Chapter VIII: Part 8

Kes´coneek Broken arm Keemótegun Adultery Kitchee anwin Ball, or large shot Kitchee carbo Crane (a bird) Keenar´bo Cloud, or grand cover Kitchee assubbub Cable, or big rope Keegónce Fish Keepartesee Fool; he is a fool Kitchee mannitoo God, or Great Spirit Kitchee jónia Gold, or fine yellow metal Kitchee squittyung Hell, or place of bad spirits Keejayp Morning Keenonjey Pike, a fish Kitchee mannitoo ninnee Priest, or Master of Life´s man Kimmeewan Rain Keenaypick´neeshey Snakes Kitchee meework Swan Kitchee mókoman Sword, or great knife Kitchee gammink Sea, or great unbounded lake Keenárbittay Smoke, or fire fog Kitchee náberquoin parbock´erwoyan Sail of a ship Kitchee náberquoin Ship, or great canoe Keemôtay Thief; he is a thief Kispetaw´gan Tobacco pouch Keezay´cus Fear; to fear; he is afraid Ken´dersay Witness; you are a witness Kitchee, or nishshishshin Great, or good Kitchee way´besun Armbands Kittim Idle, or lazy Keenónge Long Keewáency Old, he is old Kitchee mor´gussey Poor Kakeejetty Raw, or unripe Keejetty Ripe, or dressed Kíttermish Slow Keen, kee, or kee kee Thou, or you Ka, or ca´wween No, not; nothing Késhpin If Kaygoshish Thing, or things Kaygait, kay, or meegwoyack It is true, or truly Kamar´chey Not yet Keennerwind Ye, your Kaygo I have Kakaygo I have not Keenandóton To beg; you beg Keeas´quin To catch Keekeepejar´can To arrive by land Kískejune To cut Keemar´jemet To carry Keetar´peech To elect {264} Kitchee ungwoitch, undar´jewort To interpret Keemótyan To steal Keemeechawich To stink; you stink, or your sentiments are offensive Keebar´cham To strike Keecannawen´dan To know; you know

Lissy Human hair

Mejásk, or nepísh Herb, or grass Marchián Journey; to go a journey Mushqueewor´meteek Knot of wood Mannetónce Ants, and all small insects Misquy´ Blood Mannetoo menan´ce Beads Mackquáh Bear Mackquacon´ce, or mackon´ce Cub bear Meetecónse Branches of a tree Marseynay´gan Book, letter, or paper Meteek múshcomat, or muccuck Box of wood, or bark, or rum keg Môtay Bottle Múshcomat Bag Meecoose Canoe awls Medar´min Indian corn Menómon Indian rice Matchee Mannitoo Devil, or bad spirit Misquoitch Dew {265} Mackcóan Dish Meekintar´gan Pack, or bundle of skins Marsennahatch, or marsennay´gan Debt, or trust Meeno geesshegat Fine day Matchee geeshegat Bad day Moouse Elk Meegeezes Eagle Matchee oathty Enemy, or bad heart Mattoyash Earth Meechaw Face Meedséywort Fundament Muckkikee Frog Mejimmim Food Mishquoishártay Fever Marchew´ Gall Min´nishish Grapes March Hole Min´nesey Island Min´nesin Peninsula Meequorm Ice Mókoman Knife, or knives Meemoche Lips Mittasse Leggons, or stockings Maunk Loon, (a bird) Maskikkee Medicine Mentimoy´ey Wife, or mistress Mentimoy´amish My wife, or mistress {266} Meesey Mouth Mergummegat News Mackcutty, or mackcutty pingo Gunpowder, or black dust Meecho Peace Matchee pattso Poison, or the taste of the bad swelling Meekan Road Mannetoo woygan´ Blue stroud Mishwoygan´ Red stroud Menókemeg Summer, or spring Mat´wort Stumps of trees Múshkowar Strength, or strong Matchee geesshegar Storm Monyny´yank Montreal, a town in Canada Maukissin Indian shoes Meteek Trees, or wood Mitchea Thumbs Meessay Urine Mawhin´gon Wolf Mecar´tay War; to go to war; to fight, or quarrel Menópemeg Woods Misquoyshoanar´boop Wine, or blood red broth Matchee móyamee Whore, or bad woman Matchee Bad, or wicked Matooch Bitter Matchee way´begun Barren, or not bearing fruit {267} Menditoo Big, or great Matchee arpeech Coarse, not fine Matchee weebeezesay Cunning Meenwen´desay Easy Mee Enough Meermárjis Few Meecheweass Fresh, not stale Mooshquenay Full Mackcutty Black Meeshar´quoit Light, or bright Marnay Many Mooshkey Pregnant Misquy, or misquitty Red Matcheewa Savage, or wild Marmo Together Maunder, or mor This, or that Metách, or menoch Besides Mewinch Because Meenewatch Again, or yet Memar´mo, or cargoneek Always, wherever Maywísher Long time ago, formerly, or is it long since? Moszack But Meegwoyack, kay, or kaygait It is true, or right, or very well Meewgotch Thank you Mishcoot To alter, or change Marchetoon To send {268} Mantetappy To sit down, or sit you down Meetso To push Mirrowerrindan To please Metashwar´bermy To account Mornooch nezar´gay To approve; I approve Mawwinnewah To assist Marchím To bend Matchee arpeech chickwar To betray Matchee arpeech chickwar´woke To betray a number of people Marmy´ To weep Mornooch towwárch To be unconcerned, or indifferent about a thing Mushkáwesay To defend Mat´woit To hit Min´niquah To drink Mishcow´womeech To lend Marchtooch To dip Mushcow´wartin To freeze Matootoo To perspire

Nondar´gay Arch, part of a circle Nowettywich, or nowwetting Breath Narmay´bin Carp, a fish Nepewarnoondájewort Crowd Non´dawar Ear Neejee, or neecarnis Friend, or companion Nepewoajánis Family Nócey Father {269} Nepísh, or mejásk Herb, or grass Nabaim´ Husband, or master of weakness Nishinnorbay Indians Noochimmoin Life Nin´gay Mother Ninnee Man Narb Nails of fingers and toes Neecárk Wild goose Nepeech Leaves Nekeek Otter Neatissum, or weebor´so Veins of the body Nondájewot People, or nation Nepewámeteek Raft of wood Nink Skin of animals Nepan´ Sleep Narmay´guiss Trout Narpoon Village Nippee Water Noetting Wind Newemo Ashamed; to be ashamed Ningootch Another Nezar´gea Fond, I am fond Nepewár, or gwotch Much, or a great deal Nishshishshin´, or kitchee Good, or great Nobeetch, or pockcan New, or strange Narnín Smooth Nebítch Sour {270} Nepeeweenoon Wet Nowwenday´shon Weary, or tired Neepoo Dead Nepárhar Drowsy; I am drowsy Nin, nee, or nee nee I, me, my Nin aighter I myself, or alone Neennerwind We, us, or our; all of us Nangay´mer, or angay´mer Yes Nogom Now, or lately Ningoot Afterwards, or after Ningoochum Behind Ningootch Another Nar Is it, was it, can it Nishcar´teyan To affront Neeshar´quish To hate Nishcarteseyan To be vexed; I am vexed Nishcartissay, or annascartissey To vex Nóneydone To answer, or attend to Nindooton, or nindootimond To ask; I ask Negádeja To ascend Nepewoy´awat To bathe Neesstootewar To understand Ninnowatchim To conquer Neméh To dance Nepewooch To drown Nartín, or petoon To fetch, or bring Naw´wameetch To hurt {271} Neewo To join Neparhan To lie down Newinnemecoossay To forget; I forget Newárbemoach To foretell; I foretell Nondágaitch, or stootewar To hear Neewatch To meet Neech, or acktone To put, or place Nebebeewoy To promise Nájemoon To sing Nondágat To sink Neminwain´desee To satisfy Nepa´n To sleep Nandootum To call

