Chapter VII: Appendix: I

SPORT AS A TRAINING FOR WAR

It is often said, in attempted justification of “sport,” that it is the best training for war. This is true only in the sense that as far as concerns the creation and the perpetuation of a certain aggressive spirit, war and sport are certainly kindred pastimes with a good deal in common. They both date from a prehistoric period when man

“Butted his rough brother-brute
For lust or lusty blood or provender,”

and both, having been prolonged into an age which ought to have left them far behind with other antiquated barbarisms, are now defended by the same moral and economic fallacies, as being, in the first place, part of the great “struggle for existence,” “survival of the fittest,” and so forth, and, secondly, as “good for trade.” Good for trade they both are, in the sense that they help the few to snatch a temporary profit at the expense of the many; and as for the survival of the fittest, if you are determined to wrest that theory from its true meaning, it may be made to cover both war and sport at a stretch. As Robert Buchanan said:

“Under the fostering wing of Imperialism, brute force is
developing more and more into a political science. There is no
excess of rapacity, no extreme of selfishness, no indifference
to the rights of the weak and helpless, which Christian
materialism is not ready to justify. The Englishman, both as
soldier and colonist, is a typical sportsmen; he seizes his
prey wherever he finds it with the hunter’s privilege. He is
lost in amazement when men speak of the rights of inferior
races, just as the sportsman at home is lost in amazement when
we talk of the rights of the lower orders. Here, as yonder, he
is kindly, blatant, good-humoured, aggressive, selfish, and
fundamentally _savage_.”

We may take it for granted that, in the long run, as we treat our fellow-beings, “the animals,” so shall we treat our fellow-men. In spite of all the barriers and divisions that prejudice and superstition have so industriously heaped up between the human and the non-human, the fact remains that the lower animals hold their lives by the same tenure as men do, and that there is no essential difference between the killing of one race and of the other. The tiger that lurks in all of us will not easily be tamed, so long as the deliberate murder of harmless creatures for “sport” is a recognised amusement in every “civilised” country. Once open your eyes to the kinship that links all sentient life, and you will see very clearly the relation that subsists between the sportsman and the soldier.

We recall an incident related some years ago at a Humanitarian League meeting, where the craze for “big-game” shooting was being discussed. Everyone knows how the possessors of such “trophies” as the heads and horns of “big game” love to decorate their houses with these treasured mementoes of the chase. It had been the fortune--good or bad--of the narrator of the story to visit a house which was not only beautified in this way, but also contained a _human_ head that had been sent home by a member of a certain African expedition and “preserved” by the skill of the taxidermist. When the owner of the head--the _second_ owner--invited the humanitarian visitor to see the trophy, it was with some trepidation that he acquiesced. But when, after passing up a staircase between walls literally plastered with portions of the carcases of elephant, rhinoceros, antelope, etc., he came to a landing where, under a glass case, stood the head of a pleasant-looking young negro, he felt no special repugnance at the sight. It was simply a part--and, as it seemed, not especially dreadful or loathsome part--of the surrounding dead-house; and he understood how mankind itself is nothing more or less than “big game” to our soldier-sportsmen, when they find themselves in some conveniently remote region where the restrictions of morality are unknown. The absolute difference between human and non-human is a fiction which will not bear the test either of fearless thought in the study or of rough experience in the wilds.

The temper which makes war still possible in the twentieth century is that which is kept alive and fostered in so-called times of peace by the practice, among other practices (for we do not, of course, assert that sport is the _only_ accessory to war), of doing to death thousands upon thousands of helpless animals for purposes of mere recreation. Peace advocates who declaim against the infamies of war, without taking note of the kindred infamies of sport, have, to say the least of it, not looked very deeply into the subject of their propaganda;[31] and precisely the same holds good of those “lovers of animals” who are horrified at the idea of running a fox to death, but are ready to accept the flimsiest of flimsy sophisms as an excuse for going to war. Sport is, in truth, a form of war, and war is a form of sport; and those who defend such institutions as the Eton Beagles, on the ground that the schoolboys who indulge in them are thereby trained to be the future stalwarts of Imperialism, are fully justified in their contention--provided only that they look the facts of war and of Imperialism in the face. The Etonians who, in the eighteenth century, used to beat rams to death with clubs, and who now break up hares as a half-holiday pastime, have always furnished a large contingent of officers to the British Army. Need we wonder that wars flourish without regard to morality or justice?

But when we turn to the assertion that the practice of sport is, actually, the best _training_ for war, we find it to be contradicted by facts. On this point we cannot do better than quote from a letter addressed to the _Humanitarian_ by Mr. R. B. Cunninghame-Graham:

“The rise of Japan and the fighting qualities of the Japanese
have shaken sportsmen from their ‘sport-the-image-of-war’
position. It is well known that not only are the majority of
Japanese vegetarians, but that such a thing as a sportsman is
unknown amongst them. Yet, without wishing to disparage the
prowess of European soldiers, how many ‘sportsmen’ would wager
much money on the chances of a thousand picked Europeans if
opposed to a thousand Japanese soldiers in an open plain with
no weapons but swords?

“The Boer War, and the miserable figure cut by our officers in
comparison with the Boer officers in both shooting and riding,
disposed conclusively of the ‘sport-the-preparation-for-war’
argument, so dear to sportsmen. In fact, ‘sport’ as understood
in England cannot prepare men for war, even if they ride to
hounds three days a week, shoot the other three, and read the
_Pink Un_ on Sunday. English sport and war are different in
their essence, and one has no analogy to the other.

“In the one case men rise from a comfortable bed, bathe, and
breakfast, and even if they are exposed to weather during the
day, return at night to a well-cooked dinner and comfortable
bed. The horses they ride are valuable, highly-trained animals,
who are expected to put out their full strength for at most
two or three hours, and are perhaps not required again for two
or three days, or even expected to be required. The shooting
is done under the same conditions, and though requiring skill
(as does the riding in fox-hunting), is not of a nature to be
useful in war.

“In neither case does the ‘diversion’ conduce to the
self-denying or abstemious habits so essential in war. Of
course, I do not mean that sportsmen are of necessity of
intemperate habits, but in war the conditions are different
from those of sport. In the latter case the soldier rises,
perhaps from a night of rain round a camp-fire, gets, without
breakfast, on his half-starving horse, and jogs along all day
at a footspace, to sleep, supposing there is no fighting and he
has not been killed, once more by a camp-fire, perhaps again in
rain, or in a driving wind.

