Chapter XIII: Appendix: No. I (1)

_JOAN OF ARC IN FRENCH AND ENGLISH HISTORY._

Even in France no thoroughly satisfactory history exists of Joan of Arc, although a large number of histories have been written. Following is an enumeration of the most important.

As was natural while her countrymen were divided into two camps, those writers who belonged to the side of the English attacked the heroine, or rather her mission, with ill-placed zeal. Of them Enguerrand de Monstrelet was the most eminent.

Less well known chroniclers on the national side, such as Philip de Bergame, an Augustinian monk, on the other hand exaggerate the deeds of the Maid. None of these chroniclers' writings can be called histories of Joan of Arc. Nor in the following (the sixteenth) century, did such writers as Du Bellay and Haillon do more than allude to Joan of Arc; the first in his _Instructions sur le fait de la guerre_, and the second in his book on the _Affaires de France_.

Haillon had written disparagingly of the heroine. It had the effect of raising the ire of that learned scribe William Postel, who wrote that the actions and renown of Joan of Arc were as necessary to maintain as the Bible itself. With Postel the celebrated jurisconsult Stephen Pasquier was quite in accord, and in his work called _Recherches sur la France_, he writes that 'never had any one saved France so opportunely or so well as did this Maid.' In 1576 a book was published by the magistrates of Orleans relating to the siege of their town, in which all honour was given to the heroine for the part she had taken in its delivery. In the preface to that book the following sentiment is expressed:--'It is a lamentable fact that the Maid, respected by all other nations, the English alone excepted, finds amongst her countrymen writings to injure her memory by people who are greater enemies to the honour of France than those who are strangers to that country.'

It should be noted that as early as the year 1534 the famous early chronicler Polydore Virgile, Italian by origin, wrote a voluminous history of England in twenty-six books, and treated the Maid's mission as one inspired by divine influence, severely blaming her judges for their inhuman conduct towards her.

In 1610 a book was published discussing the origin of the family of the Maid of Orleans; a work of little value. In 1612 one of the descendants of a brother of Joan of Arc--Charles du Lys--published a slight work called _Traité sommaire sur le nom, les armes, la naissance et la parenté de la Pucelle et de ses frères_. In that same year the first history of Joan of Arc was published, also by a descendant of one of her brothers, John Hordal. This book was in Latin; it was entitled '_The History of Joan of Arc, that very noble heroine_.' Soon after an elaborated work, based on this book, was produced by Edmond Richer, a doctor of theology in Paris.

The next account of the Maid of any length occurs in Mézarie's huge _History of France_, It was published between 1643 and 1652. In 1661 appeared a work called _L'Histoire du roi Charles VII., contenant les choses mémorables de 1422 à 1466_. It was in this work, which was compiled by Denis Godefroy, that the manuscripts of the _Chronique de la Pucelle_ were first printed. This chronicle concerns the events which occurred between the years 1422 and 1429. Although not a complete history of the heroine, it is the earliest account. It was republished by Buchon, by Petitot, and by Quicherat; and it was consulted by Michelet when writing his account of Joan of Arc. M. Vallet de Viriville believes the Chronicle of the Maiden to have been written by G. Cousinot, Chancellor of the Duke of Orleans, who was present at the siege of Orleans. At the close of the seventeenth century was published a history of France by a Jesuit priest named David, in which there is some account of Joan of Arc; but David's history is more remarkable for being a colossal list of falsehoods than for any other merit.

We now arrive at the eighteenth century, and still find no tolerable history of Joan of Arc. In the year 1753 the Abbé Longlet Dufresnoy published a _Life of Joan of Arc_; it is totally devoid of any merit.

In 1790 Clément de l'Averdy published some notices relating to the trial and condemnation of Joan of Arc. These notices led up to, and were followed by the publications of Petitot, Buchon, Michaud, and Pougoulat. At length, under the protection of the Society of French History, the learned author Quicherat produced his all-important works. That distinguished historian and antiquarian began his career under Charlet. In 1847 he was appointed Professor of Archæology, and later, Director of the Institute of the Charters. Between 1841 and 1850 he edited the original documents relating to the trials of Joan of Arc--those of her condemnation and of her rehabilitation. Of these only a few extracts had previously been published by M. l'Averdy. The series edited by Quicherat consists of five bulky tomes. Although when Michelet was writing his history of France, Quicherat's work had not yet been published, the chronicler helped the historian by lending Michelet the MSS. he was then annotating.

But to return to the earlier years of the century. In 1817, Lebrun des Charnettes published a history of Joan of Arc in four volumes; this history of the Maid was up to that time the best that had been written. In the same year there was published another history of the heroine by M. Berriat Saint-Prix. The best thing that work contains is an itinerary of the different places at which Joan of Arc passed the last three years of her short existence. It is a useful list for any one who wishes to visit the scenes connected with her wonderful history.