Onágun Bark bowl, or cup Oakónus, or amik woygan´ Beaver robe Opeewyesky Beard Onick´quick Back Oakcan Bones Opin Brain Oncean Breech clout Oskenay´gay Boy Owentágun Barrel Ojémaw, or O´kemaw Chief Ogunnegat Day, or days Ozett Foot, or feet Oyan Fur of animals {272} Ochick´ Fisher, an animal Onuggesh Bowels Oathty Heart Opeeway Hair of animals Oweoathcoan Hats Onúggemeg Portage, or carrying place Ogashy Horse Ocárt Leg Onjee Land Onjeech Mud Opoy´gan Pipe Ogánce Pickerill, a fish Onnemay Sturgeon, a fish Opickquoy Squirrel Oquarme Thighs Outon Tongue Ozonnemon Vermillion Ozóme Too much, or dear Ozóme pongay Too little Onar´gushey Dark Omích Round Opar´mey Below Omár, or owáy Here Otárpeet Under Ojey To Ondass Come here Osquibby, or squibby Drunk {273} Ojit To grind Ojeytoon, or ogúbbetoon To make, or do Ondashin´ To come on

Pennyshance All small birds Pamótay way´begun Ashes Peckqueen dorsow Breech Pewarbickcónce Brass wire Paunéa Broaches Peshshekey Buffalo Pesh´shemo Bed Penar´quan Combs Piskawágan Coats Peshshew Wood cat Pewar´bick Copper, iron, or brass Pingo Dust, or powder Pewyar Eyelid Pennyshis Fowl, or birds Pockquoísigan Flour, or bread Pinneesh Fruit Pequim Feathers of birds Pewarmickcoon Flint stone Powwabickcoon Gun flints Pickkew Gum Powwetink Rapid or strong current of water Péwithay Stranger Pewarbeneech Hawk bells Peja´rcan Harbour Pemartus Health Pendycutty Horn Puttwar Knee Pecktópe Nostrills Pinneck Navel Pimmethy Oil, fat, or grease; or to be fat Peenay Partridge Pockkikkin Skin (human) Parbock´erwoyan´ Shirts Pockcan worrockay, or pockcan The other world, or country tunnockay Pitchynar´go Yesterday Pester´quan Heavy Parmín Bald Pejar´moach Jealous Pongay, or hagush´enonce Little, small Páyshik One, the, a, or an Pockcan, or nobeetch Strange, or new Packquoim Wide Payshéw Near, or nigh Papay´jit Each Panímár By and by Pendeek In Pay, páyshik Here, and there Pack´itan To abandon, or forsake Peach, or tarpín To feel {275} Pon´kissin To fall Pamískian, or pemískar To go by water Papamôtay To go by land Peechúganub To hang Packettywaun To beat Pawpy´ To laugh Packquoy mowachin To mend Packquoítso To mix Petoon, or nartín To fetch, or bring Pameech, or hapítch To open Pisquitch To pass Pemíshkar To row Papyan To rejoice Pejar´kemet To release Pas´serquoin To stand up Pemíshcarmooch To sail Pis quemeetch To shake Pamósay To walk Pooterway chebock´woy To make a fire and cook

Quickwahay Beaver eater Queebesince Child, or children Quinch Liver Quéwescence Virgin Quoyjím To bite Quois´ciquen To weigh {276} Shaquoit Air Shemayn Brother Shoanar´boop Broth, or soup Shemay´nce Sister Shamíshcart Battle Sedgwin Current of water Squendum Door; shut the door Sheshíb Wild duck Saggonash English Squittycan Fire steels Squitty, or scotay Fire Scotay wigwass Fire bark Saggoban´wan Hair plates Shóamin Huckleberries Seegwa Lungs Squitty annacook Lightning, or quick fire Sakíegan Lake Shenowantágan Lines for a net Shan´gwoitch Mink Shem´mor Neck Shaboonegun Needles Shenecázeau Name Sen´nebar Ribbands, or silk Scótaywa´bo, or squittywa´bo Rum, or brandy Seepee River Sheesheebanwín Shot Sheecark Skunk, or pole cat {277} Seezeebockquoit, or seezequar Sugar, or sweet Sagoyb Well of water Sheotágan Salt Shemágonish Soldier, warrior, or brave man Squissow Throat Sawwétch Tongue of animals Sazárgesay Greedy, or covetous Sannegat Hard, cruel; it is hard, or cruel Sasay´ga Handsome Shenargussey Such Sug´germarsh Quiet; all is quiet Shyyár, or shar´shyyár Past, or gone, or done Squibby, or Osquibby Drunk Sparchtay Thirsty, or dry Sharshyar´ newebens To arrive by water Squittyar´bach To burn Sug´gersoy To smoke a pipe Squabeech To swim Serpar´gussey To shew Stootewar, or nondágaitch To hear Squamích To run Sharshyyár Long since

Taguámissey, or haguámissey Courage Tonbin´gesay Noise Tunnoc´kay Country Teakíagun Gun worms {278} Tarbátch Hips Tootooshonarbo Milk, or sap of the breast Tam´mikquoin Spoon Tarbinnáck Indian slay Tarbishár Thunder Talon´jay Blue Tarwar´chewort Toes Thurensera Dawn of day Tarpoach Voice, or the echo of the breath Tabiscoach Equal, or alike Towwacktowar Surprising Tannepy When, or whence Tar´nin, tar´neyau, way´go nin, or What, or what now? hawwaneeyaw Tawnimilik, or andersoy How many, what price, how much? Taw! waw! Oh! oh! Tarpenán To take Takooshin To arrive at a place Tackannin To bind, or tie Tuckunnin To choose Tibárimaw To govern Tuckunnum´kewish To marry Tonbin´gus To bawl Tercush´enan, or guabeecheway To return Tarpin, or peach To feel Tójeytoon, or gúsketoon To work

Utchwar Chin {279} Un´gwoitch Busy Unter, or aighter Only, at, or alone Untowarch Unto

Way´bissay, or waybeezesay Thoughts Warbunk To-morrow Warwích Ankle Warcockquoit, or warcockquoit Tomahawk opoygan Wabatch An animal between a dog and a wolf Wheeyóe Breast Waperwoyan´ Blankets Wapátch Basket, or hand bowl Warmeek Bridge Wigwass Bark of a tree Warbim´ Cheeks Wiskin´ky Eyes Wark Eggs Warbegum´ Globe, the earth Weass Flesh of animals Wisseneet Feast Waymístergoash French, or builders of vessels Wakay´gon Fort, or tower Wematishtergóan Bald head Woygán, or oakónus Robe made of peltry Wapoos Hare {280} Weeyan Hide of animals Wigwaum House, cabin, or hut Wakeck´uman Crooked knife Warbermoon Looking glasses Winnetoon Loss Warbun´ Month Woyzáskquish Rush mat Warbeshan´ce Marten, an animal Wesshepátchta Bird´s nest Woyzásk Rushes Watappy Roots of trees Warmeech Tail of animals Weenecobbo Turkey Weebitt Teeth Weebor´so, or neatissum Veins Wiscon´kissey Young, offspring Warbermeneech Blind Weematch Sharp Warbishcár White Waterwawadoossin Roots; a figurative expression for the affections of the heart, which entwine about each other Ween He, him, she or her Weennewar Ye, they, or them Way´nin Who, or who is that? ─────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────── Way´gonin, hawwaneeyaw } What, or what now? —— tar´nin } „ —— Tar´neyau } „ ─────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────── {281} Waygush, or way way How, or how do you do? Woity, or awoity There, at that place Weebátch Immediately, or very soon Weechópe Mine, belonging to me Woke Plural number Weebittan´, or ha, weebittan´ Make haste Warbermeech To clean Wíssemeg To chew Wissinnin To eat Weegewach´in To follow Warbermecó To find Wínnemawatch To neglect Warmarch To spit Wabindán To view, or examine well my mind Wabemát, or wabemór To see Warcharch To seek Warmatt To win Warbennís, or warbennét To watch Waybenán To throw away, to repudiate

