Chapter VII: John Lackland (3)

On a tale so monstrous and so nonsensical as this, comment is needless. There is, however, a much earlier and more rational account of the quarrel between John and Fitz-Walter. According to the contemporary _Histoire des Ducs de Normandie_, Robert Fitz-Walter, “qui estoit uns des plus haus homes d’Engletierre et uns des plus poissans” (he was lord of Dunmow in Essex, of Baynard’s Castle in London, and also, by his marriage with an heiress, of large estates in the north), had two daughters, of whom the elder was married to Geoffrey de Mandeville, eldest son of Geoffrey Fitz-Peter, chief justiciar of England. “Une fois” when the king was visiting Marlborough, a quarrel for lodgings arose between the servants of this young Geoffrey and those of William Brewer; they came to blows, and Brewer’s chief “sergeant” was slain by the hand of Geoffrey himself. Geoffrey, fearing the wrath of the king, whom he knew to be jealous of his father’s power and wealth, fled to his wife’s father, who went to intercede for him with the king; John, however, “jura les dens Diu que non auroit (merchi), ains le feroit pendre, se il le pooit tenir.” Robert in return swore “Par _Corpus Domini_, non ferés! ains en verriés ii. m. hiaumes laciés en vostre tierre, que chil fust pendus qui ma fille a.” At last John promised a “day” for agreement between himself and Geoffrey at Nottingham, intending to seize him at his coming; but Robert, “ki le roi connissoit à moult gaignart,” came with his son-in-law, and with five hundred knights at his back. The king then proposed another “day,” and the same thing happened a second time. Then John began to plot vengeance upon Robert; he sent secret orders to “ses bourgois de Londres, qui se faisoient apelier baron,” to pull down Castle Baynard; and they, not daring to disobey him, did as they were bid. Robert, knowing very well that they had acted on an order from the king, fled over sea with his wife and children. On reaching the Continent “il fist à entendre par tout que li rois Jehans voloit sa fille aisnée, qui feme estoit Joffroi de Mandeville, avoir à force à amie, et por chou que il ne le vaut soufrir, l’avoit il chacié de sa tierre et tout le sien tolut.” This was the tale which he also told to King Philip of France, at whose court he--after staying some time at Arras--presented himself just as Philip was preparing to invade England. When the invasion had been checked by John’s submission to Pandulf and Pandulf’s prohibition to Philip, Robert went to “Pandoufle le clerc” and to him told another tale: “li dist que il s’estoit partis d’Engletierre por le roi qui escumeniiés estoit, car il ne voloit pas estre en la compaignie des escumeniiés; et por chou li avoit li rois toute sa terre tolue”; wherefore he begged Pandulf, now that the king was excommunicate no longer, to make peace for him and get him back his land, which Pandulf accordingly did (_Hist. des Ducs_, pp. 115–25).

Here, at any rate, it is clear that the date of the quarrel cannot have been later than the spring of 1213; perhaps, as we are not told how long Robert stayed in Flanders before going to France, it might be some months earlier. This agrees with the date assigned to Robert’s flight from England by the Barnwell annalist, Ralph of Coggeshall, and Roger of Wendover, all of whom place it in the latter part of 1212 (see below, p. 292). The cause of the flight, however, still remains doubtful. It will be observed that the writer of the _Histoire des Ducs_, speaking in his own person, makes the quarrel between John and Robert arise out of John’s enmity to Robert’s son-in-law, Geoffrey de Mandeville, and also makes that enmity originate in the king’s jealousy of Geoffrey’s father (the Justiciar), without a word about Geoffrey’s wife; but that he represents Robert Fitz-Walter as having given to different persons two different accounts of the matter, both of which are quite distinct not only from the account given by the writer himself, but also from each other. To the third of these three accounts--the assertion which Robert is said to have made to Pandulf, that he left England because he would not keep company with an excommunicate sovereign--it is hardly possible for any one who has read the story of the years of interdict to attach any weight. Robert’s appeal to Pandulf, moreover, is chronologically out of place; it is represented as having been made after John’s agreement with Pandulf, whereas in reality the restoration of Robert Fitz-Walter, and also of Eustace de Vesci, was one of the conditions of that agreement. The statement which Robert is said to have made “everywhere,” on the other hand, is only too likely to be true, and may well contain the true explanation of John’s designs against the husband of Fitz-Walter’s daughter; while none of the three versions is incompatible with either of the others. Still the fact remains that three different versions are thus given--two on the alleged authority of Robert Fitz-Walter, one on his own authority--by a writer who was strictly contemporary, and who ranks as one of the best, and certainly the most impartial, of our informants on the closing years of John’s reign; and this fact leaves a somewhat sinister impression as to the opinion which that writer, at least, entertained of the truthfulness of the “first champion of English liberty.”

