Chapter XXIII: The Standard Language (2)

Gradation of vowel-sound, effect of, on development of meaning, 181

Grain, 44

Grammars, all incomplete, 6;
historical, comparative, descriptive, their province, 1;
deal in abstractions, 2;
draw lines of demarcation where historian of language traces connection, 9

Grammatical analysis _v._ logical analysis, 268

---- categories, how arrived at, 343

---- and psychological categories, ch. xv.

---- relations and logical relations not sharply separated, 12

---- rules, their nature, 12

---- system inadequate, 7, 270

Grave, 193

Green, 144

Greenland, 326

Groundsel, 318

Groups, of ideas in the mind, 3, 73, 76;
modal and material, 76, 170, 178;
formation of new, ch. xi.;
changes in, 171.
See also _Phonetic Development_, _Syntax_, and _Numerals_.

Grouping, mainly governed by function of the words, 206;
displacement in etymological, ch. xiii.
See also _Inflection_.

Γρύς, 44, note

Gubernatorial, 414

Guerre, 388

Guess, 415

Gypsy dialects, 391

H

Hab’ und Gut (Ger.), 327

Hale, 192

Hallelujah, 163

Halibut, 319

Hammock, 415

Hand, 58 (Ger.), 202

Handiwork, 318

Harrow, 162

Head, 56, 65, 66

Headlong, 216

Health, 182

Hear, 59

Heart, 65

Helter-skelter, 164

Hemel (Dutch), 235

Hercules _v._ Heracles, 390

Hereabouts, 216

Hickory, 415

Hide, 194

Hie, hier (Ger.), 184

Higgledy-piggledy, 164

High-spirited, 212

History of language, its task, 4, 9

Historic present, 257

Hláfmesse (A.S.), 43

Hoarhound, 319

Hole, 193

Hominy, 415

Homographs, 193, note

Homophones, 193, note

Honor _v._ honour, 389

Horn, 70

Horreo, with accusative and infinitive, 215

Horse, 71

Hosannah, 163

Hotch-potch, 164

House, 43, 46

Humility, 61

Hungersnot (Ger.), 325

Hurly-burly, 164

Hurrah, 163

Hurtle, 161

Hussy, 318

I

I, a diphthong, 28

Ideal, ideell, 389

Ideas, groups of, 73

Idioms translated or borrowed, 392

Igitur (Lat.), 208

Il (Fr.), sentences beginning with (neut.), number of the verb, 295

Ill, sick, 237;
in compounds, 334

Imitation, tendency to, 8

Impersonal verbs, have they a subject, 101

Impertinent, 49

Impossible, 35

Income, 28

Indefatigable, 38

Indefinite adjectives and pronouns, 104

Individual peculiarities, 5;
their effect, 8;
only the individual has real existence, species and classes are abstractions, 14;
consciousness as to change in language, 8

Infinitive, case of nomen actionis, 356;
used as noun, 357;
active, passive and neuter, 264;
of exclamation in Latin, 312

Infitias ire, with accusative and infinitive, 215

Inflection, 93;
origin of, ch. xix.;
influence of phonetic development on new grouping in, 198;
convergence of systems of, in three degrees, 200;
terminations of, in loan-words, 391

Influence, of one language on syntax in another, 391

“---- over,” 213

Insect, 61

Instead of, 362

Interjections, 16, 345;
psychological predicates, 166

Interjectional phrases, 100

Interrogative pronouns and adverbs, 104

Intonation in Chinese and Scandinavian, 94

Intransitive verb passive, 265

Invoice, 250

Inwards, 176, 216

Ipse (Lat.), 212

Irnan (A.S.), 38

Isolation and unification, ch. x.;
formal and material, 178;
syntactical, 177;
semasiological, criterion for compound, 323;
four ways of effecting, 323;
syntactical and formal, contributes to form compounds, 331;
phonetic, has same effect, 335