“Every condition under which the sportsman plays is different
from those under which the soldier works. As in the Roman times
regiments of gladiators proved the most useless at the front,
so I believe a regiment all composed of sportsmen would make a
miserable show before a thousand quite unsporting Japanese.”

To the same effect is the opinion of Sir H. H. Johnston, as expressed in an article in the _Nineteenth Century_ of September, 1913.

“One is told that fox-hunting is a splendid school for riders,
the making of our cavalry, etc. Rubbish! Very few of our great
cavalry officers have been fox-hunters, or willing fox-hunters,
and practically none of the troopers. A large proportion of our
mounted soldiers are recruited from townsmen who never learned
to ride until they entered the riding-school. The Boers were
admittedly the cunningest, most enduring riders recent warfare
has known, but they, like their cousins of the Wild West, would
probably show themselves duffers in the hunting-field; at any
rate, they never practised in this school of steeplechasing.
The last thing I desire to do is to undervalue riding as an
exercise, an accomplishment, a necessary art in warfare, a
school for teaching suppleness, coolness, and courage. But the
fox is not a necessary ingredient in the curriculum.”

We conclude, then, that Sport, considered as a school for War, is doubly to be condemned, inasmuch as, while it breeds the aggressive and cruel spirit of militarism, it does _not_ furnish that practical military training which is essential to successful warfare. Sport may make a man a savage; it does not make him a soldier.

FOOTNOTES:

[31] Here, for example, is a suggestive heading of an article in a London paper (October 27, 1913) in reference to a meeting of the German Emperor and the Emperor Francis Joseph for the purpose of promoting peace: “PEACE EMPERORS MEET. THE KAISER SHOOTS 1,100 PHEASANTS WITH THE AUSTRIAN ARCHDUKE.” A strange way of inaugurating peace!

II

“BLOODING”

THE BLOODING OF CHILDREN.

Of all practices connected with “sport” none are more loathsome than those known as “blooding,” whether it be the “blooding” of children, which consists in a sort of gruesome parody of the rite of baptism, or the “blooding” of hounds--viz., the turning out of some decrepit animal to be pulled down by the pack, by way of stimulating their blood-lust. Here are a few examples:

On January 4, 1910, the _Daily Mirror_ published an account of the “blooding” of the Marquis of Worcester, the ten-year-old son of the Duke of Beaufort. In a front-page illustration the child was shown with blood-bedaubed cheeks, holding up a dead hare for the hounds, while a number of ladies and gentlemen were smiling approval in the rear.

Here, again, is an extract from the _Cheltenham Examiner_ of March 25, 1909, in reference to the “eviction” and butchery of a fox which had taken refuge in a drain.

“Captain Elwes’s two children being present at the death of
a fox on their father’s preserves, the old hunting custom
of ‘blooding’ was duly performed by Charlie Beacham, who,
after dipping the brush of the fox in his own [_sic_] blood,
sprinkled the foreheads of both children, hoping they would be
aspirants to the ‘sport of kings.’”

Presumably the blood in which the brush was dipped was that of the fox, not of Mr. Charles Beacham. But what a ceremony in a civilised age! One would have thought that twentieth-century sportsmen, even if they would not spare the fox, might spare their own children!

The following paragraph also appeared in a London paper in 1909:

“A pretty little girl on a chestnut cob, with masses of fair
curls falling over her navy-blue habit, was the chief centre
of attraction at a meet of the West Norfolk Fox-Hounds at
Necton. The pretty little girl was Princess Mary of Wales, and
the day will be a memorable one in her life. She motored back
to Sandringham carrying her first brush.… Princess Mary was
‘blooded’ by the huntsmen, and was presented with the brush,
which was hung on her saddle.”

In connection with deer-stalking, the practice of “blooding” has been described as “a hunting tradition which goes back to the Middle Ages, and recalls the days when the gentle craft of venery was the most cherished accomplishment of our monarchs.”

THE BLOODING OF HOUNDS.

In the prosecution of Mr. Alexander Ormrod, joint Master of the Ribblesdale Buckhounds, by the R.S.P.C.A. on November 11, 1912, for cruelty to a doe, there was evidence that the unfortunate deer, turned out in private to “blood” a new pack of hounds, was lame and wholly out of condition; and, as _Truth_ remarked, “the mere fact that the animal, although given a good start, only managed to get two or three hundred yards away before being pulled down, ‘screaming like a child,’ was quite sufficient to show that she was incapable of escape.” Take the following:

“Mr. Marmaduke Wright, of Bolton Hall, a member of the Hunt,
said he saw Oddie (a hunt servant) the day before the hunt took
place. Oddie said they were going to let a lame deer out of the
pen to blood the young hounds, and witness said he would not go
out, as he did not care about hunting tame calves, much less a
lame one.”

The statement of John James Macauley, an eye-witness, was that the deer “scarcely put her hind-leg on the ground.”

“She was followed by the hounds for a distance of about two
hundred yards.… When the doe could see she was overtaken, she
stopped, and he heard the poor little thing screaming like a
child.”

Lord Ribblesdale, called to speak as to the practice of blooding hounds, condemned the method adopted by his colleague.

“If blooding had been the object, his opinion was that there
should have been a sudden, sharp, and decisive transaction
[_sic_], which would have made the hounds, whenever they saw a
deer, go at it. If they intended to blood hounds, the method
pursued by Mr. Ormrod was most foolish. It was not an uncommon
thing to blood hounds, and with regard to the question of
cruelty, if they argued from elemental principles, all sport
was cruel. He had hunted carted deer, and there had been no
cruelty.”

Asked whether, if a lame, emaciated, and weakened deer were released from a pen, it would be an unreasonable thing to hunt it, Lord Ribblesdale replied--

“With the ‘if,’ yes. This was a weak deer; therefore I should
have blooded hounds with it.”

The magistrates decided that “there was not enough evidence to convict,” but the prosecution did great service in showing what horrible practices are still carried on under the name of “sport.”

III

THE HUNTING OF GRAVID ANIMALS

Whatever differences of opinion may exist as to the morality of “blood-sports” in general, there is one recurring feature of such sports which, whether regarded from the humanitarian’s or from the sportsman’s point of view, is almost equally repulsive. We refer to the hunting, in some cases accidental, in others deliberate, of gravid animals. That such hunting--of the hare, of the otter, of the hind--takes place, there is no question whatever, as is proved by the following facts.