The main facts which can be gathered from other sources as to Robert Fitz-Walter’s relations with the king are these. In 1203 he and Saher de Quincy were jointly charged by John with the defence of the castle of Vaudreuil. They surrendered the place to Philip Augustus under circumstances so exceptionally disgraceful that Philip himself felt constrained to make an example of them as cowards and traitors of too deep a dye to be left unpunished, and flung them into prison at Compiègne, whence they were only released on payment of a heavy ransom (R. Wend. iii. 172; R. Coggeshall, pp. 143, 144). “Ex qua re,” adds Ralf of Coggeshall, “facti sunt in derisum et in opprobrium omni populo utriusque regni, canticum eorum tota die, ac generositatis suae maculaverunt gloriam” (cf. _Hist. des Ducs_, p. 97). Alone, the sovereign whom they had betrayed sought to shield their reputation at the risk of his own. Of course he acted from a motive of self-interest. As neither Robert nor Saher held any lands in Normandy, their money was to Philip more useful than their personal adhesion could have been. But for John the friendship of two barons of such importance in England was worth buying back, and he endeavoured to secure it by treating them with an exaggerated generosity which was evidently designed to impress them by its contrast with Philip’s severity; he issued (July 5, 1203) letters patent declaring that they had surrendered Vaudreuil under a warrant from himself, and ordering that neither they nor its garrison should be made to suffer for their act (_Rot. Pat._ vol. i. p. 31). Fitz-Walter therefore came back in peace to his English possessions. Like Eustace de Vesci, he joined the host which John gathered for a Welsh war in 1212; like Eustace, too, he withdrew from it secretly on learning that John had received a warning of treason in its ranks (_Ann. Waverl._ a. 1212); and like Eustace, again, he did not come when summoned to make his “purgation” with the other barons, but, as has been already seen, fled the country instead (W. Coventry, ii. 207; R. Coggeshall, p. 165; R. Wendover, iii. 240). The Barnwell annalist (W. Coventry, _l.c._) dates the demolition of Castle Baynard, and of Robert’s other castles, after his flight; the Annals of Dunstable place the destruction of Castle Baynard a year earlier, viz. in 1211.

There remains the question: What was the reason for the special mention of Eustace de Vesci and Robert Fitz-Walter in the terms of reconciliation between the Pope and John? At first glance it seems natural to infer that there must have been some peculiar injustice in John’s outlawry of these two men, to make their restoration a matter for intervention on the part of the Pope. But, as has been seen, all the ascertained facts of the case point the opposite way. If indeed Fitz-Walter’s alleged assertion to Pandulf, that he had fled on account of the king’s excommunication, were true, he would naturally be among the “laicis ad hoc negotium contingentibus” (R. Wendover, iii. 248), while the fact that the rest of these lay sufferers seem to have been all of lower rank might possibly account for his being specially mentioned by name. But it was not true; and with regard to De Vesci no such assertion is mentioned. Nevertheless, it is extremely probable that both Fitz-Walter and De Vesci may have contrived to represent to the Pope or his commissioner the cause of their exile in the way in which Fitz-Walter is described as representing his own case to Pandulf; and neither Pandulf nor Innocent could have at his command the means of knowing what all the evidence now available goes to show--that these two men had fled their country and left their property to fall into the king’s hand, not for conscience’s sake, but because their consciences accused them of treason.

INDEX

Adela of France, 21, 22, 40

Albemarle, earl of, 272, 281

Alençon, John of, 51

Alençon, Robert, count of, 89

Alençon, siege of, 94

Alexander III., Pope, 19

Alexander of Scotland, 162, 258–260, 273, 276, 278, 279

Angers occupied by Bretons, 61, 89;
John at, 74, 115, 200

Angoulême, Ademar, count of, 75–77, 87

Angoulême, Isabel of, 76, 77, 89

Anjou, Arthur acknowledged in, 61;
John in, 115, 200, 201

Aquitaine, Richard made duke of, 1;
proposal to transfer it to John, 8, 9.
_See_ Gascony, Poitou

Ardenne, Ralf of, 107

Arques, siege of, 87;
surrender, 102

Arthur of Britanny, 36, 57, 58, 61, 71, 85, 86, 90–92

Articles of the Barons, 213–217, 227, 233

Arundel, earl of, 272

Athies, Gerald of, 150

Aubigny, William of, 80, 248, 251

Auvergne ceded to France, 73

Axholme ravaged, 279

Baldwin, archbishop of Canterbury, 20, 26

Balliol, Hugh de, 274, 276

Bangor burnt, 158;
bishop of, _see_ Robert

Barham Down, muster on, 177

Barnard Castle, siege of, 276

Barons, English, their attitude after Richard’s death, 64;
swear obedience to John, 104;
grievances against him, 122–125, 131;
refuse foreign service, 186, 189;
meet John at Wallingford, 191;
refuse to pay scutage, 210;
relations with Langton, 211, 212, 218, 219;
meeting at S. Edmund’s, 221;
demand Henry I.’s charter, _ib._;
appeal to the Pope, 225;
assemble in arms, 226;
their “schedule,” 227;
defy the king, 228;
besiege Northampton, _ib._;
Bedford surrendered to, 229;
refuse arbitration, _ib._;
win London, _ib._;
plunder the Jews, 230;
take Exeter, _ib._;
evacuate it, 231;
besiege the Tower, 232;
seize Lincoln, _ib._;
break their promise to John, 236;
insolence to him, 238;
prepare for war, 239;
spoil the forests, 241;
meet bishops, 242, 243;
usurp sheriffdoms, 243;
propose to elect a new king, 244;
advance against John, 248;
retreat, _ib._;
attempt relief of Rochester, 250;
negotiate with John, 252;
offer crown to Louis, 253, 254;
northern, do homage to Alexander, 259;
of the Irish March, support John, 172, 173;
of Poitou betray John, 201

Barri, William de, footnote 600

Beauchamp, William de, 229

Beaufort, John and S. Hugh at, 60

Beaumont, Adam de, 272

Bedford surrendered to the barons, 229

Belvoir surrendered to John, 256

Berwick taken by John, 260

Béthune, Robert de, 230, 255

Bishops, English, their flight, 130;
restoration and restitution, 188, 190, 191, 206;
claim free election for churches, 192;
confer with barons, 242, 243;
proclaim excommunication of “disturbers,” 243

