Chapter I: Front Matter

The History _of_ Nations

JAPAN

GHENT
EDITION

GENERAL NODZU
_Opposed to General Bilderding at the
Battle of Mukden_

GENERAL BARON KUROKI
_Commander-in-Chief of the First
Japanese Army_

GENERAL KUROPATKIN
_Commander-in-Chief of the Russian
Army in the Far East_

GENERAL LIGNIEVITCH
_Successor to General Kuropatkin_

GENERAL NOGI
_Japanese Commander before Port
Arthur_

GENERAL OKU
_Opposed to General Kaulbars at the
Battle of Mukden_

MARSHAL OYAMA
_Commander of the Japanese Field
Forces. Victor at Liao-yang,
Sha-ho and Mukden_

_From drawings made by H. W. Koekkoek from photographs_

THE HISTORY OF NATIONS
HENRY CABOT LODGE, Ph. D., LL. D. EDITOR-IN-CHIEF

JAPAN

From the Japanese Government History
Edited With Supplementary Chapters
by

K. ASAKAWA

Instructor in Japanese Civilization
Yale University

Volume VII

Illustrated

P · F · COLLIER & SON
PUBLISHERS NEW YORK

Copyright, 1907, by
JOHN D. MORRIS & COMPANY

Copyright, 1910, by
THE H. W. SNOW & SON COMPANY

Copyright, 1913, by
P. F. COLLIER & SON

Designed, Printed, and Bound at
The Collier Press, New York

THE HISTORY OF NATIONS
EDITOR-IN-CHIEF
HENRY CABOT LODGE, Ph.D., LL.D.

Associate Editors and Authors

ARCHIBALD HENRY SAYCE, LL.D., _Professor of Assyriology, Oxford University_

CHRISTOPHER JOHNSTON, M.D., Ph.D., _Associate Professor of Oriental History and Archaeology, Johns Hopkins University_

C.W.C. OMAN, LL.D., _Professor of History, Oxford University_

THEODOR MOMMSEN, _Late Professor of Ancient History, University of Berlin_

ARTHUR C. HOWLAND, Ph.D., _Department of History, University of Pennsylvania_

CHARLES MERIVALE, LL.D., _Late Dean of Ely, formerly Lecturer in History, Cambridge University_

J. HIGGINSON CABOT, Ph.D., _Department of History, Wellesley College_

SIR WILLIAM W. HUNTER, F.R.S., _Late Director-General of Statistics in India_

GEORGE M. DUTCHER, Ph.D., _Professor of History, Wesleyan University_

SIR ROBERT K. DOUGLAS, _Professor of Chinese, King's College, London_

JEREMIAH WHIPPLE JENKS, Ph.D., LL.D., _Professor of Political Economy and Politics, Cornell University_

KANICHI ASAKAWA, Ph.D., _Instructor in the History of Japanese Civilization, Yale University_

WILFRED HAROLD MUNRO, L.H.D. _Professor of European History, Brown University_

G. MERCER ADAM, _Historian and Editor_

FRED MORROW FLING, Ph.D., _Professor of European History, University of Nebraska_

FRANÇOIS AUGUSTE MARIE MIGNET, _Late Member of the French Academy_

JAMES WESTFALL THOMPSON, Ph.D., _Department of History, University of Chicago_

SAMUEL RAWSON GARDINER, LL.D., _Professor of Modern History, King's College, London_

P.W. JOYCE, LL.D., _Commissioner for the Publication of the Ancient Laws of Ireland_

JUSTIN McCARTHY, LL.D., _Author and Historian_

AUGUSTUS HUNT SHEARER, Ph.D., _Instructor in History, Trinity College, Hartford_

W. HAROLD CLAFLIN, B.A., _Department of History, Harvard University_

CHARLES DANDLIKER, LL.D., _President of Zurich University_

ELBERT JAY BENTON, Ph.D., _Department of History, Western Reserve University_

SIR EDWARD S. CREASY, _Late Professor of History, University College, London_

ARCHIBALD CARY COOLIDGE, Ph.D., _Assistant Professor of History, Harvard University_

WILLIAM RICHARD MORFILL, M.A., _Professor of Russian and other Slavonic Languages, Oxford University_

CHARLES EDMUND FRYER, Ph.D., _Department of History, McGill University_

E.C. OTTE, _Specialist on Scandinavian History_

EDWARD S. CORWIN, Ph.D., _Instructor in History, Princeton University_

PAUL LOUIS LEGER, _Professor of Slav Languages, Collège de France_

WILLIAM E. LINGELBACH, Ph.D., _Assistant Professor of European History, University of Pennsylvania_

BAYARD TAYLOR, _Former United States Minister to Germany_

SIDNEY B. FAY, Ph.D., _Professor of History, Dartmouth College_

J. SCOTT KELTIE, LL.D., _President Royal Geographical Society_

ALBERT GALLOWAY KELLER, Ph.D., _Assistant Professor of the Science of Society, Yale University_

EDWARD JAMES PAYNE, M.A., _Fellow of University College, Oxford_

PHILIP PATTERSON WELLS, Ph.D., _Lecturer in History and Librarian of the Law School, Yale University_

FREDERICK ALBION OBER, _Historian, Author and Traveler_

JAMES WILFORD GARNER, Ph.D., _Professor of Political Science, University of Illinois_

JOHN BACH McMASTER, Litt.D., LL.D., _Professor of History, University of Pennsylvania_

JAMES LAMONT PERKINS, Managing Editor

* * * * *

The editors and publishers desire to express their appreciation for valuable advice and suggestions received from the following: Hon. Andrew D. White, LL.D., Alfred Thayer Mahan, D.C.L., LL.D., Hon. Charles Emory Smith, LL.D., Professor Edward Gaylord Bourne, Ph.D., Charles F. Thwing, LL.D., Dr. Emil Reich, William Elliot Griffis, LL.D., Professor John Martin Vincent, Ph.D., LL.D., Melvil Dewey, LL.D., Alston Ellis, LL.D., Professor Charles H. McCarthy, Ph.D., Professor Herman V. Ames, Ph.D., Professor Walter L. Fleming, Ph.D., Professor David Y. Thomas, Ph.D., Mr. Otto Reich and Mr. Francis J. Reynolds.

NOTE

The editors of "The History of Nations" concluded their work with the chronicling of events to October, 1905, and all additions thereafter, bringing the histories to date, have been supplied by the publishers.