Chapter XXII: Conclusion (2)

Louisiana, purchase of, essentially Jefferson's policy, 246;
unwarranted by Constitution, 247, 248;
justified by general welfare, 248;
a result of fortunate circumstances, 248, 249;
its consequences not foreseen by Jefferson, 249, 250;
encourages slave trade, 250, 251.

Madison, Mary, wife of Captain Isaac Madison, 7, 8.

Madison ancestry, statement of Madison concerning, 4 n.

Madison, Captain Isaac, supposed by Rives to be ancestor of James
Madison, 7;
his career in Virginia, 7, 8;
proof that he was not James's ancestor, 8, 9;
dies leaving a wife and daughter, 8, 9.

Madison, James, father of President Madison, 3, 4;
his estates and wealth, 5; educates his children, 10;
his death, 242.

Madison, James, dates of birth and death, 1;
said by J. Q. Adams to have died on anniversary of ratification
of Constitution by Virginia, 1-2;
error in the coincidence, 2, 3;
his mother's family and name, 3, 4;
his ancestry, 4-9;
his own statements concerning family, 4 n., 5, 6, 9;
sent to school, 10;
gratitude toward schoolmaster, 10;
prepares for and enters Princeton, 10;
conflicting statements concerning his studies, 11;
depressed by ill-health, 11;
takes deep interest in theology, 11, 12;
becomes opponent of religious intolerance, 12, 13;
speaks disparagingly of politics, 13, 14.
_Revolutionary Leader._
Erroneously said to have joined a militia company, 15;
member of county committee of safety, 15;
delegate to Virginia Convention, 15;
on committee to frame Constitution, 16;
advocates recognition of right to religious freedom instead of
toleration, 16, 17;
elected to Assembly, 17;
refuses to solicit or buy votes and loses reëlection, 18;
chosen member of governor's council, 19.
_In Continental Congress._
Elected delegate to Congress, 19;
describes to Jefferson the desperate situation in 1780, 20;
considers lack of revenue the true cause, 20;
proposes fruitlessly that Congress request States to cease
issuing paper money, 21;
proposes enforced collection of supplies, 22;
his industry, 23;
appeals to Virginia for pecuniary aid, 23, 24;
helped by Solomon, a broker, 24;
eventually paid, 24, 25;
takes slight interest in military affairs, 25;
his lack of enthusiasm, 26, 27;
on finance committee, 28;
disgusted at method of drawing foreign bills, 28;
his share in proposing remedies, 30;
his knowledge of constitutional law, 30;
urges formation of a Library of Congress, 31;
instructs Jay to insist upon Mississippi navigation, 31;
opposes rescinding these instructions, 32;
condemns rejection by Rhode Island of impost scheme, 33, 34;
refuses to change his position to accommodate Virginia, 34;
his reasons for favoring scheme, 35;
less impatient than Hamilton, 35, 36;
writes address urging acceptance of five per cent. scheme, 36;
proposes a compromise on basis of taxation as concerns slaves,
41;
love affair with Miss Floyd, 42;
jilted by her, 43;
consoled by Jefferson, 44.
_Member of Virginia Legislature._
Chosen to Virginia Assembly, 45;
hopes to strengthen Union, 46;
supports measures to give Congress greater power, 47;
introduces a bill to establish ports of entry in Virginia, 49;
wishes to regulate commerce, 50;
his purpose defeated, 50, 51;
his purpose to stimulate Virginian trade, 52;
his views on navigation of Potomac, 52;
suggests to Jefferson a conference with Maryland, 53, 54;
secures appointment of commissioners by Virginia, 54;
advocates, vainly, granting Congress power to regulate trade, 56;
prepares resolution to appoint commissioners to meet
representatives of other States, 57;
fails to carry measure, 57;
after report of Maryland's proposal, secures passage of
resolution, 58;
chosen to Federal Convention, 60;
chairman of committee to codify Virginia statutes, 61;
tries, vainly, to secure payment of British debts, 62;
votes for incorporation of Episcopal Church, 63;
opposes bill to tax for support of church, 64;
circulates a "Memorial and Remonstrance," 64;
his arguments, 65, 66;
praised by Jefferson, 65 n.;
leads opposition to issue of paper money, 67;
assents to bill authorizing use of tobacco certificates, 67;
continues to study politics and science, 68, 69;
on Rumsey's steamship, 69, 70;