It, for cognate accusative, 130

“It is ... who,” 273

J

Jackanapes, Jack-a-lantern, 328

Jactito (Lat.), 145

Jamdudum (Lat.), 149

Jiminy, 162

K

K, sounds of, 32

Kaladrius (M.H.G.), 39

Κατ’ ἐξοχήν, 53, 63

Keen, 28, 31

Keeper, 179

Κέραμος, 244

Kill--die, 265

Kingdom, 338

Kinsman, 331

Kiss-me-quick, 321

Κισσός, 244

Kit-kat, 164

Klein (Ger.), 49

Kleinheit, kleinigkeit (Ger.), 236

Knecht (Ger.), 35

Knight, 35

Know, 35;
--learn, 258

Κύανος, 244

Κυπάρισσος (Mod. Gk.), 245

L

Laden (Ger.), 235

Lady, 318

Lady-day, 323

Lammas, 43, 318

Lance-knight, 197

Language, first production of, without thought of communication, 166;
when can it be said to exist, 168;
have animals got it, 168;
of each individual the parallel of individual plant in Botany, 13;
difficulty of observation of any given state of, 6;
but incomplete expression of thought, 71, 302;
language and writing, ch. xxi.;
changes in, 8;
of two kinds, 24;
‘a language alters,’ two meanings of this phrase, 36;
a further development of dialect, 21;
‘regular’ _v._ ‘irregular,’ 78.
See also _Standard Language_ and _Speech_.

Lasso, 415

Last, 35

Laws of sound-change, are they absolute, 39;
meaning of the term, 40

Lay, 193

Learn--know, 258

Leastest, 145

Length, 182

Lengthy, 414

Leoman, 337

Lesser, 85, 145

Letters (Dutch), 235

Lettre (Fr.), 250

Levee, 415

Li (Russ.), 214

Lie--fall, 258

Linguistic form, influence of, 391

Link-words, 93.
See also _Connecting words_.

Liquorice, 198

Literary language, 23.
See also _Standard language_.

Loan (verb), 414

Loan-words, causes of adoption, 384;
often at first superfluous 227, 231;
for technical terms, 392;
borrowed from dialects 227;
the same from two different dialects, 389;
borrowed from language in which they are already loan-words, 389;
two distinct kinds of changes in, 387;
retaining their inflection, 391;
their suffixes, 390

Locus (Lat.), 234

Long measure, 321

Lumber, 415

Lump (Ger.), 234

Lose (verb), 186

M

Mailable, 414

Mainly, chiefly, 237

Make, become, 265

Malheureux (Fr.), 321

Man, 181, 189

Man-o’-war, 321, 331

Μάραθος, 244

Marble, 38

Marter, 38

Mash, 161

Match, 48

Materials, names of, 251

Material contents of a word, 74

Matter groups, 76

Maurgins (Goth.), 188

Maybe, 211, 321

Mead, meadow, 87

Mean, 48

Meaning, of same word never identical in the mind of two speakers, 51;
change of, chs. iv., xiv.;
narrowing and widening, 43;
transference of, is ‘occasional’ or ‘usual,’ 44;
test for occasional or usual, 59;
occasional, does not always include all the elements of usual, 57;
how specialised, 56;
test for independence of derived, 50;
if inaccurately conceived how corrected, 61;
of existing word encroached upon, 237;
change of, in syntax, 70, and ch. vii.;
change of, affects construction of verbs in Latin, 211.
See also _Development, Compound_.

