Chapter XXXII: A Few Social Aspects of Invention (2)

Light causes sound, 393; 398-400; colors investigated by
spectrometer, 228; deflects dust, 133; explodes a compound, 337;
interference of, 215, 216; discovered by Young, 366; measurement of,
226, 228; polarized, reveals strains, rock structure, measures
sugar, 327; pressure of, 133; reflection, 229, total, 76-82; sources
of, 154; ultra-violet, Jena glass utilizes, 182; violet and yellow,
photographic effects, 338; well transmitted by Jena glass, 182; what
it should cost in mechanical energy, 158; arc, inverted, 75, 76,
381; Drummond lime, 155; wave as unit of length, 217.

Lighthouse, curves for base, 51; has form of tree, 250.

Lighting, electric, 158-162; General Electric Co.‘s researches, 416.

Lightning paths, 245; protection through warm air and smoke, 294.

Lime-light, Drummond, 155.

Limits to rules, 382.

Link Belt Machinery Co.‘s Shop, Chicago, 380.

Link belting, 69.

Linotype, Mergenthaler, 323.

Literature of invention and discovery, 486.

Lithography, aluminium for, 144.

Liver as sugar-maker, 262.

Lobster’s tail, hint from, 259.

Lock-woven wire fabric, 439.

Locking bar water-pipe, Ferguson, 45.

Lockyer, Sir Norman, on stellar evolution, 204.

Locomotive with cog wheels, 345, 346; gas engine for, 466; high
pressure steam for, studied with aid from Carnegie Institution, 277;
increased in weight, 15; tests, Pennsylvania R. R. Co., 241,
foot-note; with and without superheaters, 451; General Electric Co.,
128, 129, 415, 476, facing 476.

Lodge, Sir Oliver J., on bad electrical contact, 146.

Looms, Northrup, 330.

Lubricating oil reservoirs, 447.

Lumber, how dried, 130; for furniture bent and seasoned at once,
343.

Lungs, separation of oxygen from air by, 261.

“Lusitania,” steamer, 128.

Luxfer prism, 74.

Mach, Ernst, on accidental discovery, 291.

Machine tools, 94-101.

Machines code their operations, 317.

Madison Square Garden curve, 50.

Magazine-rifle tubes, 40.

Magnet in steel-making, 168; curved, 50.

Magnets in astatic needle, 149.

Magnetism measured, Bureau of Standards, 235.

Magnetite arc-lamp, 161.

Magnetization leaves traces, 192; J. Hopkinson on, 384.

Magneto-electricity discovered by Faraday, 373.

Malaria and mosquitos, 295.

Mandolin pressed in aluminium, 185.

Manganese steel, non-magnetic and tough, 171.

Manganin, Weston’s, 234.

Mangle rolls, 40.

Mangling and drying at once, 343.

Mann, C. R., acknowledgment to, xxi.

Mantle, gas, Welsbach, 155-59.

Manual training, 309, 310.

Manufacturing, tendencies in, E. Atkinson, 480, foot-note.

Marble is plastic, 152; deformed by pressure, 195, 196.

Mars satellites discovered by Asaph Hall, 286.

Martin, H. N., “Human Body,” 252.

Mason, Otis T., “Basket work of N. A. aborigines,” 112; “Indian
Basketry,” foot-note, 110, 142; on British Columbian basketry, 110;
on Pai Utes’ water-bottles, 111; “Origin of inventions,” “Woman’s
share in primitive culture,” 107.

Material, idiom of, 111.

Mathematical analysis, J. Hopkinson on, 384.

Matter, constitution of, 358; impressed by its history, 190.

Maudslay as a mechanic, 299; as a trainer of other inventors, 300;
sense of form, 308; slide-rest, 94, 96.

“Mauretania,” steamer, 128.

Maxwell, James Clerk, on Faraday’s lines of force, 392; on
cross-fertilization of sciences, 275.

Mayer, A. M., magnetic experiments, 192, 193.

Measurement, 208-244; discussed by A. B. W. Kennedy, 383; its
beginnings, 208; irregular areas, 347; light-wave as unit of, 217;
refraction, 344; standards sought, 210.

Mechanical draft, 380, 448, 472.

Medicine, original research in, 269, 272, 273.

Mellor, J. W., “Crystallization iron and steel,” 178.

Memorial Bridge, Washington, D. C., 444.

Memory for observations, 293.

Mendenhall, T. C., designs pendulum, 224.

Mercer, John, and mercerization, 138.

Mercury thermometer, 225; vapor lamp, Hewitt, 161.

Mergenthaler linotype, 323.

Metal pressing, Bliss, 184-186.

Metallography, study of, J. W. Mellor, 177.

Metallurgical machinery, automatic, 332.

Metallurgie, Revue de, 179.

Metcalf, Wm., axe and its story, 377.

Meteorology, 338, 339.

Metre, origin, 210.

Metric system, 210, 211.

Michelson, A. A., portrait, facing 214; interferometer, 214-217.

Micrometer caliper, 236.

Microphone, origin of, 147.