Yoe Body Yotch Nose Yaquoy To avoid

Zenzeebisson Finger rings Zárgay, or zargéytoon Love; to love {282} Zawnum´ Paint; to paint Zeepeeooch To boil Zar´squoy To cure Zeewitc´h To fly Zayquébenan To wash

FAMILIAR PHRASES
IN THE
ENGLISH AND CHIPPEWAY LANGUAGES

{284} _English_

How do you do, friend? In good health, I thank you. What news? I have none. Have you had a good hunt this winter? Yes, a very good hunt. What lake did you hunt at last winter? At the Skunk Lake. What is there at that lake? Beaver, but not much. How long were you there? Only one month. They say there are no fish in that lake; That is hard. There has been a great deal of snow lately; We have all found it hard this winter. Did you see any strange Indians on the way? Yes, I met five going to Lake Sturgeon.

Had they any thing with them? No, I did not see any thing but slays. I long to see spring, that we may go a fishing. What lake will you fish at? The Red Lake. {286} Our canoes are broken; We must make new in the spring. There is great quantity of birch bark at the Red Lake; Yes, but the trees are small.

{285} _Chippeway_

Way, way, nee neejee? Meegwotch nóbum pemártus. Ta´rnin mergúmmegat? Caw´ween a´rwayyor. Níshshishshín géosay nógone bebóme? Anga´ymer, O, níshshishshín. Hawwaneeyaw sakíegan kee géosay awa´ss bebóne? Sheecark Sakíegan. Way´gonin woíty ha sakíegan? Amík, cawween gwotch. Maywísher kee appay? Páyshik geezus aíghter. Eca´rto ca´wween ka´ygo keegónce woity sakíegan; Sannegat. Nepewár going nogóme; Cockinnór marmó ojey candan sannegat nogóme bebóne. Póckcan níshinnorbay kee warbema´t nar? Anga´ymer, na´rnan nee warbemór onnemay sakíegan ojey eszar. Ka´ygoshish arthty wéenewar nar? Ca´wween, nin ojey warberma´t a´rwayyor tarbinna´ck. Ba´dash menókemeg bóckettywaun neennerwind. Ta´rneyau sakíegan keen bóckettywaun? Misquíttyyang sakíegan. {287} Cóckinnor neennerwind, O, chema´n ojey bowwískar; Póckcan in gar ojeytoon menókemeg. Nepewár wigwass woity Misquíttyyang Sakíegan; Anga´ymer, hagúshenonce meteek.

_English_

How many fathom long will you make your canoe? Perhaps three fathom. There are many rapids at the Red Lake; Are they hard rapids? Here and there. How long are you going up them? Fifteen days. That is long. Bring me some tobacco; Here is some for you. This is English; Yes, it is. Sit down. I want to smoke a pipe. I am tired. I will lie down. I will get up. I want to eat. I want to drink. We will make fire and cook our kettle; It is ready; Let us eat; It is very good. {288} I will go. Are you going, friend? Yes, but I shall return soon. Have you any good guns? Yes. Let us see them? This is broke. Here is another;

_Chippeway_

Ta´wnimilík eu níck kee ojeytóon chema´n? Ca´nnebatch neesswoy euník. Nepewár powwetink Misquíttyyang Sakíegan; Sannegat nar powwetink? Pay, pa´yshik. Maywísher nar shy´yar cockinnór? Metósswoy ogúnnegat asshea na´rnan. Débwoy maywísher. Assa´ymer petoon; Oway. Maúnder Sa´ggonash; Anga´ymer dédwoy. Manteta´ppy. Nee, wee, súggersoy. Nowwenda´yshon nin. Nepa´rhan, nin. Goyey nin goníshcar. Nee, nee, wissínnin. Nee, nee, mínniquah. Pooterway chebóckwoy neennerwind; Shashy´yar keejetty; Haw wíssinnin; Húnjeyta O, níshshishshin. {289} Nin gamárcha. Shashy´yar kee bóossin nar négee? Angáymer, pánimar tercúshin nin. O, níshshishshin baskéyzegan árthty nar? Angáymer. Gar warbemór? Maunder bowwískar. Oway póckcan páyshik;

_English_

This, I think, is a good one. I want a paddle; Here is one for you. Thank you, friend. Where is your wife? She is dead. Is it long since? Last winter. Have you any children alive? Only one boy. Can he hunt? Not yet. Where is your brother? I saw him last winter at the Skunk´s Lake; He was killed there by an Indian when he was drunk. He was a bad Indian, and they should have killed him too; An Indian just now told me he is killed.

That´s right. {290} Was he old? No. He had three packs of beaver skins, and ten bags of dried meat, besides fish, when he was killed:

Oh! that was hard. Who is that coming? A strange Indian: I will go and see him. Are you come from far, friend? No, a little way from hence.

_Chippeway_

Maúnder páyshik O, níshshishshin indenéndum. Ab´boy nee gúyyossay; Oway páyshik. Meegwotch, neecárnis. Aúnday keen O, mentimóyey? Sharshy´yar nepoo. Maywísher nar? Pa´yshik bebóne shy´yar. Ar´thty O, jánis nogóme pemártus? Páyshik oskenáygay áighter: Géosay ween nar? Kamarchy. Aúnday chemayn? Nee warbemór awáss bebóne woity Sheecark Sakíegan; Páyshik níshinnorbay ojey gúnnissar ween osquíbby. Ween O, mátchee níshinnórbay, meégwoyack O, gúnniesar ween gúyyea; Shashy´yar ojey gúnnesar, ween nogóme me ecárto níshinnorbay; Meegwoyack. {291} Keewáency nar? Cáwween. Ween arthty neésswoy meekintárgan appimíniquy metósswoy múshcomat wéass spárchtay metách keegónce gúyyea: Taw! waw! sannegat. Hawwaneeyaw tercúshin? Póckan Níshinno´rbay: Nin eszar gar warbem´or Awássa nar kee tercúshin, neegee? Cáwween, páyshew omar.

_English_

What have you brought? A small pack of beaver. What will you want? Blankets. I have none but small for your children.

What is your trader´s name at the Red Lake?

The Good Heart. Has he many goods there? Five large canoes full. Have you any bears´ grease? One box only. I will trade with you for it; Very well, friend. How many beaver skins did you give for that blanket?

Eleven. I want to buy such; {292} You will get such at the English trader´s. How many beaver skins will you take for this? Twenty: Take them, friend. Will you trade for those otter skins? No, not now; I must pay my credit to the Good Heart.

What did you take from him? Some small things. Fetch me some water. Make haste. Do you hear me?