on discoveries of fossils and human relics, 70-72.
_In Congress._
Describes collapse of Confederacy in 1787, 74;
suspects plans for a monarchy, 74;
discouraged at outlook for Constitutional Convention, 76;
opposes Jay's plan to abandon Mississippi navigation, 81;
fears it will ruin Constitutional Convention, 82, 83;
said to have "bargained" on this point with Kentucky delegates in
Virginia legislature, 82;
fears Mississippi question will prevent Virginia from appointing
delegates to convention, 82.
_Member of Federal Convention._
"The Father of the Constitution," 84;
his report of proceedings of convention, 84;
his relation to formation of Constitution, 84, 85;
on use of term "Federal," 86 n.;
unconscious of his own use of British precedents, 90;
views on slavery, 91;
recognizes difficulties in convention to lie between North and
South, 92, 99;
wishes slaves to count in basis of representation, 94, 95;
opposed to foreign slave trade, 104;
disapproves its permission in Constitution, 105;
on finality of slavery compromises, 107;
his view of their necessity to preserve Union, 108, 109.
_Advocate of Constitution in Virginia._
Doubtful as to success of plan, 110;
later determines to urge it, 110, 111;
disapproves proposal for a second convention, 111;
his share in "The Federalist," 111-112;
returns to Virginia as candidate for convention, 112;
not an orator, 113;
his reasoning ability, 113;
doubtful of success, 114;
bears chief burden of debate, 115;
after ratification returns to Congress, 116;
described by Brissot de Warville, 117-118;
defeated for senator in Virginia Assembly through Henry's
influence, 119;
wishes election to House of Representatives, 119;
his election in spite of "gerrymander" arranged by Henry, 120,
121.
_In Congress._
Describes controversy over title of President, 124;
introduces revenue plan in Congress, 126;
willing to admit incidental protection, 126;
advocates taxation on imported slaves, 131, 132;
proposes discriminating tonnage duties, 134;
especially against Great Britain, 135;
calls advocates of English trade "Anglicists," 135, 136;
acts as leader of House in organizing government, 136, 137;
on power of President to remove from office, 138;
considers wanton removal sufficient cause for impeachment, 138;
proposes twelve declaratory amendments to Constitution, 139;
labors to prevent establishment of national capital in
Pennsylvania, 141, 142;
opposes assumption of state debts, 143;
considers the Southern location of capital a compensation, 143;
reports in favor of petition to settle public debt, 144;
proposes discrimination in favor of original holders of domestic
debt, 147, 148;
his proposal impracticable, 149;
unjustly assumes superiority for Virginia over Massachusetts
during Revolution, 150;
his views on Hamilton's and Jefferson's bargain, 152;
stigmatizes debates on Franklin's anti-slavery petitions as
"indecent," 152;
advises moderation on part of slaveholders, 154;
suggests investigation of American participation in slave trade
to foreign countries, 155, 156;
wishes a decisive declaration as to limits of Congressional
power, 156;
dreads effect of agitation, 157;
finally resents extravagance of pro-slavery advocates, 159;
courage of his position, 162;
opposes Hamilton's plan of a bank as unconstitutional, 162;
at Washington's request, writes out his objections, 163;
his change from Federalist to Democrat, 164;
influenced by Jefferson, 164;
comments of Hamilton on his attitude, 166;
accused of low motives for his opposition, 166, 167;
and of tampering with Washington's address to Congress, 167, 168;
accused by Hamilton of complicity with Freneau, 168;
defends his patronage of Freneau to Randolph, 169;
admits his approval of Freneau's paper, 169, 170;
hopes it will act as an antidote to monarchical schemes, 170;
denies any connection with its contents, 171;
advises Freneau not to send his paper by mail, 172;
his "apostasy" as viewed by Federalists, 172-175;
his Northern tour with Jefferson regarded by Federalists with
suspicion, 175, 176;
advocates succession of secretary of state in case of death of
President and Vice-President, 176;
condemns stock-jobbing in connection with bank, 177;
dreads its influence over country, 178, 179;