Microscopy, Jena glass for, 182.

Mile, nautical, 211.

Mill, John Stuart, four methods experimental inquiry, 360; on sound
observation, 279.

Miller, Hugh, “My schools and schoolmasters” quoted, 307.

Milling cutters, 48, 98, 100, 101; tell story, 377; machine, 98,
100, likely to gain on planer, 173, cuts gears, 67.

Mining in Hartz mountains, 411; placer, 124; separations in, 126.

Mississippi mud, 123; jetties, J. B. Eads, 283.

Mitchell, Walter A., acknowledgment to, xxi.

Models and law of size, 126, 127.

Modernizing a plant, 243.

Moissan, Henri, artificial diamonds, 265.

Moisture necessary for combustion in oxygen, 338, 374.

Molding clay, 102, 103.

Molds, reinforced concrete, 438, 440.

Molecule, size, 130; as reservoir energy, 131.

Molitor, D. A., esthetic design of bridges, 38, foot-note.

Molybdenum in high-speed tool steel, 172.

Mond gas, 461.

Monier, Joseph, reinforces concrete, 435; netting, 437.

Monitor, Ericsson’s, 97, 98.

Montreal, Notre Dame de Bonsecours, 118.

Moon, size of, 121; motions observed by Chaldeans, 293.

Moor grass, section, 251.

Morris Building Co., Brooklyn, hot-water service, 485.

Morris, William, “Hopes and fears for art” quoted, 114.

Morse, Edward S., naturalist, archaeological observer, 287, 288; on
Japanese pottery, 113.

Morse signals on Burke system, 354.

Mortar, Roman, 139.

Mosquitos and malaria, 295.

Moth and hornet, resemblances, 288.

Motion may explain properties, 207.

Motive power produced with new economy, 446-477; of human body, 250.

Moulton, Sir John Fletcher, on coding in invention, 317.

Mower, Obed Hussey, 320.

Multiple drills, saws, punches, 290.

Murdock, Wm., introduces gas-lighting, 154, 280.

Murphy machine shears timber, 322.

Muscles, fibrils of, 258.

Mushet, R. F., high-speed tool steel, 171.

Musical instruments and their prototypes, 257.

Narwhal tusk, 259.

Nasmyth, Alexander, invented bow string bridge, 308.

Nasmyth, James, trained by Maudslay, 300; on drawing, 308.

National Museum, Washington, aboriginal art, 106.

Nature a drama, not a tableau, 355; as teacher, 245-266; unity of,
357.

Nebular theory illustrated, 149.

Needle for sewing-machine, 379.

Neon, 213.

Neptune, discovery of, 214, 378.

Newark Public Library, 487.

Newcomb, Simon, on original research, 269; on analysis and
generalization, 277.

Newton as a boy tireless in construction, 301; makes a sundial and a
telescope, measures force of storm, 302; corpuscular theory of
light, 203; discovery of law of gravitation, 211, 387; fails to
observe black lines of solar spectrum, 284; on achromatism, 254;
rings, 237, 238.

New Amsterdam Theater, New York, 119, facing 118.

New York Central R. R. Line, its course, 246.

New York Subway, reinforced concrete, 443.

Niagara Falls retiring, 123; turbines at, 70, 371.

Nichols, Ernest F., on pressure of light, 133; sensitive
thermometer, 226.

Nickel, how made malleable, 176.

Nickel-steel, 166, 167; of like expansibility with glass when
heated, 170; which shrinks when heated, 170.

Nickelin, Weston’s, 234.

Nicolaysen, N., on Viking ship, 57.

Nitro-glycerine, 409, 410.

Nobel, Alfred, improves nitro-glycerine, 410; invents dynamite, 410;
profits by accidental use of collodion, 411; invents smokeless
powder, 412; character and benefactions, 413.

Noise desirable as warning, 148.

Non-conductors heat, 186-188, 190, 374, 473.

Northrop looms, 330.

Norton, Prof. C. L., on window glass, 73; on corrosion steel in
concrete, 441.

Notre Dame de Bonsecours, Montreal, 118.

Norwegian cooking box, 189, 374.

Notes, cards for, 350.

Numbering houses and rooms, 351, 352.

Observation, 279-298; a matter of mind as well as of eye, 279; now
fuller than formerly, 152; Kersten’s leads to mechanical separation
of diamonds from other stones, 150; Mercer’s, leads to
mercerization, 138.

Odor, distressing, is useful, 146.

Oersted’s discovery of electro-magnetism, 230, 290, 373.

Office-buildings, New York, 115.

Oil engines, 466.

Oils, Bessemer improves drying of, 409.

Omission gainful, 345, 346.

Open hearth process, 164.

Ophthalmoscope, Helmholtz, 321, 379.

Orange groves saved from fluted scale insect, 281.

Ordway, J. M., on non-conductors heat, 187.

Ore stamps, Edwin Reynolds, 344.

Organic and inorganic series united, 357.

Organized invention, 414.

Origin of inventions, O. T. Mason, 107.

Original research, 267-278.