Membra, membri, (Lat.), 235

Mémoire (Fr.), 234

Memory pictures, their nature and growth, 33;
of sound and of position, 25;
alone connect the several utterances of the same sound by the same speaker, 33;
we are unconscious of their existence, 27;
unstable and shifting, 35;
their development, 168

Mer (Fr.), 244

Metaphorical expressions, 57

Metathesis, 37

Métier (Fr.), 32

Midriff, 319

Migration of tribes, effect on language, 22

Mildew, 318

Milt, 142

Mind, conscious and unconscious action of the human, 3

Mine, 215

Minnow, 144

Minuit (Fr.), 244

Mixture in language, ch. xxii.;
two meanings of this expression, 381;
how it arises, 381

Mobile, movable, 237

Moccasin, 415

Modal contents of a word, 74;
modal groups, 76

Mood and tense, 261;
potential, 260

Moon, 43

More, 85

Mother, 173

Mouse, 86, 181

Movements of vocal organs, control of, 30

Murderous, 390

N

N, displacement of, 283

Name, various constructions of the noun, 289

Nanu (Sans.), 214

Ne (Lat.), 214

Νεανίας, 245

Near, 362

Neck, 66

Needs, 176

Negation, pleonastic, 154

Negative particle after verbs of denying, 155

---- sentences, 102

Neighbour, 319, 339

Neuheit, neuigkeit (Ger.), 236

Nevertheless, 321, 335

Newfoundland, 322, 326

News, 250

Newt, 283

Nickname, 283

Nigh, 362

Night, 35

Nightingale, 318

Nightmare, 318

Noce (Fr.), 250

Nomen (Lat.), construction of, 289

---- actionis, 355;
inexpressive of voice, 262

---- agentis with dependent case, 355.
See also _Noun_.

Nominative, in predicate, 290;
with infinitive, 290, 291;
stands instead of pure stem or ‘absolute case,’ 289, 292

None, 320

Nonne (Lat.), 214

Nostril, 339

Notwithstanding, 345

Noun as predicate, its case, 290;
used as verb, 207, 351.
See also _Substantive_.

Nul (Fr.), 155

Number, 247 (see also _Plural_, _Singular_, _There_);
referring to abstracta, 250;
‘neuter,’ corresponding to neuter gender, 251, 253.
See also _Quisque_.

Numerals, 252, 344, 393;
ordinals, 326

Nursery language, 164

O

Object, grammatical, origin of, 112

Occasional meaning, 44

Octo (Lat.), 35

Oddity, 390

Œils, yeux, (Fr.), 235

Of, off, 363

Of mine, 215;
of in adverbial expressions, 176

Offal, 334

Office (Fr.), 234

Offset, 334

Once, 358

One and all, 328

Onomatopoiesis, 160

Onset, 333

Onslaught, 333

Opossum, 415

Optative, expressed by future tense, 261

Orange, 283

Orchard, 318

Oreste (O.Fr.), 143

Origin of language, conditions of creation not different from those of historic development, 11, 157

Original creation, ch. ix.;
nature of, 158;
conditions of, 159;
combined with analogical formation, 165

Ὄρνις, 63

Οὐκ οῦν, 214

Output, 334

Outrance, à, (Fr.), 385

Overflow, 333

Overlook, 133

Overreach, 133

Overtake, 133

Owe, 11

P

P, 32;
p, pf, 387

Pagan, 49

Paille (Fr.), 234

Pale, 193

Palliolum (Lat.), 38

Palsangguné (Fr.), 162

Par (Fr.), 214

Παρά, 133

Parataxis, 121

Participles, 353;
present, 137, 179, 263;
agreement of, when used as predicate, 295;
‘misrelated,’ 137;
participial constructions, 138.
See also _Tense_.

Parts of speech, ch. xv.;
see also under names of.

Passive, 204, 277;
of intransitive, verbs, 265;
formation of, 266;
in Scandinavian, 211;
when acknowledged in formal grammar, 265;
and active voice differ only syntactically but express the same actual relation, 262.
See also _Voice_.

Past tense. See under _Tense_.