accused by Federalists of joining the winning side, 180;
seems to be governed by animosity toward Hamilton, 180, 181;
bitterness of Hamilton toward, 181;
discussion of causes for Madison's changed position, 181-183;
verdict of history adverse, 183, 184;
consulted by Washington on propriety of declining a reëlection,
186;
asserted to be author of Giles's resolutions of censure on
Hamilton, 189, 190;
supports them in debate, 192;
comments of Ames upon, 192;
sympathizes with French Revolution, 193;
condemns Hamilton's slowness in paying French debt, 193;
slow in committing himself with regard to neutrality, 198;
takes his cue from party denunciation of Washington, 198;
urged by Jefferson to reply to Hamilton's "Pacificus" papers,
198;
writes a series under name "Helvidius," 198, 199;
hopes Genet will be warmly welcomed, 200;
condemns Genet's folly, 202;
reports to Jefferson increased strength of "Anglican party" in
Virginia, 202, 203;
regrets Washington's position, 204;
hardly sincere in considering him a dupe of Hamilton, 206;
deplores Jay treaty, 216;
introduces resolution calling for Jay's instructions and other
papers, 216;
condemns Washington's refusal, 217;
bitterly disappointed at support of treaty in the House, 217;
his correspondence with Monroe relative to the treaty, 221, 222;
review of his part in Congress, 222, 223;
marries Mrs. Dolly Payne Todd, 223.
_In Retirement._
His continued interest in politics, 225;
historical value of his writings, 225, 226;
their stiff literary style, 226;
his mild interest in farming compared with Jefferson's, 226-228;
builds house at Montpellier, 228-230;
his care in furnishing it, 229, 230.
_In Virginia Assembly, the Virginia Resolutions._
Elected to legislature, 230-236;
possibly connected with Jefferson's Kentucky Resolutions, 234,
235;
determines to induce Virginia legislature to protest against
Alien and Sedition Acts, 235;
later, in 1830-1836, explains his conduct, 236-238;
denies any connection between the Virginia Resolutions and later
doctrine of nullification, 237;
denounces secession, 237, 238;
tries to exculpate Jefferson, 239, 240.
_Secretary of State._
His reasons for accepting Jefferson's offer of Department of
State, 241;
detained from attendance at inauguration by death of father, 242;
rejoices in decline of Federalist party, 243;
overshadowed in his office by Jefferson, 246;
writes paper on British treatment of neutral trade, 257;
indignant at English depredations, 258;
favors non-importation, 260;
condemns Monroe's treaty of 1806, 263;
complains of British indifference to proclamation ordering them
out of American waters, 266.
_President._
Named for succession by Jefferson, 272;
received a diminished electoral vote, 272;
confers with Erskine, 272, 273;
on his assurances issues proclamation repealing non-intercourse,
274;
his sudden popularity, 275;
forced by Canning's action to resume embargo, 275;
bitterly condemned by mercantile classes, 275, 276;
comments on situation, 276;
his mortification, 277;
issues proclamation recalling vessels, 277;
acts as his own foreign secretary, 278;
insulted by Jackson, demands his recall, 278;
later admits failure of embargo, 278;
unable to command harmony in his party, 279;
wishes non-intercourse with both England and France, 280;
authorized to enforce it against either country, 280;
his dismay at prospect, 282;
expects little result from non-intercourse, 282;
accepts statement of Napoleon as to revocation of Milan and
Berlin decrees, 283;
orders Armstrong to insist on compensation for Rambouillet
decree, 284;
submits to refusal of Napoleon, 284;
issues proclamation revoking non-intercourse with France, 285;
bitterly attacked by Federalists, 285, 286;
instructs ministers to insist on England's revocation of blockade
of a portion of French coast, 287;
willing to help Napoleon, 288;
comments on Little Belt affair, 290;
still wishes to keep peace, 291;
repeats to Congress his complaints against Napoleon as well as
England, 291;
protests to France against its trickery, 292;
despises Clay and the war party, 293;
continues to threaten France, 293, 294;
recommends a sixty-day embargo, 295;
follows it by recommending a declaration of war, 295;