It is quite a common practice to continue the hunting of hares with beagles until the middle, or even to the end of March, by which time many of the doe hares are heavy with young. Owing to the remonstrances addressed to the headmaster of Eton by the Humanitarian League, the Eton hunting season has now been curtailed, but it is still prolonged beyond the date which has been suggested by the better class of sportsmen. The experience recorded in the _County Gentleman_ (1906) by the writer of the following letter, Mr. John A. Doyle, of Pendarren, Crickhowell, seems conclusive:

“The question you raise is one in which I feel a good deal
of interest. I have not only been for some years master of a
pack of harriers (foot), but I am also an Old Etonian, and
have always felt much interested in the doings of the school
beagles, and sympathy with them. Indeed, before I got your
letter I had thought of writing to the headmaster, with whom
I am--perhaps I should say was, a long time back--slightly
acquainted.

“My own practice has always been to have one meet the first
week in March, and then end the season. I was once or twice
tempted to go on later, and once killed a doe in kindle.
Since then I have kept to my rule. She gave us a sharp run of
twenty minutes or half an hour. This, I think, disposes of the
theory that a pregnant hare has no scent. Possibly she has
less than she would have normally. But _per contra_ she must
be handicapped by her condition. Then there is the risk of a
chop. And it cannot be good for an animal big with young to be
bustled and frightened.

“There is yet a worse danger. In some forward seasons there
may be leverets by the second week in March. The dam might be
killed, and the leverets left to die. I would almost sooner
never hunt again than run such a risk. Of course, one might
hunt through March for several seasons and none of these things
happen; but there must be a risk, and I do not myself think
that one is justified in running it.”

What is true of the Eton beagles is true of every hare-hunt throughout the country. The sport ought to be brought to a close on the last day of February, as, indeed, used to be the custom. “Coursing still goes on among a few,” wrote the author of the “Sporting Almanack” for March, 1843, “but in our opinion the fair sportsman will _hold hard_ as soon as March sets in.”[32] Much, then, of the hare-hunting of the present time is _not_ fair.

Still worse is the case of otter-hunting, which is carried on from springtime till autumn, with the result that females heavy with young must occasionally be worried, though sportsmen plead that this is never intentional. An instance that has often been quoted is recorded in the Hon. Grantley F. Berkeley’s “Life and Recollections,” where the story is told of a female otter disturbed by the hounds “in the act of making a couch for her young.”

“At her we went for seven hours, with constant views, and
during that time, on a stump overhanging the river, she
miscarried and gave birth to two cubs, born only a few days
before their time. A hound found them, and when I took one in
my hand it was scarcely cold. She beat us for want of light,
and well she deserved to escape.”

Similar instances are recorded from time to time, as by a correspondent of the _Morning Leader_, who told how in Devonshire, in 1891, a female otter, after being worried for nearly four hours, had given birth to two dead whelps.

But of all such malpractices the chasing of in-calf hinds is the most deliberate and the worst. If it be true, as we are informed, that tenant-farmers in the Devon and Somerset district complain bitterly of the damage done by deer, what possible reason can be given against the _shooting_ (when necessary) of the hinds, in place of the disgusting and barbarous custom of hunting them? A few years ago the Rev. J. Stratton, after personally investigating the matter, described some of the inevitable results of hind-hunting till the end of March, instead of stopping the “sport,” as ought to be done, at the beginning of March at the latest, and gave specific cases in which, when the dead hinds were “broken up” to feed the hounds, calves as large as hares were seen to be taken from the bodies. Since that time there is reason to believe that, owing in part to the Humanitarian League’s protests, there is a growing local feeling against this especially cruel feature of the sport, and it is hoped that those landowners and residents who have humane scruples in the matter will use their influence to bring about the discontinuance of this disgraceful practice. The whole system of hunting these West Country deer is cruel enough--involving, as it does, the death of many of them by leaping from the cliffs on to the rocks, or being drowned in the sea, or being hung up on wire-fences and mangled by the hounds. But the hunting of the hinds, at a time when even savages might compassionate them, is one of the very worst abominations for which even “sport” is responsible.

FOOTNOTES:

[32] Quoted in _Fry’s Magazine_, June, 1911, in an admirable article entitled “Shabby Blood-Sports Worth Ending.”

IV

DRAG-HUNT _VERSUS_ STAG-HUNT

The fact is too often overlooked that a ready substitute for the savage chase of animals may be found in the drag-hunt, a form of sport which preserves all that is valuable in the way of exercise, while getting rid of one thing only--the cruelty to the tortured stag or fox or hare. As has been pointed out in the _Sheffield Daily Telegraph_, a paper favourable to sport:

“There is little doubt that in time the drag-hunt will become
the popular hunting pastime. For years it has been supported by
the officers of the Guards, and, besides having the merit of
disarming criticism on the part of the Humanitarian League, it
can be enjoyed by thousands of sightseers, as it defines the
tract of country over which the drag leads the hounds.”

The attempts of some sporting writers to belittle the value of the drag have been very infelicitous. If they personally prefer a blood-sport to a bloodless pastime, let them say so--it is a matter on which we will take their word--but when they assert that a drag-hunt is not suitable for pedestrians, or for schoolboys, they only convict themselves of knowing as little about the practical as about the moral side of the controversy. The following statement was made by the late Lady Florence Dixie, who spoke with unquestionable authority:--

“Drags can be fast run or slow run, according to the way they
are laid. My husband owned a pack of harriers and a pack of
beagles, and I was able to get him often to hunt them on
drags, and have often ridden with the harriers and run with
the beagles. When a very fast, non-hunting run was wanted with
the harriers, the drag was laid straight and continuously, and
hounds ran fast, and riding was like a steeplechase, without a
pause, except when any of us came a cropper! When a hunting run
was required, we laid a catchy drag, twisting here and there,
lifting the scent, and copying as near as possible the wily
ways of Reynard. With the beagles we imitated the hare, who
is a ringing, not straight-running animal, lifting the scent,
doubling back, and so on, and, in fact, we brought thus two
competitors into the sport--_i.e._, the drag-layer _versus_ the
huntsman, and pitted their wiles and their cunning against each
other. I may be accepted as an authority, as few have perhaps
ridden in harder-fought hunting runs of all kinds than I--fox,
stag, harrier, guanaco, ostrich, and suchlike--and I have had
considerable experience with beagles as well, on foot.”[33]

In face of this testimony, and of the fact recorded by Brinsley Richards, in his “Seven Years at Eton,” that a drag was successfully used at Eton half a century ago, it is absurd to pretend that it could not be used there again; but if further proof be needed, it is, fortunately, available in the following letter from Mr. A. G. Grenfell, Headmaster of Mostyn House School, Parkgate, Cheshire. It will be seen that the idea, very commonly held, that the drag-hunt is suitable only for those following on horseback, and that it would too severely tax the energies of boys running on foot, is absolutely erroneous.