Blanche of Castille, 73

Bolton, meeting of John and William the Lion at, 132

Boulogne, Reginald, count of, 68, 70, 107, 108, 185, 202, 203

Bourges ceded to France, 73

Bouvines, battle of, 203

Boves, Hugh de, 202, 203, 241, footnote 1112

Brabant, duke of, 202

Braose, Giles de, bishop of Hereford, footnote 989, 288

Braose, Margaret de, 140, 281

Braose, Maud, wife of William de, 149–152, 155, 156, 288

Braose, Maud de, wife of Griffith ap Rees, 140

Braose, Philip de, 15, 139

Braose, Reginald de, 152, 288

Braose, William de, 139–141, 144–147, 149–151, 155, 156, 287, 288

Braose, William de, the younger, 152, 156, 288

Bréauté, Falkes de, 232, 247, 255, 281, 285

Brewer, William, 222, 255, 285

Brezolles, siege of, 54

Britanny, Alice of, 200

Britanny, Arthur of, _see_ Arthur

Britanny, Constance of, _see_ Constance

Britanny, Eleanor of, 196

Britanny, Geoffrey of, _see_ Geoffrey

Britanny, Peter, count of, _see_ Dreux

Brus, Peter de, 263, 273

Buck, Walter, 255

Burgh, Hubert de, 80, 90, 231, 233, 237, 252, 269, 274, 280, 281

Burgh, William de, 138, 139, 141, 142

Caermarthen, Rees and John at, 25

Cambridgeshire ravaged, 257, 278

Camville, Gerard de, 31, 33, 35

Canterbury, John at, 118;
disputed election to see, 119–121;
archbishops of, _see_ Baldwin, Hubert, Langton

Carlisle attacked by Alexander, 260;
siege of, 273

Carrick, Duncan, lord of, 152

Carrickfergus, siege of, 152

Casamario, abbot of, 94, 100

Casinghem, William of, 280

Castles in John’s lands, 26, 27;
disputes between John and Longchamp about, 31–35;
royal, John’s designs on, 39, 41;
the barons’, demanded by John, 80

Cathal Carrach O’Conor, king of Connaught, 139

Cathal Crovderg O’Conor, king of Connaught, 139, 142

Châlus, siege of, 56

Charter of Henry I., 211, 219–221;
the Great, 233–236;
quashed by the Pope, 246

Château-Gaillard, 55, 94;
siege of, 95;
attempted relief, 96, 97;
fall, 100

Châteauroux, siege of, 20, 21

Chester, muster at, 158

Chester, Ralf, earl of, 50, 58, 65, 285

Chichester, bishop of, _see_ Richard

Chinon surrendered to Philip Augustus, 113

Cinque Ports, their relations with John, 132, 163, 280

Cistercians, their quarrel with John, 73;
claim exemption from interdict, 129;
John’s spoliations of, 160, 171

Clare, Isabel de, 29, 148

Clare, Richard de, earl of Striguil, 12

Clare, Richard, earl of, 65, 252, 255, 261

Clergy, John’s dealings with, 128, 129, 136, 187, 207

Cogan, Miles, 13–16

Cogan, Richard, 16, 138

Colchester, siege of, 261

“Commune” of 1205, 104

“Commune” of London, 39

Connaught, civil war in, 139;
kings of, _see_ Cathal, Roderic

Constance of Britanny, 5, 9, 58, 61, 71, 85

Corfe, Peter of Pontefract imprisoned at, 170

Cork, city, constables of, 15, 16;
“English” driven out of, 138;
county, 153;
kingdom, 14, 15.
_See_ Desmond

Cornhill, Reginald of, 248

Counties in Ireland, the earliest, 153

Courcy, John de, 13, 16, 19, 137–139, 143, 152

Coventry, bishop of, _see_ Nonant

Crowland burnt by John, 278

Croxton, abbot of, 283–285

Culvertage, 176

Cumin, John, archbishop of Dublin, 17, 18

Curson, Robert, 204

Cuthred MacWilliam, 162, 163

Desmond, 14, 15;
fiefs in, 138.
_See_ Cork

Dover, siege of, 280;
raised, 281

Dreux, Robert, count of, 200

Dreux, Robert of, the younger, 273, 276, 281

Dreux, Peter of, count of Britanny, 200, 241, 280

Driencourt seized by John, 78

Dublin, held by Henry II., 12;
John’s charter to, 138;
John in, 152, 153;
archbishops of, _see_ Cumin, O’Toole

Durand, 160, 162

Durham, bishops of, _see_ Philip, Puiset

Eleanor of Aquitaine, queen of England, 1, 30, 41, 43, 63, 69, 73, 86,
103

Ely sacked, 258

England, condition of, under John, 212–217

Erlée, John d’, footnote 238, footnote 256

Escheats, inquiry concerning, 163

Essex harried, 257;
earls of, _see_ Mandeville, Fitz-Peter

Eu, count of, _see_ Lusignan

Evreux, John at, 53;
burnt by Philip, 55;
county of, 73

Ewell, John does homage to the Pope at, 180

Exeter taken by the barons, 230;
evacuated, 231;
besieged, 281

Falaise, siege of, 102

Felton, homage of barons to Alexander at, 259

Ferrars, William, Earl, 50, 65, 150, 179, 285

Fitz-Audeline, William, 13, 14

Fitz-Henry, Meiler, 13, 138, 141–149

Fitz-Herbert, Herbert, 14

Fitz-Herbert, William, 14

Fitz-Payne, Ralf, 148

Fitz-Peter, Geoffrey, earl of Essex and justiciar, 62, 64, 65, 128,
194

Fitz-Stephen, Robert, 14–16

Fitz-Walter, Robert, 169, 171, 187, 219, 228, 239, 249, 250, 252, 257,
270, 289–293