_Chippeway_

Wa´ygonin kee ogúbbetoon? Hagúshenonce meekinta´rgan appimíniquy. Wa´ygonin kee gúyyossay? Wa´perwoyan. Ca´wween kaygo wa´rpewoyan hagúshenonce kee janis shena´rgussey. Ta´rnin sheneca´zeau keennerwind arta´wwaywinnin Misquíttyyang Sakíegan? Níshshishshin oa´thty. Nepewar huncúshigon a´rthty nar? Na´rnan kítchee cheeman mo´oshquenay. Mackqua´h pímmethy a´rthty nar? Pa´yshik muccuck a´ighter. Nee wee arta´wway; Meégwoyack, négee. An´dersoy appimíniquy kee, kee, arta´wway, wa´per woyan? Meto´sswoy asshea pa´yshik. Nee wee arta´wway shenargussey; {293} Sa´ggonash a´rthty shena´rgussey. An´dersoy appimíniquy keetarpena´n mor? Neesh tanner: Tarpena´n neeca´rnis. Cúnner kee wee arta´wway maúnder nekeék woygan? Cáwween, nogóme; nee wee gudderpa´rhan nee marseyna´ygan níshshishshin o´athty. Wa´ygonin kee tarpena´n? Póngay ka´ygoshish. Nippee nartin. Ha, webitta´n. Cunner kee sto´otewar?

_English_

I hear you. Come here; I am coming. What kind of a hunt had the _Fox_ last winter? The winter was bad indeed. What did he hunt for? Bear. I wish this was spring, and all the Indians would come and trade their winter´s hunt; They will come soon: I think they will have a great many packs. What will you ask to take me by water from Montreal to Michillimakinac? One large keg of rum, one gun, one blanket, one kettle, and one knife; that is all I want:

{294}
That is too much, as you will eat and drink the same as us, and will not
work, but only shew the way.

Will you go directly? No, I shall stay till to-morrow, and then embark. I left my wife and children at a place four days march from hence. I want to see them. To-morrow, at the dawn of day, we will embark. Take courage; farewell, friend. Very well, I will be true to my word. All is quiet. I will go to bed. Get up, friend. I am lazy.

_Chippeway_

Kee, kee, no´neydone. Onda´ss; Nin tercúshin. Ta´rnin shena´rgussey géosay _Assinbo_ awa´ss bebo´ne? Hapadgey maítchee bebo´ne. Wa´ygonin ween géosay? Mackqua´h. Ba´dash meno´kemeg ha cockinno´r marmo níshinnorbay tercúshin ojey arta´wway awass bebo´ne O, wo´ygan; Weeba´tch tercushin weénnewar: Nepewar meekinta´rgan indenéndum weénnewar. Wa´ygonin kee nindootymond monyny´yank woíty Michillima´kinac pamis´kian? Pa´yshik kitchee muckcúck scotaywa´bo, pa´yshik baskéyzegan, payshik wa´perwoyan, pa´yshik akeek, pa´yshik mo´koman; me cockinno´r: {295} Ozo´me kee tabisco´ach wíssinnin neénnerwind mínniquy ca´wween a´rwayyor kee gúsketoon meekan mee áighter unter wabindan´. Weebatch gúddeszar keen? Ca´wween, omar ojey appay; warbunk boossin. Mee woity ojey appay, mentimóyamish, ja´nis woke, guyyea neon ogúnnegat. Nee, nee, warbema´t weennewar. Warbunk thurensera boossin. Hagua´rmissey, way, way, negee. Meegwoyack, nee gar débwoy. Súggermarch. Péshshemo nin gama´rchar. Goníshcar, neegee. Kittim nin.

_English_

I am sick. I am vexed. I am cold. I am hot. I am hungry. I am dry. I am well. I love you. Your health, friend. I do not understand you.

_Chippeway_

Acquoisee nin. Nishcar’teseyan. Geessénnar nin. Geesha’rtay nin. Bócketty nin. Spa’rchtay nin. Pema’rtissey nin. Neeza’rgay keen. Kee talleneman’co, or, keetan’nemecó neejee. Cawween nee stoticee.

THE END

-----

Footnote 1:

Masson, _Bourgeois de la Compagnie du Nord-Ouest_ (Quebec, 1890), ii,
pp. 139, 140.

Footnote 2:

Alexander Henry, _Travels and Adventures in Canada_ (Bain’s ed.,
Boston, 1901), p. 233.

Footnote 3:

For the wages of voyageurs, see Turner, “Fur Trade in Wisconsin,”
Wisconsin Historical Society _Proceedings_, 1889.

Footnote 4:

See _Wisconsin Historical Collections_, ix, pp. 290, 291.

Footnote 5:

The chronology of Long’s later years in Canada is confusing. On page
175 of his book, he gives the date of 1786, and after describing ten
months’ occupations says on the next page, “the spring of 1786.” That
this should be 1787, is proved by the fact that when he applied to
General Hope for assistance the next year, the latter had gone to
England. As Hope’s departure occurred in June, 1788, Long’s mistake of
a year in his dates is thus manifest.

Footnote 6:

The following are those to whom he definitely refers: Lahontan,
Hennepin, La Salle, Colden, Adair, Carver, Jonathan Edwards, Kalm,
Beatty, Rev. John Sargent, Robson, Umfreville, Kames, Robert Rogers,
Pope’s poems, a novel by Lady Emily Montague, and Justamond’s Life of
Louis XV.

Footnote 7:

Field, _Essay toward an Indian Bibliography_ (New York, 1873).

Footnote 8:

Long’s book is of slight topographic value to the historical student,
because of the apparently uninhabitable nature of the countries
through which he passed; they are nearly as undeveloped now as they
were then.

Footnote 9:

For list of partners, see _Canadian Archives_, 1888, p. 61.

Footnote 10:

Sir Joseph Banks, president of the Royal Society from 1778 until his
death in 1820, was the patron of discoverers, having himself voyaged
around the world with Captain Cook (1768–71). He was especially
interested in Northwest exploration, and the customs and habits of
primitive people, and to him Alexander Henry dedicated his _Travels
and Adventures in Canada_.—ED.

Footnote 11:

The Treaty of Paris, drawn up between the envoys of the United States
and those of Great Britain (1783), was called “Oswald’s Treaty,”
because Richard Oswald was chief negotiator for the British ministry.
The Northwest posts were not surrendered _de facto_, until after Jay’s
Treaty in 1794.—ED.

Footnote 12:

Louis Armand de Lom d’Arce, Baron de Lahontan, was a French officer
who served in Canada, in 1683–93. While commanding a small fort on
Detroit River, he started on a journey to the Western country. Going
by way of Mackinac, he ascended the Mississippi from the mouth of the
Wisconsin, and explored part of Minnesota. In 1703 he published an
account of his travels, which was largely fabulous, although of some
value. The work had, however, great vogue in the eighteenth century,
was translated into several languages, and much studied. He also
published a French-Algonquian dictionary, to which Long here
refers.—ED.

Footnote 13:

Rev. Jonathan Edwards was much interested in Indian missions; and
having been brought up among the Stockbridges, published (1788)
_Observations on the Language of the Mukhekaneew Indians_. In a
republication with notes by John Pickering, in the _Massachusetts
Historical Collections_, 2nd series, x, pp. 81 ff., the added Chippewa
vocabulary is that of Long.—ED.

Footnote 14:

Jonathan Carver, one of the earliest American explorers of the
Northwest, was born in 1732, and served in the French and Indian War,
barely escaping from the massacre of Fort William Henry. In 1766, he
went to Mackinac, and thence through Wisconsin and Minnesota, and
later explored Lake Superior. His _Travels_ were first published in
London in 1778, and two years later he died there in destitute
circumstances. For further details see _Wisconsin Historical
Collections_, vi, pp. 220–237. Carver gives an account of Indian
manners and customs; chapter 17, devoted to language, includes a
Chippewa vocabulary.—ED.