“_December 16, 1903._

“On the subject of Beagle Drag-Hunting at Schools, I think you
will be pleased to know that we have owned and run a pack of
beagles at this school for the last ten years on the lines that
you suggest, and with the greatest success. The drag affords
any amount of healthy and interesting exercise without cruelty.
Ours is just an ordinary preparatory school, with ten masters
and ninety boys. Our hounds are twenty-three or twenty-four in
number. The sport of following them is very popular with all
of us, and it would be hard to devise an easier or better form
of school variant to the everlasting football. Not only does
drag-hunting keep boys from tiring of the regulation game, but
it is to the wind and endurance these runs give us that we owe
the fact that we seldom, if ever, lose a match against boys of
our own size and weight. The beauty of the drag-hunt is that
you can pick your course, you can choose your jumps, you can
regulate your checks and keep your field all together, and you
can insure the maximum of sport and exercise.”

Here, too, is the testimony of another headmaster of a preparatory school, Mr. F. H. Gresson, of The Grange, Crowborough.

“_March 23, 1909._

“I can fully endorse all that Mr. Grenfell says with regard to
the pleasure and amusement to be derived from a drag-hunt. I
have kept a small pack of beagles and hunted a drag with them
for the last five years with very successful results. In my
opinion, it is a very suitable form of amusement for boys of
the preparatory school age, as you can regulate the distance
and the checks, and there is no fear of their getting overdone.

“As one who is very keen upon both fox-hunting and
hare-hunting, I cannot pretend to say that a drag compares
in any way with either. At the same time, however, I get a
great amount of enjoyment out of it myself, in addition to the
exercise, and I do not find it at all a dull sport.”

We do not, of course, _compare_ the drag-hunt with the stag-hunt, the hare-hunt, or any other blood-sport, in the sense of saying that it yields equal excitement; it lacks, no doubt, the thrill of the life-and-death struggle that is going on in front of the hounds. But for those who are aware that such excitement is cruel and morbid, the drag-hunt may be made to provide an excellent _substitute_ for blood-sport, with plenty of skill as well as plenty of exercise; and sportsmen who refuse such substitute merely give proof that their addiction to a barbarous practice is very strong.

FOOTNOTES:

[33] In like manner, Mr. W. H. Crofton, president of the Beagle Club, has admitted in _The Times_ that the drag-hunt, “run with skill by one who understands the art,” can be made to yield “excellent exercise” for schoolboys.

V

CLAY-PIGEON _VERSUS_ LIVE PIGEON

BY THE REV. J. STRATTON

Pigeon-shooting is one of those practices which generous minds must regard with aversion. There is not a single element in it which cultivates any good quality in mankind.

The late Lord Randolph Churchill, in the House of Commons, 1883, alluding to Monte Carlo doings, gave an effective description of a pigeon-shooting scene:

“He had had the opportunity, he said, of watching the sight
at Monte Carlo, though he had never had the satisfaction of
killing a pigeon himself. The pigeon-shooting at Monte Carlo
was conducted on the same principles as that at Hurlingham, and
under similar rules. He saw the birds taken out of the basket,
and before being put into the trap a man cut their tails with
a large pair of scissors. That probably was not very cruel,
because he only cut the quill, though at times he seemed to cut
very close. But worse followed. After cutting the tail, he saw
the man take the bird in one hand, and with the other tear a
great bunch of feathers from the breast and stomach of every
pigeon. On asking the man what he did that for, he replied
that it was to stimulate the birds, in order that, maddened by
excitement and pain, they might take a more eccentric leap in
the air, and increase the chance of the pigeon gamblers.

“He saw another very curious thing, too. One of the pigeons was
struck and fell to the ground; but when the dog went to pick
it up, the wretched bird fluttered again in the air, and for
an appreciable time it remained so fluttering, just a little
higher than the dog could jump. While the bird’s fate was thus
trembling in the balance, the betting was fast and furious, and
when at last the pigeon tumbled into the dog’s jaws, he would
never forget the shout of triumph and yell of execration that
rose from the ring-men and gentlemen.”

Now, what honest-minded man can approve of such a performance as this? Yet the so-called sport is in much favour still, from aristocratic gatherings down to those promoted by low public-houses.

It is surely of the nature of anything claiming to be legitimate sport, that the quarry should be in its natural, wild condition, and should have a chance of saving its life from its would-be destroyer. What chance of this kind has a dazed pigeon, fluttering from a box in the presence of guns ready to fire the moment it appears? The whole thing is cowardly and contemptible, and should be suppressed by law. This fate it would have met in 1883 had the House of Lords done its duty as well as the House of Commons; for a Bill which aimed at its abolition was rejected in the former House after it had passed in the latter.

More lately, however, there has occurred an event which proves that the views we hold respecting pigeon-shooting are beginning to find acceptance with the public. As everybody is aware, the Hurlingham Club used to lend its patronage to this sport, but recently a change in its policy took place. A meeting of members was held, and the question was put to the vote, whether the shooting of pigeons from traps should be any longer permitted in the grounds. A two-thirds majority decided that it should be abolished. The minority endeavoured to get this settlement reversed by law, but they were unsuccessful.

It was instructive, as well as cheering, to observe the favour with which the Press as a whole received the judgment delivered by Mr. Justice Joyce on the case submitted to him.

As an example of newspaper utterances I may quote the comments of the _Daily News_ of February 26, 1906:

“All those who believe that 1906 is better as regards
blood-sports than 1868 will rejoice that Hurlingham is not to
be bound fast to the older date, and its defective morality.
Pigeon-shooting is emphatically not now--as Mr. Justice
Joyce said it was considered in 1868--a manly sport, fit for
gentlemen. It may seem a hard saying to those who, having
acquired proficiency in the practice, have lost their sense
of moral truth. The fashion at Hurlingham has slowly changed
in deference to surrounding opinion. Pigeon-shooting has not
only its negative side of unmanliness, but the positive side of
cruelty, and we are glad that the Club is not so indissolubly
built on this base sport but that a two-thirds majority may
decide when the time has come to abolish it.”

CLAY-PIGEON.