Flanders, Baldwin, count of, 68

Flanders, Ferrand, count of, 185, 196, 203

Fleet, the English, 104, 176, 178, 193, 267

Fontevraud, John at, 59, 60

Forest law, hardships of, 213

Framlingham castle surrenders to John, 261

France, king of, _see_ Philip

Franceis, William, 8

Frederic, king of Sicily, 174, 175

Fréteval, battle of, 54

Furnes, Thomas of, 61

Galloway, Alan of, 168

Gant, Gilbert de, 273, 276, 278, 279

Gascony, John in, 74, 114;
adheres to him, 103

Geoffrey, duke of Britanny, 2, 9, 10, 20

Geoffrey, bishop-elect of Lincoln, 8;
chancellor, 20;
archbishop of York, 36–38, 46, 126, 127

Gerald of Wales, his picture of Geoffrey and John, 10, 11

Glanville, Ranulf de, 8

Gloucester, Isabel of, 7, 25, 26, 75, 196

Gloucester, William, earl of, 6

Gournay, Hugh of, 96

Graçay ceded to France, 73

Gray, Walter de, 193

Grey, John de, bishop of Norwich, 119, 120, 130;
justiciar in Ireland, 149, 151, footnote 793, 194

Griffith, prince of South Wales, 135, 140

Gualo, cardinal and legate, 264–268, 270, 285

Gwenwynwyn, prince of Powys, 135

Hardel, William, mayor of London, 270

Haye, Nicola de, footnote 140, 276

Hedingham, siege of, 261

Henry I., charter of, 211, 219–221

Henry II., king of England, 1–3, 5, 7, 8, 9, 11–17, 19–24

Henry VI., emperor, 49, 164

Henry, son of Henry II., 1–3, 5, 6, 8

Henry, son of King John, footnote 575, 283, 284

Heraclius, patriarch of Jerusalem, 11, 12

Hereford, bishop of, _see_ Braose

Hertfordshire harried, 257

Holland, Ada, countess of, footnote 740

Holland, William, count of, footnote 740, 202, 273

Howels, Hugh of, 99

Hubert Walter, bishop of Salisbury, 46;
archbishop of Canterbury, 50, 62, 64, 65, 83, 105, 107, 110, 113

Hugh, S., bishop of Lincoln, 38, 59–61, 78

Huntingdon, David, earl of, 25, 50, 65, 67

Huntingdonshire ravaged, 257

Ingebiorg, wife of Philip Augustus, 72

Innocent III., Pope, attitude towards John’s divorce, 75;
sends arbitrators to Philip and John, 94;
quashes elections to Canterbury, 120;
consecrates Langton, 127;
lays England under interdict, _ib._;
negotiations with John, 129;
crowns Otto, 166;
excommunicates him, _ib._;
bids Philip depose John, 175;
order for elections to churches, 192;
mediates between John and Philip, 204;
John and the barons appeal to, 225;
his answers, _ib._, 226;
excommunicates “disturbers of king and kingdom,” 242;
quashes the Charter, 246;
excommunicates rebels by name, 262;
interdicts London, _ib._;
forbids Louis’s expedition, 264

Interdict in England, 127;
Cistercians claim exemption from, 129;
raised, 207;
London under, 262, 270

Ireland, lordship of, granted by Henry II. to John, 17;
extent of English dominions in, 12;
John in, 17–19;
John’s lordship of, 28;
succession of justiciars in, footnote 595;
John’s second visit to, 152, 153;
counties in, 153.
_See_ March