Pastime, 388

Pauser, 64

Pea, 86

Pein (Ger.), 387

Pen, 66

Pensioner, 64

People, 248

Pereo (Lat.), 211

Period of construction and of decay, 342;
of roots, 158

Periphrastic “It is ... who,” 273

Person, vacillation in use of, with copula, 294

Personal terminations, probable origin of, 300

Pfeffer (Ger.), 387

Pfingsten (Ger.), 387

Phonetic science, 29;
compensations, 36, note;
alphabet, 5, 370;
spelling, 27, 366

---- development of word-groups, 182;
causes convergence of same cases in different systems of declension, 201;
of different cases in same system, 202;
formation of new modal groups, 198;
confluence of forms, two effects of, 192;
differentiation, its effect on development of meaning, 181;
change influences formation of compounds, 335.
See also _Compounds_.

Phrases, entire, coalesce into a compound word, 321

Physical organs, their linguistic action, 4

---- phenomena of linguistic activity, 5

Pig, 62

Pin, 50

Place-names, 56, 64, 330

Πλάτανος (Mod. Gk.), 245

Pleonasm, 153;
in negation, 154;
pleonastic article, 156

Plume (Fr.), 49

Plupart (Fr.), 298

Pluperfect tense formation in Latin, 341

Plural, formation, 79;
with force of singular, 249;
and singular mixed in one sentence, 287, 293.
See also _Number_.

Poetry, rich in synonyms, 228;
Icelandic, 228

Poisonous, 390

Point, 57

Politique (Fr.), 234

Popular etymology, 10, 195, 386

Portuguee is correct, 86

Positive for comparative, 154

Post, 48, 50

Potential mood, 260

Poulterer, 64

Præsente (as preposition), 210

Præterito-præsentia, 258

Prairie, 415

Preach, predict, 389

Predicate, logical, psychological, grammatical, 95;
grammatical and logical when identical, 268;
often distinguished by stress, 272;
by inverted construction, 273;
psychological alone expressed, 311;
in negative sentences, 273;
grammatical, often no more than copula, 279;
extension of, 114;
in plural after copula in singular, 293;
_vice versâ_, 294;
participle as, concord of, 295;
in concord with apposition instead of with subject, 295,
with noun compared with subject, 296,
with genitive dependent on subject, 298;
in relative clause agreeing with the noun which it qualifies instead of relative pronoun which is subject, 297.
See also _Subject_.

Predicatival attribute, case of, 290

Prefix _be_, 131

Preliminary statement of psychological subject, 274

Prepositions, 210, 361;
Latin, 133;
Greek, 133, 183;
German, 213;
‘personal,’ in Welsh, 277;
verbs compound with, 275;
post position of, 275;
pleonastic use of, 153, 277;
do prepositions ‘govern’ cases, 132

Prepositional phrases, 176

Present. See _Tense_.

Priest, 349, 389;
priester (Dutch), 387

Printing, influence of, 406

Prior, 38

Privy councillor, 329

Prófecto, (Lat.), 208

Pronoun, 344;
interrogative, 104, 272;
demonstrative, 272;
relative, 272;
ditto, omitted, 115;
indefinite, 104;
personal, declension of, 202;
reflective, 209

Proper names, 46, 63

Proportion in analogical formation, 79

Prove, probe, 389

Provide, 236

Psychological and grammatical categories, ch. xv.

Psychical organisms, their importance, 4;
how observable, 6;
the only permanent element in speech, 26

Puns, 48

Pursuer, persecutor, prosecutor, 237

Purvey, 236

Q

Quagmire, 337

Quarter-sessions rose, 198

Quatre-vingts (Fr.), 393

Questions, rhetorical, 107;
different forms of, 105

Quin (Lat.), 213

Quinque (Lat.), 38

Quisque (Lat.), singular with verb in plural, 251

R

Racoon, 415

Radical (Fr.), 49

Ranch, 415

Real, reell, 389

Rear, 181

Receipt, 379

Recreant, 49

Reign, 379

Relative, relation, (substantive), 226

Relative pronoun, 296;
omitted, 115, 277 note, 305.
See also _Predicate_.

Repetition of subject. See _Subject_.

