Chapter XX: The Relations Between Lamarckism and Darwinism; Neolamarckism (3)

Quatrefages, A. de.--Charles Darwin et ses précurseurs français. Étude sur le transformisme. Paris, 1870. 8vo. pp. 378.

Martins, Charles.--Un naturaliste philosophe. Lamarck, sa vie et ses oeuvres. Extrait de la Revue des Deux Mondes. Livraison du 1er mars 1873. Paris.

Haeckel, Ernst.--Die Naturanschauung von Darwin, Goethe und Lamarck. Vortrag in der ersten öffentlichen Sitzung der fünf und fünfzigsten Versammlung Deutscher Naturforscher und Aerzte zu Eisenach am 18 September 1882. Jena, 1882. 8vo. pp. 64.

Perrier, Edmond.--La philosophie zoologique avant Darwin. Paris, 1884. pp. 292.

Perrier, Edmond.--Lamarck et le transformisme actuel. (Extrait du volume commémoratif du Centenaire de la fondation du Muséum d'Histoire naturelle.) Paris, 1893. Folio. pp. 61.

Bourguignat, J. R.--Lamarck, J. B. P. A. de Monnet de. (Biographical sketch, with a partial bibliography of his works, said to have been prepared by M. Bourguignat.) Revue biographique de la Société malacologique de France. Paris, 1886. pp. 61-85. With a portrait after Vaux-Bidon.

Mortillet, Gabriel de.--Lamarck. Par G. de Mortillet. (L'Homme, IV, No. 1. 10 jan. 1887. pp. 1-8.) With portrait and handwriting, including autograph of Lamarck.

Mortillet, Gabriel de, and others.--Lamarck. Par un groupe de transformistes, ses disciples. (Reprinted from L'Homme, IV. Paris, 1887. 8vo. pp. 31.) With portrait and figures.

Mortillet, Gabriel de.--Réunion Lamarck. (La Société, l'École et le Laboratoire d'Anthropologie de Paris, à l'Exposition universelle de Paris.) Paris, 1889. pp. 72-84.

Mortillet, Adrien de.--Recherches sur Lamarck (including acte de naissance, acte de décès, and letter from M. Mondière regarding his place of burial). L'Homme, IV, No. 10. Mai 25 1887. pp. 289-295. With portrait and view of the house he lived in. On p. 620, a note referring to a movement to erect a monument to Lamarck.

Giard, Alfred.--Leçon d'ouverture du cours de l'évolution des êtres organisés. (Bull. sc. de la France et de la Belgique.) Paris, 1888. pp. 28. Portrait.

Claus, Carl.--Lamarck als Begründer des Descendenzlehre. Wien, 1883. 8vo. pp. 35.

Duval, Mathias.--Le transformiste français Lamarck. (Bull. Soc. d'Anthropologie de Paris. Tome XII, IIIe Série.) pp. 336-374.

Lamarck.--Les maîtres de la science: Lamarck. Paris, 1892. G. Masson, Éditeur. 12mo. pp. 98.

Hamy, E. T.--Les derniers jours du Jardin du Roi et la fondation du Muséum d'Histoire naturelle. pp. 40. (Extrait du volume commémoratif du Centenaire de la fondation du Muséum d'Histoire naturelle.) Paris, 10 juin 1893. Folio. pp. 162. Paris, 1893.

Osborn, H. F.--From the Greeks to Darwin. An outline of the development of the evolution idea. New York. 1894. 8vo. pp. 259.

Houssay, Frédéric.--Lamarck, son oeuvre et son esprit. Revue encyclopédique. Année 1897. pp. 969-973. Paris, Librairie Larousse.

Hermanville, F. J. F.--Notice biographique sur Lamarck. Sa vie et ses oeuvres. Beauvais, 1898. 8vo. pp. 45. Portrait, after Thorel-Perrin.

Packard, A. S.--Lamarck, and Neo-Lamarckism. (The Open Court. Feb., 1897.) Chicago, 1897. pp. 70-81.

Packard, A. S.--Lamarck's Views on the Evolution of Man, on Morals, and on the Relation of Science to Religion. The Monist, Chicago, Oct., 1900. Chapters XVIII and XIX of the present work.

INDEX

Adaptation, 322, 367, 392, 412.

Ærobates, 338.

Ai, 320.

Amphibia, 342.

Ant-eater, 307, 313.

Antlers, origin of, 316.

Ant-lion, 337.

Appetence, doctrine of, 219, 234, 236, 350, 412.

Aspalax, 307.