Footnote 15:

Long is here following the authority of Father Hennepin, who gives
this origin of the name “Canada” in his _New Discovery_ (London,
1698). The real origin of the word is disputed, some deriving it from
an Iroquois term meaning “village;” others from Indian terms
signifying “at the mouth of the river;” still others, from a term for
“lakes,” _i. e._, a country full of lakes.—ED.

Footnote 16:

The author assumes that Lake Huron is the source of the St. Lawrence,
and that Lake Nipissing, which empties into Georgian Bay through the
French River, is the source of Lake Huron.—ED.

Footnote 17:

Trois Rivières, at the mouth of St. Maurice River, where it empties
into the St. Lawrence by three channels separated by islands, was
ceded (1634) to the Jesuits, who built a fort here. See Sulte, “La
Rivière des Trois Rivières,” in Royal Society of Canada _Proceedings_,
1901, sec. i, pp. 97–116.—ED.

Footnote 18:

A Jesuit mission entitled St. François Xavier was founded for Iroquois
converts in 1669. Later it was removed to this village (near
Montreal), which was named for an Indian town in the Mohawk Valley,
also the seat of a Jesuit mission. The usual orthography is
Caughnawaga.—ED.

Footnote 19:

Long uses as his historical authority the work of Cadwallader Colden
(whom he later cites directly), _History of the Five Indian Nations_
(New York, 1727). Colden appears to have taken much of his material
from Bacqueville de la Potherie’s _Histoire de l’Amérique
Septentrionale_ (Paris, 1722). But Long does not blindly follow
Colden, and adds other material.—ED.

Footnote 20:

The Conoys and Nanticokes were fragments of Indian tribes which had
removed from the South—driven forth by the pressure of English
population—and with the consent of the Six Nations had settled on the
upper waters of the Susquehanna.

In the third league the author probably intends to include the
so-called “Ohio Indians”—the Miamis (Wanamis), Delawares, Mohicans,
Munseys (a sub-tribe of the Delawares), the Wapingers (unidentified),
and the Mingoes—who were all subordinate to the Six Nations. The
Creeks were a powerful confederacy in Alabama, of which Coweta was the
principal war-town on the Chattahoochee River.—ED.

Footnote 21:

The Tuscaroras joined the Five Nations between 1712 and 1715. See
_Wisconsin Historical Collections_, xvi, p. 321, for a letter from the
governor of New France, mentioning this fact.—ED.

Footnote 22:

After the Revolutionary War, nearly thirty thousand Loyalists left the
United States to settle in the Canadian provinces. Of these, about ten
thousand went from the back settlements by way of Lake Ontario, and
founded Upper Canada. General Haldimand was largely instrumental in
this movement, and 1784 was the year of its culmination. The Mohawks,
also, under the leadership of Brant, removed about the same time to
the two reservations mentioned by Long. Descendants of this tribe
still live in these two localities, although most of the land has been
alienated.—ED.

Footnote 23:

This is a good résumé of the history of Fort Frontenac, which was
built in 1673, abandoned during the Iroquois War in 1689, but restored
in 1695. La Salle was for several years proprietor of the fort, the
revenues from which passed afterwards to the royal treasury. In 1758,
Fort Frontenac was captured and destroyed by a British expedition,
after which it fell into disuse, until the Loyalists re-garrisoned it
about 1784.—ED.

Footnote 24:

This was the site of Father Picquet’s mission and fortified post, La
Présentation. This Sulpitian missionary came to Canada in 1734, and
after several years’ service in the colonies founded this
establishment in 1749, where the city of Ogdensburg, New York, now
stands. He was successful in attracting the Iroquois thither, and had
in his settlement nearly three thousand Indians, who espoused the
French cause in the French and Indian War. In 1760, Picquet retired to
New Orleans, and thence to France. The English, on taking possession,
changed the name of the post to Fort Oswegatchie. It was garrisoned
and maintained until after Jay’s Treaty in 1794.

In 1792, the site had been purchased by Ogden, and the settlement of
the modern city was begun four years later.—ED.

Footnote 25:

The Mississagua Indians were first met by the French on the north
shore of Lake Huron, and formed part of the Sault Ste. Marie mission
(1670–73). Later, they removed to the lower Michigan peninsula, and
some settled at Detroit. They now have a reservation in Eastern
Ontario, and number about eight hundred.

The other Indians mentioned are those of the Jesuit mission villages.
See _Jesuit Relations_ (Thwaites’s ed., Cleveland, 1896–1901),
index.—ED.

Footnote 26:

Haldimand fortified Carleton Island at the mouth of Lake Ontario, by
sending thither (1778) three companies of the 47th regiment to erect a
post.—ED.

Footnote 27:

The mouth of the Oswego River was early noted as an important station
in relation to the Iroquois country and the fur-trade. Champlain
passed here in 1615, and Frontenac in 1692. In 1721, Governor Burnet
of New York secured permission from the Iroquois to erect a trading
post at this spot, and despite the protests of the French built a fort
in 1726–27. This post of Choueguen (so called by the French) was
especially obnoxious to the French fur-traders; all the more so, when
(1743) Sir William Johnson built his trading post beneath its walls.
Montcalm organized an expedition, and captured it in 1756; but was
compelled to retreat when Forbes penetrated Pennsylvania. It was also
the rendezvous for the successful British attack on Fort Frontenac in
1758. After the fall of New France, the British garrisoned and
repaired the fort, and it was from here that St. Leger started on his
expedition up the Mohawk Valley in 1777. It was headquarters for the
Indian and Tory scalping parties—Butler, Brant, and Johnson started
thence on their raids. It was in British hands at the close of the
Revolution, and not delivered to the Americans until 1796. Traces of
the British fort were to be seen in 1839.—ED.

Footnote 28:

Fort Niagara, one of the chain of posts established by the French, and
later maintained by the British to protect Canada, has had a long and
interesting history. Hennepin and La Salle were there in 1679, when a
small blockhouse was constructed, which was later burned by the
Senecas. Denonville erected a fort here in 1687, which was abandoned
September 15, 1688. No permanent establishment was made on the spot
until 1726, when Governor Beauharnais ordered a fort built to
counteract that of the English at Oswego. This was garrisoned and
maintained by the French, until Sir William Johnson captured it in
1759. At Niagara, in 1764, Johnson met the Indian nations in a general
treaty of peace. During the Revolution, the post was steadily
maintained by the British, and proved an important base of supplies
for the Western forts. After the Revolution, it remained in British
hands until 1796. In the War of 1812–15, it was captured by the
British, and restored to the Americans at the close of the conflict.
For further details see Severance, _Old Trails on the Niagara
Frontier_ (Buffalo, 1899).—ED.

Footnote 29:

Fort Stanwix was built by the British at the head of navigation on the
Mohawk River (where the city of Rome, New York, now stands), in 1758,
at a cost of $266,000. Here was held the treaty of 1768, by which a
general purchase of Indian lands was made, and the Iroquois boundaries
settled. Early in the Revolution it fell into American hands, and was
re-christened Fort Schuyler, which withstood the siege of St. Leger
and his Indian braves in 1777. It is claimed that the present national
flag, as adopted by Congress in 1777, was first raised over the
battlements of Fort Schuyler. After the Revolution, the fort was
rebuilt, and reverted to its original name. Here were held important
treaties with the Iroquois in 1784 and 1788, in the latter of which
much land in the Mohawk Valley was ceded to the whites. The settlement
about the fort was made in 1785, by Connecticut emigrants.—ED.