Osmium electric lamp, 160.

Ostwald, W., on original research in Germany, 275.

Otto gas engine, 463.

Oven and its converse, the safe, 374.

Oxygen, dry does not support combustion, 374; from air, 261.

Pace as measure, 209.

Packages and wrappings, 130.

Pai Utes’ water bottles, 111.

Painting by immersion, 348; compressed air for, 422, 423.

Paley on proof, 359.

Palladio trusses, 22.

Panel of bridge, 23.

Paper in continuous rolls, 346; from wood suggested by wasp nest,
261; making, 322; steam cylinders in, 343; toughened, 139; white, as
reflector, 76.

Paraffine is plastic, 195.

Parchment, vegetable, 139.

Parsons, Charles A., air compressor, 372; steam turbine, 453-456,
performances, 455, on “Turbinia” and other vessels, 455, 456.

Pascal, powers of, 270.

Pasteur’s researches, 273.

Paths of least resistance, 245; directive, 332.

Paunch copied in pottery, 115, 116.

Pavements, concrete, 430.

Peabody, Cecil H., on ship models, 54.

Pearlite, 164, facing 164.

Pearson, Karl, on original research, 277.

Pease, Edson L., acknowledgment to, xxi.

Peck, Ashley P., acknowledgment to, xxi.

Peckham, G. W. and E. G., “Wasps solitary and social,” 260.

Pelton wheel, 71, 332.

Pendulum, 222; invar for, 170; compensating, 148; measures gravity,
224.

Pennsylvania R. R. Co., testing laboratory; “Locomotive tests and
exhibits,” 241.

Pentane in thermometry, 225; in Harcourt lamp, 226.

Pepsine, 295.

Perch, Sacramento, totally reflected in tank, 77.

Perforated sails for ships, 291.

Phonograph, how Edison invented, 310; its latest form, 312; its
directness, 343; sapphire for stylus, 153.

Phosphorescence, 152; a phase of radio-activity, 199.

Photographic action of radio-active substances, 199.

Photography, Wollaston on threshold of, 284; discovery of, Daguerre,
304, 305; aids astronomer, 356; effects violet and yellow rays, 338;
Jena glass in, 182, 183; reproduces books, 324; silver compounds,
152.

Photometer, Bunsen’s, 227; Matthews‘, 228; Hyde’s, 235; Faraday’s
simple, 391.

Phrenology absurd, 359.

Pianola, 333-335.

Pianos shipped in refrigerator cars, 349.

Picard measures the earth, 388.

Pickering, E. C., on astronomical co-operation, 278.

Picturing power, 307, 309.

Piling, reinforced concrete, 438.

Pin-connected trusses, where best, 35; bridges, 36, 37.

Pine tree growing by itself, 248.

Pipe, gallows, 86; grass, section, 251.

Pitchblende, a source of radium, 199.

Pitcher, pressed seamless, 185.

Placer mining, 124.

Planers, 97, 98, 99.

Planets differ in size, 120.

Planimeter, 347.

Plants, indicative, 296.

Plaster ornaments, how made, 325.

Plastic arts, form in, 103.

Plate girders, where best, 35.

Plateau’s experiment, 148.

Platinum as lamp filament, 158.

Plauen, Germany, bridge, 42, 43.

Plow, its beginnings, 380; works well because simple, 340.

Plowshare improved, 91; of two kinds of steel, 167; self-sharpening,
258; removable, 239.

Plucker tubes, 198.

Plug and ring, 237.

Pneumatic hammer, in steel tubing, 41; tools, 40, 41; tube cleared,
321.

Poetsch, H., freezes sand to stop influx water, 326.

Polarized light reveals strains, rock structure, measures sugar,
327.

Pomo basket, 109.

Porro prisms, 81, 82.

Portland cement, 430.

Post of bridge, 23.

Post office and branches, 256; Chicago, gravity as motor in, 322.

Potential energy, 358.

Potter, Humphrey, invents self-acting valve-motion, 329.

Pottery forms, 112; Japanese, 113, 288; of the Ancient Pueblos, W.
H. Holmes, 108, 109; origin of white ware, 290.

Poulsen, Valdemar, telegraphone, 313.

Powder, Nobel’s smokeless, 412.

Pratt Institute Library, Brooklyn, 487.

Pratt truss, 24, 25.

Premium plans of wages, 244.

Press, perfecting, 48; Bliss, work, 184-186; forming die, 184.

Pressing, 103, 184-186.

Pressure, extreme, its effects, 152; shaping plaster, soap, clay,
lead, 325.

Priestley on observation, 293.

Primrose, mutations of, 276.

“Principles of Science.” W. S. Jevons, 229.

Prism, Porro, 81, 82; total reflection, 77, 78, 81, 82.

Prismatic glass, 73, 74.

Producer gas, 459; advantageous, F. W. Harbord, 476; Dowson, for
lighting, 157.

Projectiles, forms, 65.

Proof of theories, 358.

Propeller, 69; improved by accidental break, 291.