Supposing all shooting of birds from traps were prohibited by law, is there any kindred diversion which might take its place? Yes; there is the clay-pigeon shoot, which affords good practice in gunnery and amuses its patrons by enabling them to meet and settle contests for prizes and so forth. It ought to satisfy all who have not got into the vicious habit of thinking that sport is poor work unless it inflicts agony or death on animals.

The clay-pigeon, so-called, does not bear any resemblance to a living bird. It is like a small saucer, brown in colour, and brittle.

One of the ways in which the artificial shoot is carried on is this. A pit is formed, deep enough to allow a man to stand in it and remain unseen. In the pit is placed machinery which a person can employ for projecting a “pigeon” to a considerable distance, at a quick speed, and at any angle. The pigeon may be shot up in the air, or sent skimming along the ground, and fly to right or left. The shooter stands some yards behind the pit, gun in hand, waiting for the appearance of the object. And, not knowing what course the pigeon will take, he is kept on the _qui vive_. From the sporting point of view, this is so much to the good, as uncertainty is an element of enjoyment in the matter.

At shooting grounds such as those of Messrs. Holland and Holland, of New Bond Street, situated at Kensal Rise, there are many diversities attached to the recreation. Birds are thrown, in many cases, from high structures, or go flying over trees, and move in a mode similar to that of pheasants or driven grouse or partridges. Then, further, at this establishment, the figures of birds with outstretched wings appear for a few seconds on a whitened screen, and form interesting objects to fire at. Across this screen, again, metal representations of rabbits are made to run on an iron rod. From this it will be understood what a deal of variety may be introduced into this form of amusement.

What humanitarians desire to see is the substitution everywhere of this kind of shooting for that of firing at pigeons and starlings and other living birds liberated from traps.

I ought to say that at Messrs. Holland and Holland’s establishment live pigeons are kept for those who wish to fire at them, but I was pleased to learn that, for every living bird killed, a hundred clay birds are shot at.

VI

COURSING

Coursing, the practice of chasing a hare with two greyhounds, slipped simultaneously from the leash, is one of the most ancient of blood-sports; but the spirit of those who take part in it does not seem to have improved with time. It may be doubted whether modern patrons of the sport are as chivalrous as those referred to by the old writer Arrian, whose work on Coursing dates from the second century:

“For coursers, such at least as are true sportsmen, do not take
out their dogs for the sake of catching a hare, but for the
contest and sport of coursing, and are glad if the hare escape;
if she fly to any thin brake for concealment, though they may
see her trembling and in the utmost distress, they will call
off their dogs.”

What is the attraction of coursing? The author of “The Encyclopædia of Rural Sports” (1852) is forced to admit that coursing has been found dull:

“We may be asked,” he says, “what pleasure there can be for
people marshalled in a line, at certain distances from each
other, monotonously to walk or ride at a foot pace over a
ploughed field or across a wide heath on a bleak November day,
the eye anxiously directed hither and thither to catch the clod
or the sidelong furrow that half conceals poor puss, or to espy
the tuft she has parted to make her form in.”

But even so stupid a pastime as this has its charms for many people, when to the zest of seeing a timid animal’s life at stake there is added the more modern excitement of betting on the prowess of the dogs.

Of the cruelty of coursing, as practised in the chief contests, from the Waterloo Cup down, there can be no question. “What more aggravated form of torture is to be found,” says Lady Florence Dixie, “than coursing with greyhounds--the awful terror of the hare depicting itself in the laid-back ears, convulsive doubles, and wild starting eyes which seem almost to burst from their sockets in the agony of tension which that piteous struggle for life entails?”

Open coursing is bad enough, on the score of inhumanity; but when the coursing is enclosed, or the hares are bagged ones turned out for the occasion, the case is still worse. The use of enclosed grounds dates from about 1876, and we learn from the volume on “Coursing” in the Badminton Library of Sports and Pastimes (1892), that “many of the old school opposed it strongly, and with the best reason, for it utterly lacked the elements of real sport.” At the present time it is by a strict system of “preserving” hares rather than by keeping them in enclosures, that a sufficient supply is maintained for the great coursing matches. What an object-lesson in cruelty these meetings afford may be judged from the fact that at some of them, such as the competition for the Waterloo Cup, there is an attendance of several thousand spectators.

Here is an “Impression of the Waterloo Meeting,” by Mr. John Gulland, which appeared in the _Morning Leader_ in 1911:

“Stretching away into the far country (if you use your eyes)
may be seen two long, thin black lines, representing quite a
little army of beaters. In a short while dozens of hares may
be seen gaily sporting between these lines, in delightful
ignorance of the terrible enemy which is lying in wait for
them in front. It is the business of the beater to divert a
good hare from his playful companions; and if you keep your
eye well directed on the black lines, you will soon detect the
white flutter of a handkerchief passing along the lines, and a
brown shape leaping swiftly along the ground, nervously anxious
to turn to one side or the other, but kept to an inexorable
straight course by the living wall of beaters. A shout from the
crowd, growing every moment more excited as the short drama
is about to begin, proclaims the fact that the hare is in the
battle-ground, and is about to meet his Waterloo. And, higher
still, and louder than all, the raucous cry of the bookmaker,
‘Take 7 to 2,’ ‘Take 2 to 1,’ rises shrill in the air.

“All this time a couple of greyhounds are held tight by a
slipper in a box, open on two sides, in the middle of the
field. As soon as the hare is beaten past the slipper’s box
the greyhounds tug and strain at the leash, almost dragging
the slipper with them. When the hare has had about fifty
yards’ start the hounds are released, and off they dash
together, looking at first like one. This is the most thrilling
part of the game, and is watched in a few seconds of almost
breathless silence. Pussy hasn’t, however, much chance against
a greyhound, and is soon overtaken; but he still has a few arts
at his command. For, just as the dog is about to hurl himself
on pussy’s unoffending body, the little creature makes a deft
turn aside, his pursuer flying harmlessly past. Then follow a
series of turns, feints, dodges, and bounds. Puss may, indeed,
lead his enemies a sorry dance for a little while, but it is an
unequal contest. These greyhounds at Altcar are the best and
fastest of their kind, and it is seldom that a hare escapes
their teeth on Waterloo Cup day. In half a minute--at the
outside two minutes--all is over.”

The writer states that he thinks he has never seen “so many bookmakers and bookmakers’ clerks per head of the population” as at the Waterloo coursing. “It was the merriest gambling I have seen for many a long day,” for coursing lends itself particularly well to betting.”

