticism, Growth of, 172
Farces, First Real, 107
Farquhar, Plays of, 809
Fenelon on Female Education, 761
---- Works of, 696
Fermat, the Geometer, 651
Fernel, Works of, 220
Ferreira, 331
Ficinus, Works of, 98
Fiction, Popular Moral, 66
Figures in MSS. of Boethius, 55
Filacaja, Vincenzo, 777
Filli di Sciro, The, 592
Fléchier, Style of, 703
Fletcher, Beaumont and, 611
---- Phineas and Giles, 577
Fleury, Ecclesiastical History, 687
Florence, Academy of, 229
---- History of, 199
Fontenelle, Character of, 810, 817
---- Poems of, 782
Ford, John, 621
France, Troubadours of, 21
Francesca of Rimini, 26
Franco-Gallia, The, 295
Free will, Molina on, 268
France, Classical Study in, 53
French, Diffusion of, 19
---- During Eleventh Century, 14
---- Early, 13
---- in England, Disuse of, 24
---- Whence it came, 13
Friars, Mendicant, The, 9
Fuchs, Leonard, 226
Fur Prædestinatus, Sancroft’s, 693

Galileo, compared with, Bacon, 486
---- Discoveries of, 653
Gallantry, Effects of on Poetry, 64
---- Probable Origin of, 64
Garnier, 357
Gascoyne, George, 337
Gasparin, Style of, 43
---- Works of, 42, 43
Gassendi, Syntagma Philosophicum of, 710
---- Bernier on, 713
---- Works of, 467, 468
Gemalis Dies, The, 160
Genius, Want of, in Dark Ages, 5
Gentilis, Albenius, 316
---- De Jure Belli, 377
Geology, Rise of the Science, 840
Gerard, Herbal of, 397
German Poetry, Decline of, 20
---- ---- of Swabian Period, 19
Germany, Schools in, 89
Gesner, Conrad, 241, 392
---- His Zoology, 392
---- Quadrupeds discovered by, 393
Gilbert, his Treatise on the Magnet, 392
Glanvil, his Scepsis Scientifica, 733
---- the Plus Ultra, 735
Glosa, Nature of the, 61
Glosses, Meaning of, 31
---- Use of, 31
Gloucester, Library of Duke of, 54
Godefroy, James, 775
Gomberville, 641
Gorboduc, Sackville’s, 359
Governor, Sir T. Elyot’s, 195
Gower, Chaucer and, 24
Grammars of the Sixteenth Century, 239 _note_.
---- Provençal, 14
Greek, better known after 1580, 251
---- Corruption of Language, 47
---- Dawn of in England, 115
---- Early Grammars and Lexicons, 112
---- Latin Translations of, 50
---- Learned by Petrarch, 48
---- Learning in Middle Ages, 45
---- Printing, Early, 84
---- Revival of Study of, 44
---- Study of at Paris, 91
---- Taught by Chrysoloras, 49
---- Taught to Boys, 167
Greeks, Emigration of, to Italy, 52
Grew, Discoveries of, 839
Grocyn, Linaire and, 135
Groot, Gerard, College of, 54
Grotius, De Imperio Circa Sacra, 444
---- De Jure Belli, 544 _et seq._
---- his Arrangement, 565
---- his Defects, 565
---- Objections to, 561
---- Religious Doubts of, 428
---- Vindicated against Rousseau, 565
---- Works of, 414
Gruchius, Works of, 255
Gruter, his Collection of Inscriptions, 419
---- his Suspicions, 413
Grymæus, Geography of, 228
Guevara, Treatise of, 194
Guiciardini, History of, 402
Guidi, Poems of, 777
Gymnasium, Roman, 131

Habington, 585
Hales on Schism, 438
Hardy, Plays of, 596
Harmonia Apostolica, Bull’s, 694
Harriott, Works of, 649
Harvey, his Anatomical Discoveries, 665
Havelok the Dane, 18
Hawes, Stephen, 153
Hebraists of the Fifteenth Century, 227
Hebrew, First Printed, 95
---- in the Sixteenth Century, 670
Heinsius, Daniel, 413
Herbert, Lord, of Cherbury, 456, 465
Herrera, Works of, 329
Herrick, Robert, 586
Heterodoxy, Italian, 179
Heywood, Plays of, 622
---- Thomas, 363
Hippocrates, Study of, 224
History, Natural, from 1600-1650, 662
Hobbes, Political Works of, 538
---- The Leviathan of, 506
---- Analysis of, 506 _et seq._
Hooft, Peter, 577
Hooke, Works of, 834
Hooker, Ecclesiastical Polity, 289
---- his Theory of Natural Law, 290
Horace, Lambinus’s, 235
Hottoman, Francis, 295
Hudibras, Butler’s, 783
Huet, The Censura of, 715
Hymns, German, 206