Properties, 135-207; all, probably exist in all matter, 152, 190,
202, 393; may be due to motion, 207, 357; modified, 137; produced as
needed, 152; family ties, 188; Faraday on changes in, 206; may
change in time, 195; vary in effect with rapid or slow action, 195.

Protective resemblances, 288.

Providence Public Library, 487.

Prowse, Geo. R., acknowledgment to, xxi.

Ptolemy, observations, 229; astrolabe, 230.

Public libraries, technological departments, 486.

Pugh Power Building, Cincinnati, concrete, 439.

Pump resembles garden squirt, 371; screw, Edwin Reynolds, 70;
compressed air for, 421, 422; Worthington, 70, 371.

Punches, multiple, 290.

Pupin, Michael I., telephonic researches, 366-369.

Puzzuoli ashes for hydraulic cement, 429.

Pye-Smith, Dr., on knowledge, 267; on disinterested quests, 272; on
verification, 358.

Quantitative inquiry, 209.

Quarrying, compressed air in, 427.

Queen-post truss, 21; two, trusses form a bridge, 22.

Radiation may be material or ethereal, 203.

Radiator tubing, 87.

Radio-activity, 197-207; and alchemy, 203; may explain heat of earth
and sun, evolution of chemical elements, 204; compared with common
evaporation, 200.

Radium discovered by Pierre Curie and wife, 199; investigated by
Ernest Rutherford, 199; where found, 200; heat of, probable life,
fund of energy, 202; warmer than surroundings, 132.

Railroad, best lines for, 246; bridges, 23; carriages, European,
118, 342; crossings, frogs, switches of manganese steel, 171;
economies due to improved rails, 15; engineers observe buffalo
trails, 259; Russian, 247; track cleared by steam, 124, dipping
downward, 66, 67; trains, fast, Zossen, 66.

Rails for railroads, 13; Dudley’s forms, 16; steel for, 169.

Raiment, how chosen, 135.

Rammer, compressed air for, 420.

Ramsay, Sir William, “Gases of the atmosphere,” 214, foot-note.

Range, steel, pressed, 185, 186.

Ransome, E. L., designer in reinforced concrete, 436, 439.

Ratchet bit brace, 90.

Rayleigh, Lord, discovers argon, 213; on electrical advances, 274;
theory of sound, 366.

Raymond, R. W., on indicative plants, 296.

Reaping machine, Obed Hussey, 320; must be carefully used, 341.

Reeds, Egyptian, as drills, 93.

Reflection, 75, 76; total, 76-82.

Refraction measured, 344.

Refrigerator cars for shipping pianos, 349.

Reinforced concrete. See Concrete.

Removable parts of tools, 239.

Research, original, 267-278.

Resemblances, protective, 288.

Reservoir, reinforced concrete, 442.

Residual phenomena, 214.

Resistance ships, 52, 53, 277; canal boat, 282.

Resources, material, as affecting invention, 106.

Responsiveness in plants, 248.

Reuleaux, F., on seamless boilers, 46; on minimum number parts in
machine, 341.

Reversibility, electrical, 373.

Revue de Metallurgie, 179.

Reymond, Dubois, investigates muscle and nerve, 272.

Reynolds, Edwin, screw pump, 70; ore-stamps, 344.

Reynolds, Osborne, on engineering problems, 274.

Rheostat, 316.

Ribbed glass, 73, 74.

Rice, H. H., on concrete blocks, 433-435.

Rifle-making, tendency of drills, 282.

Rifling of fire-arms, 65.

Rigidity due to motion, 358.

Riley, C. V., saves orange groves, 281.

Ring drills, 91-93.

Riveting in bridges, 36, 37; machine, Fairbairn, 370.

Roads, best lines for, 246; Roman, 410.

Roberts-Austen, experiments with alloys, preparing steel dies, 175;
interpenetration of metals, 201.

Robins conveying belt, 68.

Rock structure, polarized light reveals, 327; dissolved with acid,
347.

Roller bearings, 47, 49; for bridges, 38.

Rolls for steel, 104.

Roman cement, 429; mortar, 139; roads, 410.

Röntgen, C. W., X-rays, 108.

Roof truss, Interborough Co., N. Y., 21.

Roofs in France and Canada, 118, 119.

“Roosevelt,” Arctic ship, 19, 20.

Rope for transmission power, 347.

Rose, Joshua, on lathe tools, 94.

Ross, Dr. Donald, proves malaria due to mosquitos, 295.

Rowland, H. A., fond of experiment from childhood, 303.

Royal Bank of Canada, Havana, facing 438.

Royal Institution, London, founded by Count Rumford, 365.

Rubber may rebound from a wall or pierce it, 196; cylinders, hollow
and solid, 40; vulcanization, C. Goodyear, 289.

Rudders, Chinese, with apertures, 292.

Rules have limits, 382; that work both ways, 369-379.

Rumford, Count, founds Royal Institution, 365; proves heat to be
motion, 206.

Run of ships, 53.

Rupture of metal, how avoidable, 333.

Rutherford, Ernest, portrait facing 202; researches in radium, 199;
in thorium; opinion with regard to helium, 202; spontaneous
transformation of matter, 203. “Radio-activity,” 203.

Sacramento perch totally reflected in tank, 77.

Safe and its converse, the oven, 374.

Sailing vessel forms, 55.

Sails perforated, 291.

St. Louis bridge, 31, 41; why in three spans, 127; recent
architecture, 112.

St. Remy, Church of, 43.

Salt preserves food, 138.

Sampler, 114, 115.

San Francisco fire, reinforced concrete in, 440.

Sand blast, 124, 424, 425; polishes flints, 424; sifter, compressed
air for, 420; wind blown, 124.

Sandstone for buildings, 139.

Sapphire for phonographic stylus, 153.

Saunders channeling machine, 342.

Saunders, W. L., on introduction air tools, 419.

Saw carriage directly attached, 342; circular, strengthened, 254;
gang, 290.

Saws, multiple, 290.

Saxonville, Mass., Pipe-arch bridge, 41, 42.

Schmidt superheater, 451.

Schott, Otto, Jena glass, 181.

Schuckers, J. W., justifying wedges, 324, 325.

Schumann’s Traumerei, 333.

Screw as derived from narwhal tusk, 259; production of, 236;
Rowland’s, 237; propeller, 69; with gimlet point, 90.

Scroll, free-hand, and development, 111.

Sculpture, earth, 122; Greek, 114.

Seamless tubes, 46.

Sectional bookcases, 351.

Sedgwick, Adam, fails in observation, 280.

Selenium, discovery, properties, conducts electricity better in
light than in darkness, 394; special treatment, 397; cylinder of,
398.

Self-hardening steel, 172.

Separation, how effected, 150.

Seppings first uses trusses in ships, 19.

Sewing machine analyzed, 318.

Sexton, A. Humboldt, Metallurgy iron and steel, 178.

Shades for light, 229.

Shaper, 98, 99.

Shearing stresses, 6.

Shears for metal and timber, 322.

Shell, Art in, W. H. Holmes, 116; vessel and clay derivative, 115,
116; making, Bliss, 184.

Ship, 52-61; big, advantages, 127, 128; Clipper, 57; cross-sections,
63; design, judgment in, 63; gas engines for, 465; perforated sails
for, 291; resistances, 52, 53; studies resistance and propulsion,
Carnegie Institution, 277; Viking, 55, 56; planning ship-yard, 322.

Shops, small, 480.

Siemens, Sir William, open hearth process, 164.

Signals, Westinghouse, 428.

Silk, artificial, 261.

Silo, concrete, 430, 431.

Silt removed in stream, 124.

Silver compounds sensitive to light, 152.

Simplification, 340-354; undue, 383.

Size, 120-134; in glass-making: materials should be pulverized, 407.

Skill, manual, passes from old tasks to new, 386.

Skin scraper, Eskimo, 91.

Skins prepared for use, 138.

Slags utilized, 150.

Slide for timber, cycloidal, 341.

Slide-rest, 94, 96.

Smallpox prevented by cowpox, 295.

Smeaton, James, discovers natural cement, 430.

Smillie, Geo. F. C., acknowledgment to, xxi.

Smith, Francis P., propeller, 291.

Smith, Oberlin, on machine design, 172.

Smoke abated or not produced, 450; preserves food, 137; protects
vegetation, 146.

Smoke-jack, 449.

Smokeless powder, Nobel’s, 412.

Smyth, William H., on invention, 271.

Snails, land, observed by E. S. Morse, 287.

Snake venoms, antidotes for, 296; studied Carnegie Institution, 277.

Snow, Walter B., “Steam boiler practice,” 450.

Soap, shaping by pressure, 325.

Social aspects of invention, 478.

Sociological observations, Karl Pearson on, 277.

Soda formerly wasted now used, 150.

Soil tillage, 124.

Solenoid, 316.

Solid contents ascertained, 343, 344.

Solids and surfaces, law of, 122.

Sound caused by light, 393, 398-400; enables a pneumatic tube to be
cleared, 321; interference of, 366; mill, Dvorak, 132.

Sparks, electrical, useful, 147.

Sparrows feeding, 136.

Specialization, Thomas Young on, 365; and group attack, 416.

Specific gravity learned, 344.

Spectacles, bi-focal, 85.

Spectrometer investigates colors of light, 228.

Spectroscope, Fraunhofer invents, 284; utilized, 218.

Spinning, 126; jenny, Hargreaves invents, 290.

Spiral grooves in fire-arms, 65; steel tube, 42.

Spring, W., makes alloys by pressure, 201.

Square root extractor, 376, 377.

Squirt, garden, 371.

Staircases, curved joints for, 49.

Stamping, 103; machines curved, 50.

Standard sizes in manufacturing, 239; in power plant, 385; of
measurement sought, 210; electrical measurement, 239; Bureau of,
234-236; two varying yards, 195.

Stars, fixed, observation of, 213; double, measurements, Sir David
Gill, 286; observed by E. E. Barnard and S. W. Burnham, 285, 286.