The list commences with her flight to Neufchâteau in 1428, and the journey to Toul, and continues as follows:--

1428.

MAY.

From Domremy to Burey-le-Petit, Vaucouleurs. Return to Domremy.

1429.

FEBRUARY.

From Domremy to Vaucouleurs, Toul, Nancy, Saint Nicolas-du-Port.
13th Return to Vaucouleurs, Saint Urbain, Auxerre.

MARCH.

Gien, Sainte Catherine de Fierbois.
6th Chinon, Le Coudray en Touraine, Poitiers.

APRIL.

Chinon, Tours, Saint Florent-les-Saumur. 25th Blois. 28th Rully près de Checy. 29th Orleans.

MAY.

2nd Reconnaissance before Orleans. 4th Sortie on the road of Blois. 10th Return to Blois from Orleans. To Tours and Loches.

JUNE.

4th Selles-en-Berri. 6th Selles to Romorantin and Orleans, 11th Jargeau. 15th Meun-sur-Loire. 16th Beaugency. 18th Patay and Jauville. 19th Orleans, Saint Benoit-sur-Loire. 22nd Châteauneuf. 24th Departure from Orleans for Gien. 27th Departure from Gien in the direction of Montargis.

JULY.

1st Before Auxerre. 2nd Saint Florentin. 4th Saint Fal. 5th Before Troyes. 10th Entry into Troyes. 14th Bussy. 15th Châlons-sur-Marne. 16th Sept Saulx. 16th Rheims. 21st Saint Marcoul de Corbeny. 22nd Vailly. 23rd Soissons. 29th Château Thierry.

AUGUST.

1st Montmirail-en-Brive. 2nd Provins. Sortie as far as Lamotte-de-Nangis, Bray-sur-Seine. 5th Return towards Paris by Provins. 7th Coulommiers, Château Thierry. 10th La Ferté Milon. 11th Crespy-en-Valois. 12th Lagny-le-Sec. 13th Dammartin and Thieux. 14th Baron, Montessilloy. 15th Crespy. 18th Compiègne, Senlis. 23rd Leave Compiègne. 26th Saint Denis.

SEPTEMBER.

5th La Chapelle, near Paris. 8th Attack on the gate Saint Honoré. 9th Retreat from La Chapelle to Saint Denis. 14th Lagny-sur-Marne. 15th Provins, Bray-sur-Seine. Passage of the river Yonne at a ford near Sens Courtenay. Château Regnaut, Montargis. 21st Gien. Selles-en-Berri, Bourges.

OCTOBER.

Meun-sur-Yèvre, Bourges.

NOVEMBER.

Saint Pierre-le-Moutier. 9th Moulins. 24th La Charité-sur-Loire, Meun-sur-Yèvre.

DECEMBER.

Jargeau.

1430.

JANUARY.

18th Bourges. 19th Orleans.

MARCH.

3rd Sully. 28th Flight from Sully.

APRIL.

15th Before Melun, Lagny, Sortie against Franquet d'Arras, Senlis,
Compiègne, Pont l'Evêque, Soissons, Compiègne.

MAY.

Lagny, Crecy, Compiègne.
28th Sortie from Compiègne against Margny and Clairvoix.

JUNE, JULY.

At Beaulieu-en-Vermandois.

AUGUST, SEPTEMBER, OCTOBER, AND NOVEMBER.

Beaurevoir, Arras, Drugy, near Saint Riquier, Le Crotoy.

DECEMBER.

Saint Valéry-sur-Somme, Eu, Dieppe, Rouen.

1431.

JANUARY, FEBRUARY, MARCH, APRIL, AND MAY.

Rouen.

Sismondi devotes a part of the thirteenth volume of his _History of France_, published between 1821 and 1844, to the Maid of Orleans. He sums up the action of the Church to her in these words: 'The Church was against the Maid. All persons not delegated by her who pretended to have supernatural powers were accused of using magical arts.'

Barante in his famous history of the Dukes of Burgundy, published in 1824, gives a somewhat meagre and uninteresting account of Joan of Arc. In 1821 appeared a _Life_ of the heroine, by Jollois, under whose direction the little monument was placed at Domremy in honour of the Maid.

Alexandre Dumas has left among his numberless works a Life of _Johanne la Pucelle,_ which is neither true history nor romance, but a jumble of both, and is a work hardly worthy the author, but there are some fine expressions in the book. Dumas christened Joan of Arc 'The Christ of France.' Michelet in the fifth volume of his _Histoire de France_ published in 1841, has written what will probably always be considered the best account of the Maid. Although only one hundred and thirty pages are given to her life, these pages form a book in themselves, and as a separate volume Michelet's _Life of Joan of Arc_ has gone through a large number of editions, the latest a handsome illustrated one, published by Hachette in 1888.