Isabel of Angoulême, _see_ Angoulême

Isabel of Gloucester, _see_ Gloucester

Issoudun ceded to France, 73

Jerusalem, kingdom of, 11

Jews, persecuted by John, 137;
plundered by the barons, 230

Joan, daughter of John and Isabel, 198

Joan, daughter of John and wife of Llywelyn, 135, 158, 169

John Lackland born, 1;
his surname, 2;
alleged grant of Mortain to, 3;
betrothed to Alice of Maurienne, 4, 5;
provision for him in 1174, 6;
betrothed to Isabel of Gloucester, 7;
named lord of Ireland, _ib._;
his early years, _ib._, 8;
compared with Geoffrey, 10;
character, _ib._, 11;
offered crown of Jerusalem, 11, 12;
knighted, 12;
receives homage for Irish fiefs, 14;
visits Ireland, 17–19;
project for his crowning, 19;
his first campaign, 20, 21;
proposal to marry him to Adela, 21, 22;
with Henry at Le Mans, 22;
leaves him, _ib._, 23;
count of Mortain, 24, 25;
marriage, 25;
dealings with Wales, _ib._, 26;
his lands interdicted, 26;
their extent, 26–28;
his household, 28, 29;
despoils William the Marshal, 29;
oath of absence from England, 30;
returns, _ib._;
rivalry with Longchamp, 31–38;
recognised as heir to the Crown, 39;
league with Philip Augustus, 40;
dealings with Longchamp and Puiset, 41, 42;
with the justiciars, 43, 44;
goes to Normandy, 44;
treaty with Philip, 45;
rebellion, 45, 46;
Richard’s opinion of, 47;
intrigues with Philip, 49;
cited for trial, 50, 51;
reconciled with Richard, 52;
his lands confiscated, _ib._;
recovers Evreux for Richard, 53;
helps Richard against Philip, 53–55;
ratifies exchange of Andely, 55;
accused by Philip to Richard, _ib._;
leaves Richard, 56;
designated as his heir, _ib._;
William of Newburgh’s character of, 58;
goes to Britanny, 59;
acknowledged by Angevin barons, _ib._;
relations with S. Hugh, 59–61;
goes to Normandy, 61;
crowned duke, 62;
regains Le Mans, 63;
goes to England, _ib._;
crowned, _ib._, 65, 66;
dealings with Scotland, 66, 67;
goes to Normandy, 68;
truce with Philip, _ib._;
alliance with Flanders, _ib._;
French barons do homage to, 69, 70;
agreement with William des Roches, 70;
joined by Arthur and Constance, 71;
returns to Normandy, 72;
truce with Philip, _ib._;
goes to Aquitaine, _ib._;
meets Philip, _ib._;
goes to England, 73;
quarrels with the Cistercians, _ib._;
treaty with Philip, _ib._;
does him homage, 74;
goes to the south, _ib._;
his divorce, 75;
second marriage, 77;
returns to England, _ib._;
receives homage of William the Lion, 78;
quarrel with the Lusignans, _ib._, 79;
with English earls, 80;
takes money from the host, _ib._;
returns to Normandy, 81;
visits Paris, _ib._;
appeals the Poitevin barons of treason, _ib._;
treaty with Navarre, 83;
cited for trial, _ib._;
fails to appear, 84;
summons Arthur, 85;
relieves Mirebeau, 86;
returns to Normandy, 87;
burns Tours, _ib._;
keeps Christmas at Caen, 89;
visits Alençon, _ib._;
designs against Arthur, 90;
indifference to Philip’s successes, 93;
complains of Philip to the Pope, 94;
besieges Alençon, _ib._;
his building at Château-Gaillard, 95;
nicknamed “Softsword,” 96;
plan to relieve Château-Gaillard, _ib._, 97;
conversation with the Marshal, 98;
returns to England, 99;
letter to Roger de Lacy, _ib._;
summons the host, 102;
preparations for defence, 104, 105;
secret negotiations with Philip, 105–107;
relations with Archbishop Hubert, 104, 107;
with the Marshal, 106, 107, 109, 110;
meets the host at Porchester, 107, 108;
dismisses it, 111;
claims fines from it, 112;
remark on Hubert Walter’s death, 113;
goes to Aquitaine, 114;
besieges Montauban, _ib._;
regains Angers, 115;
truce with Philip, 116;
intrigues with Canterbury chapter, 118–121;
financial difficulties, 122, 123;
sells charters to towns, 124;
loans to barons, _ib._, 125;
scheme for taxing clergy, 125;
demands a thirteenth of moveables, 126;
refuses election of Langton, 127;
confiscates Church property, 128;
negotiates with Rome, 129;
his triumph, 130–132;
dealings with Scotland, 132–134;
with Wales, 135, 136;
excommunicated, 136;
cruelties to the clergy, _ib._;
to the Jews, 137;
dealings with Ireland, 139–154;
with the Braoses, 139–141, 149–151, 155, 156, 287, 288;
expeditions to Wales, 158, 159;
negotiates with Langton, 159;
cuts down his woods, _ib._;
extorts money from monks, 160;
meets Pandulf, 161, 162;
knights Alexander of Scotland, 162;
helps William the Lion, 163;
orders inquests into services, etc., _ib._;
seizes men of Cinque Ports, _ib._;
alliance with Otto, 164–166;
league against France, 166, 167;
prepares to go to Gascony, 167;
to Wales, 169;
hangs Welsh hostages, _ib._;
returns to London, _ib._;
interview with Peter of Pontefract, 170;
demands hostages from the barons, 171;
and a quit-claim from the clergy, 172;
relations with barons in Ireland, _ib._, 173;
renews negotiations with Rome, 174;
preparations for defence of England, 176–178;
offers terms to Innocent, 178;
agreement with Pandulf, 179;
homage to the Pope, 180;
alleged embassy to Morocco, footnote 806;
league with Flanders, 185, 186;
receives Langton, 187;
his expedition checked, 188, 189;
schemes of vengeance, 189;
homage to legate, 190;
conference with barons and bishops, 191;
orders elections to churches, 192, 193;
truce with the Welsh, 193;
comment on Geoffrey Fitz-Peter’s death, 194;
summons “men of the shire” to council, 195;
receives homage of count of Flanders, 196;
goes to Poitou, _ib._;
success in Aquitaine, 197;
negotiations with the Lusignans, 197–199;
victory at Nantes, 200;
wins Angers, _ib._;
betrayed at La Roche-au-Moine, 201, 202;
his continental allies, 202;
their defeat, 203;
summons forces from England, _ib._;
truce with Philip, 204, 205;
returns to England, 206;
demands quit-claim from clergy, 207;
grants free election to churches, 209;
dispute with barons about scutage, 210, 211;
England’s grievances under, 212–217;
relations with Langton, 218, 222, 223;
discussions with barons about Charter, 220–222;
demands oath of allegiance, 223;
sends for troops from Poitou, 224;
appeals to Rome, 225;
takes the cross, 226;
negotiates with barons, 227;
rejects their schedule, _ib._, 228;
preparations for war, 228;
grants election of mayor to London, _ib._, 229;
proposes arbitration, 229;
garrisons Rochester, 231;
his desperate condition, 232;
grants the Charter, 232–234;
behaviour afterwards, 237;
sickness, _ib._;
insulted by barons, 238;
dealings with the Irish March, 240;
seeks help over sea, 241;
refuses to meet barons, _ib._;
sails to Sandwich, 243;
appeals to the Pope, 246;
besieges Rochester, 248–251;
divides his host, 255;
march to the north, 256;
ravages of his troops, _ib._, 257–259;
takes Berwick, 260;
raids on Scotland, _ib._;
reconquers Yorkshire, _ib._;
marches on the eastern counties, 261;
threatens London, 263;
negotiations with northern barons, _ib._;
relations with towns, _ib._;
encourages commerce, 264;
sends embassy to France, _ib._;
writes to Louis, _ib._;
prepares for defence against him, 267;
meets Gualo, 268;
goes to Sandwich, _ib._;
retires, 269;
plans of defence, 274, 275;
relieves Windsor, 277;
burns Crowland, 278;
ravages Lincolnshire, 279;
goes to Lynn, _ib._;
seaports loyal to, 280;
sickness, 281;
losses in crossing the Wash, 282;
last days, 282–284;
will, 284, 285;
death, 285;
epitaph, 286;
relations with Eustace de Vesci, 289, 293;
with Robert Fitz-Walter, 289–293

