Chapter I: Preface

In the following account of the life and work of that "hero and type of the intellectual energy of the eighteenth century"--the "honest heretic"--Joseph Priestley, I have, to a considerable extent, made the subject of it tell his own story. After Priestley's death there was found among his papers a short autobiography, dealing with the main events of his life up to the time of his settlement in America. This was subsequently published, with additions and explanatory notes, by his eldest son. Of this biography I have made full use, considering it, of course, as the best authority on the matters to which it refers.

For the account of the Warrington Academy, with which institution Priestley was connected for some years, and which connection profoundly affected his career, I am mainly indebted to Mr Henry A. Bright's paper in the _Transactions of the Historic Society of Lancashire and Cheshire_, 1858-59.

The Yates papers in the possession of the Royal Society have also afforded me much assistance, and have been freely drawn upon.

I am also indebted to the late Mr Henry Carrington Bolton's collection for certain letters and for information concerning the Lunar Society of Birmingham.

For the graphic account of the Birmingham Riots of 1791, when Priestley's house was wrecked, and his library and laboratory destroyed, as described by an eye-witness, Miss Martha Russell, I have to express my obligations to her relative, Dr W. J. Russell, who first made me acquainted with her narrative. I am also indebted to Dr Russell for a copy of the print from which has been prepared the illustration showing the destruction of Priestley's house.

I desire also to acknowledge my indebtedness to Dr Aikin for permission to publish certain of Priestley's letters to his distinguished connection, Mrs Barbauld.

I am further under obligations to Lady Priestley, Lady Roscoe and Mr Sydney Lupton for much useful assistance.

The portrait of Priestley, which forms the frontispiece, has been reproduced in photogravure from the painting by Artaud, now in Dr Williams' Theological Library in Gordon Square. I have to thank the Trustees of the Library for their kindness in allowing the copy to be made.

T. E. T.

London: _May_ 1906.

CONTENTS

PAGE

Chapter I 1 Birth--Parentage--Home Life--Early Education.

Chapter II 17 Enters the Daventry Academy to be trained for the Ministry--Goes to Needham Market--His Life, Work and Privations there.

Chapter III 30 Goes to Nantwich--Starts a School--Is appointed a Tutor in the Warrington Academy--Life at Warrington.

Chapter IV 45 Priestley marries--Is ordained--His Essay on Education--Lectures on History and General Policy--His Chart of Biography--Becomes a Doctor of Laws of the University of Edinburgh--His visits to London--Makes the acquaintance of Dr Price, Canton and Benjamin Franklin--Writes the _History of Electricity_--Is elected into the Royal Society.

Chapter V 66 Goes to Leeds as minister of the Mill Hill Chapel--Resumes his studies in Speculative Theology--_The Theological Repository_--Becomes a Unitarian--Priestley as a controversialist--His Theory and Practice of Perspective--His literary characteristics--Begins his inquiries on Pneumatic Chemistry--His invention of soda-water--Receives the Copley Medal of the Royal Society.

Chapter VI 82 Becomes literary companion to Lord Shelburne--Goes abroad--His visit to Paris--His scientific work at Calne and in London--Continues his theological and metaphysical studies--His growing unpopularity--Leaves Lord Shelburne.

Chapter VII 89 Removes to London--Declines a pension--Renews his acquaintance with Franklin--Goes to Birmingham--Becomes a member of the Lunar Society.

Chapter VIII 103 Priestley at Birmingham--His theological work there--His love of literature--His catholicity--His personal characteristics.

Chapter IX 120 The Birmingham riots of 1791.

Chapter X 145 Determines to leave England--His arrival in America--Settles in Northumberland--His closing days--His death.