Republic, 212

Respect, 236

Rhythm, 379

Rhone (gender in Ger.), 244

Riddle, 86

Righteous, 197

Rinnan (A.S.), 38

Ritter (Ger.), 180, 234

Roots, 165;
so-called period of, 158

Roundabouts, 326

Rosary, 69

Rumple, 161

Run, 38

S

Sachant (Fr.), 232

Sail, 58

Sake, 194

Sandhi, 337

Sanglier (Fr.), 67

Savant (Fr.), 232

Scales, 250

Scandinavian intonation, 94

Schème (Fr.), 245

Schlecht, böse, (Ger.), 67, 237

Science of language, 2

Scholar, 64

Scot-free, 319

Sea-horse, 330

Secure, 136

See (Ger.), 234

See-saw, 164

Seethe, sodden, 186

Sehr (Ger.), 67

Self, as suffix, 208, 321

Senatorial, 414

Sennight, 319

Sentence, definition of, 92;
consisting of one word, 98;
without verb, 280, 309;
consists usually of two parts, 268;
extension of simple, 108;
when psychologically simple, 269;
complex, 119;
grammatically simple but logically complex, 270;
_vice versâ_, 282;
main and subordinate, with common element, 306;
that cannot be analysed, 285;
of demand, 102;
negative, 102;
interrogatory (two kinds of), 103;
of surprise, 106;
and phrases coalesce into compound-words, 321

Sentir (Fr.), 136

Separate, sever, 236

Serra, serro, (Portug.), 236

Serviceable, useful, 237

Sessions, 250

Set, sit, 265

Settle, 194

Sever, separate, 236

Shade, 45, 87

Shallop, 383

Shallow, 233

Shambles, 250

Shamefaced, 197

Shay, 86

Shed, 194

Sheer, 194

Sheet, 56

Shoal, 233

Shoddy, 414

Shop, 180

Shoulder, 66

Shred, 403

Sick, 237, 415

Siesta, 231

Silly, 97

Since, 139, 363

Sing-song, 164

Singular with force of plural, 248.
See also _Plural_ and _Number_.

Sir, 349

Sirloin, 197

Sisclar (provençal), 144

Sit, set, 265

Skatte-ter (Dan.), 235

Slap, slip, slop, 161, 163

Sloop, 383

Slight, 67

Smash, 161

Snip, snap, 164

Sodden, 186

Soixante-dix (Fr.), 393

Solidarity, 392

Sore, 67

Sort (Fr.), 244

Sound, 48, 195

Sounds of a language and their representation in writing, 5 (see also _Phonetic_, _Writing_, _Spelling_);
not easily influenced by dialects, 393

Sound-change, 10, ch. iii., or sound-shifting in Teutonic, 19 (see also _Verner’s law_);
causes of, 34;
rate of, 37;
laws of, are they absolute, 39;
and sound interchange, 39;
two effects of, 191;
effect of, on grouping of words, 171

Sound utterance, connection between successive cases of, only psychical, 26.
See also _Speech_.

Sovereign, 197, 379

Sparrow-grass, 198

Species and classes nothing but abstractions, 14

Speech, 5;
elements of, utterance, 24;
of intermediate districts, 21

Spelling, English, 27, 367, 368;
French, 27;
German, 367;
Sanscrit, 367;
advantages of fixed, 374;
influence of analogy on, 378.
See also _Writing_.

Spem habeo, with accusative and infinitive, 215

Spiritual, 61, 389

Spry, 415

Square, 389

Squaw, 415

Squarson, 144

Squash, 161

Squire, esquire, 234

Stage, influence on standard language, 397, 413

Stan (A.S.), 84

Stamp, 62

Stampede, 415

Stand, 57;
--step, 258

Standard language, ch. xxiii.;
what is it, 395;
how fixed, 396;
in English, 397;
in Germany, 396 (see also _Stage_);
American, 410;
complexity of, 410;
influence of, 4;
action and reaction between, and individual dialects, 402;
conditions required to create need of, 405;
two standards for each language, 401;
develops by borrowing from natural language, 403;
even standard language, will break up into dialects, 408

Steht, es--nicht dafür, (Ger.), 392

Step, stand, 258

Stile, 193

Stoop, 415

Straightways, 176

Stress, on psychological predicate, 96, 272;
in compound words, 322.
See also _Accent_.

Stupeo (Lat.), 211

Subject, logical, grammatical, psychological, 95;
grammatical and logical, when identical, 268;
how indicated originally, 96,
by emphasis, 273,
by inverted construction, 97, 273;
precedence of, in consciousness of speaker, 97;
subject and predicate not the same for speaker and hearer, 100;
differently conceived by different speakers or hearers, 271;
preliminary statement of psychological, 274;
repetition of, 300;
subject in singular with verb in plural, 286.
See also _Predicate_.

Subordination _v._ co-ordination, 283

Substantive, 343;
how distinguished from adjective, 347;
used as adjective, 349.
See also _Noun_.

Suegra (Span.), 245

Suffixes: origin of, 338;
in loan-words, 390;
applied to syntactical groups, 326;
able, 219;
ard, 390;
ate, ation, 220;
ble, 219;
dom, 91, 236;
ed, 212, 319 (note), 333;
in weak verbs, 380;
er, 64;
er, est, 199;
ery, 390;
ful, 91, 223;
hood, 236;
ian, 390, 391;
ing, 137, 178;
ism, 391;
ist, 390;
le, 160;
less, 223;
ling, long, in adverbs, 216;
ly, 208, 340;
μα, gender of derivatives in Romance languages, 245;
ment (Fr.), 208;
ness, 224, 236;
no, 188;
o (It. third person plural), 143;
ough, 142;
s, 79;
self, 208;
some, 91;
tas (Lat.), té (Fr.), 85;
th, 178;
tion, 222 note;
tism, 86;
waru (A.S.), 249;
y, 91

Sultana, 390

Superfluity, how it arises, 226;
how obviated, 227, 229

Superlative for comparative, 154

Sûr (Fr.), 136

Surcease, 196

Synecdoche, 58, 68

Synonyms, 226;
in poetry, 228

Synovya (Russ.), 236

Syntax, fundamental facts of, ch. vi.;
change of meaning in, ch. vii.;
of one language influencing that of another, 391;
syntactical distribution, displacement of, ch. xvi.;
syntactical groups with suffixes, 326;
syntactical co-ordination expressive apart from the meaning of the co-ordinated words, 323

T

T, sounds of, 32;
in Latin _t_ or _z_ in German, 387

Tail, 66

Taper, 388

Technical terms, loan-words for, 392

Tense, 253;
origin of, expression, 256;
logically complete scheme of, 253;
deviations from the same, 256;
tenses in Hebrew, 259;
tense relation often expressed by different verbs, 258;
compound tenses, 259;
tense absolute, 255, 258;
present, for future, 256, 257, 260;
ditto for past, 257;
historic present, 257;
past for future, 256, note;
past for present, 257;
past tense and past participle, 88;
future, 260;
tense and mood, 259, 261;
formation of, in French and Latin verbs, 341

Terrapin, 415

Th, two sounds of, 28

Than, then, 236

That, 248, 283, 363

Theodore, 10

There, sentences beginning with, number of the verb, 295

Thing, 10

ðiudans (Goth.), 188

Though, 35, 139, 143

ðyrl (A.S.), 339

Tiber (gender in Ger.), 244

Tick-tack, 164

Till, 152, 362

Tiresome, 415

Tittle-tattle, 164

Titmouse, 319

Tobacconist, 86

Toboggan, 415

Tongue, 56

Tooth, 181, 189

Topmost, 347

Touaille (Fr.), 388

Towards, 216

Train, 56, 57

Transferred epithets, 136

Translations, 51

Transpire, 67, 415

Trapano (Ital.), 144

Travail, 235

Triers (O.Fr.), 143

Tuesday, 318

Turtur (Lat.), 38

Twice, 358

Twilight, 319

U

U, formation of oo-sound, 31

Ugh, 163

Umlaut, effect of, on development of meaning, 181

Un (Fr.), sound of, 183

Unawares, 176

Unco’, 394

Understand, 67

Undertaker, 179

Underwriter, 334

Unification, in declension, 186;
in verbs, 187;
direction of, 188;
order of, 186;
three rules, 186, 187;
sometimes disadvantageous, 191.
See also _Differentiation_.

Uniformity, advantage of, 191

Until, 152

Unwalkative, 60

Upstairs, 325

Upwards, 176

Usage, displacement of, 9, 17;
occasional _v._ usual, 45

Use, 237

Useful, serviceable, 237

Usher, 64, and note

Usual _v._ occasional meaning, 44

Usui (Lat.), 210

V

Vaaban (Dan.), 235

Val (Fr.), 244

Valeur (Fr.), 85

Veal, 388

Verb, 265, 343, 352;
in Latin, construction of, 211;
compound with adverb, 333;
derived from French, 196;
with two accusatives, 288;
of incomplete predication, 281

Verdorben, verderbt (Ger.), 236

Verner’s law, 172, 185

Villain, 49

Vocabulary, American _v._ English, 416

Vocal organs, we are unconscious of their action, 29;
control of their movements, 30

Vogel (Dutch), 235

Voice, 261;
passive, 261;
middle, 265-267;
not expressed or implied in nomen actionis, 264;
distinction of, purely syntactical, 262.
See also _Passive_.

Voile, 250.

Vouchsafe, 206

Vowels, formation of, 31.

W

Wairilos (Goth.), 38

Was (in Slavo-Ger.), 393

Was, were, 185

Wealth, 182

Weary, 223

Wednesday, 318

Wegs (Goth.), 201

Weil (Ger.), 139

Weiss, ich (Ger.), 257

Welcome, 213

Weleras (A.S.), 38

Well, 193

Welladay, 162

Werden (Ger.), 315

Werwolf, 318

Where, 344

Whereabouts, 216

While, 139, 344

Whole, 193, 379

Wigwam, 415

Will-o’-the-wisp, 321

Wirken auf (Ger.), 213

Wiseacre, 196

With, 323

Withstand, 323

Words, reproduced from memory _or_ formed by analogy, 217;
word-formation, rise of, ch. xix.;
a word consists of unbroken series of sounds, 27;
division of sentence into, 81, 182;
ditto in child’s consciousness, 80;
now considered simple may have been compounds, 342

Works, 250

World, 318

Wormwood, 320

Worser, 145

Writing, 27;
and language, ch. xxi.;
in how far can it represent speech, 366;
written language, influence of, on standard, 399

X

X, two sounds of, 28

Y

Yawn, 144

Yeoman, 318

You, ye, 88

Z

Ziegel (Ger.), 387

Zounds, 162

Zufrieden (Ger.), 325

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=ABBEY and OVERTON.--The English Church in the Eighteenth Century.= By CHARLES J. ABBEY and JOHN H. OVERTON. Cr. 8vo. 7_s._ 6_d._

=ABBOTT.--Hellenica.= A Collection of Essays on Greek Poetry, Philosophy, History, and Religion. Edited by EVELYN ABBOTT, M.A. LL.D. Fellow and Tutor of Balliol College, Oxford. 8vo. 16_s._

=ABBOTT (Evelyn, M.A. LL.D.)--Works by.=

=A Skeleton Outline of Greek History.= Chronologically Arranged. Crown 8vo. 2_s._ 6_d._

=A History of Greece.= In Two Parts.

Part I.--From the Earliest Times to the Ionian Revolt. Crown 8vo. 10_s._ 6_d._