Stas, elimination of sodium, 364.

Steam, Watt’s study of, 361; and gas engines compared, 466; engine,
automatic auxiliaries, 329; condensers, 87; Weighton’s, 452; losses,
H. G. Stott, 469-71; performances, 448, 451; resembles garden
squirt, 372; multiple cylinders, 372; Watt’s first, 101;
Allis-Chalmers, facing 448, facing 452; hammer directly attached,
342; high-pressure, for locomotives, studied Carnegie Institution,
277; turbine, 452-456, Westinghouse-Parsons, facing 454, costly
experiments, 414, should be joined to steam engine, H. G. Stott,
470; and both to gas engines, 471.

Steamer forms, 55; for cargo-carrying, 59, 61.

Steatite fibres, 235.

Steel, 163-179; annealing, 168, J. V. Woodworth, 179; barrel
pressed, 185; Bessemer’s story of his process, 403-407;
corrodibility reduced, 167; crystallization, J. W. Mellor, 178;
dies, 175, effects of use, 358; drills, 418; electric and magnetic
qualities, 151; examined microscopically, 163; expanded, 437, 438;
for biggest structures, 128; for mechanical flight, 129; forging, J.
V. Woodworth, 179; hardening, J. V. Woodworth, 179; heat treatment,
167, study aided by Carnegie Institution, 277; high-speed tool, 171;
in architecture, 119; invar, 169; iron and other alloys, H. M. Howe,
177; manganese, non-magnetic and tough, 171; manufacture of, H. H.
Campbell, 177; manufacture iron and, Sir I. L. Bell, 177; mechanical
treatment, F. W. Hall (See under Harbord), 177; Metallurgy, F. W.
Harbord, H. M. Howe, 177, A. H. Sexton, 178, T. Turner, 179;
pressed, car, 186; rails, 169, wear at Crewe, 406; range pressed,
185, 186; rolls, 104; strength of, 20, J. Hopkinson on, 384;
tempering, 168, J. V. Woodworth on, 179; to order, 166; tube,
spiral, 42; tubing, uses for, 40, 41; under microscope, facing 164;
J. W. Mellor, 178; used unduly thick, 117; wire, strength, 32; works
directory, J. M. Swank, 178.

Steinheil’s ground wire in telegraphy, 346.

Stephenson, George, as a mechanic, 299; railroad lines, 246.

Stewart, Balfour, on meteorology, 338.

Stoker, automatic, 330, 450; underfeed, 380.

Stolp radiator, 87.

Stone outlines, 112; as chosen by Indians, 143; broken by frost,
123.

Stop motion, 330.

Storage cell, Edison, 374.

Stott, Henry G., acknowledgment to, xxi; on power plant economies,
469-71.

Stoughton, Bradley, acknowledgment to, 173; list of books on iron
and steel chosen and annotated by, 176.

Stoves for heating, 86; Canadian box and dumb, 86.

Strains in bridges studied, 25; revealed by polarized light, 327.

Strap rail and stringer, 13.

Stream, model, by James Thomson, 283.

Stresses tested, 192; recurrent, 191.

Strowger, Almon, inventor automatic telephone, 337.

Strut of bridge, 23.

Sturgis, Russell, on modern architecture, 119.

Sturtevant ventilating and heating apparatus, 380, 472.

Sugar, polarized light measures, 327.

Sugar-cane mill, Bessemer’s, 402.

Sulky in steel tubing, 41.

Sulphate of ammonia from Mond plant, 461.

Sun, size of, 121.

Sundew traps insects, 281.

Superheaters, 450, 451.

Surfaces and solids, law of, 122.

Surveying, invar wires for, 170.

Suspension bridges, 32; where best, 35.

Swallow, bank, lesson from, 297.

Swank, J. M., Directory Iron and steel works; History manufacture
iron, 178.

Tainter, Sumner, aids Professor A. G. Bell in perfecting photophone,
393.

Talking Machine, Faber, 343.

Tamarac copper mine, stamp, 344, 345.

Tamping, compressed air for, 420.

Tanks, experimental, for ship models, 54, 55; U. S. Navy, facing 54;
reinforced concrete, 441.

Tantalum electric lamp, 159, 160.

Taylor gas producer, 460.

Team work in research and invention, 415.

Telautograph, Gray, 313, facing 318.

Telegraphic registers, Edison’s, 310.

Telegraphone, Poulsen, 313, facing 314.

Telegraphy, ground wire in, 346; codes in, 352-354.

Telephone, Professor Bell’s narrative of invention, 393, foot-note;
earnings, 484; as part of photophone, 395; two conductors for, 149;
automatic, 335-337; central station, 257; researches, M. I. Pupin,
367-369.

Telescope, aid from, 356; air churned in, 348.

Tellurium added to bismuth, 175.

Tempering steel, 168.

Tension, 8; members need not be of rigid material, 19.

Terra cotta, 323.

Testing apparatus, Emery, 242; Laboratories, Electrical, N. Y., 242;
materials, American Society for, 241; International Association for,
241; industrial, increasing in demand, 243.