Atrophy, 274, 290, 303, 306, 307, 309, 311, 315, 343.

Audouin J. V., 63.

Barus, C., estimate of Lamarck's work in physics, 85.

Batrachia, 342.

Battle, law of, 219, 224.

Beaver, 312.

Besoins, 245, 270, 274, 281, 295, 302, 324, 334, 346, 350, 352, 412.

Bird, humming, 313.

Birds, domestic, atrophy in, 274;
origin of, 342;
origin of swimming, 234, 311;
perching, 234, 312;
shore, 234, 312.

Blainville, H. D. de, 62, 64, 135.

Blumenbach, 138.

Bolton, H. C., 86.

Bonnet, C., ideas on evolution, 156;
germs, 163.

Bosc, L. A. G., 52.

Bourguin. L. B., 30, 31.

Bradypus tridactylus, 320.

Brain, 337, 360; human, 358.

Bruguière, J. G., 38, 113.

Buffalo, 315.

Buffon, G. L. L., 19, 92, 198;
factors of evolution, 205, 356;
views on descent, 201.

Bulla, 348.

Callosities, origin of, 203.

Camelo-pardalis, 316, 351.

Carnivora, 317; origin of, 343.

Catastrophism, 105, 117, 126, 146, 153;
anti-, 105, 114, 153.

Cave life, 390, 392.

Cetacea, 343, 409;
rudimentary teeth of, 307.

Chain of being, 167, 181, 191, 208, 235, 241, 242.

Changes in environment, 302;
local, 301;
slow, 301.

Characters, acquired, heredity of, 219, 224, 246, 276, 303, 319.

Chimpanzee, 367.

Chiton, 348.

Circumstances, influence of, 246, 247, 292, 294, 302, 305, 320, 323,
363, 400.

Clam, origin of siphon of, 353, 418.

Classifications, artificial, 282.

Claws of birds, 312;
Carnivora, 317, 414.

Climate, 204, 218, 244, 283, 400, 402, 416.

Coal, origin of, 113, 122.

Colonies, animal, 411.

Colors, animal, 221.

Competition, 236, 287.

Conditions, changes of, 292, 294, 302, 305, 310, 400, 407, 414.

Consciousness, 325, 326, 353.

Cope, E. D., 383, 389.

Corals, 115.

Correlation, law of, 136, 142, 145;
of tertiary beds, 133.

Costantin, 416.

Creation by evolution, 130.

Crossing, swamping effects of, 246, 320.

Crustacea, origin of, 341.

Cunningham, J. T., 409.

Cuvier, George, 66, 140;
eulogy on Lamarck, 65;
first paper, 185.

Dall, W. H., estimate of Lamarck's work, 196.

Darkness, influence of, 308.

Darwin, Charles, 423, 424;
estimate of Lamarck's views, 73;
factors tabulated, 356;
origin of man, compared with Lamarck's, 371;
views on descent, 217, 407.

Darwin, Erasmus, factors of evolution, 217, 223, 356;
life of, 216.

Daubenton, 19, 26, 29, 136.

Deer, 316.

Degeneration, as used by Buffon, 204, 209;
by Geoffroy, 213;
by Lamarck, 182, 274, 290.

Delboeuf's law, 406.

Desiring, 236, 351, 412.

Digits, modifications of, 234, 311, 317, 321, 338, 344;
reduction of, 315.

Direct action of environment, 324, 409, 410, 414, 416.

Disuse, 274, 290, 296, 303, 306, 307, 311, 318, 343, 392, 412.

Dixon, C., 405.

Dogs, tailless, 220;
domestication in, 299;
races of, 299, 304.

Domestic animals, 274, 304.

Domestication, effects of, 298, 323.

D'Orbigny, A., 386.

Duck, 298, 312, 318.

Duckbill, 412.

Earth, great age of, 119;
revolutions of, 109, 147, 150;
theory of, 149.

Earth's interior, 105.

Effort, 213, 234, 257, 295, 339, 348, 351, 353, 354, 370, 411, 420.

Egypt, mummied species of, 271, 286.

Eigenmann, C. H., 393.

Eimer, G. H. T., 408.

Elephant, 315.

Emotion, 353.

Encasement theory, 162, 218, 222.

Environment, 214, 410, 417, 421.

Epigenesis, 156.

Erosion, 101.

Evil, 377.

Evolution, dynamic, 417;
Lamarck's views on, 322.

Exercise, 211, 256.

Existence, struggle for, 207, 237, 287.

Extinct species, 126, 129, 130.

Eyeless animals, 307, 309.

