Chapter II

Education before the Foundation of the Society of Jesus.

The Jesuit System and Early Protestant Schools 17

§ 1. _Schools at the Close of the Middle Ages._

The Catholic Church and Medieval Education 21

Primary Schools 23

Secondary Schools 25

Schools in Italy 26

Schools in Scotland and England 28

Schools in Germany, France, and the Netherlands 31

The Older Humanists in Germany 34

Universities 38

§ 2. _Character of Medieval Education._

Trivium and Quadrivium 44

Scholasticism 45

Renaissance 47

Two Schools of Humanists 49

Condition of Education on the Eve of the Reformation 55

§ 3. _Education under the Influence of the Reformation._

Luther’s Alliance with the Humanists 57

Decline of the Schools 60

Luther’s Endeavor to Prevent the Total Ruin of the Schools 65

Effects of the English Reformation on the Schools 69

Catholic Counter-Reformation 71

CHAPTER III. The Society of Jesus.--Religious as Educators.

Ignatius of Loyola, his Character and Aims 73

The Society of Jesus 76

Religious as Educators 80

The Society of Jesus the First Order that Made Education of Youth a Special Ministry 87

Opposition to the Educational Labors of Religious 98

Constitutions of the Society 101

The Fourth Part of the Constitutions Treating of Studies 103

The Society and Primary Education 104

CHAPTER IV. The Ratio Studiorum of 1599.

Plans of Studies in Jesuit Colleges Previous to the Ratio Studiorum 107

Care in Drawing up the Plan of Studies 109

Peculiar Character of the Ratio Studiorum 114

Officers of Jesuit Colleges 115

The Literary Curriculum: Ancient Languages 118

The Study of History 124

Geography 127

Study of the Mother-Tongue 129

The Philosophical Course 131

Mathematics and Sciences 133

Sources of the Ratio Studiorum 136