Icon Basilice, The, 636
Immutable Morality, Cudworth’s, 745
Index Expurgatorius, The, 407
Ingulfus, History of, 15
Instauratio Magna, The, 469
Irnerius, Works of, 31
Italian, Early, 22
---- Language, Origin of, 10
Italy, Printing in, 83

Jansenism, Rise of, 441
Jansenius, Tenets of, 691
Jesuits, Colleges of the, 262
---- Patronized by Popes, 263
---- Rise of the, 181
---- Rising Influence of the, 261
---- their Popularity, 181
Jewell, Apology of, 272
Joachim, Rhæticus, 388
Jodelle, Father of the French Theatre, 357
John II., Poetry under, 62
---- of Ravenna, 41
---- of Salisbury, 36
Jonson, Ben, 585
---- his Every Man in his Humour, 369
---- Plays of, 609
Journal des Sçavans, The, 817
Julian Period, Invention of the, 258
Jurisprudence, Golden Ages of, 311
---- in 1500, 200
Jurists, Decline of, after Accursius, 32
---- Early, 32
---- Scholastic, 33

Kempis, Thomas à, Works of, 68
Kepler, Discoveries of, 652
King’s Quair, The, 63
Knolles, his History of the Turks, 634
Knowledge, Limited by Sense, 481

La Bruyere, Characters of, 758
La Fayette, Madame, 826
La Fontaine, Fables of, 779
La Forge, Regis and, 714
La Motte le Vayer, 632
La Noue, Works of, 301
Labbe, Philip, 411
Lacteals, Discoveries of the, 668
Land, Views of, 427
Lanfrance and his Schools, 35
Language, A New, formed from Latin, 12
Language, Early Imperfections of, 6
---- Modern, Metres of, 15
Languet, Vindicæ of, 295
Latin becomes a New Language, 12
---- Colloquial Corruption of, 11
---- in the Lower Empire, 11
---- in the Seventh Century, 12
---- Origin of Rhyme in, 16
---- Poems, Mediæval, 210
Latinists, Apology for the, 217
---- in 1600, 415
Laws, Abridgments of, 31
Layamon, Works of, 23
Leaguers, Tenets of the, 298
Learned, Persecution of the, 81
Learning, Decline of in Sixth Century, 2
---- Encouraged by a Pope, 51
---- General, Rise of, 26
---- in England, Revival of, 3
---- in England under Edward VI., 249
Lebrixa, Character of, 86
Legal Study, Importance of, 30
Leibnitz on Roman Law, 775
---- The Protogæa of, 841
Leipsic Acts, The, 819
Leo X., a Patron of Letters, 131
Letters, The Paston, 82
Lexicon, Constantin’s, 237
---- Feirari’s, 672
---- Scapula’s, 238, _note_.
Libraries, New Public, 230
---- Public, Want of, 169
Library, Bodleian, Founded, 674
---- of Charles V., 39
---- Vatican, Founded, 230
Lilly, his Euphues, 373
---- Popularity of, 373
Lipsius, and other antiquaries, 256
Lister, Studies of, 836
Literature, Checks upon, 407
---- Theological, of Sixteenth Century, 183
Loci Communes, The, 275
Locke on Education, 759
---- on Government, 768
---- on Human Understanding, 736
---- on the Coin, 773
---- on Toleration, 700
Logarithms, Invention of, 645
Logic, Aconcio’s, 286
---- Campanella on, 460
---- Inductive, 481 _et seq._
---- Ramus’s, Success of, 288
Lombard, Peter, 7
London, First Theatre in, 360
Lotichius, 347
Love songs, Abelard’s, 17
---- Spanish, 61
Lucan, May’s supplement to, 591
Lully, Raymond, 155
---- his method, 155
Lusiad, The, 330
---- Defects of, 330
---- Excellencies of, 330
Luther, Character of, 182
---- Dangerous tenets of, 148
---- Differences from Zwingle, 172
---- Theses of, 146
Lutrin, The, 780
Lydgate, Works of, 63
Lyndsay, Poems of, 207
Lyrics, Portuguese, early, 117

