Chapter I

[1]D. O. Wagner, _Social Reformers from Adam Smith to John Dewey_ (New
York: 1934), 213-239. Harry W. Laidler, _Social-Economic Movements,
An Historical and Comparative Survey of Communism, Cooperation,
Utopianism: and Other Systems of Reform and Reconstruction_ (New
York: Thomas Y. Crowell Co., 1946), 44-117. For general discussion
concerning the period see _Revue des Deux Mondes_, XXIIIe Annee,
Seconde serie de la Nouvelle Period, III, No. 1, 1853, 320-345, and
especially, 1852, No. 3, 508-545.

[2]For a criticism of Fourier's ideas and system see Mme. C. Coignet,
_Victor Considerant, sa Vie, son Oeuvre_ (Paris, France, 1895), 5-9;
Frederic Engels, _Socialism, Utopian and Scientific_, translated by
Deward Aveling (Chicago, 1914), 63-66; Harry W. Laidler, _A History
of Socialist Thought_ (New York, 1927). For a more extensive
biography, _La Grande Encyclopedie Nouvelle Biographie Generale
depuis les Temps les plus Recules Jusqua nos jours_, XII; Coignet,
_op. cit._, 2-5. Fourier's chief works are _Le Noveau Monde
Industrial et Societaire_, 1829; _Traité de l'association
Domestiquée Agricole au Attraction Industrielle_, 2 Vols., 1822; _La
Theorie des Quarte Mouvements et de Destinées Générales_. For
materials on related discussions see A. Grandin, _Bibliographie des
Science_, etc. For a biography see F. August Bebel, _Charles
Fourier, Sein Leben Und Seine Theorien_ (Stuttgart, 1888).

[3]For a plan of phalanstery see Appendix B. Compare Albert Brisbane,
_Social Destiny of Man_: or, _Associations and Reorganization of
Industry_ (Philadelphia, 1840), 353-354. For an extensive study see
items listed in Egbert, _op. cit._, II, 132-135.

[4]Frederic Engels had a very high appreciation of Fourier; he said:
"Fourier is not only a critic; his imperturbable serene nature makes
him a satirist, and assuredly one of the greatest satirists of all
times.... He was the first to declare that in any given society the
degree of woman's emancipation is the natural measure of the general
emancipation." See Frederic Engels, _op. cit._, 64-65. Ferrari, "Des
Idées de L'école de M. Fourier depuïs 1830" in _Revue des Deux
Mondes_, XI, August 1, 1845, No. 3, 389-434.

[5]Eugene Fourniere, "Le Rèigne de Louis-Philippe, 1830-1848," in
_Histoire Socialiste_, 1789-1900, edited by Jean Jaures, 322-326.

[6]Coignet, _op. cit._, 1-16. For a list of his writings see _Victor P.
Considerant, in LaRousse du XXe Siécle_, II, 425.

[7]Coignet, _Victor Considerant, sa Vie, son Oeuvre_, 11-22; see also
Eugene Fourniére, _op. cit._; Savardan, _Un Naufrage au Texas_
(Paris, 1858), iii, 11-23.

[8]Coignet, _op. cit._, 29-34.

[9]_Ibid._; Albert Brisbane, _A Mental Biography With a Character Study
by His Wife, Redelia Brisbane_ (Boston, 1893), 194; Hereafter cited
as _Mental Biography_; Savardan, _op. cit._; Victor Prosper
Considerant, _The Great West, A New Social and Industrial Life in
Its Fertile Regions_ (New York, 1854) _passim_. Hereafter cited as
_The Great West_.

[10]Eugene Fourniére, _op. cit._, 444.

[11]Brisbane, _Mental Biography_, 195.

[12]Brisbane, in the preface of Considerant, _The Great West_; see also,
Considerant, _Contre M. Arago Réclamation addresse a la Chambre des
Deputies par les Redacteurs du Feuilleton de la Phalange. Suive de
la Théorie Droit de Propriété_, Paris, 1840.

[13]Albert Brisbane, _op. cit._, 315.

[14]_New York Tribune_, January 1, 1853, quoting the _Allegemeine
Zeitung_.

[15]Albert Brisbane, _op. cit._, vii. For a short bibliography of
Brisbane see Charles A. Madison, _Critics and Crusaders_ (New York,
1947-1948), 114-133.

[16]Albert Brisbane, _op. cit._, 177; a further development of
Brisbane's ideas along this line is found in his _Social Destiny of
Man_.

[17]Brisbane, _Mental Biography_, xi; For a discussion of Brisbane's
efforts in literature and propaganda see John Humphrey Noyes,
_History of American Socialist_ (New York, 1870), xvii, entitled
"Literature of Fourierism."

[18]Brisbane, _op. cit._, 211.

[19]See _infra_. iv: footnote 25.

[20]Brisbane, _Social Destiny of Man, or Associations and Reorganization
of Industry_ (Philadelphia, 1840), 5-40.

[21]Brisbane, _op. cit._, 40.

[22]For a full list of writers and supporters see Noyes, _History of
Socialism_, 211-231; C. Nordhoff, _Communistic Societies of the
United States_ (New York, 1875).

[23]For additional information concerning Fourierism in the United
States, see William Alford Hinds, _American Communities_ (Chicago,
1902), 221, 254, a list of phalanges on page 224; Albert Shaw,
_Icaire, A Chapter in the History of Communism_ (New York, 1884),
ii.