Footnote 30:

For history of Detroit see vol. i of the present series, p. 55, note
18.—ED.

Footnote 31:

For the history of Mackinac, see “Story of Mackinac,” in Thwaites’s
_How George Rogers Clark won the Northwest, and Other Essays in
Western History_ (Chicago, 1903). By the “isthmus” the author means
the Upper Peninsula of Michigan; the “point of land” must signify the
island of Mackinac. The “mouth of the Illinois” is the outlet of Lake
Michigan.—ED.

Footnote 32:

Grand Portage was the route by the Pigeon River (the present boundary
between Minnesota and Ontario) to the lakes and streams of the
Northwest. The term was first applied to the carrying place, nine
miles long, and later to a landing place somewhat south of the mouth
of the river. This route was first explored by La Vérendrye in
1731—(see _Wisconsin Historical Collections_, xvii, for a map of this
region drawn by an Indian for La Vérendrye). It became the established
fur-trade route to the Northwest, and a place of great importance as a
rendezvous for voyageurs. For a description of the route and the
traders gathered here in the latter part of the eighteenth century,
see Mackenzie, _Voyages through North America_ (London, 1801).—ED.

Footnote 33:

For the British determination to retain the Northern and Western
posts, and arguments in regard to their legal right, see “Calendar of
Haldimand Papers,” _Canadian Archives_, 1885–89, also McLaughlin,
“Western Posts and the British Debts,” in American Historical
Association _Report_, 1894.—ED.

Footnote 34:

This action took place September 24, 1775, and was the occasion of the
capture and imprisonment of Ethan Allen. For his own narrative of this
event, see Hall, _Ethan Allen_ (New York, 1892), pp. 110–119.—ED.

Footnote 35:

General Richard Montgomery, the commander of the American forces at
Isle aux Noix—an island in Richelieu River about ten miles from the
head of Lake Champlain—wrote September 12, 1775, concerning the
skirmish here mentioned: “I went down the river the other day with
800 or 900 men, in order to cut off the communication between St.
Johns and Montreal. The detachment marched off from the boats at
night, and in less than half an hour, returned in the utmost
confusion.”—_Biographical notes concerning General Richard
Montgomery_ (Poughkeepsie, 1876), p. 11.

Lieutenant Walter Butler was a New York Tory, son of Colonel John
Butler, who led the Indians to the Wyoming Valley massacre. Walter
Butler was with St. Leger in 1777, and was captured soon after the
siege of Fort Schuyler. Escaping from prison at Albany, he led the
Iroquois to the Cherry Valley massacre (1778). He seems to have been
despised for his cruelty, even by his own associates. Brant said he
was “more savage than the savages themselves.” He was killed and
scalped at Butler’s Ford, in the retreat from Johnstown in 1781, by an
Oneida, who called out as he fell, “Cherry Valley!”—ED.

Footnote 36:

Long was a member of the party of forty regulars detached from the 8th
regiment under command of Captain Foster, with a large body of Indian
auxiliaries led by Brant, which descended upon the American detachment
at the Cedars, forty-three miles above Montreal, and captured the
whole number (April 19, 1776). For further details of this, and the
following movements, see Jones, _Campaign for the Conquest of Canada_
(Philadelphia, 1882), pp. 54–65.

Major Gordon, who had recently been made brigadier-general, was shot
from ambuscade, July 24, 1776, while returning to his headquarters
well within British lines. His fellow officers were exceedingly
indignant over it, and Washington appeared to deprecate the matter;
although General Gates promoted the American officer involved. See
Sparks, _Life and Writings of Washington_ (Boston, 1855), iv, pp.
56–59.—ED.

Footnote 37:

This was probably Captain Guillaume Lamothe, who during this period
led so many Indian scalping parties from Detroit while Hamilton
commanded at that place. Lamothe accompanied Hamilton on the latter’s
expedition to Vincennes, and was captured there by George Rogers Clark
(February, 1779). After the surprise of Vincennes he was sent in irons
to Virginia, and kept in close confinement. In April, 1780, he
accepted a parole, and returned to Canada.—ED.

Footnote 38:

The Lake of Two Mountains is an enlargement of the Ottawa River, near
its mouth, above Montreal. On this lake is situated the Sulpitian
mission town of Oka. This is a union of two early missions—one,
founded about 1677 on Montreal Island for Iroquois converts, weakened
during the Iroquois War, and removed in 1704 to the Sault au Récollet,
being finally located on the Lake of Two Mountains about 1720; the
second, or Algonkin mission, was first called La Présentation and
situated on Montreal Island near Lachine; the site was abandoned in
1685, and the remnants of the mission Indians gathered at Bout de
l’Isle (the other end of the same island), where the mission was
called St. Louis. Again removed (1706–07) to the Isle aux Tourtres, it
was permanently located on the Lake of Two Mountains between 1721 and
1726. There are still about four hundred Indians located on the
reserve at the lake. See Canadian Department of Indian Affairs
_Report_, 1901, p. 49. The account given by Long in the following
pages, of the Chippewa division of this mission, is the best
known—their intermarriage with the Indians of the other mission
villages at Caughnawaga and St. Regis, their cultivation of the soil,
and their semi-civilized habits.—ED.

Footnote 39:

Peter Kalm, Swedish naturalist and botanist, was sent to America to
study its flora, and travelled extensively between 1748 and 1751. The
English edition of his travels was published in London in 1772.—ED.

Footnote 40:

James Adair, a trader among the Cherokee and Chickasaw Indians,
1735–75. He published a _History of the American Indians_ (London,
1775), which attempts to prove their relationship to the Jews. It
contains, notwithstanding, much valuable information, particularly in
regard to the Southern tribes.—ED.

Footnote 41:

This was Rev. John Sargent, missionary to the Stockbridge Indians, in
Western Massachusetts.—ED.

Footnote 42:

On the subject of Indian dances see _Jesuit Relations_, index. Also
Grant, in Masson, _Bourgeois de la Compagnie du Nord-Ouest_, ii, pp.
335–337.—ED.

Footnote 43:

This origin of the name La Chine is generally accepted by historians.
See Girouard, _Lake St. Louis and La Salle_ (Montreal, 1893), pp. 32,
33.—ED.

Footnote 44:

The “bourgeois” was the chief trader, to whom the voyageurs were bound
by engagements for service. The term was also often applied to the
trader’s agent or clerk, when the latter was in command of the
expedition. See Turner, “Fur Trade in Wisconsin,” Wisconsin Historical
Society _Proceedings_, 1889, pp. 77–82.—ED.

Footnote 45:

For a description of the trade route by way of Ottawa River, Lake
Nipissing, Georgian Bay, and Lake Huron to Mackinac, see H. H.
Bancroft, _History of the Northwest Coast_ (San Francisco, 1886), i,
pp. 561–564. Also, for a personal narrative, see that of Captain
Thomas G. Anderson, in _Wisconsin Historical Collections_, ix, pp.
138–143.—ED.

Footnote 46:

On the habits and uses of the beaver (_castor Canadensis_), see
Martin, _Castorologia_ (Montreal and London, 1892).—ED.

Footnote 47:

The normal food of those who wintered in the woods was Indian corn and
tallow. See Turner, “Fur Trade in Wisconsin,” pp. 78, 79.