Machiavel, Nicolas, 196, 211
---- Motives of, 197
---- some of his rules not immoral, 197
---- The Prince, of, 197
---- Works of, 198
Malebranche, Theory of, 717
Malherbe, Poems of, 573
---- Style of, 573
Malpighi, Discoveries of, 840
Manana, de Rege, 299
Mantuan, Works of, 111
Manuscripts, Copying of, 36
Manutius, de Civitate, 253
---- Epistles of, 245
Maps, Early, 94
Maranta on gardening, 395
Margarita, Antoniana, The, 287
Marlowe, Plays of, 360
Marot, Poems of, 206
Marsham, Sir John, 685
Massinger, Philip, 618
Matthiola, System of, 226
Medici, Lorenzo de, 80
Medicine, Early Study of, 58
---- Revival of Greek methods of, 223
Meigret, Orthography of, 219
Melancthon, Early Studies of, 127
---- Tenets of, 266
Melville, Andrew, 253
Memoirs, Political, 301
Mendicant Friars, The, 9
Mendoza, Works of, 208, 673
Mercator, Gerard, 402
Metre, Romances in, 18
Metres of Modern Languages, 15
---- Spanish, 60
Microscope, first used in Anatomy, 842
Milton, John, 586
---- Allegro, 587
---- Compared with Dante, 784
---- Comus, 586
---- Il Penseroso, 587
---- Lycidas, 587
---- Paradise Lost, 783
---- Paradise Regained, 787
---- Samson Agonistes, 787
---- Sonnets, 588
Minot, Lawrence, 24
Mirandola, Picus of, 101
---- Credulity of, 101
---- Literary Works of, 102
Miscellanies of Politian, 95
Moliére, Plays of, 799
Montaigne, Essays of, 290
---- Characteristics of, 291
Montesquieu, Bodin compared with, 310
Moralities, Early, 107
Morals, Italian writers on, 292
More, Henry, 709
More, Utopia of, 137
Morgante Maggiore, The, 97
Morison, Robert, 837
Motion, Laws of, 658
Mun, Thomas, on Foreign Trade, 773
Muretus, Marc Antony, 233
Mysteries, Desire to explore, 99
---- Early English, 105

Naudé, Gabriel, 534
Napier, Works of, 645
Nizolius, Marius, 286
Norris, Essay of, 725
Northern Seas, Discoveries in, 401
Nosce Teipsum, The, 340
Novum Organum, The, 478
Numencia, The, of Cervantes, 356
Numerals, Arabic, 55
Numismatics, Works on, 257

Oceana, Harrington’s, 766
Opinion, Religious, in Fifteenth Century, 67
Opitz, Martin, 575
---- Followers of, 576
Optics, Discoveries in, 660
Opus Magnus, Bacon’s, 57
Oracles, The History of, 811
Orientalists, Celebrated, 844
Orlando Furioso, The, 150
---- a continuation of Boiardo, 150
---- its popularity, 150
---- its want of seriousness, 150
---- Style of, 151
Orlando Innamorata, The, 112
Ortelius, Works of, 401
Otway, Plays of, 806
Oxford, University of, founded, 8