his reasons for opposing war, 296;
his rivals for presidential nomination, 296;
asserted to have bought renomination by yielding to war party,
297;
buys letters of John Henry, 297;
submits them to Congress as a cause for war, 298;
later never refers to them, 298;
his probable motives in then believing them, 301;
does not really expect secession of New England, 302, 303;
uses the Henry letters in order to hurry on war, 303;
this act the test of his character and career, 303, 304;
placed in a dilemma by Napoleon's duplicity with regard to Berlin
and Milan decrees, 305;
and still more so by action of France in revoking decrees in
1812, 305-307;
and by English revocation of Orders in Council, 307, 308;
determines to continue war on impressment issue alone, 308;
yet does not insist on even that in peace negotiations, 308;
hopes the war will be popular, 309;
despises naval success, 310;
his error in neglecting navy and failing to involve New England
in war, 310, 311;
bitterness toward New England's opposition to war, 311;
alarmed at Hartford Convention, 311, 312;
discussion of his error in consenting to war, 312, 313;
his qualities not suited for executive office, 313, 314;
in spite of popular reputation shows weakness, 314;
shows incompetency in conduct of war, 315, 316;
devoted to idea of conquering Canada, 316;
expelled from Washington by British, 317;
rejoices at peace of Ghent, 319;
undisturbed during remainder of term, 319;
assents to a national bank, 319;
and to a tariff, 319.
_In Retirement._
Continues interested in politics and history of country, 319,
320;
writes much upon slavery, 320, 321;
his kindness as a master, 321;
temperate habits, 321, 322;
one of the democratic school, 322;
relations with Robert Owen, 322;
with Fanny Wright, 322;
interest in education, 322;
in education of women, 323;
contradictory estimates of, 323;
his "Advice to My Country," 324.
_Characteristics._
General estimate, 313-316, 323-324;
unfriendly views, 166-168, 323;
executive ability, lack of, 313, 314;
farming, interest in, 227, 228;
imagination, lack of, 226;
independence, 175, 184, 246;
kindliness, 321, 323;
liberality, 322;
literary ability, 226;
mildness, 13, 14;
military weakness, 25, 309, 310, 313;
modesty, 5;
natural science, interest in, 68-72;
oratory, 113;
personal appearance, 117;
political ability, 61, 222, 225;
reasoning power, 113, 115, 117, 238;
religious views, 11, 12;
self-seeking, 182-184, 297, 312, 314;
sincerity, 169, 172, 313;
seriousness, 11, 18, 26, 27, 43, 226, 227;
studiousness, 11, 23, 30, 45, 67, 68;
subjection to Jefferson, 104, 193 ff., 246;
temperance, 321, 322;
women, attitude toward, 322, 323.
_Political Opinions._
Annapolis Convention, 57, 58;
assumption of state debt, 150, 151;
bank, 162, 163, 177, 319;
bill of rights, 139;
compromises in the Constitution, 107-109, 156;
Constitution, 84, 110-112, 139, 173, 237-239, 320;
domestic debt, payment of, 147;
embargo, 278;
England, 134, 135, 197, 276, 287, 295, 296, 308;
Federalists, 170, 178, 186, 193, 200, 243;
finances of Confederation, 21, 22;
financial methods of Hamilton, 189;
five per cent. scheme, 33-37;
foreign policy, 196, 204, 274-275, 280, 281;
France, "Continental" system of, 283-285, 287, 288, 291-294, 304;
French Revolution, 193, 200, 203;
Hartford Convention, 312;
impressment, 308;
instruction, doctrine of, 32-34;
Jay treaty, 216;
John Henry letters, 298, 301, 303;
Mississippi navigation, 31-33, 80-83;
navy, 310;
neutrality proclamation, 198;
New England, 302, 311;
non-importation, 260;
nullification, 236-238, 239, 240;
paper money, 67, 118;
petition, right of, 154;
Potomac navigation, 52-54;
protection, 126, 134, 319;
removals from office, 138;
religious freedom, 12, 13, 16, 17, 62-66;
secession, 237, 324;
site of capital, 141-143;
slave trade, 132, 155, 159;
slavery, 108, 109, 320;
slave ratio in representation, 94, 99, 104, 105;
slave ratio in taxation, 41;
slavery, power of Congress over, 156, 159;
state sovereignty, 237;
taxation, 126, 131;
titles, presidential, 124;
trade in Virginia, 49-51;
treaty power, 217;
union, necessity of, 46, 48, 62, 74, 81-83;
Virginia Resolutions, 235 ff.;
war of 1812, 312, 313, 314, 316.