One cannot help regretting that so great a writer should allow his Anglophobism to appear to such an extent in some of the pages of his work. Michelet attacks the entire English nation as if they had been individually and collectively guilty of Joan of Arc's death. He even goes out of his way to abuse English literature in this amazing passage: 'De Shakespeare à Milton, de Milton à Byron leur belle et simple littérature est sceptique, judaïque, satanique.' It is pitiable that so distinguished a writer as was Michelet should pen such rubbish, but when a Frenchman writes on the subject of Joan of Arc much should be forgiven him. More serious than the abuse of the English in Michelet's work are the inaccuracies in his account of Joan of Arc. For instance, he writes of the heroine watching the English coast from her prison in the castle of Crotoy. Her eyesight must have been telescopic had she been able to do so, for eighty miles of sea stretch between the site of Crotoy and the English coast.

We next come to Henry Martin's history of France. In this work a third part of the sixth volume is consecrated to Joan of Arc, whom he calls the 'Messiah of France.'

M. Wallon, however, is the writer who has given France the most complete biography of her heroine. This work, published by Hachette, had in 1879 attained its fifth edition. A most sumptuously illustrated edition appeared in 1876, one of those splendidly illustrated books in which the French press has no rival. That book is the finest monument which has appeared to honour the memory of the Maid of Orleans. Its illustrations contain views of all places and memorials connected with the heroine from the fifteenth to the middle of the nineteenth century. The text of Wallon's Life is, however, wanting in charm, and it is, as M. Veuillot writes of it, 'un livre sérieuse et solide.' Sainte-Beuve has been still more severe in his judgment on Wallon's book, which he calls 'la faiblesse même.'

Some slighter histories may be alluded to: one by Lamartine, unworthy of the author and the subject; another by M. Abel Desjardins; a third by Villaume; a fourth by M. Lafontaine. There is an interesting study by Simon Luce on Joan of Arc's early years; and last, but certainly not least, the three works by M. Joseph Fabre, relating to Joan of Arc's life, her trial, her condemnation, and her rehabilitation. In the two last works the whole of the long examination appears for the first time, translated into French from the Latin--documents invaluable to any one studying the heroine's life.

In England little has been written in prose relating to Joan of Arc that will be likely to live. The early chroniclers were monstrously unjust to her. It is enough to allude to the lying and scurrilous abuse which such writers as Robert Fabyan, in his chronicles on the history of England and of France, published in 1516, heaped upon Joan of Arc. Hall's and Holinshed's chronicles, from which the author of the First Part of _King Henry VI._ borrowed so largely, sinned as deeply. Hall's authorities among French writers were Monstrelet, Bouchet, Mayer, Argentan, Gile Corozet, and the annals of France and Aquitaine--and of English writers, Fabyan, Caxton, John Harding, Sir Thomas More, Basset, Balantyne, and the Chronicle of London.

The annalist Stow, Hume's 'honest historian,' is less unjust and bitter in his account of Joan of Arc than are Hall and Holinshed. Thomas Fuller appears not to have settled to his satisfaction whether Joan of Arc was a witch or a heroine.

In the seventeenth century we have only a handful of poor writers who have treated more or less badly of the Maid, such as Daniel, Martyn, and Sir Richard Baker. It is not until well into the eighteenth century that a man of letters appears capable of giving an unprejudiced and true history of the life of Joan of Arc: this historian is Guthrie, who published, between the years 1744 and 1751, a long history of England. M. Darmesteter has named this author 'a village Bossuet.'

Coming to our own days we have quite a crowd of writers who have written with enthusiasm on the Maid of Domremy. It is sufficient to name the most prominent of these--Landor, Sir James Mackintosh, John Sterling, Lord Mahon, De Quincey, and J.R. Green.

No. II.

_JOAN OF ARC IN POETRY._

The Maid of Orleans (though a more poetical figure cannot be found in all history) has not been more fortunate at the hands of the poets than at those of the historians.

To begin with her own countrywoman--for the first who sang of Joan of Arc was appropriately enough a fellow-countrywoman--Christine de Pisan.

As the name indicates, this poetess was an Italian by origin, but appears to have lived most of her life in France. The latter part she passed in a convent.

In the year 1429, Christine was sixty-seven years old; she had been living in some conventual establishment for eleven years. Her verses in praise of Joan of Arc--which number several hundred stanzas--were undoubtedly written in the heroine's life-time. They are supposed to have been the last lines she wrote. These stanzas were completed shortly after the coronation of Charles VII. A manuscript copy of this poem exists in which Joan of Arc is compared to Deborah, Judith, and Queen Esther. These poems are curious and quaint in their old French expressions, but they are quite unreadable for any but French students well versed in the literature of the fifteenth century.

In 1440, Martin le France, provost of the Cathedral of Lausanne, bestows some lines on Joan of Arc in his poem called the _Champion des dames_. In 1487, Martial de Paris published, under the title of _Vigiles du roi Charles VII._, a rhymed translation of Jean Chartrier's chronicle of that monarch.