Paley, Compared with Puffendorf, 707
Pallavicino, Ferrante, 625
Pantheism, Bruno and, 283
Papal Power, Decline of, 425
Papal Power, Discussion of, 274
Paper, Cotton, First use of, 28
---- Invention of, 28
---- Linen, as old as 1100, 29
---- ---- First use of, 28
---- ---- Known to Peter of Clugni, 29
---- of mixed materials, 29
Papias, Vocabulary of, 36
Papyrus, Use of the, 28
Paracelsus, Theophrastus, 191, 463
---- his extravagances, 192
---- his impostures, 192
Paradise Lost, Milton’s, 783
Parchment, Use of, 28
Paris, University of, founded, 6
---- ---- increase of, 8
Paruta, Paolo, 302
Pascal, Malebranche and, 724
---- Provincial letters of, 744
---- Thoughts of, 697, 725
Pastor Fido, Guarini’s, 351
Pastourelles, Early, 18
Patrizzi, 281
Pearson on the Creed, 704
Peele, Greene and, 362
Pelletier, Algebra of, 385
Pellican, 227
Perkins, his Cases of Conscience, 527
Perrault, Charles, 816
Petavius, the Jesuit, 421
Peter Martyr, Epistles of, 156
Petrarch, Dante and, 22
---- Latin Poems of, 41
---- Restoration of Letters by, 40
---- Style of, 41
Philology, Stephens’s Works on, 243
Philosophy, Consolation of, 1
---- Scholastic, Defeat of, 188
---- Scholastic, Origin of, 7
---- Speculative, 188
---- Stanley’s History of, 707
Pibrac, 335
Pilgrim’s Progress, The, 828
Pinelli, Occupations of, 404
Platonists, Aristotelians and, 74
Poem, Early, on Boethius, 13
Poetry, Early English, 62
---- German, Decline of, 20
---- German, of Swabian Period, 19
---- Provençal, 16
Poets, Early Spanish, 203
---- Elizabethan, 342
---- Minor, from 1650-1700, 790
Poggio, Bracciolini, 42
---- on the Views of Rome, 72
Politian, Works of, 95, 105
Political Philosophy in the Sixteenth Century, 294
Polyglott, Walton’s, 843
Pontanus, Works of, 111
Popery, Taylor’s Dissuasive from, 690
Port-Royal Writers, 679
Poynet on Politique Power, 296
Prerogative Argument, 485, _note_.
Press, The, of Aldus, 125
Printing, Effects of, on Reformation, 124
---- Invention of, 75
---- Progress of, 79
---- Restraint of, 124
Progress in the Tenth Century, 4
Prophesying, Taylor’s Liberty of, 449
Prose-writers under Elizabeth, 373
Protestantism Extinguished in Italy, 260
---- ---- ---- ---- And Spain, 261
Protestants, use of the Term, 173
---- The Religion of, 426
Provençal Grammar, 14
Psalter, Early Printed, 77
Publications, Early European, 85
Puffendorf, his Theory of Politics, 762
---- The Law of Nature, 753
Pulci, Works of, 97
Purbach, Discoveries of, 78

Quevedo, Satires of, 571
---- Visions of, 825

Rabelais, 216
Racine, Plays of, 793, 802
---- Style of, 798
Raleigh, his History of the World, 635
Ramus, Peter, mentioned by Bacon, 191
---- Peter, New Logic of, 190
Ramusio, Voyages of, 400
Rapin, René, on Gardens, 792
---- Critical Works of, 815
Ray, Works of, 835, 838
Reading and Writing, Ignorance of, 25
Réflexions sur l’Eloquence, Les, 815
Reformation, Burnet’s History of the, 846
---- Origin of the, 146
Regiomontanus, 93
Regnard, Plays of, 802
Regnier, Statues of, 574
Religion, Differences of, Effects of, on Poetry, 66
Republic, Analysis of the, 302
Reuchlin,, 104
---- The Monks and, 145
Reviews, Early, 817
Rhetoric, Cox’s Art of, 219
Rhetorique, Wilson’s Art of, 379
Rhyme, Origin of in Latin, 16
Ribeyro, Works of, 205
Richard of Bury, 39
Richelieu, his Care for Liberty, 426
Rienzi, The Story of, 52
Rivinus, System of, 838
Rochefoucault, 757
Roger Bacon, Works of, 57
Roman Laws, never wholly unknown, 31
Romances, Metrical, 18
---- of Chivalry, The, 65
Rome, Loss of Learning on Fall of, 1
---- Conversions to, 263
---- Supremacy of, 422
Ronsard, Poems of, 333
Roscelin, Story of, 7
Rose, Bishop of Senlis, 298
Rosmunda, The, 132
Rota, Bernardino, 320
Rowley, Thomas, 83
Royal Society, Origin of the, 832
Ruanus, Crellius and, 440
Rueda, Lope de, 212
Ruel, Studies of, 226
Rymer on Tragedy, 823

Sachs, Hans, Dramas of, 213
Sackville, Works of, 336
St. Evremond, 812
Salmasius, Works of, 412, 415
Salvator, Rosa, Satires of, 778
Sanchez, Minerva of, 244
---- Sceptical Theory of, 285
Sansons, Maps of the, 844
Santeul, Latin Poems, 793
Sarpi, Fra Paolo, 423
Saville on Roman Militia, 257
Saxon Chronicle, The, 23
Scaliger, Joseph, 247
---- as a Critic, 375
Scaliger assists Gruter, 419
Scarron, Roman Comique of, 826
Schools, Early teaching in, 136
---- Greek Taught in, 251
Science in Sixteenth Century, 645
Sciences, Academy of, at Paris, 832
---- of Middle Ages, 55
Scioppius, Work of, 416
Scot, Reginald, 278
Scotland, Learning in about 1550, 253
Scotus, 91
---- Reasonings of, 92
Scripture, Early Translation of, 85
Sebonde, Raymond de, 69
---- Real Objects of, 70
Secchia Rapita, The, 568
Secular Variation, Law of, 176
Segrais, Novels of, 827
Seicentisti, Opinions on the, 566
Selden, De Jure Naturali, 528
Semi-Pelagian School, The, 439
Sermons, Donne’s and Taylor’s, 454
---- Latimer’s, 184
Serra, Antonio, 537
Servetus, Labours of, 180
---- Life of, 269
Servitude, Domestic, 303
Shadwell, Plays of, 808
Shakspeare, William, 364, 602
---- As You Like it, 369
---- Comedy of Errors, 365
---- First Writings, 364
---- Historical Plays, 368
---- Love’s Labours Lost, 365
---- Lear, 604
---- Lucrece, 340
---- Measure for Measure, 603
---- Merry Wives of Windsor, 603
---- Midsummer Night’s Dream, 365
---- Pericles, 605
---- Poems, 340
---- Roman Tragedies, 606
---- Romeo and Juliet, 366
---- Sonnets, 582
---- Twelfth Night, 602
---- Two Gentlemen of Verona, 365
---- Venus and Adonis, 340
Shirley, Plays of, 621
Skelton, Works of, 154
Smith, Teaching of, 167
Societies, German Literary, 575
Socinianism, Rise of, 181
Sonnets, Shakspeare’s, 583
Soto, Dominic, 289
South, Sermons of, 704
Southern, Plays of, 807
Spain, Pastoral Romances of, 117
Spanish Language, Origin of, 10
Spenser, his Sense of Beauty, 344
---- Resembles Ariosto, 344
---- Shepherd’s Kalendar of, 337
---- Style of, 345
Spregel, the Dutch Ennius, 576
Spinosa, Ethics of, 726, 746
---- Politics of, 764
Stampa, Gaspara, 321
---- her Love for Collalto, 321
---- her Second Love, 322
---- her Style, 322
Statics, Galileo’s, 657
Stephens, Thesaurus of, 163, 237
---- Works of, 236
Stevinus, Statics of, 391
Strada, his Prolusiones, 627
Sturm on German Schools, 165
Suarez, of Granada, 524
---- on Laws, 544
---- Works of, 525
Surrey, Wyatt and, 207
Surville, Clotilde de, 83
Swift, his Tale of a Tub, 831
Sydney, Algernon, on Government, 767
---- Sir Philip, his Defence of Poesie, 338
---- his Poetry, 339
Syriac, New Testament in, 399

Table Talk, Selden’s, 532
Tacitus of Lipsius, The, 235
Tale of a Tub, The, 831
Talent, Deficiency of Poetical, in Tenth Century, 5
Tasso, Bernardo, The Amadigi of, 323
---- Torquato, 324
---- compared with others, 326
---- his Jerusalem, 324
---- ---- ---- Characters of, 325
---- ---- ---- Faults in, 325
---- his Styles, 324
---- Virgil and, 326
Tassoni, Alessandro, 568
Taste, Prevalence of Bad, 5
Tauler, John, 25
Taylor, Bishop Jeromy, 447
Telemaque, Fenelon’s, 828
Telesio, System of, 281
Theatre, English, Revival of, 804
---- First French, 107
Theosophists, Paracelsists, and, 463
Thesauri of Grævius and Gronovius, 683
Thesaurus Criticus, Gruter’s, 234
Thomas À Kempis, School of, 55
Tillotson, Sermons of, 704
Toleration, Arguments for, 446
Tournebœuf, or Turnebus, 233
Tournefort, System of, 838
Tractate, Milton’s, 758
Tracts, Statistical, 775
Treatise de Imitatione Christi, 68
Trent, Council of, 182
---- ---- Efforts of, 264
Trinitarian Controversy, The, 268
Turkish Spy, The, 829
Tyndale, Bible of, 187
Tyrannicide, Poynet and, 297

Universities, Rise of, 8
Usher, Chronology of, 684
Usury, Noodt on, 776
Utopia, More’s, 137