The Falls of St. Mary, or Sault Ste. Marie, were visited by traders as
early as 1616. The _Jesuit Relation_ of 1640 gives a partial
description of this place. Radisson and Groseilliers were here between
1658 and 1660; and here (1669) a Jesuit mission was established by
Allouez and Dablon. After 1689, the mission and trading post were
abandoned in favor of Mackinac; but Sault Ste. Marie continued to be a
station on the Northwestern fur-trade route; and in 1750 the land
thereabout was granted to De Repentigny on condition that he erect a
fort at that place. After the English occupation, a French Canadian,
J. B. Cadot, had a trading post here, which was probably the one
mentioned by Long. Later, the North West Company occupied the spot;
but in 1814 its post was burned by a detachment of American troops,
commanded by Major Holmes, who afterwards fell at the unsuccessful
attack on Mackinac. The first military post and Indian agency of the
United States at Sault Ste. Marie was established in 1822.

The Saulteurs were a Chippewa tribe, so called by the French from
having been first encountered at the Sault. The name afterwards was
employed to designate all the Chippewa nation. A pretty Indian legend
of the origin of these falls, is found in _Jesuit Relations_, liv, p.
201.—ED.

Footnote 48:

On the offering of tobacco to “Manitous,” see _Jesuits Relation_, x,
p. 324. See, also, caption “Manitou,” in index thereto.—ED.

Footnote 49:

Probably the “Athabasca,” one of the first schooners of the North West
Company on Lake Superior. See Masson, _Bourgeois_, ii, p. 149. The
French had a sailing vessel on Lake Superior as early as 1735. See
_Wisconsin Historical Collections_, xvii.—ED.

Footnote 50:

Pays Plat was the fur-trade station near the Nipigon River, about one
hundred miles east of Grand Portage. It was situated on one of the
islands of Nipigon Bay, and so named because of the low land and shoal
water in the vicinity. See Bigsby, _Shoe and Canoe_ (London, 1850), p.
223.—ED.

Footnote 51:

For a history of the Chippewa Indians, see _Minnesota Historical
Collections_, v.

This noted chief, Matchekewis, was the captor of Mackinac during
Pontiac’s War. For a sketch of him, see _Wisconsin Historical
Collections_, vii, pp. 188–194.—ED.

Footnote 52:

For a description of Indian pipes and smoking habits, see U. S.
National Museum _Report_, 1897, pp. 351 ff. The material for the red
calumets is called “catlinite,” from George Catlin, who described it
in 1836. It is found in the pipestone quarries of Pipestone County, in
Southwestern Minnesota. See _Jesuit Relations_, lix, p. 310.—ED.

Footnote 53:

For a description of the rattle called “sysyquoy,” see _Wisconsin
Historical Collections_, xvi, p. 367; and Masson, _Bourgeois_, ii, p.
333.—ED.

Footnote 54:

The Nipigon River is the largest and most northerly tributary of Lake
Superior, and the outlet for Lake Nipigon. Its region, until the
building of the Canadian Pacific Railroad, was almost as wild and
unknown as when visited by the French explorers in the seventeenth
century. Perrot mentions this river and lake in his _Mémoire_ (1658);
and Duluth (1684) wrote to De la Barre of the “fort which I have
constructed near the River à la Maune, at the bottom [the north end of
Lake Alemipigon,” as a barrier to the English trade from Hudson Bay.
In 1687, Duluth’s brother traded with fifteen hundred Indians in the
Lake Nipigon region. The furs from this district were especially rich
and valuable, and the trading post on the lake appears to have been
maintained throughout the French occupation. La Vérendrye was
commandant here in 1728, when he became fired by the reports of the
savage Ochagach, with zeal for Western exploration. See _Northern and
Western Boundaries of Ontario_ (Toronto, 1878), pp. 68–80.

In 1757, Bougainville describes this post as follows: “Les Népigons, a
post established to the north of Lake Superior; the commandant is its
farmer and pays for that privilege about 4,000 francs; it includes the
Lake à la Carpe.... The post produces generally every year from eighty
to one hundred bundles of fur.” After the British occupation the
productiveness of the region declined. Duncan Cameron says that when
he first went to this country (1785), the whole district produced but
fifty-six packs of fur, although it had no opposition from Hudson Bay,
and part of the Lake Winnipeg department was included in the Nipigon
district. See Cameron, “The Nipigon Country,” in Masson, _Bourgeois_,
ii, pp. 231–300. The North West Company considered this to be its
territory, but later the Hudson’s Bay Company built a post at Red
Rock, near the mouth of the river—now a station on the Canadian
Pacific Railway. The Hudson’s Bay Company still maintains a wintering
post, known as Poplar Lodge, on the east shore of Lake Nipigon. See
Canadian Bureau of Mines _Report_, 1901, p. 212. The Nipigon River is
now noted as a fisherman’s paradise. For a description of the route
from the mouth of the river to the lake, see Canadian Geological
Survey _Report_, 1867–69, p. 336.—ED.

Footnote 55:

This is the game of lacrosse, a modification of which has become the
Canadian national game. For an historical account of this game, see
_Jesuit Relations_, x, pp. 326–328; Henry’s _Travels_ (Bain’s ed.), p.
77; Masson, _Bourgeois_, ii, pp. 337, 338.—ED.

Footnote 56:

For a similar game with slight modifications, see Masson, _Bourgeois_,
ii, p. 340.—ED.

Footnote 57:

Mr. Shaw was an independent trader, father of Angus Shaw, partner and
agent of the North West Company.—ED.

Footnote 58:

This is a citation from the _New Discovery_ of Hennepin, who gives the
first account of the tribe, apparently a branch of the Sioux, whose
custom of weeping he so fully describes in connection with his
captivity among the Issati Indians.—ED.

Footnote 59:

The early cradles of the Chippewa Indians are described in more detail
by Grant, “The Sauteux Indians,” in Masson, _Bourgeois_, ii, pp. 322,
323.—ED.

Footnote 60:

This is true not only of the St. Croix River (Wisconsin) Chippewas,
but of nearly all the tribe up to the present time. The “woods Indian”
north of Lake Superior is usually a Chippewa (Ojibwa), and a large
portion of those under the care of the Canadian government are still
hunters. The Canadian Department of Indian Affairs, in its _Report_
for 1900, represents the modern Ojibwa as little changed, except from
general inability to obtain liquor as freely as in the olden days of
the fur-trade.—ED.

Footnote 61:

For the hereditary enmity between the Chippewas and the Sioux, and the
particularly fierce encounters of this period, see Warren, “History of
the Ojibways,” in _Minnesota Historical Collections_, v, pp. 72, 95,
222–241.—ED.

Footnote 62:

Indian slavery among the French was first practiced in the Illinois
country, and (1709) was authorized by edict for Canada. Slavery was
abolished for Upper Canada in 1793; and by 1800 had ceased in Lower
Canada. See Lafontaine, “L’ésclavage en Canada,” Montreal Historical
Society _Proceedings_, 1858; Canadian Institute _Transactions_,
1889–90 (Toronto, 1891); and _Proceedings_, 1897, p. 19.—ED.

Footnote 63:

In the language of James Bain, Jr., librarian of the Toronto Public
Library, “Long is the most indefinite of travellers, and English names
of lakes and rivers unstable.” It seems an almost hopeless task to
localize several of his geographical names by the aid of modern maps.
As a matter of fact this part of Northwestern Ontario from Lake
Nipigon to Lake Abittibi is still almost _terra incognita_. For the
best current maps and descriptions, see Canadian Department of the
Interior _Report_, 1890, part v; also Ontario Bureau of Mines
_Report_, 1900.—ED.