VII

THE GENTLE CRAFT

“It has been gravely said that a good angler must also be a
good Christian. Without literalising the assertion, it may well
be admitted that there is much in the contemplative character
of his pursuit, and in the quiet scenes of beauty with which it
brings him face to face, to soften and elevate as well as to
humanise.”

Thus writes Mr. H. Cholmondeley-Pennell, a distinguished authority on angling. We fear, however, that an examination of the “gentle craft” will scarcely justify the assertion; for the fact cannot be gainsaid that to kill fish for mere _amusement_ is to gratify one’s own pleasure at the cost of another being’s pain, and that, regarded from a moral standpoint, it will not materially affect the case to plead that the fisherman is “contemplative,” or that in the pursuit of his pastime he is brought into touch with the softening influences of nature. Unfortunately, as far as his sport (which is the only point in question) is concerned, there is no sign of this softening tendency on _him_. Contemplative he may be (in the intervals between “rises” or “bites”), but his contemplation has apparently not taken that introspective turn which would seem to be most needed. He may be gentle--in _some_ relations of life; but in the matter of impaling live-bait and hooking fishes his gentleness is of a worse than dubious quality. One would have thought that a sense of humour would withhold fishermen from making these ludicrous claims to virtues in which, _qua_ fishermen, they are very signally deficient. “There are unquestionably,” says Leigh Hunt, “many amiable men among sportsmen, who, as the phrase is, would not hurt a fly, that is to say, on a window; at the end of a string the case is altered.”

The stories told by anglers of the alleged “insensibility” of fish--how a hooked salmon that has just broken away will sometimes return to the bait--do not prove very much; for that fish are less intelligent and less sensitive than warm-blooded animals is no excuse for torturing them to the extent of their feeling. And it is evident, on the showing of the fishermen themselves, that the process of “playing” a large fish is a very cruel one, since it means gradually and mercilessly wearing down the strength of the victim during a desperate struggle prolonged sometimes for hours. Reading, for example, such a passage as the following, taken from Dr. Hamilton’s book on “Fly-Fishing,” one marvels at the mood which can find enjoyment in so barbarous a sport:

“I know of no greater excitement when, after casting the fly,
a sudden swirl of the water tells you that a salmon has risen,
and the tightening of your line that he is hooked. Then the
mighty rush of a fresh-run fish; the rapid whirl (sweet music!)
of the reel, as the line is carried out; the tremendous leaps
and tugs and efforts as the fish tries to free himself. Good
fisherman as you may be, the chances are against you. You at
one end of the line doing all you can, and putting all your
experience to the test, to keep and bring to bank the prize you
covet. The fish at the other end, with all his knowledge of the
rocks and bad places at the bottom of the river, doing all he
can to circumvent you.… And then, after a slight pause, with
skilful management the strain is put on. An anxious moment; he
gives, but oh! how slowly, how reluctantly. The question is,
who is to conquer. You feel your power as you wind up; you see
his silver side; you know there will be yet one or two terrific
struggles for life as he gets a glimpse of you and the gaff;
then comes the final rush, the line paying out inch by inch. It
is over! Another roll or two, and he is on the bank--and then
the soothing pipe while you study his fine proportions.”

Under some conditions the sport consists in practically _drowning_ the fish in its own element. “The most killing place,” says Dr. Hamilton, “when the hook is well fast, is in the lower jaw. The strain of the line prevents in a great measure the free current of water through the gills, and the fish becomes suffocated.”

To what extravagance the angling mania can run may be seen from certain forms of sea-fishing. The tarpon, an inhabitant of the Gulf of Mexico, is a great fish of the herring kind, weighing from 50 to 180 pounds, and measuring from 5 to 7 feet in length. It is not used as food by any but the negroes and “lower classes,” and its chief value, we are told, is for “sporting” purposes. In _The Queen_ of December 7, 1895, an account was given of “an angling feat” performed by a lady who caught a monster of this kind. “The lady’s grip,” we were told, “was firm,” and defeated the endeavours of the fish “to shake the cruel hook from its throat.” In this, and in all angling records, it will be observed that the cruelty is purely wanton--the killing being done not because it is necessary or useful, but because the sportsman _enjoys_ it.

Again, one of the most nauseous features of the “gentle craft” is the use of “live bait”--that is, of worms, maggots, flies, grasshoppers, frogs, and small fish. Here is one of the directions given by Mr. Cholmondeley-Pennell:

“In using the lob-worm-tail only, the worm must be broken about
the middle, longer or shorter according to circumstances, and
the hook inserted at the point of the breakage, the worm being
then run up the hook until the shank is somewhat more than
covered and only the end of the tail remains at liberty.”

It is pointed out by Mr. Alexander Mackie in “The Art of Worm Fishing,” that a “particularly beautiful” blue-nosed lob will account for as many as four trout, if cut in two parts and used successively, and that no worm of this class should be thrown away when only “slightly shattered.”

The impaling of a worm or maggot is disgusting enough; but when live fish are used as bait the cruelty is still worse. It will be observed that it is the angler’s object to _prolong_ the misery of the living bait to the utmost extent. Thus Mr. Cholmondeley-Pennell, with reference to pike fishing:

“With regard to live-baits, a good deal must of course depend
upon the state of the water. Should it be very bright and
clear, a gudgeon, which is also a very tough fish, will
generally be found the best, and in extreme cases even a
minnow used with a small float and a single gimp hook passed
through its upper lip or back.… Probably the best live-bait
of all for thick or clouded water is a medium-sized dace, as
its scales are peculiarly brilliant, and the fish itself by no
means easily killed. In case of waters in which the pike are
over-fed, I should recommend my readers to try them with live
gold-fish.… If gold-fish are not forthcoming, small carp form a
very killing and _long-lived_ bait. The bait should not be left
too long in one place, but be kept gently moving. It should
also be held as little as possible out of water, on to which,
when cast, its fall should be as light as possible, to avoid
injury and premature decease.”

A very cruel way of taking freshwater fish is by night-lines. The victims are often left for hours with large hooks in their mouths; and when at last taken from the water are exhausted or dead. This perhaps is a poacher’s method rather than a sportsman’s; but it is to be observed that as a rule the despised poaching methods--such as the netting, wiring, or “tickling” of fish--are far less barbarous than those which are honoured as “sportsmanlike.”