Thacher, Edwin, bar, 436; on reinforced concrete bridges, 436, 444.

Thawing ice by electric heat, 347.

Theater, New Amsterdam, New York, 119, facing 118.

Theories, how reached and used, 355-386.

Thermo-electricity and its converse, 373.

Thermometer, mercury, 225; Jena glass for, 182.

Thermometry, interferometer in, 216.

Thomas, Carl C., “Steam turbines,” 456.

Thomas, J. J., “Farm Implements” quoted, 340.

Thompson, Benjamin, founds Royal Institution, 365; proves heat to be
motion, 206.

Thomson, James, models stream, 283.

Thomson, Joseph J., on electrons, 132; on cathode rays, 198.

Thorium radio-active, 199; Ernest Rutherford’s researches in, 200;
two substances separated from, by Charles Baskerville, 200; in gas
mantle, 156, 157.

Through bridge, 24.

Thurston, R. H., on inventors of the past, 265; on planning
investigation, 270.

Tie of railroad, 13; bridge, 23.

Tiffany, George S., improves telautograph, 317.

Tiles, roofing, studied by E. S. Morse, 288.

Tilghman, B. C., sandblast, 124, 424.

Tillage soil, 124.

Timber, Murphy machine shears, 327; slide, cycloidal, 341.

Time modifies properties, 138; measurement, 221, 222; service, W. U.
Telegraph Co., 330.

Tool design, 89; materials for, 136; machine, 94-101.

Tooth of beaver, 258.

Torpedo-boat destroyer, 62, 64.

Total reflection, 76-82.

Towers, Beauchamp, researches on friction, 274.

Track indicator, Dudley’s, 14.

Trade, how it began, 219.

Training, manual, 309, 310.

Transmission motive power, 347.

Traumerei, Schumann’s, 333.

Tray, wooden, and clay derivative, 115, 116.

Triangle as stable form, 18, 19.

Triggers, chemical, 337.

Truss, model of simple, 19; Baltimore, 25; Howe, 24, 25; kingpost,
18; Pratt, 24, 25; queen-post, 21; Palladio, 22.

Tubes, Mannesmann, 46; for radiators, 87.

Tungsten in high-speed tool steel, 172; electric lamp, 160.

Tunnel, bank swallow gives hint for, 297; bored through frozen
ground, 326; concrete, 430.

Turbine wheels, 69, 70; Francis vertical, 446; reversed as pump,
371; supported by upward pressure water, 371; steam, reversed as air
compressor, 372. (For other entries see under Steam-turbine.)

Turner, Thomas, Metallurgy iron and steel, 179.

Turret lathe, 97.

Twist drills, 93.

Tyndall, John, on dogmatism, 363; on imagination, 361; on original
research, 273; on scientific co-operation, 274; on verification,
362.

U-bend in pipe, 88.

Ultra-violet rays, Jena glass utilizes, 182.

Umstead, C. H., strengthens concrete with crushed stone, 240.

Uniform voltage economizes lighting current, 243.

Unit systems, 350, 351.

United States Geological Survey, coal testing plant, 241, foot-note;
Steel Co., as carriers, 415.

Unity of nature, 357.

Uranium, radio-active, 199.

Use creates beauty, 104, 105.

Uviol lamps, 183.

Vacuum, James Dewar produces, 327; cleaning method, 423, facing 164.

Valve-motion, Humphrey Potter’s, 329.

Valves of veins, 251, 252.

Van Vleck, John, acknowledgment to, xxi.

Variations seized, 249.

Vase from tumulus, 116.

Vegetation, engineering principles in, 247; smoke protects, 146.

Vehicles, forms, 65.

Veneer as wall covering, 342.

Ventilating and heating, Sturtevant methods, 380, 472.

Verification, Tyndall, 362.

Vial and bubbles, 127, 128.

Victoria Bridge, Montreal, 26-28.

“Victorian” driven by steam turbines, 455.

Viking ship, 55, 56.

Vines saved from phylloxera, 289.

Violet, zinc, 296.

Violins improve with use, 192.

Volcanic outbreaks, 245; Krakatoa, 125.

Voltmeter, Weston’s, 232.

Volutes in turbines, 69.

Vulcanite somewhat transparent, 338.

Wachusett Dam, concrete, 431.

Wadsworth, F. L. O., improves interferometer, 217.

Wage-earners, more in manufacturing than formerly, 479.

Wages, premiums in, 244; American, average in 1900, 486.

Waidner, Dr., Bureau of Standards, 235.

Wallace, A. R., facts and arguments, 359.

Warship curves, 51.

Wasp nest suggests paper from wood, 261; using pebble as hammer,
260.

Wastes prevented, 149.

Watches and watch-making machines, 222.

Water, angle total reflection, 77, 78; boiling point lowered as
atmospheric pressure lessens, 375; courses deepened, 123; current,
two modes of measuring, 370; expands in freezing, pressure lowers
freezing point, 375; gas, 459; moving, as source of power, 360;
pipes gradually joined, 50, reinforced concrete, 442; supply
indicated by vegetation, 297; tight basketry, 142, 143; under
pressure for power transmission, 348.