John of Alençon, 51

Justice, abuse of, 213, 215

Kahanger, William de, footnote 129

Knight-service, inquiry concerning, 163

Lacy, Hugh de, 12, 14, 16, 17, 19

Lacy, Hugh de, the younger, 143, 144, 148, 152, 154

Lacy, Roger de, 34, 35, 65, 71, 80, 95

Lacy, Walter de, 140, 141, 143, 144, footnote 660, 149, 151, 152, 154,
240, 285

Laigle, Gilbert de, 280

La Marche, county of, 76, 79

La Marche, count of, _see_ Lusignan

Langton, Stephen, elected archbishop of Canterbury, 121;
consecrated, 127;
John’s negotiations with, footnote 549, 159;
goes to Rome, 175;
to England, 186, 187;
absolves John, 187;
presides at council in London, 189;
stops John’s vengeance on the barons, _ib._, 190;
agreement with John about elections, 193;
negotiations with the Welsh, 194;
threatens appeal against the legate, 208;
relations with the barons, 211, 212, 218, 219, 222;
with John, 222, 223;
mediates between them, 227;
allows John to garrison Rochester, 231;
his share in the Charter, 234;
custody of the Tower given to, 239;
Rochester castle restored to, _ib._;
goes to Rome, 244;
suspended, _ib._;
suspension confirmed, 255

La Roche-au-Moine, siege of, 201

La Rochelle reinforced by John, 112, 113;
John lands at, 114

Leicester, Robert, earl of, 25, 100

Leinster granted to Earl Richard de Clare, 12;
to William the Marshal, 149

Le Mans, Henry II. and John at, 22;
Arthur and Philip at, 61;
regained by John, 63

Leominster burnt, 150

Limerick, city, struggles of Irish and Normans for, 13, 15;
won by the “English,” 138;
William de Burgh custodian of, _ib._;
transferred to De Braose, 141;
resumed by the Crown, 144;
restored to De Braose, 145

Limerick, kingdom of, 14, 15

Limerick, honour of, granted to William de Braose, 139, 140;
confiscated, 154

Limoges, Guy, viscount of, 76, 87

Lincoln, William of Scotland does homage at, 78;
taken by barons, 232, 273;
castle besieged, 31, 276;
bishop of, _see_ Hugh

Lincolnshire ravaged by barons, 273;
by John, 279

Llywelyn ap Jorwerth, prince of North Wales, 135, 157–159, 167

Loches surrendered to Philip Augustus, 113

London supports John against Longchamp, 39;
election of mayor granted to, 228, 229;
joins the barons, 229;
suburbs fired, 258;
interdicted, 262, 270;
welcomes Louis, 270;
councils in, 42, 100, 103, 125, 189, 190, 206, 211;
mayor of, _see_ Hardel

Longchamp, William of, bishop of Ely and chancellor, 30–44

Los, count of, footnote 740

Louis, son of Philip Augustus, his marriage, 73;
designs on England, 175, 176;
besieges Montcontour, 199;
challenges John at La-Roche-au-Moine, 201;
invited by English barons, 253, 254;
sends them help, 255, 257, 261, 262;
his claims to the Crown, 264–266;
goes to England, 268;
his manifesto, 269;
advance to London, 270;
excommunicated, _ib._;
takes Winchester, 271;
joined by magnates, 272;
disputes among his followers, _ib._, 273;
returns to London, 273;
besieges Dover, 276, 280;
joined by Alexander, 276;
raises the siege, 281

“Lou Pescaire,” 88, 96

Louvain, duke of, 202

Lucius III., Pope, 19

Lusignan, Almeric of, 76

Lusignan, Geoffrey of, 76, 199

Lusignan, Guy of, 76

Lusignan, Hugh of, count of La Marche, 76, 77, 79, 199

Lusignan, Hugh of, the younger, 76, 199

Lusignan, Ralf of, count of Eu, 77–79

Lusignan family, 81–82, 86, 87, 197–199

Lynn, John at, 279, 281

MacCarthy, Dermot, king of Desmond, 15

Maelgwyn, prince of South Wales, 135

Maine overrun by Philip, 61;
Arthur acknowledged in, _ib._

_Maltôte_, 205

Mandeville, Geoffrey de, earl of Essex, 196, 238, 253, footnote 1184,
290

Mandeville, William de, earl of Essex, 20, 22

Mantes, council at, 94

March, the English, in Ireland, 142;
its organization, 153–155;
John’s later dealings with, 240

Marlborough, John married at, 25;
fealty sworn to John at, 132;
castle, conflicting claims to, 272

Marsh, Geoffrey, 240

Marsh, Richard, 241

Marshal, John, footnote 128

Marshal, William, earl of Pembroke, his marriage, 29;
despoiled by John, _ib._;
joins John against Longchamp, 38;
policy on Richard’s death, 56–58;
goes to England, 62, 64;
belted earl, 65;
sent to Normandy, 80;
to France, 93, 100;
agreement with Philip, 101;
relations with John, 98, 106, 107, 109–111;
goes to Ireland, 146;
intrigues of Meiler and John against him, 146–148;
Leinster regranted to, 149;
shelters the De Braoses, 151;
meets John at Dublin, 155;
recalled to England, footnote 793;
negotiates between John and the barons, 227, 229, 232;
embassy to France, 264;
dissuades John from fighting Louis, 269;
named guardian to Henry III., 284;
executor of John’s will, 285