Madison, John, patentee in 1635, supposed ancestor of James Madison,
6.

Magraw, ----, saves portrait of Washington from British, 318.

Maryland, navigates Potomac concurrently with Virginia, 52, 53;
appoints commissioners to discuss Potomac matter with Virginia, 54;
suggests inviting all the States to send delegates, 55;
fails to send delegates to Annapolis Convention, 59.

Martin, Luther, opposes any centralization as monarchical, 75;
condemns action of Federal Convention as beyond its authorization,
88, 89;
on nature of Constitution, 89;
dreads too great influence of English precedents, 89.

Martin, Rev. Thomas, prepares Madison for college, 10.

Mason, George, denounces slavery in Constitutional Convention, 102;
describes bargain between New England and slave States, 106;
opposes ratification of Constitution, 112.

Massachusetts, appoints delegates to Annapolis Convention who do not
attend, 59;
behind Virginia in establishing complete religious freedom, 66;
suppresses Shays's Rebellion, 73;
its sacrifices in Revolution greater than those of Southern States,
150, 151;
contributes more recruits in 1814 than any other State, 311.

Mifflin, Warner, manumits slaves, 161;
petitions Congress for general emancipation, 161;
motion to expunge his petition from journal, 161.

Milan decree, 268.

Mississippi navigation, desire of Congress for, 31;
negotiations of Jay with Spain concerning, 32, 33;
temporary willingness of Southern States to abandon, 32;
renewed demand for, 33;
attitude of Southern States toward, 76, 77;
willingness of Northern States to relinquish, 77;
its abandonment for twenty-five years proposed by Jay, 78, 79, 80;
rejected by Congress, 80;
possible consequences of its abandonment to South, 81;
agitation of question prejudices chances of Federal Convention, 82.

Monroe, James, defeated for Congress by Madison, 121;
letter of Madison to, on location of capital, 142;
his reception as American minister by French National Convention,
218;
protests against French aggressions on American commerce, 219;
does not consider France as hostile as England, 219;
wishes to baffle Jay's negotiations, 220;
encourages France to threaten United States, 220;
rebuked and recalled, 221;
his only excuse that he was deceived by friends in America, 221;
correspondence of Madison with, 221;
sells Madison furniture, 229;
his treaty suppressed by Jefferson, 246;
on British complaints of American commercial trickery, 259;
instructed to insist on abandonment of impressment in proposed
British treaty, 262;
disobeys instructions, 262;
his reasons, 263;
makes subsequent vain attempts to reopen negotiations, 263;
letter of Madison to, on British outrages, 266;
urged by Jefferson not to antagonize Madison for presidency, 272;
desires presidential nomination as war candidate, 296;
testifies that Henry compromises nobody, 300.

Morris, Gouverneur, condemns unreasonableness of Southern demand for
slave representation, 98, 99;
makes a sharp attack on slavery in general, 100;
moves reference of slave trade and trade regulation to a committee,
105;
on popular support of Jefferson, 244.

"National Gazette," story of its establishment by Freneau, 168, 172.

New England, opposition in, to molasses tax, 127;
tour of Madison and Jefferson in, 175;
stronghold of Federalism, 243;
opposes embargo, 279;
opposes war with England, 296;
mission of John Henry to, 298-301;
suspected by Henry of plan to secede, 299;
reluctant to attack Canada, 310;
yet contributes majority of soldiers, 311;
hatred of Madison for, 311;
calls Hartford Convention, 311;
does not really desire alliance with England, 300;
talks disunion, 301;
insincerity of Madison in accusing it of plan to secede, 302, 303;
folly of Madison in not involving it, by naval activity, in war,
310.

New Hampshire, appoints delegates to Annapolis Convention, who do not
attend, 59;
precedes Virginia in ratifying Federal Constitution, 115.

New Jersey, sends delegates to Annapolis Convention, 59;
its instructions to delegates, 50, 60.

New York, refuses consent, in spite of Hamilton's efforts, to five
per cent. scheme, 36, 37;
sends delegates to Annapolis Convention, 59;
influenced by Virginia's ratification of Constitution, 115;
tour of Madison and Jefferson in, 175, 176.

New York Chamber of Commerce, on Jay treaty, 213.

Nicholas, George, offers Jefferson's resolutions in Kentucky
legislature, 234, 235, 239.

Nicholas, William C., consults with Jefferson concerning Kentucky
Resolutions, 234, 235;
letter of Madison to, on New England, 311.

Non-importation Act adopted against England, 260;
arguments of Jefferson and Madison in behalf of, 260, 261;
suspended during Monroe's negotiations, 261;
substituted for embargo, 271;
repealed against England, 274;
renewed, 277.

North Carolina, appoints delegates to Annapolis Convention who do not
attend, 59;
influenced by Virginia's ratification of Federal Constitution, 115;
comments of Madison and de Warville on its refusal to ratify
Constitution, 117, 118;
its representatives prevent choice of a Northern site for capital,
141, 142;
its debt after Revolution, 151.

Nuce, Captain, 7.

Nullification, term used in Kentucky Resolutions, 234;
denied in 1830 by Madison, 236;
his views on, 236-239;
responsibility of Jefferson for, 239, 240.

Orders in Council, issued, 267, 268;
negotiations concerning, 268-308.
See England.

Otis, Harrison Gray, his journey to Washington as representative of
Hartford Convention, 312;
ridiculed, after treaty of peace, by Democrats, 312.

Owen, Robert, Madison's opinion of his schemes, 322.

Paper-money, its ruinous effects during Revolution, 20;
proposals of Madison to restrict its issue, 21, 22;
craze for, in States, 67.

Parker, Jonathan, proposes a tax on importation of slaves, 128, 129;
his opinion of slave trade, 129.

Party feeling, its bitterness in John Adams's, Jefferson's, and
Madison's administrations, 208, 209;
decays during Jefferson's first term, 251.

Patterson, William, argues in Federal Convention against slave
representation, 95.

Peel, Robert, connection with John Henry affair, 300.

Pendleton, Edmund, letter of Madison to, on Yorktown, 25;
letter of Madison to, on necessity of ratifying Constitution, 111.

Pennsylvania, refuses consent to five per cent. scheme, 37;
its connection with Potomac Company, 55;
sends delegates to Annapolis Convention, 59;
proposal to have national capital in, 141, 142;
its debt after the war, 151.

Pinckney, Charles C., alarmed at Morris's intention to oppose slave
representation in Constitution, 98;
satisfied with results of compromises, 103, 104;
moves extension of time for slave trade, 106;
on its adoption, ceases to oppose granting Congress power to
regulate trade, 106;
on fugitive slave clause, 107;
on inability of South Carolina to remain outside Union, 109;
on popular support of Jefferson, 144.

Pinkney, William, sent by Jefferson to negotiate a treaty with
England, 261;
his instructions, 262;
explains why he ignored them, 263;
subsequent action, 263;
letter of Madison to, on situation in 1810, 281;
asks in regard to British order in council concerning blockades,
288.

Pooley, Greville, suit against Cicely Jordan, 7, 8.

Potomac Company, its purposes and influences, 54, 55.

Potomac, navigation of, 52-58.

Powell, Captain, 7.

Preble, Commodore Edward, in war with Barbary pirates, 252.

Prehistoric remains, opinions of Madison concerning, 70-72.

Princeton College, studies of Madison in, 10-12.

Prohibition, Madison's views upon, 321, 322.

Protection, advocated by Madison in first Congress, 126, 134, 135;
by Democratic party in 1816, 319.

Quakers, petition Congress against slave trade, 152;
and against slavery, 152, 153, 161;
bitterly condemned by slaveholders, 153, 154, 157, 158.

Quincy, Josiah, describes effects of embargo, 269, 270;
points out falsity of alleged revocation of Milan and Berlin
decrees, 285, 287;
asserts that Madison favored war to obtain presidential nomination,
297.

Rambouillet decree, 283, 284.

Randolph, Edmund, letters of Madison to, complaining of lack of pay,
as delegate to Congress, 23, 24;
and on collapse of confederacy, 74;
opposes Constitution, 112;
opposes a national bank, 163.

Randolph, John, condemns non-intercourse policy, 260.

Religious freedom, opinion of Madison concerning, 12-14;
debate on, in Virginia Convention, 16, 17;
affirmed in Virginia Bill of Rights, 18;
Madison's share in securing, 18;
further struggle for, in legislature, 62-66;
incorporation of Episcopal Church, 63;
question of compulsory support of religion, 63-66;
advanced position of Virginia regarding, 66;
remarks of Jefferson upon, 65 n.

Rhode Island, refuses assent to impost scheme, 33;
comments of Madison upon, 34;
appoints delegates to Annapolis Convention, who do not attend, 59;
influenced by Virginia's ratification of Constitution, 115;
attitude toward slave trade, 130 n.;
carried by Democrats, 243.

Rives, William C., on Madison's mother's name, 3;
on Madison's father, 5, 10;
on his descent from Isaac Madison, 6-9;
other quotations from his "Life of Madison," 10, 11, 12, 18, 44,
48;
on Mrs. Madison's name, 224.

Robertson, Donald, teacher of Madison, 10;
his son applies to Madison for office, 10.

Ross, General Robert, invades Chesapeake, 317.

Rumsey, James, with Washington's aid secures monopoly for his
steamboat, 69, 70;
opinions of Jefferson upon, 70.

Russell, Jonathan, denies having seen ante-dated revocation of Milan
and Berlin decrees, 307.

Rutledge, John, on necessity of slave trade for the South, 101.

Shays's rebellion, 73;
relation of Congress to, 73.

Sherman, Roger, willing to permit slave trade for sake of union, in
Constitutional Convention, 103;
criticises proposal to tax imported slaves, 130;
on location of capital, 140.

Slavery, possible consequences upon, if Southern States had remained
outside Union, 39-41;
economic effect of, upon Virginia, 48, 49, 51;
attitude of public opinion toward, in 1787, 91;
absence of extreme views against, 92, 108;
in 1787, the paramount interest of South, 92, 93;
attacked bitterly in Constitutional Convention, 98, 100, 101, 102;
cynical attitude of Northern men toward, 102;
debate concerning, in first Congress, 152-161;
foolish policy of slaveholders in defending, 155, 157, 158;
the argument in favor of, 157, 158.

Slaves, question as to their status in computing taxes under
Confederation, 38, 39;
positions of North and South, 38;
necessity of compromise concerning, 39;
compromise adopted, 41;
debate as to their status in Constitutional Convention, 94-101;
confusion as to their position, 97, 98;
trade in, debated, 101-105;
proposal in first Congress to tax their importation, 128, 129;
debate upon, 130-133;
policy of Congress concerning trade in, 133 and note;
Madison's treatment of, 321.

Slave trade. See Slaves.

Smith, John, refers to Isaac Madison, in his "General History," 8.

Smith, Robert, his remarks on England's policy in Chesapeake affair
cause difficulty, 274;
his relation to Madison, 278;
insists on compensation for Rambouillet decree, 283, 284.

Solomon, Hayne, his generous conduct toward Madison, 23, 24.

South Carolina, fails to appoint delegates to Annapolis Convention,
59;
its attitude toward slavery, 91, 103, 104;
unable to refuse Constitution in spite of threats, 104, 109;
its sacrifices in war of Rebellion greater than Virginia's, 151;
reopens slave trade, 250.

Southern States, attitude of, toward slavery, 92, 93-109;
oppose a tonnage tax, 127, 128;
demand seat of government on Potomac, 140-142;
gain by Hamilton's and Jefferson's deal, 152.

Spain, negotiations of Jay with, respecting Mississippi navigation,
31-33;
offers commercial treaty in return for abandonment of Mississippi
navigation, 78-80.

St. Clair, Arthur, his defeat by Indians, 180.

States' rights, theory of, in Federal Convention, 86-88.

Steam navigation, invention of Rumsey, 69;
opinions of Washington, Madison, and Jefferson concerning, 70.

Steele, John, moves to expunge anti-slavery petition from journal of
Congress, 161.

Suse, John, at British capture of Washington, 318 n.

Titles, presidential, debated in first Congress, 123-126;
views of Adams concerning, 123-125;
of Madison, Washington, and Lee, 124, 125.

Todd, Dolly Payne, marries Madison, her appearance and character,
223;
her name, 224;
saves silver from British at capture of Washington, 317 and note.

Tyler, John, introduces Madison's resolutions leading to Annapolis
Convention into Virginia Assembly, 57, 58.

University of Virginia, Madison's connection with, 322.

Virginia, society in, 5, 48;
religious persecution in, 13;
elections in, 18;
sentiment in favor of Mississippi navigation, 32;
temporarily abandons it under fear of English, 32, 33;
economic conditions in, and trade, 47-49;
attempts to improve its trade by establishing ports of entry,
49-51;
opposition in, to Madison's ports of entry, 51, 55;
boundary question with Maryland over Potomac, 52, 53;
question of British debts in, 62;
religious freedom in, secured, 63-66;
paper-money craze in, 67;
tobacco certificates in, 67;
sentiment in, concerning Mississippi navigation, 82;
struggle over ratification of Constitution in, 112-116;
opponents of Constitution in, 112;
attitude toward domestic slave trade, 129;
its services in war of independence compared unfavorably with those
of Massachusetts, 150, 151;
and with South Carolina, 151;
growth of Democratic party in, 174;
Federalist reaction in, against Genet, 202, 203.

War of 1812, events leading up to, 280-308;
hopes of Madison, concerning, 309;
naval activity urged by Webster, 309;
attitude of administration toward navy, 310;
opposition of New England to, 311, 312;
unwise policy of Madison in, 315, 316;
capture of Washington by Cockburn, 316, 317;
peace of Ghent, 318.

Warville, Brissot de, makes a tour in United States, 116;
describes Madison, 117, 118.

Washington, George, president of Potomac Company, 54;
elected delegate to Constitutional Convention, 60;
letter of Madison to, on paper-money craze in Virginia, 67;
certifies trustworthiness of Rumsey's steamboat, 70;
letters of Madison to, on proposal to abandon Mississippi
navigation, 83;
letter of Madison to, on chances of ratification of Constitution,
114;
takes oath of office as President, 122;
question of his title, 123, 124;
said to have favored a pretentious one, 124;
asks opinion of Madison and of cabinet on the bank, 163;
his message to Congress said to have been tampered with by Madison,
167;
consults secretaries as to his refusing a second term, 186;
his reasons for accepting, 187;
his impartiality in cabinet quarrel, 188;
on neutrality between England and France, 195;
issues proclamation, modified to suit Jefferson, 196;
criticised by Democrats, 198;
attacked by Genet, 201;
denies existence of a monarchical party, 203;
opinion of Madison and Jefferson concerning, 204;
considered a dupe, 204, 206;
his anger at Freneau's attacks described by Jefferson, 205;
his influence on Federalist party and national policy, 210;
sends Jay on mission to England, 211;
rejects "provision clause," 212;
said by Democrats to be bought by "British gold," 212;
called upon by House of Representatives for papers in connection
with Jay treaty, 217;
refuses request, 216, 217;
his message condemned by Madison, said to be written by Hamilton,
216, 217;
difficulty of Madison's relations with, as leader of opposition,
222, 223;
his habit of asking Madison's advice, 223, 246.

Webster, Daniel, urges naval preparations for war of 1812, 309.

West, its development dreaded by Eastern States, 77;
or considered impossible, 140;
power of Congress to regulate slavery in, stated by Madison, 159;
its expansion desired by Jefferson, 246, 247.

Wilson, James, in Continental Congress, 30;
on necessity of compromise over slavery in Constitutional
Convention, 96.

Women, education of, opinion of Madison concerning, 322, 323.

Wright, Fanny, Madison's correspondence with, 322.

* * * * *

Transcriber's note

The following changes have been made to the text:

Page 327: "antedated revocation of Berlin" changed to "ante-dated revocation of Berlin".

Page 333: "Guardoqui" moved to appropriate place in the index.

Page 335: "foreign controversy, 154" changed to "foreign controversy, 254".