It is clear, then, that the title of “the gentle craft” is an absurd misnomer when applied to angling, and that, if humaneness had been reckoned among the virtues, we should not have seen the canonisation of Izaak Walton, the patron saint of fishermen. For as Byron says of him:

“The quaint old cruel coxcomb in his gullet
Should have a hook, and a small trout to pull it.”

“It would have taught him humanity at least,” adds the poet in a footnote. “They may talk about the beauties of nature, but the angler merely thinks of his dish of fish; he has no leisure to take his eyes from off the streams, and a single ‘bite’ is worth to him more than all the scenery around. The whale, the shark, and the tunny fishery have somewhat of noble and perilous in them; even net-fishing, trawling, etc., are more humane and useful. But angling!”

VIII

SPOILING OTHER PEOPLE’S PLEASURE

It is a grave charge that is brought against us humanitarians, of “spoiling other people’s pleasure.” We are reproachfully bidden to look at “sport,” for instance, and to ponder all the manifold enjoyment which it provides for its votaries--the pleasure of the riders, the pleasure of the horses, the pleasure of the hounds, the pleasure (some assert) even of the fox himself--or, if not exactly pleasure, at least a praiseworthy acquiescence in the rôle assigned him as the purveyor of amusement for others; for has he not, like Faust, purchased the happiness of a lifetime at the cost of this brief hour of pain? And all this sum of pleasure the humanitarian would deliberately destroy! No wonder that speculation is rife among sportsmen as to any intelligible reason for such malice. Are humanitarians insane? Or is it a dog-in-the-manger instinct that prompts them to wreck a pleasure in which they themselves--poor joyless creatures that they are--can have no part?

We shall be expected, perhaps, in answer to these accusations, to plead some austere and weighty reasons, such as the danger of an excess of pleasure, the need of self-sacrifice, the duty of altruism, and the like. We shall do nothing of the kind. On the contrary, we shall point out that humanitarians seek not to diminish but to _increase_ the pleasures of which life is capable; for it is precisely because we, too, love pleasure, and regard it, when rightly understood, as the sum and purport of existence, that we deplore the absurd travesty of it which at present passes muster among the thoughtless. Our complaint against the sportsman and his like is not that they enjoy themselves, but that they prevent other persons from doing so, through their very rudimentary and barbarous notions of what enjoyment means.

Consider, for instance, the exquisite pleasure, surely one of the greatest joys in life, of seeing perfect confidence and fearlessness in the beings around one--the intrepidity which is the special charm of children, when well-treated, and which is characteristic of animals also, in the rare cases when they have nothing to fear from man. We know with what child-like trust and guilelessness the primitive inhabitants of the West Indies greeted their Spanish discoverers, and how the wild animals in newly-found lands have often shown the same unguarded friendliness to man, until they knew better--or worse. The pleasure of the humanitarian consists in preserving and cherishing to the uttermost this friendly relationship; the pleasure of the sportsman consists in rending and shattering it, in making a hell out of a heaven, and is sowing distrust and terror where there might be confidence and love. _Chacun à son goût._ It is useless to dispute about tastes. But that the sportsman should proceed to denounce the humanitarian as being “a spoiler of pleasure” is a stroke of unintended humour from a very humourless source.

The part which the sportsman plays in the animal world--that world which might be a source of much genuine pleasure to us--may be easily pictured if we look at one of the London parks where the bird-life is protected. There we see a truce reigning between human and non-human, with a vast amount of obvious human enjoyment as the result. Imagine what would happen if a man were to run with a gun or some other weapon among the unsuspecting animals, and pride himself on the dexterity with which he reduced them from beautiful living creatures to limp and ugly carcases. He would be arrested as a lunatic, you say, by the park-keepers. True; yet that is exactly the way in which the sportsman is continually running amuck in this larger park of ours, the world, where unfortunately there are as yet no park-keepers to restrain him.

Nor is it only the sportsman, but everyone addicted to cruel practices of any sort, who makes the world a poorer and less happy place to live in. Centuries of persecution have, in fact, left so little _real_ happiness in life that men have been fain to content themselves with these wretched beggarly amusements, which, from bull- and bear-baiting to stag-hunting, have disgraced our national “sports” from time immemorial, yet have always been defended on the ludicrous ground that their abolition would diminish the “pleasures” of the people.

Who, then, is the mar-joy? Surely not the humanitarian, whose desire it is that there should be far greater and wider means of enjoyment than at present, and who, far from discouraging the sports of the people, would establish in every part of the land facilities for manly and wholesome sports, such as cricket, football, rowing, swimming, running, and all kinds of athletic and gymnastic exercises. To humanitarians, pleasure--real pleasure--is the one precious thing; and it is just because there is so little real pleasure in the present conditions of life that we desire to see those conditions changed and ameliorated. Why else should we “agitate,” sit in committees, write letters to newspapers, and organise public meetings to expound our principles? Certainly, not because we enjoy such occupation in itself, for a more thankless task could scarcely be imagined; but because life is at present so narrowed and saddened by brutalitarian stupidity that to try to alter it, even in the smallest measure, is to us a necessary condition of any enjoyment at all.

INDEX

Accidents involved by hunting, 66

Adams, Maurice, on cost of sport, 45 _et seq._

Afforestation conflicts with game preservation, 53

Agriculture ruined by sport, 38

Athletic exercises compared with blood-sports, 129

Badgers as “vermin,” 88

“Bag,” a six weeks’, 104

Balance of Nature upset, 40

“Battue,” horrors of the, 83

“Battue-shooting,” 13

Beagles:
Eton, 18;
_Tom Brown_ on Rugby, 125;
forbidden by original statutes, 117;
not legalised until 1871, 117;
Dr. Warre’s attitude _re_, 116;
strength of the opposition to, 124

