Chapter V: The Morphology of Speech (4)

[205] According to the current theory the sonant or vocalic _n_, _l_, and _r_ develop out of a consonantal _n_, _l_, _r_. Fick (Bezzenberger’s “Beiträge,” iv., 1878) has shown that Greek aorists like ἔδρακε or παθών owe their α-vowel to this cause. The accentuation of the last syllable occasioned the loss of the vowel of the present-stem (which Fick proves to represent the oldest form of the verb), and out of the resulting ἔδρκε or πθών grew ἔδρακε and παθών. The corresponding Swarabhakti vowel in Teutonic is _u_ (cfer. ἑκατόν, _i.e._ ἑκαντόν for ἑκντόν, and Gothic _hund_ (our _hundred_), ἄρκτος, and Gothic _vulfs_, -ματός and Gothic participial -_munds_). According to the Indian grammarians the Sanskrit _ṛi_ = ¼ _a_ + ½ _r_ + ¼ _a_ (Greek ᾰρᾰ).

[206] “Beiträge zur Kenntniss der Sicilianischen Mundart,” p. 154.

[207] See Joh. Schmidt: “Ueber Metathesis von Nasalen,” in Kuhn’s “Zeitschrift,” xxiii. pp. 266-302 (1877).

[208] “Grundzüge” (2nd edition), p. 650.

[209] Brugman in Kuhn’s “Zeitschrift,” xxiv. p. 81 (1878).

[210] Recent researches seem to have shown that the parent-Semitic possessed two dentals, which may be written _ṭ_ and _ḍ_, and are represented in Arabic by _th_ and _dh_ (ذ), and in Assyrian, Hebrew, and Ethiopic by _s_ (_sh_) and _z_. Consequently the table of sound-shiftings will be—

Parent-Semitic. Arabic. Assyrian. Hebrew. Ethiopic. Aramaic.
_ṭ_ _th_ _s_ _sh_ _s_ _th_
_ḍ_ _dh_ _z_ _z_ _z_ _d_
_t_ _t_ _t_ _t_ _t_ _t_ (_th_)
_d_ _d_ _d_ _d_ _d_ _d_
_sh_ _s_ _s_ _sh_ _s_ _s_
_s_ _sh_ _s_ _s_ _sh_ _sh_
_´s_ _s_ _´s_ _´s_ _s_ _sh_

[211] Logan: “Indian Archipelago,” iii. p. 665.

[212] “Magyarische Grammatik” (1858).

[213] De Ujfálvy, in the “Revue de Philologie et d’Ethnographie,” i. 1, pp. 20-50.

[214] Reprinted by I. Pitman in 1850.

[215] The “Grammatica Linguæ Anglicanæ,” to which is prefixed a treatise “De Sonorum omnium loquelarium formatione: Tractatus Grammatico-physicus.”

[216] Swift’s “Works,” ix. pp. 137-139 (edit. Sir W. Scott).

[217] The monthly journal of these reformers, published at Bremen, is entitled: “Reform. Zeitšrift des algemeinen fereins zur einfürung einer fereinfahten deutšen rehtšreibung.”

[218] “Etymologische Forschungen,” v. p. xxii.

[219] “Language and the Study of Language,” p. 106.

[220] See his “Etymologische Forschungen,” v. i., Introd. (2nd edition).

[221] Donner: “Z. D. M. G,” xxvii. 4 (1873).

[222] “Lectures,” ii. pp. 268 _sq._ (8th edition).

[223] That is, hard-explosive.

[224] These characters represent the palæotype symbols employed by Mr. Ellis.

[225] Soft-explosive.

[226] Nasal-explosive.

[227] Hard-continuous.

[228] Soft-continuous.

[229] Hard-trill.

[230] Soft-trill.

[231] Nasal-continuous.

[232] Soft-liquid.

[233] Hard-liquid.

[234] For Mr. Ellis’s own Palæotype Alphabet, see “Early English Pronunciation,” part i. pp. 3-12, where also a list of signs denoting clicks, pitch, whisper, glide, &c., is given.

[235] In “A Handbook of Phonetics,” pp. xv-xvii.

[236]

Old Old Middle Hakka South
Chinese. Mandarin. Dialect. Dialect. Fukien. Canton.
g c’h, k’ (h) g (dj) k’ k’, k k’
d t’(l) d t’ t’, t t’
b p’ (f) b (v) p’ p’, p (h) p’

This table applies only to words which have the fifth tone (Edkins: “Introduction to the Study of the Chinese Characters,” p. 185).

[237] Sayce: “Principles of Comparative Philology,” Preface to 2nd edition, p. ix.

[238] See “Contemporary Review,” April, 1876.

[239] Fr. Müller: “Grundriss der Sprachwissenschaft,” i. 2, p. 2.

[240] Sayce: “Principles of Comparative Philology” (2nd edition), p. 229.

[241] “Transactions of the Philological Society” (1856), pp. 40, 41.

[242] “La Philosophie de la Science du Langage étudiée dans la formation des mots” (1875), p. 83.

[243] Tylor: “Primitive Culture,” i. pp. 199-201.

[244] See Sayce: “Principles of Comparative Philology,” 2nd edition, p. 253.

[245] Wilson: “Grammar,” p. 32.

[246] Schiefner: “Tibetische Studien” (1851), p. 30.

[247] Platzmann: “Brasilianische Grammatik,” chap. xv.

[248] In Curtius’ “Studien,” vii. pp. 185 _sq._

[249] Buschmann: “Abhandlungen d. Berlin. Akad.,” 1869, i. p. 122.

[250] The whole subject of reduplication has been exhaustively treated by Professor Pott, to whose work reference should be made: “Doppelung als eines der wichtigsten Bildungsmittel der Sprache.”

[251] “On the Origin of Civilization,” pp. 403-405.

[252] “Ethnography and Philology of the Hidatsa Indians,” p. 77.

[253] See Pott: “Humboldt’s Verschiedenheit des menschlichen Sprachbaues” (1876), i. pp. 305, 306.

[254] Aristoph. “Eccl.” 1169.

[255] See Sayce: “The Tenses of the Assyrian Verb,” in “J. R. A. S.,” Jan. 1877.

[256] Not _dhâ_, “to place,” like the perfect in the Teutonic languages, since Old Irish has _b_ (_e.g._ _caru-b_ = “amabo”), and in Keltic _b_ cannot come from _dh_.

[257] Earle: “Philology of the English Tongue” (2nd edition), p. 305.

[258] The only difficulty here is that the base of the feminine in Sanskrit is _tiśar_.

[259] Brachet, however, holds that _justice_ and _justesse_ are collateral forms, both from the Latin -_itia_.

[260] “Archæologia Americana,” ii. pp. 25, 166, 169.

[261] Bleek: “Comparative Grammar of the South African Languages,” pp. 97, 98.

[262] Matthews: “Ethnography and Philology of the Hidatsa Indians” (1877), p. 95.

[263] Buschmann: “Abhand. d. Berliner Akademie” (1869), i. p. 103.

[264] The Sanskrit equivalent of _humus_, however, has had to submit to the prevailing analogy, and in the form of _bhûmi_ assume what has become the feminine suffix.

[265] “Ethnography and Philology of the Hidatsa Indians,” p. 96.

[266] “Abhandlungen d. Berlin. Akad.” (1869), i. p. 122.

[267] “Eléments de la Grammaire Othomi,” in the “Revue Orientale et Américaine,” p. 21.

[268] Friedrich Müller: “Grundriss der Sprachwissenschaft,” i. 2, p. 27.

[269] “Trans. of the Ethnological Society,” i. p. 304.

[270] Latham in the “Proceedings of the Philological Society” (1852), p. 59.

[271] “Du Rôle de la Dérivation dans la Déclinaison indo-européenne,” in the “Mémoires de la Société de Linguistique de Paris,” ii. 5.

[272] “Grundriss der Sprachwissenschaft,” i. 2, p. 2.

[273] See Sayce: “The Tenses of the Assyrian Verb,” in the “J. R. A. S.,” Jan. 1877.

[274] Max Müller: “Lectures,” i. p. 106.

[275] See, for instance, Wiedemann: “Grammatik der Wotjakischen Sprache” (1851), pp. 268-271.

[276] Böhtlingk: “Jakutische Grammatik,” p. 160.

[277] In Bunsen’s “Philosophy of Universal History,” i. p. 265.

[278] “La Grèce avant les Grecs,” p. 45. According, however, to M. Dozon (“Grammaire albanaise,” 1878), the postfixed Albanian article is really a termination like that of the German adjective, and not a relic of the demonstrative pronoun.

[279] “De la Construction Grammaticale,” in the “Mémoires de la Société de Linguistique de Paris,” iii. 1, 2, 3.

[280] It is possible that the position of the article in the greater number of the Romanic languages may have been influenced by Teutonic usage.

[281] Exod. xxxii. 1, Josh. ix. 12 _sq._, Is. xxiii. 13.

[282] Jer. xvi. 16, Ps. xxxii. 10, lxxxix. 51.

[283] “Chips,” iv. p. 39.

[284] “Primer of Philology” (1877), p. 112.

[285] “De la Construction Grammaticale,” in the “Mémoires de la Société de Linguistique,” iii. 1, 2, 3.

[286] Prologue, 396.

[287] Orosius, i. 1, 23.

[288] Gaussin: “Du dialecte de Tahiti” (1853).

[289] See Jolly: “Ueber die einfachste Form der Hypotaxis im Indo-germanischen,” and Windisch: “Untersuchungen über den Ursprung des Relativpronomens,” in Curtius’s “Studien,” vi. 1 and ii. 2.

END OF VOL. I.

CHISWICK PRESS:—CHARLES WHITTINGHAM, TOOKS COURT,
CHANCERY LANE.