Villon has left some charming lines in which he has placed the heroine's name as it were on a string of pearls; they occur in his exquisite ballad 'Dames du temps jadis,' and, as it would be profanation to try and translate, I give them here in the original:--

'La Reine blanche comme un lys
Qui chantait à voix de sirène,
Berthe au grand pied, Biétris, Allis,
Haremburge qui tint le Maine,
Et Jeanne la bonne Lorraine
Qu' Anglais brûlèrent à Rouen,
Où sont-ils, vierge souveraine?
Mais où sont les neiges d'antan?'

Long before those beautiful lines were written by Villon, a play called _Le Mystère du Siège d'Orléans_ had been acted. As early as the year 1435 this performance appears to have taken place on the anniversary of the deliverance of the city, and the dramatic piece was probably acted on the return of that day for many a year after. This was one of the so-called 'Miracle Plays,' popular both in France and in England at that period. The author or authors of the play are not known.

Some one has taken the trouble to count the number of lines: they amount to 20,529, and are all in dialogue!

Whether the unfortunate audience had to sit all through this performance one does not know. One hopes, for their sake, that, like a Chinese play or a Bayreuth performance of Wagner's operas, the performance was extended over a number of days.

Joan is naturally the heroine throughout; she first appears as the bearer of the Divine mandate to drive the enemy from off the sacred soil of France. The play closes with her triumphant return to Orleans after the victory of Patay. As far as the mission is concerned the play is historically correct, and it is in this respect an improvement on Shakespeare and Schiller. There is a point of great interest concerning this piece which, so far as we know, has never been noticed--namely, the fact of one of its acts being almost identical with one in the First Part of _King Henry VI_. In the mystery play the scene of this act is laid before Orleans. The French are determined to defend their city to the last; the English are determined on taking it. We are in front of the besieged and the besiegers. Salisbury has entered the Tournelles, and he looks out over the city from a window in the tower. Glansdale ('Glassidas') stands beside him, and says to Salisbury, 'Look to your right, and to your left--it looks like a terrestrial paradise, all this country flowing with milk and honey; you will soon be its master.' Salisbury expresses his satisfaction at the sight of all the plunder at his feet, and gives vent to some very sanguinary sentiments about the French; he will slay every one in the place--all the men, 'et leurs femmes et leurs enfants. Personne je n'épargnerai.' But scarcely has he been able to give vent to this terrible threat when his head is carried off by a cannon ball fired from the town. The English cry out 'Ha! Hay! maudite journée!'

Earl Salisbury is carried out stiff and stark. Talbot and the other English officers now vow vengeance on the French in these words:--

'Ha, Sallebery, noble coraige!
Ta mort nous sera vendue chère,
Jamais un tel de ton paraige,
Ne se trouvera en frontière.'

If we turn to Scene 4 of the first act of Shakespeare's First Part of _King Henry VI._, we shall find almost the same scene enacted.

Enter on the turrets, Lord Salisbury, Talbot, etc. Salisbury, after welcoming Talbot, calls on Sir William Glansdale to look down into the town, and while conversing the shot is fired which kills Salisbury. After the death of Salisbury, Talbot vows vengeance on the French, and says he will

'Nero-like
Play on the lute, beholding the towns burn.'

There can be little doubt that whoever wrote the First Part of _King Henry VI._ had seen the mystery play of the _Siege of Orleans_ acted in that town. This brings one to the much debated question, 'Who wrote the First Part of _King Henry VI._?'

There can be no doubt that Shakespeare had studied both Hall's and Holinshed's chronicles. The former styled Joan of Arc 'a monstrous woman,' and also suggested that fine passage beginning 'Why ring not the bells throughout the town?' We are of those who would wish to believe that our greatest poet had but little hand in delineating the French heroine of all time as she is described in Hall and in Holinshed, and to believe that he left the play--originally written, we think, by Greene--very much as he found it. It is not indeed till the fifth act, when Joan is represented as a magician, and when the grotesqueness of the author passes even the limits of burlesque, that we fail to see a shred of the poet's skill. Nothing in Shakespeare is at once so unpoetical as well as so untrue to history as the last scene, in which Joan repudiates her father. If it is by Shakespeare--which we cannot believe--it must have been one of the very earliest of his historical plays; and, with Ben Jonson, we could wish that the passages referring to the Maid of Orleans had been freely blotted.

The era of the Renaissance brought with it in France no poets to sing of Joan of Arc, and we only find--besides the mystery play of the _Siege of Orleans_--one literary work relating to her at this period; that is a five-act tragedy written by a Jesuit priest named Fronton du Duc, a gloomy piece, which was acted in 1580 at Pont-à-Mousson. In the beginning of the seventeenth century appeared another tragedy by a Norman squire named Virey: it was titled _Jeanne d'Arques, dite la Pucelle d'Orléans_. This very mellifluous production was published at Rouen in the year 1600.

Another tragedy on the same subject appeared in 1642, written by the Abbé d'Aubignac--a very pedantic play.

Next appears an 'heroic poem' by Chapelain, published in 1656, entitled _La Pucelle_. Great things had been expected of this poem, but it fell very flat after a long expectancy of thirty years when it at length saw the light. Chapelain's ridiculous poem gave the idea to Voltaire of his licentious one.

Even Voltaire was ashamed of his work, and long denied that he was its author. As a very slight reparation for his deed, he writes of Joan of Arc in his _Essai sur les moeurs et l'esprit des natives_, that the heroine would have had altars built in the days when altars were erected by primitive men to their liberators.

Southey, referring to Voltaire's infamous production, said, 'I never committed the crime of reading Voltaire's _Pucelle_.'

After all, Voltaire did infinitely more harm to himself by writing his poem _La Pucelle_ than he did to the memory of the Maid of Orleans, for it revealed to the world what an amount of depravity was mixed up within that wonderful shrewd mind, and how it weakened its genius. The great Revolution which swept so many shams away with its terrible breath, venerated, to its honour be it said, both the spirit of humanity displayed by the poet-philosopher and the spirit of patriotism that possessed the virgin heroine and martyr.

In 1795 appeared Southey's heroic play on Joan of Arc. That drama is more a glorification of the principles of the French Revolution than of Joan of Arc. There is no attempt made to follow out her history. The play contains a love episode due entirely to the youthful poet's imagination, but it contains fine passages as well, and seems to us to have merited more praise from posterity than it has received.

Schiller's play, like Southey's, sins grievously as far as historical truth is concerned. The German poet wishes, it seems, to remove the bad impression made by Voltaire's poem. The play was first performed on the stage at Weimar in 1801; and the _Jungfrau von Orleans_ met with considerable success. It contains noble lines, but is historically a mere travesty of the life and death of the heroine.

In 1815 Casimir Delavigne wrote, as a counterblast to the double invasion that France had just undergone, his well known _Messeniennes_ to the honour of the French heroine. These poems had a great success, the second being the most admired; but they are now forgotten. Two other dramatic poets followed in Delavigne's steps: these were d'Avrigni and Soumet. By the former appeared, in 1819, a tragedy in five acts and in verse; it was performed at the Théâtre Français. Soumet's play was also acted; it almost equals d'Avrigni's in length and tediousness.

Besides the above tragedies which had, as the French term it, the honour of seeing the light of the footlights, Desnoyers wrote a play on Joan of Arc in 1841, and was followed by a series of other writers in verse and in prose--Caze, Dumolard, Maurin, Cramar, Hédouville, Millot, Lequesme, Crepot, Puymaigre, Porchat, Haldy, Renard, Jouve, Cozic, Daniel Stern, Bousson de Maviet, Constant Materne. All the above wrote plays and tragedies on the subject of Joan of Arc between the years 1805 and 1862. Daniel Stern was the only authoress who composed a drama in honour of the heroine.

While all this _galimatias_ of dramas has sunk into the limbo which waits for all such work, Villon's two lines remain as bright as the day on which, four centuries ago, he wrote them:--

'Jeanne la bonne Lorraine,
Qu' Anglais brûlèrent à Rouen.'

Some plays on the subject of the Maid of Orleans also appeared in Italy and in England, but none is likely to retain a long hold of the stage. The drama of Joan of Arc's life has inspired two of the greatest masters of music of our day. Verdi set a tragedy by Solera to music in 1845, and in 1869 Gounod wrote some music for a piece by Jules Barbier, which was performed with some success at the Gaîté Théâtre in Paris in 1873.

What will always remain an unfortunate fact in the history of modern literature is that the two greatest minds of England and France have written on the subject of the Maid of Orleans lines which--for their fame--it were well they had never written. Whether Shakespeare composed the First Part of _King Henry VI._ may for long remain a disputed point, but he is responsible for that play, and consequently for the manner in which Joan of Arc is treated in it. No genius can pardon or excuse the abuse and filth with which Voltaire bespatters the immortal memory of the glorious Maid of Orleans.

Voltaire's attack on Church and State had much to excuse them in his day; but that on Joan of Arc was entirely unwarranted, uncalled for, and unpardonable. Still, could Joan have known the offence and the offender, we have no doubt she would have forgiven the ribaldry and the ribald as freely as she forgave all her enemies.

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1590(?) 12mo.

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du latin et publié intégralement pour la première fois en français
d'après les documents manuscrits et originaux.' Paris (Mesnil),
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---- 'Recherches sur la famille de Jeanne d'Arc' Firmin-Didot,
Paris, 1854. 8vo.

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Cousinot,' Jacob, Paris, 1857. 8vo. (V. 'Jacob,' p. 314 de la
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apparitions de la mission divine de Jeanne d'Arc.' Orléans, 1881.
8vo.

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1855. 8vo.

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mai 1857.' Orléans, 1857. 8vo.

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de P. de Vigneulles.' 1878. 8vo.

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1773. 8vo.

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1778 à la 1^e page.)

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ENGLISH BIBLIOGRAPHY OF JOAN OF ARC.

Bartlett, David W., 'The Life of Joan of Arc.' Auburn, New York,
1855. 12mo.

Blake, Robert, 'Joan of Arc.' A poem. London, 1876. 8vo.

Bray, Mrs., 'Life of Joan d'Arc.' London, 1874. 8vo.

Caddy, Mrs. Florence, 'Footsteps of Jeanne d'Arc: A Pilgrimage.'
London, 1866. 8vo.

Charles, Mrs. E., 'Joan of Arc: A Story of the Fifteenth Century.'
London, 1879. 8vo.

'Commines, Philip de, The Memoirs of.' 2 vols. London, 1855. 12mo.

Davenport-Adams, W.H., 'The Maid of Orleans.' London, 1889. 8vo.

Delepierre, Joseph Octave, 'Historical Difficulties and Contested
Events.' London, 1868. 8vo.

Doran, John, 'Knights and their Days.' London, 1856. 8vo.

Fuller, Thomas, 'The Holy State and the Profane State.' London,
1840. 8vo. pp. 341.

Guizot, F.P.G., 'The History of France from the Earliest Times to
the year 1789.' Translated by R. Black. London, 1870. 8vo.

Jameson, Mrs. A., 'Lives of Celebrated Sovereigns.' London, 1834.
12mo.

'Joan of Arc: The Story of a Noble Life.' Edinburgh, 1871. 12mo.

Maceroni, Cecilia, 'Illustrations from the History of the Maid of
Orleans.' London, 1854. 8vo.

Owen, Emily, 'Heroines of History.' London, 1877. 8vo.

Parr, Harriet, 'The Life and Death of Jeanne d'Arc.' London, 1866. 8vo.

Parton, James, 'The People's Book of Biography.' New York, 1869. 8vo.

Pauli, Rheinhold, 'Pictures of Old England.' Translated by E.C.
Otté. London, 1861. 8vo.

Quincey, T. de, 'Miscellaneous Essays: Joan of Arc.' London, 1865. 8vo.

Russell, Wm., 'Extraordinary Women.' London, 1857. 8vo.

R., C.L., 'The Story of Joan of Arc.' London, 1860. 16mo.

Southey, Robert, 'Joan of Arc; an epic Poem.' Bristol, &c., 1796.
4to.

Stanhope, P.H. (5th Earl), 'The Life of Joan of Arc.' London, 1853.
8vo.

Sterling, J., 'Essays and Tales,' vol. i. London, 1848. 8vo.

Stothart, A.E., 'Joan of Arc.' London, 1874. 8vo.

'The Wonderful Exploits of the Maid of Orleans.' Falkirk, 1815.
12mo.

Tuckey, Janet, 'Life of Joan of Arc.' London, 1880. 8vo.

* * * * *

MAGAZINE ARTICLES ON JOAN OF ARC.

_Blackwood's Magazine_, vol. xlvii. p. 284 (1841).

_Dublin Review_, vol. lx. p. 118 (1866).

_Dublin University Magazine_, vol. lxxxix. p. 417 (1876).

_Encyclopædia Britannica_, Article, 'Joan of Arc.'

_Temple Bar_, vol. xxi. p. 380 (1867).

_Fortnightly Review_, vol. vi. p. 632 (1866).

_Harper's Magazine_, vol. lxiii. p. 91 (1881).

INDEX

INDEX.

Adam, De l'Isle, commander of the Burgundian soldiers in Paris, 107

Albret, Sire d', assists Joan of Arc at the siege of Saint Pierre-le-Moutier, 115

Alençon, Duke of, entrusted with the command of the expedition on the
Loire, 73, 74;
his personal safety vouchsafed by Joan of Arc, 76;
accompanies the King to Rheims, 85;
testifies to the military talents of Joan, 95;
gives evidence at the trial for her rehabilitation, 265

Alessée, John, canon at Rouen, assessor at the trial of Joan of Arc, 147

Alnwick, William, Bishop of Norwich, assessor at the trial of Joan of Arc, 148

Anjou, Duke of, his sympathy with Joan of Arc, 30

Anjou, René d', 111

Arc, origin of the name, 4

Arc, Isabeau d' (mother of Joan of Arc), her influence upon her daughter, 5; at the trial for rehabilitation, 256

Arc, Jacques d' (father of Joan of Arc), his social position, 4;
his death, 255

Arc, Joan of. _See_ Joan of Arc

Arc, John d' (brother of Joan of Arc), 37;
at the trial for her rehabilitation, 256, 285

Arc, Peter d' (brother of Joan of Arc), 37;
taken prisoner with his sister, 125;
at the trial for rehabilitation, 256

Armagnac, Thibauld d', Sire de Thermes, 40;
at the trial for the rehabilitation of Joan of Arc, 274

Arnolin, Henri, priest, 260

Arras, Bishop of, 106

Arundel, Earl of, threatens the town of Compiègne, 122

Aubert, John, burgher of Orleans, 273

Aubignac, Abbé d', his tragedy on Joan of Arc, 306

Auguy, Raoul, canon at Rouen, assessor at the trial of Joan of Arc, 147

Aulon, John d', esquire of Joan of Arc, 37, 56, 57;
rescues his mistress, 115;
taken prisoner with her, 125, 134;
gives evidence at the trial for her rehabilitation, 257, 271

Aunoy, Arnoult d', Celibat of the Monastery of Saint Urban-les-Joinville, 21

Averdy, Clément de l', 292

Avét, John de Saint, Bishop of Avranches, assessor at the trial of Joan of Arc, 145

Avrigni, D', dramatic poet, 308

Aymeri, William, doctor of theology, 33

Bailly, Nicolas, scrivener, 260

Baker, Sir Richard, English writer, 300

Bar, Count de, 3

Barante, historian, 297

Barbier, Robert, canon of Rouen, assessor at the trial of Joan of Arc, 147

Barbier, Jean, King's Advocate, 224;
at the trial for the rehabilitation of Joan of Arc, 263

Barbier, Jules, 309

Barrey, John, godfather of Joan of Arc, 258

Basin, Thomas, Bishop of Lisieux, quoted for Joan of Arc's belief in the reality of her visions, 8

Basset, John, canon, assessor at the trial of Joan of Arc, 148

Baubribosc, William de, canon at Rouen, assessor at the trial of Joan of Arc, 147

Baudricourt, Robert de, 9;
his first interview with Joan of Arc, 12;
second interview, 14;
presents her with his sword, 21

Beaucharnys, John, burgher of Orleans, 273

Beaucharnys, Petronillé, 274

Beaucroix, Simon, at the trial for rehabilitation, 272

Beaufort, Henry, Bishop of Winchester. _See_ Winchester.

Beaupère, John, canon at Besançon, assessor at the trial of Joan of
Arc, 145;
examines and cross-questions her, 158;
seeks to effect her abjuration, 227;
at the trial for rehabilitation, 276

Bedford, Duke of, sends Fastolfe to Suffolk's assistance at Jargeau, 75;
takes refuge in the fortress of Vincennes, 100;
appeals for help to the Duke of Burgundy and the Bishop of
Winchester, 101;
advances from Paris, 103;
returns there, 105;
leaves for Normandy, 107;
comes to terms with the Duke of Burgundy, 114;
invokes the aid of the Church against Joan of Arc, 130

Bellarme, Martin, Dominican priest, assessor at the trial of Joan of Arc, 143

Bellier, William, bailiff of Troyes, 89

Bellow, J., cited, 150

Benel, Abbot of Courcelles, assessor at the trial of Joan of Arc, 148

Bergame, Philip de, Augustinian monk, 289

Berwoit, John, attendant on Joan of Arc, 149, 157

Bibliography of Joan of Arc: French, 311;
English, 320

Boissel, Guérold de, 225

Bonart, Hervé, canon at Orleans, 274

Bonnet, John, priest, 282

Bonnet, Simon, Bishop of Senlis, 32

Bordez, André, canon at Rouen, 274

Boucher, Charlotte, bedfellow of Joan of Arc, at the trial for rehabilitation, 273

Boucher, James, host of Joan of Arc in Orleans, 52

Boucher, Mary le, 122

Bouchier, Peter, priest, 282

Boulogne, Count of, accompanies Charles VII. to Rheims, 85

Boussac, Marshal de (Saint-Sévère), 40, 47, 58, 75

Boyleau, Joan, 273

Brullot, John, canon at Rouen, assessor at trial of Joan of Arc, 148

Buchon, 291, 292

Burgundy, Philip, Duke of, his trimming conduct after the coronation
at Rheims, 102;
comes to terms with Bedford, 114;
intrigues to obtain possession of Compiègne, 121;
hands over Joan of Arc to the English, 137

Cabu, Gentien, burgher of Orleans, 273

Cagny, Perceval de, cited, 66

Calixtus III., Pope, sanctions the rehabilitation of Joan of Arc, 254

Canelier, John, burgher of Orleans, 273

Castiglione, Zanon de, Bishop of Lisieux, assessor at the trial of Joan of Arc, 145, 213

Cauchon, Peter, Bishop of Beauvais, 106;
his early career, 131;
offered preferment by Winchester, 132;
ransoms Joan of Arc for the English, 133;
resolves that her trial shall take place in Rouen, 141;
constitution of his tribunal, 143;
his policy at the beginning of the trial, 150, 151;
his opening speech, 153;
his examination of the Maid, 154 _et seq._;
fails to attach guilt to her in the public trial, 187;
subjects her to a secret examination in prison, 188;
contents of his letter of indictment to the University of Paris, 208;
tries to extort her submission in illness, 215;
decides to put her to the torture, 221;
commended for his zealous conduct, 226;
seeks to effect her abjuration, 227;
absolves her from excommunication, 235;
interviews her in prison, 238;
hands her over to the secular powers, 248

Caval, canon, assessor at the trial of Joan of Arc, 148;
at the trial for rehabilitation, 282

Censurey, Peter de la, canon at Rouen, 274

Chapelain, his 'heroic poem' on the Maid, 306

Charles II., Duke of Lorraine, seeks an interview with Joan of Arc, 17

Charles V. of France, 1

Charles VI. of France, 1

Charles the Dauphin (afterwards Charles VII.),
protests against the dismemberment of France, 1;
his wretched condition at the beginning of 1429, 23;
interview with Joan of Arc at Chinon, 28;
presents her with a suit of armour, 37;
meets her after the delivery of Orleans, 70;
sets out for Rheims, 83;
is crowned there, 91;
ennobles Joan, 98;
vacillating conduct, 102;
marches on Paris, 104;
retreats to Gien, 114;
takes measures for the rehabilitation of the Maid, 253;
real object in doing so, 271

Charles, Simon, Master of the Requests, 263

Charlet, 292

Charnettes, Lebrun les, historian, 292

Charron, William le, burgher of Orleans, 272

Chartres, Regnault de, Archbishop of Rheims, 32;
accompanies Joan of Arc to Blois, 46;
tries to thwart her mission, 55;
meets Charles VII. on his entry into Rheims, 90;
makes a truce with the English, 111;
announces the capture of the Maid to the citizens of Rheims, 128

Chartrier, William, Bishop of Paris, appointed a commissioner for the rehabilitation of Joan of Arc, 255

Chatillon, Archdeacon of Evreux, assessor at the trial of Joan of Arc, 149;
his sermon before Joan, 219

Chauvigny, Seigneur de, accompanies Charles VII. to Rheims, 85

Chinon, the Castle of, 22

Clermont, Count of, accompanies Charles VII. to Rheims, 85, 111

Coaraze, 40

Colin, playmate of Joan of Arc, 259

Colin, John, priest, 262

Colles, William, assessor at the trial of Joan of Arc, 144, 151;
at the trial for rehabilitation, 279

Columbel, canon, assessor at the trial of Joan of Arc, 148

Compaing, Peter, canon at Orleans, 274

Compiègne, the town of, 122

Contes, Louis de, page of Joan, 37, 268

Conti, De, Abbot of Sainte Catherine, Assessor at the trial of Joan of Arc, 148

Coppequesne, Nicolas, canon at Rouen, assessor at the trial of Joan of Arc, 147, 224

Cormeilles, canon, assessor at the trial of Joan of Arc, 148

Coulant, 40

Coulon, John, burgher of Orleans, 273

Coulon, Guillemette de, 273

Courcelles, Thomas de, canon, assessor at the trial of Joan of Arc, 145, 150, 202, 224, 235; nature of his evidence at the trial for rehabilitation, 275

Cousinot, G., Chancellor of the Duke of Orleans, 291

Crique, Peter de, Prior of Sigy, assessor at the trial of Joan of Arc, 148

Crotoy, Le, importance of, to the English in the fifteenth century, 139

Crotoy, canon, assessor at the trial of Joan of Arc, 148

Culan, Louis, Admiral de, accompanies Charles VII. to Rheims, 85

Cusquel, Peter, burgher of Rouen, 284

Dacier, Abbot of Saint Corneille of Compiègne, assessor at the trial of Joan of Arc, 148, 222

Daniel, English writer, 300

Darmesteter, M., cited, 300

Daron, Peter, attorney, 283

Daval, William, priest, at the trial for rehabilitation, 281

David, Jesuit priest, 291

De Champcoux, John, burgher of Orleans, 273

De Commy, Cosmé, burgher of Orleans, 273

Delachambre, William, assessor at the trial of Joan of Arc, 149;
at the trial for rehabilitation, 278;
Joan of Arc's doctor, _ib._

Delavigne, Casimir, his poems on Joan of Arc, 307

Desjardins, Abel, biographer of Joan of Arc, 299

Desnoyers, dramatist, 308

Desprès, John, 257

Domremy, birthplace of Joan of Arc, 3

Du Bellay, French writer, cited, 285, 289

Dubesert, canon at Rouen, assessor at the trial of Joan of Arc, 148;
at the trial for rehabilitation, 282

Duchemin, canon, assessor at the trial of Joan of Arc, 148

Du Duc, Fronton, his tragedy on Joan of Arc, 306