Marshal, William, the younger, 272, 273

Mauclerc, William, footnote 807, 225

Mauléon, Savaric de, 86, footnote 482, 224, 251, 255, 258, 263, 271,
278, 279, 285

Mauley, Peter de, 284

Maurienne, 4, 5

Mausé, Porteclin de, 197

Meath granted to Hugh de Lacy, 12;
to Walter de Lacy, 149;
confiscated, 154;
restored, _ib._, 240

Melrose, homage of barons to Alexander at, 259

Melun, council at, 265

Mercadier, 54, 63

Mervant, siege of, 199

Middlesex harried, 257

Milécu, siege of, 197

Mirebeau, siege of, 86

Monmouth, John of, 285

Montauban, siege of, 114

Montcontour, siege of, 199

Montfort, Simon de, 174, 252

Moreve, 103

Mortain, Henry’s alleged grant of, to John, 3;
granted to John by Richard, 24, 25

Mortimer, William of, 99

Moveables, taxation of, 124, 126

Mowbray, William de, 65

Munster, North and South, 14

Navarre, Sancho VII., king of, 83

Nevers, count of, 272, 276–278

Neville, Hugh de, 272

Newark, John at, 283–285

Newcastle burnt by Scots, 259

Nicolas of Tusculum, cardinal legate, 190–192, 206–208

Nonant, Hugh of, bishop of Coventry, 37, 50, 51

Norham, conference at, 132;
siege of, 258, 259

Normandy submits to Philip Augustus, 102

Northampton, meeting of John and Pandulf at, 160, 161;
rising of townsfolk, 232;
castle, siege of, 228, 229, 248

“Northerners,” 226, 239

Norwich, bishops of, _see_ Grey, Pandulf

Nottingham, council at, 50;
muster at, 169;
castle betrayed to John, 31;
siege of, 50

Novel disseisin, inquiry concerning assizes of, 163

O’Brien, Donell, king of Thomond, 18

Oliver, son of King John, 271

O’Toole, S. Laurence, archbishop of Dublin, 17

Otto of Saxony, 164–166, 175, 202, 203

Oxford, John born at, 1;
councils at, 42, 104, 126, 195;
meeting of barons and bishops at, 242;
siege of, 248

Oxford, earl of, _see_ Vere

Pandulf, cardinal and legate, 160–162, 179, 180, 184, 208, 233, 244,
245

Paris, John at, 81

“Pelu,” Count, 202

Pembroke, earl of, _see_ Marshal

Perche, count of, 280

Percy, Richard de, 273

Peter of Capua, cardinal, 72

Peter of Pontefract or Wakefield, 170, 184

Petit, William, footnote 595

Philip Augustus, king of France, his dealings with Henry and Richard,
20, 21;
league with John, 40, 45;
treaty with Richard, 47, 48;
intrigues with John, 49;
besieges Verneuil, 51;
withdraws, 53;
defeated at Fréteval, 54;
attacks Normandy, _ib._, 55;
truce with Richard, 55;
accuses John to Richard, _ib._;
overruns Maine, 61;
receives Arthur’s homage, _ib._;
meetings with John, 68;
his demands, _ib._, 69;
receives Eleanor’s homage for Poitou, 69;
seizes Conches, 70;
razes Ballon, _ib._;
truce with John, 72;
treaty with him, 73;
receives John’s homage, 74;
renews treaty with John, 81;
cites him for trial, 83;
attacks Normandy, 84;
dealings with Arthur, 85;
besieges Arques, 87;
burns Tours, _ib._;
takes Saumur, Conches, etc., 93;
appeals to the Pope, 94;
refuses the Pope’s arbitration, _ib._;
agreement with John’s envoys, 101;
wins Normandy, _ib._, 102;
wins Poitou, 103;
wins Loches and Chinon, 113;
marches against John, 116;
truce with him, _ib._, 117;
treaty with Philip of Suabia, 164;
league against, 166, 167;
alliance with Frederic of Sicily, 175;
plans for conquest of England, _ib._, 176;
checked by Pandulf, 179;
attacks Flanders, 185;
marches against John, 198;
victory at Bouvines, 203;
truce with John, 205;
dealings with English barons, 254, 257;
attitude towards Louis’s expedition, 264–267

Philip, bishop of Durham, 66, 67

Philip of Suabia, 164, 166

Pippard, Peter, footnote 595

Planes, Roger de, footnote 129, 39, footnote 595

Plough-tax, 73

Poer, Robert le, 14

Poitou, its feudal position, 69;
attacked by the Lusignans, 79;
submits to Philip Augustus, 103;
John in, 114

Pommeraye, Jocelyn de la, 14

Popes, _see_ Alexander, Innocent, Lucius, Urban

Porchester, muster at, 186

Port, Adam de, 150

“Port Alaschert,” 115

Portsmouth, musters at, 107, 113

Préaux, Peter des, 89, 99, 101, 102

Presentation, inquiry concerning rights of, 163

Puiset, Hugh of, bishop of Durham, 42, 46

Quincy, Saher de, earl of Winchester, 254, 257, 292

Radepont, sieges of, 85, 97, 98

Raymond the Fat, 13, 16, 138

Reading, meeting of king and bishops at, 191

Rees ap Griffith, prince of South Wales, 25, 26

Reginald, sub-prior of Canterbury, 119, 120

Richard, duke of Aquitaine, 1, 9;
king of England, 24, 25, 44, 47–56, 164

Richard, son of King John and Isabel, footnote 575, 284

Richard, son of King John, 196

Richard, bishop of Chichester, 285

Richard of London, constable of Cork, 15

Ridel, Stephen, footnote 129

Robert, bishop of Bangor, 158

Roche, Emeric de, 197

Roches, Peter des, bishop of Winchester, 130, 157, 196, 212, 244, 285

Roches, William des, 70, 86, 88, 201

Rochester castle garrisoned by the king, 231;
restored to Langton, 239;
surrendered to barons, 248;
besieged by John, 248–251