Valla, Laurentius, 72
---- Defects of his Work, 73
---- Heeren’s Praise of it, 73
---- Testament, Annotations on New, 73
Valors, Henry, 681
Van Helmont, 669
Vanbrugh, Plays of, 809
Vanini, Writings of, 455
Vatican Library, The, 230
Vesalius, Works of, 224
Victa, Francis, 385
Victoria, Learning of, 44
Vincent of Beauvais, 59
Vinci, Leonardo de, 108
Vocabulary of Papias, 36
Voiture, Poems of, 574
Vondel, 577
Vossius, Gerard, 417
Vulgar Errors, Browne’s, 677
Vulgate, The, 187
---- Authenticity of, 278

Waller, Poetry of, 782
Walton, the Complete Angler, 824
Webster, Plays of, 622
White, Thomas, 706
Wilkins, Bishop, 736
Wit, Whetstone of, The, 385
Witchcraft, Scot on, 278
Writers, Romish, 183
Writing, Rise of Knowledge of, 27
Wyatt, Surrey and, 207
Wycherley, Plays of, 803

Ximenes, Cardinal, 134

Zerbi, Anatomy of, 130
Zwingle, Work of, 147

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1. Household Carpentry and Joinery. In which a full and sufficient description is given of all such timber as the Amateur may require, the Tools that he must use, and the processes to which he may have occasion to resort.

2. Ornamental & Constructional Carpentry and Joinery. In which he is led on to the higher branches of working in Wood, such as Turning, Fret-sawing, and Wood-carving; and to the erection of any Building in which wood is the principal material used; and the manufacture and mending of simple articles of Furniture, the mode of putting up Blinds, Curtain Poles, Cupboards, &c., &c., and doing any ordinary work for which the jobbing carpenter is generally called in.

3. Household Building Art and Practice. In which the Amateur is made acquainted with simple methods of putting up Buildings in less perishable materials than wood, and with ordinary Smith’s work, Brazing, Soldering, Wire-working, Painting, Glazing, and a variety of other operations that may be performed without difficulty if the Amateur is determined to go to work with a will.

WITH 750 ILLUSTRATIONS
OF TOOLS, PROCESSES, BUILDINGS, &c.

“A most useful book, not only to working men, but to all
classes of people.”--THE EDINBURGH DAILY REVIEW.

London: WARD, LOCK & CO., Salisbury Square, E.C.

* * * * *

_WARD, LOCK & CO.’S NEW PUBLICATIONS._

_ENTIRELY NEW EDUCATIONAL WORK._
Just ready, price 5s., folio, boards.

WARD & LOCK’S
PICTORIAL
ATLAS OF NATURE,
CONTAINING
_500 ORIGINAL ENGRAVINGS_
OF THE
Men, Animals and Plants
_OF ALL QUARTERS OF THE GLOBE_.
FOR HOME AND SCHOOL USE

_Edited, with Explanatory Notes, by H. W. DULCKEN, Ph.D._

The Geographical Atlas pictures the surface of the earth, with its mountains, seas and lakes, its continents, islands and rivers; but to illustrate the wonderful and endless variety of the phases of Plant life, Animal life, and Human life that diversify this surface, a supplementary, or rather accompanying, Atlas is wanted; and this requirement the PICTORIAL ATLAS OF NATURE is intended to fulfil.

Here will be found, in the Ethnological Plates, types of the families of the Human Race; in the Natural History department, the different Animals; and in the Botanical illustrations, the Plants of the various quarters of the globe. The Outline Map on each plate, with numbers corresponding to those of the separate illustrations, will enable the learner to find, and the teacher to point out, the habitat of the various Men, Animals and Plants.

The Woodcuts have been prepared with the greatest care, the Animals and Plants being drawn from nature, and the pictures of races, in almost every case, taken either from the life or from well-authenticated photographs. Many eminent men of science have lent their valuable assistance in verifying the correctness of the pictures, and no pains have been spared to make the work as complete as possible.

London: WARD, LOCK & CO., Salisbury Square, E.C.

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_WARD, LOCK & CO.’S NEW PUBLICATIONS._

_THE CHEAPEST ENCYCLOPÆDIA_
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Complete in Four Volumes, strongly bound, half-roan,
price 42s.; half-calf, _63s._

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ENCYCLOPÆDIA
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COMPRISING
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AND CONTAINING NEARLY
4,000 PAGES,
50,000 DISTINCT ARTICLES,
2,000 ENGRAVINGS, and
NUMEROUS COLOURED MAPS.