Footnote 64:

Lake Savanne lies northwest of Lake Nipigon, on a tributary of the
Albany River. A brief account of a voyage thither is given by Duncan
Cameron, in Masson, _Bourgeois_, ii, p. 271. Cameron also says that
four out of eight traders starved there in one year (_ibid._, p.
242).—ED.

Footnote 65:

Long was the first to apply the word “totamism” to that system of
beliefs and family relationships, now recognized as the basis of
primitive society. The theory of clan relationships, as expressed by
totems, was first developed by M’Lennan in a series of articles
published in the _Fortnightly Review_, 1869–71. On the general theory,
see Lang, _Myth, Ritual, and Religion_ (London, 1887), i, pp. 58–81.
On the totemism of the American Indian there is a large literature.
The following are useful: Schoolcraft, _Indian Tribes of the United
States_ (Philadelphia, 1851–57); Brinton, _Myths of New World_
(Philadelphia, 3d ed., 1896).—ED.

Footnote 66:

This was the grant made to Sir William Johnson in 1760, of sixty-six
thousand acres, now within Little Falls Township on the Mohawk River.
The grant was confirmed by the crown in 1769, and Johnson Hall, a
large portion of which is still standing, was built thereupon. See
vol. i of this series, p. 88, note 48.—ED.

Footnote 67:

Henry says, “In North America there is no _partridge_; but the name is
given to more than one species of grouse.” This was probably the
_Canace_ or _Dendragapus Canadensis_, black or spotted grouse.—ED.

Footnote 68:

The loup-cervier is the Canadian lynx; the beaver eater, the wolverine
(_gulo luscus_), or “carcajou.” For a description of the latter, see
Martin, _Castorologia_, pp. 147–151.—ED.

Footnote 69:

The grizzly bear (_ursus ferox_), was first adequately identified and
described by Lewis and Clark. See Thwaites’s ed. of _Original Journals
of Lewis and Clark_ (New York, Dodd, Mead & Co., 1904).—ED.

Footnote 70:

Dobbs, _Account of the Countries adjoining Hudson’s Bay_ (London,
1744), gives a map of these regions “as described by Joseph La France,
a French Canadese Indian, who Traveled thro those Countries and Lakes
for 3 years from 1739 to 1742,” on which he places “Ouassi Indians”
between the Michipicoten and Nipigon rivers on the north shore of Lake
Superior. He also says (p. 32), “There are two Indian Nations upon
this North Coast, the Epinette ... and the Ouassi, both tribes of the
Sauteurs.” The tribe designated by this term seems to have disappeared
in the nineteenth century.—ED.

Footnote 71:

The Rat Indians are those of Rat Portage, on the Lake of the Woods,
apparently a branch of the Chippewas. Their name is taken from the
muskrat (_ondatra zibethicus_). See Coues, _Henry-Thompson Journals_
(New York, 1897), i, p. 26.—ED.

Footnote 72:

On Indian medicine-men and their skill as physicians, see Brinton,
_Myths of the New World_, pp. 304–328; and _Jesuit Relations_, index,
caption “Medicine-men.” See also Hoffman, “The Midewinin of the
Ojibwa,” United States Bureau of Ethnology _Report_, 1885–86.—ED.

Footnote 73:

According to Count Andrani of Milan, who was at Grand Portage in 1791,
each pack was valued at £40 sterling, making the total value of Long’s
first season nearly $28,000. On the expenses of such an outfit, see
_Canadian Archives_, 1888, p. 69.—ED.

Footnote 74:

This is not the river now known as Pic River, which is east of Pays
Plat, but one of the shorter streams between this and Nipigon River,
probably the one now called Gravel River.—ED.

Footnote 75:

For the difficulties of this passage from Pays Plat to Nipigon, see
the account of the building of this section of the Canadian Pacific
Railroad, in Ingersoll, _Canadian Guide-Book_ (New York, 1892), ii,
pp. 29, 30.—ED.

Footnote 76:

For this lake, see Cameron, “Nipigon Country,” Masson, _Bourgeois_,
ii, pp. 242, 244.—ED.

Footnote 77:

For a brief description of the process of making a birch bark canoe,
see McKinney, _Tour of the Lakes_ (Baltimore, 1827), p. 319.—ED.

Footnote 78:

Scuttaywabo is rum or brandy. See Long’s Chippewa vocabulary, at the
end of the present volume.—ED.

Footnote 79:

Tripe de roche is a lichen, which Henry calls _waac_ in Chippewa. See
Henry, _Travels_ (Bain ed.), pp. 214, 215.—ED.

Footnote 80:

On the subject of justice in the forest, as exercised by the British
companies, see Bancroft, _Northwest Coast_, i, pp. 538–542.—ED.

Footnote 81:

Fort Albany was built by the Hudson’s Bay Company in the seventeenth
century. It was in a sheltered inlet, forty yards from the borders of
James Bay on the south side of Albany River. In 1686 it was attacked
and captured by Troyes’s expedition; and Iberville re-christened the
post, Fort Ste. Anne. It remained in French hands until 1693, when
retaken by the English, who never again lost it, although besieged by
the French in 1704. The later fort was built on Factory Island, in the
mouth of the river, about two and one-half miles from the old fort on
the mainland.—ED.

Footnote 82:

Joseph Robson went out to Hudson Bay in 1733, as a stone-mason, and
was employed in the construction of Fort Churchill. He appears to have
had disagreements with the governor, and returned to England in 1736.
In 1744, he was again sent out as surveyor and superintendent of
buildings at York factory, and explored the Nelson River. Returning to
England in 1747, he testified on behalf of the Company in 1749, before
the House of Commons committee; but some years later published a work,
_An Account of Six Years’ Residence in Hudson’s Bay_ (London, 1752),
in which he animadverts against the treatment of servants and Indians
by the Company’s governors. Long attempts to controvert him in this
paragraph; but on p. 170 he uses his testimony in favor of the
management of the Company.—ED.

Footnote 83:

For the history of the formation of the North West Company, see
preface, _ante_, p. 16.—ED.

Footnote 84:

The Cristinaux (Kiristinou, Killistinoe) Indians, now known as Crees,
are Algonquian tribes who have always been associated with the
Assiniboins (Assinipoils), a Siouan tribe derived early from the
Yankton Dakotas. Their habitat has been the wilderness between Lake
Superior and Hudson Bay, and the land to the west as far as the
Assiniboin and Saskatchewan rivers. They were well known to the early
French explorers (see _Wisconsin Historical Collections_, xvi), and
were the chief Indians with whom the Hudson’s Bay Company traded. They
still number over twelve thousand. See Henry, _Travels_ (Bain ed.), p.
249.—ED.

Footnote 85:

This was the work of Edward Umfreville, _Present State of Hudson’s
Bay_ (London, 1790), written with a view of opposing the continuance
of the Company’s charter, and exposing the practices of the officers.
Umfreville had been in the service of the Company from 1771 to
1782.—ED.

Footnote 86:

On this subject of courtship and marriage, see also Grant, “Sauteux
Indians,” in Masson, _Bourgeois_, ii, pp. 319–321.—ED.

Footnote 87:

The British fort at Mackinac was still upon the south shore of the
strait, where Mackinaw City now stands; but the governor, Patrick
Sinclair, had already begun the erection of a new fort on the island,
to which the establishment moved in the spring of 1781. See “Story of
Mackinac,” in Thwaites’s _How George Rogers Clark won the
Northwest_.—ED.

Footnote 88:

For a contemporary account of this well-known incident, see Henry,
_Travels_, chaps. 8, 9, and 10.—ED.

Footnote 89: