Chapter II: Preface: v

CHAPTER I.
CHARACTER, THE BASIS OF SOCIETY.

Production of character the most important object, p. 1. The
known conditions of physical variation, p. 2. Mental equivalents
of physical variation in (1) benefits of ability, p. 4; (2)
Inheritance, p. 4; (3) Artificial increase of variation, p. 5;
(4) Excitement of variation, p. 6; (5) Gain by use, p. 6;
(6) Loss by atrophy, p. 7; (7) Variation made permanent by
competition, p. 10. Immutability of general type, physical and
mental, p. 11.

CHAPTER II.
PRESENT CHANGES OF CHARACTER.

Loss of national character by emigration, p. 13; by promotion
of sloth, p. 16. Lack of adaptability, p. 16. Low type of
public pleasure, p. 17. Repression of character by communism,
p. 20. Conditions of successful communism, p. 20. Communism
in early Christianity, p. 23. Intense competition
among herbivora, p. 25. Communism fatalistic, p. 26.
Destruction of character by municipal communism, p. 26.

CHAPTER III.
TRADE UNIONISM, ITS FLOWER AND FRUITION.

Town influence in Rome, p. 28. Decay of the country, p. 29.
Growth of trade unions, p. 30. Trade unions compulsory, p. 30.
Cheap production for the proletariat, p. 32. Sharing of proletariat
burden by a trade, p. 32. All property hypothecated to
the Trade Unions, p. 33. The social burden the destruction of
Rome, p. 34. The growth of the little-Italy party, p. 35. Devolution
of government, p. 36. The state regulation of prices and
wages, p. 37.

CHAPTER IV.
REVOLUTION OR EVOLUTION?

Great effects best produced by small causes, p. 40. Revolution
leads to greater tyranny, p. 40; also leads to military
despotism, p. 41. Radical changes show ignorance, p. 42.
Scope to be allowed for gradual change, p. 43. Variability
tolerated by bye-laws, p. 44. Effects of small changes as seen
in Death Duties and reduced colonising power, p. 44. Income
tax and expulsion of trade, p. 47; benefits of taxing extravagance,
p. 52; Irish tenant right, p. 53; high interest on loans,
p. 55; equalisation of land values, p. 56; growth of cities, p. 57.
Effect of workmen's compensation, p. 58; of old age pensions,
p. 59; of state help for children, p. 60. Effects of wealth in the
hands of different classes, p. 60.

CHAPTER V.
THE NEED OF DIVERSITY.

Variability needful for advance of a species, p. 65. Large
states a necessary result of rapid communication, p. 66. Diversity
needed therefore within the state, as well as between
states, p. 67. No moral obligation to uniformity, p. 67.
Separate states needed for a doubled-centred diversity, p. 70.
Diversity as yet remaining in marriage-law and custom, p. 71.
Society a mixture of many past stages of culture, p. 72. Present
education a bar to progress by diversity, p. 73. Need of diversity
in education, p. 75.

CHAPTER VI.
LINES OF ADVANCE.

Personal initiative essential, p. 78. Prevention of waste the
main principle of advance, p. 79. Gain in health, p. 79. Gain
in amount of activities of life, p. 80. Gain in rapidity, p. 81.
Gain by working instead of playing, p. 81. Gain by saving
waste in renewal, p. 83. Gain by permanent marriage, p. 84.
Gain by high-tending of families, p. 85. Gain by improving or
weeding of bad stocks, p. 86. Gain by individualism, p. 89.
Gain by free combinations, p. 92. Gain by international
labour, p. 93. The meaning of war, by trade, by armament,
and by violence, p. 95. Improvement of checks, p. 99. The
ultimate type of states, p. 100. The ultimate type of man,
p. 101.

INDEX 105

JANUS IN MODERN LIFE.