Big-game hunting:
Mr. Ernest Bell on, 101;
monotony of, 101, 102

“Blooding,” 155

Blood-sports:
not manly, 56, 112, 136;
at schools, 116

Buchanan, Robert, quoted, 69, 150

Buckhounds, abolition of Royal, 100, 130

Buddha, humane teachings of, 29

Burmese, the, and compassion, 29

Burns, Robert, on shooting, 93

Byron, Lord, on angling, 178

Callousness of fox-hunting, the, 95

Carlisle otter hounds, 30

Carpenter, Edward, on sport and agriculture, 34 _et seq._

Carted deer, 22

Civilised _versus_ savage life, 132

Clay-pigeons and live pigeons, 166

Colquhoun, John, on the poacher, 81

Compassion taught by Buddha, 29

Compensation, farmers and, 37

Cornfields damaged by mice and sparrows, 40

Coursing, 170

Cricket compared with hunting, 67

Cruel sports not public benefits, 60

Cruelties of stag-hunting, 10

Cruelty, definition of, 2

“Cub-hunting,” barbarities of, 9

Cultivated area of Great Britain, 53

Deer, carted, “accidents” to, 22

Deer-forests:
acreage of, 84;
effects of, 84

De Quincey’s satire, 142

Dixie, Lady Florence, quoted, 163

Dogs, gamekeepers’, 76

Drag-hunt _versus_ stag-hunt, 162

Drag-hunting a pleasurable sport, 99, 163

Durham, Lord, defends rabbit-coursing, 27

Economics of hunting, 60 _et seq._

Elephants, extermination of, 105

“Enclosure Act,” 71

Eton Beagles, 18;
eminent opponents of, 124;
hare-hunt, the, 116;
sports, brutality of, 117 _et seq._

Evolution and animal kinship, 33

Expenditure on hunting, 65

Explosive bullets, 113

Farmers and compensation, 37

Farmers injured by hunting, 64

_Field, The_, on tame-deer hunting, 24

Fishing, 174

“Food-supply” fallacy, the, 83

Fortescue, Hon. J., quoted, 109

Fox, the hunted, 6, 98

Foxes “made in Germany,” 35

Fox-hunting, 5 _et seq._;
excuses for, 8;
H. B. M. Watson on, 95;
illogical, 97, 98

“Foxology,” Dr. Lang’s, 135

“Game,” animals included as, 71

Gamekeepers:
brutality of, 79, 86;
Joseph Arch on, 75;
Justice Vaughan Williams and, 76;
increase of, 39;
Mr. Lloyd George on, 39

Game Laws:
facts about the, 69 _et seq._;
a legal anomaly, 70;
_raison d’être_ of, 71;
popular dislike of, 72

Grand Duke’s exploit, 103

Gravid animals, hunting of, 158

Greenwood, George, M.P., on cruelty of sport, 1 _et seq._

Grouse-moors and farmers, 38

Hare-hunting, 16;
Sir Thomas More on, 16

Hedgehogs as “vermin,” 88

Heron, destruction of the, 41, 90

Home Office, the, and Game Laws, 74

Hudson, W. H., quoted, 87 _et seq._

Hunt, Leigh, quoted, 133, 175

Hunter, the, as a “lover of animals,” 93

Hunting:
expensiveness of, 62;
a limited recreation, 66;
a rich man’s sport, 62

Instincts, “God-planted,” 132

Japanese, prowess of the, 57

Johnston, Sir Harry:
on big-game killing, 114;
on gun-sportsmen, 93;
on wild life, 85

Justice ignored in Game Law administration, 74

Justices of the Peace as game-preservers, 73

Kropotkin’s, Prince, estimate on produce of soil, 53

Land, effect of Game Laws on, 72

Legislation affected by hunting, 67

“Live bait,” cruelty of using, 108

Lloyd, E. B., on destruction of wild life, 85 _et seq._

Londonderry’s, Lord, economic argument, 51

“Lost” animals, sufferings of, 110

“Lust, the blood,” 113

Lyte, Sir H. Maxwell, on Eton barbarities, 117, 126

Martin, Howard, on benefits of sport, 49

Meredith, George, quoted, 94

Mice and cornfields, 40

Modern sport not heroic, 58

Monck, W. H. S., on economics of hunting, 60 _et seq._

Moral defence of sport lacking, 7, 111

Natural _versus_ _un_natural history, 94

Nightingales, destruction of, 89

Nyasaland licences, 114

Otter hunt at Longtown, 30

Otter hunting, 18, 19, 160

Penal servitude for night poaching, 75

Penalties for trespass, 74

Pheasant shooting and vivisection, 1

Pheasants, artificially reared, 13, 36, 51, 94

Pigeon-shooting:
not true sport, 21;
Lord Randolph Churchill on, 166;
prohibited at Hurlingham, 22, 167

Poacher:
character of the, 80;
the, as gamekeeper, 81;
described, 81

Poachers, illegal sentences on, 74

Polo and hunting compared, 67

Preservation of game, 15

Professionalism spoiling sport, 59

Rabbit-coursing, 24

Rabbits, a nuisance to farmers, 39

Recreations:
best available to largest numbers, 62;
essentials of, 62-64

Remorse of the hunter, 106

Reserves for wild animals, 44

Ribblesdale, Lord, and stag-hunting, 145, 157

Roosevelt, T., quoted, 107

Rousseau, J. J., on compassion, 31, 32

Salt, Henry S., on _Sportsmen’s fallacies_, 130 _et seq._

Sargent, Henry R., defends sport, 45

Schopenhauer and the basis of morality, 31, 32

Select Committee of 1846, 80

Sentimentalism _versus_ humanitarianism, 96

Seton-Karr, H. W., 131

Seton-Karr’s, Sir H., fallacy, 137

Shooting, 11 _et seq._

Small holdings _versus_ sporting interests, 42

Sparrows and cornfields, 40

Spoiling other people’s pleasure, 179

Sport:
importance of ethical issues, 1;
as a fetish, 4;
cost of, 45-59;
confusion in the use of the term, 56

Sports:
morally unjustifiable if cruel, 2;
two kinds of, 3;
spurious, 20 _et seq._, 58;
and agriculture, Edward Carpenter on, 34 _et seq._

“Sportsman,” a popular appellation, 3

Sportsmen’s claims criticised, 139 _et seq._;
logic, 8;
fallacies, 130

Stag-hunting, cruelties of, 10

Steel traps, barbarity of, 82

Torture unnecessary, 96

Unmanliness of pheasant-shooting, 57

Unregistered gamekeepers, 80

Unsportsmanlike devices, 104

“Vermin” exterminated by game-preservers, 88

Vivisection and field sports compared, 1

Wallace, A. R., on gamekeepers, 76

War, sport as training for, 149

Warre, Dr., his defence of the Eton hare-hunt, 116, 123

Watson, H. B. Marriott, on fox-hunting, 95 _et seq._

Weasels as “vermin,” 88

Wild life, destruction of, 85 _et seq._

Women and hunting, 11, 19

Woodpecker destroyed by gamekeeper, 89

Wounded victims of sport, 14

Young, need of humane teaching for the, 18

THE END

BILLING AND SONS, LTD., PRINTERS, GUILDFORD.