Watson, Egbert P., suggests steel tubing for bridges, 41, 42.

Watt, James, a mechanic from boyhood, 299, 302; articulated
water-pipe, 258; study of steam, 361; first steam engines, 101; on
omissions, 346; suggests metric system, 211.

Wax, shoemaker’s, is plastic, 195.

Weapons, materials for, 136.

Weather predictions, 338, 339.

Weaving, its beginnings, 138; materials, 110.

Wedge extracts square root, 376-77; justifying, 323-25; front
automobile, 66.

Weighton, R. L., steam condensers, 452.

Welsbach, Dr. Auer von, portrait, facing 156; gas mantle, 155-59,
and Holophane globe, 81; osmium electric lamp, 160.

Western Union Telegraph Co., time service, 330.

Westinghouse brakes and signals, 428.

Weston ammeter, 233; voltmeter, 232; factory, 234, foot-note.

Wheel, balance, in time-pieces, 222; Earnshaw’s compensated, 223;
bicycle, 382; carborundum, 101, 102; emery, 101, 102; flange on,
instead of on track, 370; Pelton, 71; spokeless, 66; toothed, 67.

Whetham, W. C. D., “Recent Development of Physical Science,” 204.

Whipple bridge, 25.

White, J. G. & Co., effect economies, 244.

White ware, origin, 290.

Whitney, Eli, interchangeability, 239.

Williamsburg suspension bridge, 32, 33.

Wind, work of, 124.

Windmill vanes, 70; and fan blower, 371.

Wire fabric, lock-woven, 439; shaped by hydraulic pressure, 326;
shortened, 81; tempered as drawn, 343.

Wollaston, observes black lines in spectra, 284; on threshold of
photography, 284.

Wolvin, Augustin B., ore carrier, 69.

Woman’s share in primitive culture, O. T. Mason, 107.

Wood, strength of, 21; compressed, 152; borer, compressed air for,
420.

Wood, Dr. Casey A., on diseases of the eye, 379.

Wood, R. D. & Co., gas producer, 460, 466.

Wooden tray and clay derivative, 115, 116.

Woodward, C. M., on manual training, 309, 310.

Woodward, R. S., Carnegie Institution for Original Research, 276;
portrait, facing 276.

Wood-work, Japanese, 113.

Woodworth, J. V., Hardening, tempering, annealing and forging steel,
179; on milling cutters, 377.

Work from fuel in human body, 263, 264.

Worthington pump, 70.

Wrappings of merchandise, 129.

Writing appliances, 114.

Wyer, Samuel S., Producer-gas and gas-producers, 462.

Xenon, 213.

X-rays examine electric cables, 327; make air electric conductor,
282.

Yokut basket bowl, 112.

Young America, clipper ship, 57, 58.

Young, Thomas, discovers interference light, 366; on discursiveness,
365.

Zahm, A. F., mechanical flight, 262.

Zeiss binocular glasses, 81, 82.

Zinc violet, 296.

Zirconium for gas mantle, 156.

Zuni water vessels, 108.

=FLAME, ELECTRICITY AND THE CAMERA=

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TRANSCRIBER’S NOTES

This transcription follows the original text, including inconsistent
hyphenation and spelling. Accents and diacritical marks on
non-English words have not been added, except as mentioned below.

There are some differences between the chapter titles as listed in
the Table of Contents and as given prior to chapters; neither have
been changed.

Page 42, illustration Arch bridge of steel pipe: Saxondale is
probably an error for Saxonville, used elsewhere in the text.

Page 263, Cuban firefly, life size: the scale of the illustration is
not necessarily life size.

Page 433, paragraph Concrete is now ...: the closing quote mark is
missing in the original work.

Page 459, 470: CO² as printed in the original work.

Changes made to the text:

Minor obvious punctuation errors have been corrected silently.

Footnotes have been moved to directly under the paragraph where they
are referred to; illustrations have been moved from inside
paragraphs.

Page xvi: plainer changed to planer

Page 43: opening quote mark added before was the great constructive
...

Page 132: slighty changed to slightly

Page 162: footnote [13] has no footnote marker in the original work;
one has been provided by the transcriber

Page 180: p. 254 changed to p. 255

Page 219: paqyrus changed to papyrus

Page 260: Ammorphila changed to Ammophila

Page 297: opening quote mark added before Indicative Plants

Page 326: Ashersleben changed to Aschersleben

Page 443: des Peres changed to des Pêres as elsewhere

Page 490: facing is Brantford homestead changed to facing 2 his
Brantford homestead

Page 494: Frauenhofer changed to Fraunhofer

Page 495: 473-374 changed to 473-474

Page 500: Shuckers changed to Schuckers (and moved into proper
alphabetic place)

Page 501: Frauenhofer changed to Fraunhofer

Page 502: page number 241 inserted after materials, American Society
for

Page 503, facing 156 changed to facing 164.