Roderic O’Connor, king of Connaught, 12, 139

Ropesley, Robert de, 273

Ros, Robert de, 263, 273

Rouen, John proclaimed duke at, 62;
surrendered to Philip, 102;
archbishop of, _see_ Walter

Runnimead, 233

S. Albans, councils at, 188, 215, 255

S. Edmund’s, meeting of barons at, 221

S. Edmund’s, Adam of, 50

Ste. Maure, Aimeric of, 285

Salisbury, bishop of, _see_ Hubert

Salisbury, Ela, countess of, footnote 1241

Salisbury, William Longsword, earl of, 112, 179, 185, 186, 202, 203,
229, 230, 247, 255, 272, 281

Sandwich, John at, 268

Saumur taken by Philip Augustus, 93

Savigny, John of, 285

Scotland, kings of, _see_ Alexander, William

Scutages under Richard, 122;
under John, 73, 101, 123, 125, 210

Sheriffs, their maladministration, 213–215;
in Ireland, 153

Silvester, bishop of Worcester, 285

Soissons, council at, 175

Sotinghem, Gerard de, 281

Staines, tournament at, 239;
meeting of bishops and barons at, 243

Stamford, barons assemble at, 226

Stonor, Louis lands at, 268

Taxes under Richard, 122;
under John, 73, 123–126

“Tenseries,” 273, 274

Teyson, Geoffrey, 197

Thomond, 14, 15

Thouars, truce made at, 116

Thouars, Almeric, viscount of, 71, 79, 80, 113, 115, 117, 201, 204

Thouars, Guy of, 102, 116

Tickhill castle betrayed to John, 31;
siege of, 46, 50

Tonbridge castle, 255

Toulouse, Raymond, count of, 166, 196

Tours burnt by John, 87

Tower of London besieged by barons, 232;
dispute for its custody, 238

Towns, John sells charters to, 124

Turnham, Robert of, 59

Ulecotes, Philip de, 274

Ulster granted to John de Courcy, 13;
forfeited, 143;
granted to Hugh de Lacy, 144;
confiscated again, 154

Urban III., Pope, 19

Valognes, Hamo de, footnote 595

Vasseville, Reginald de, 35

Vaudreuil, siege of, 54;
betrayed to Philip, 292

Venneval, William de, 33, 35

Vere, Robert de, earl of Oxford, 261

Verneuil besieged by Philip Augustus, 51;
relieved, 53;
surrendered, 102

Vesci, Eustace de, 169, 171, 187, 219, 225, 263, 276, 289

Vexin ceded to France, 73

Vouvant, siege of, 199

Wales, struggles for supremacy in, 135;
princes of, _see_ Gwenwynwyn, Griffith, Llywelyn, Maelgwyn, Rees

Wallingford, meeting of John and barons at, 191;
castle betrayed to John, 42

Walter, archbishop of Rouen, 32, 38, 57, 62

Walter, Hubert, _see_ Hubert

Walter, Theobald, 29, 30, 50

Warren, earl of, 179, 272

Warwick, earl of, 65

Waterford held by Henry II., 12, 14;
county of, 153

Wells, Hugh of, 106

Wexford held by Henry II., 12, 14

Whitchurch, muster at, 158

William the Lion, king of Scots, 36, 66, 73, 78, 132–134, 162, 169

Winchester, meetings of John and Longchamp at, 31, 32;
John absolved at, 187;
burnt, 271;
taken by Louis, _ib._;
bishop of, _see_ Roches

Winchester, earl of, _see_ Quincy

Windsor, council at, 42;
castle betrayed to John, _ib._;
sieges of, 46, 276, 277

Woodstock, homage of Welsh princes to John at, 136

Worcester, Philip of, 17

Worcester, John buried at, 285

Wrotham, William de, 193

York, John at, 124;
rising at, 259;
siege of, 263;
mayor of, _ib._;
archbishop of, _see_ Geoffrey

THE END

_Printed by_ R. & R. CLARK LIMITED, _Edinburgh_.

Transcriber’s Note

An errata slip was included in this book. It reads (footnote numbers have been added in square brackets):

ERRATA

P. 57, note 1 [238], _for_ “the writer, John d’Erlée,” _read_ “John of Earley (_d’Erlée_), on whose relation to the _Histoire_ in its present form see M. Meyer’s introduction, vol. iii. pp. ii.–xiv.”

P. 62, note 6 [256], _for_ “John d’Erlée, the Marshal’s biographer, asserts (_Hist. de G. le Mar._, vv. 11909–16) that he himself,” _read_ “The writer of the _Hist. de G. le Mar._ asserts, vv. 11909–16, that John of Earley.”

P. 70, note 6 [293], _for_ “John d’Erlée, _Hist. de G. le Mar._,” _read_ “The writer of the _Hist. de G. le Mar._”

P. 77, ll. 7 and 8 from foot, _for_ “on or about August 26” _read_ “on August 24”; and same page, note 6 [330], _for_ “_Itin._ a. 2, and _Rot. Chart._ p. 75,” _read_ “_Memorials of S. Edmund’s_, vol. ii. p. 8.”

P. 89, note 5 [396], ll. 11 and 13, and p. 106, note 3 [464], _for_ “D’Erlée” _read_ “the Marshal’s biographer.”

These corrections have been applied to this text.