Eyes, 308; of flounder, 313.

Faujas de St. Fond, 23, 140.

Feelings, internal, 324, 325, 330, 347.

Fishes, flat, 313;
form due to medium, 291;
origin of, 341.

Fittest, origin of, 383.

Flamingo, 250.

Flounder, 313.

Flying mammals, origin of, 338.

Fossilization, 120.

Fossils, 109, 110, 112, 125, 138;
deep-sea, 113;
of Paris basin, 134.

Frog, 312.

Function, change of, 394.

Galeopithecus, 339.

Gasteropods, 348, 417.

Generation, spontaneous, 158, 176, 201, 285.

Geoffroy St. Hilaire, E., 36, 67, 307;
factors tabulated, 356;
life, 212;
views on descent, 215;
views on species, 213.

Geographical distribution, 205, 246.

Geological time, 119, 130, 222.

Geology, Lamarck's work in, 100.

Germs of life, first, 259, 261, 268;
preëxistence of, 162, 218, 222.

Giard, A., 406, 410.

Giraffe, 316, 351, 411, 412.

Goose, 298, 312, 313.

Granite, origin of, 120, 149.

Guettard, J. E., 95, 132, 136.

Gulick, J. T., 405.

Habits, 235, 247, 295, 303, 305, 314, 316, 321, 323, 324, 340, 394.

Haeckel, E., 385;
estimate of Lamarck's theory, 69.

Hamy, E. T., 19, 22, 25.

Hearing, 308.

Henslow, G., 414.

Heredity, 250, 276, 303, 306, 319, 336;
of acquired characters, 219, 224, 246, 276, 303, 319.

Hertwig, R., 282.

Hoofs, origin of, 315.

Hooke, Robert, 132.

Horns, origin of, 316, 354, 393, 409.

Horse, 274, 304, 315.

Hutton, James, 99.

Huxley, T. H., 423, 424;
estimate of Lamarck's scientific position, 74, 90.

Hyatt, A., 386, 419.

Hybridity, 223.

Hybrids, 284.

Hydrogéologie, 89.

Imitation, 361.

Indirect action of environment, 324, 409.

Industry, animal, 336.

Infusoria, 328.

Insects, wingless, 309.

Intestines of man, 310.

Instinct, 223, 286, 330, 331, 332, 349;
variations in, 335, 337, 349.

Isolation, 392, 394, 404;
in man, 320, 369.

Jacko, 364.

Jardin des Plantes, 23.

Jeffries, J. A., 413.

Jordan, K., 410.

Juncus bufonius, 252.

Kangaroo, 318.

Lacaze-Duthiers, H. de, reminiscences of Lamarck, 75.

Lakanal, J., 28.

Lamarck, Cornelie de, 55.

Lamarck, J. B. de, birth, 6;
birthplace, 4;
blindness, 51;
botanical career, 15, 19, 173;
burial place, 57;
death, 51;
estimates of his life-work, 69;
factors at evolution, 233, 356;
founder of palæontology, 124;
house in Paris, 42;
meteorology and physical science, 79;
military career, 11;
origin of man, 357; parentage, 7;
share in reorganization of Museum, 24;
shells, collections of, 46;
on spontaneous generation, 158;
style, 179;
travels, 20;
views on religion, 372;
work in geology, 89;
zoölogical work, 32, 180.

Lamarckism, relations to Darwinism, 382.

Land, changes of level of, 107.

Latreille, P. A., 62.

Law of battle, 219, 224.

Laws of evolution, Lamarck's, 303, 346.

Legs, atrophy of, 290, 309, 343.

Lemur volans, 339.

Life, 346;
conditions of, 292, 294, 302, 305, 310, 400, 414;
definitions of, 168, 169, 280.

Light, 410.

Limbs, atrophy of, 290, 309;
genesis of, 421;
of seal, 338, 344;
whale, 343.

Lizard, 313.

Local changes, 301.

Lyell, Charles, estimate of Lamarck's theory, 71.

Mammals, aquatic, 343; flying, 338.

Man, as a check on animal life, 288;
origin of, 357;
origin of language, 370;
origin of his plantigrade feet, 365;
posture, 362, 368;
relation to apes, 362;
segregation of, from apes, 369;
shape of his skull, 365;
sign-language, 368;
speech, origin of, 370;
swamping effects of crossing in, 320.

Medium, 214.

Milieu, 214, 416.

Mimicry, protective, 220, 221, 225.

Minerals, growth of, 164.

Mole, 307.

Molluscs, 420;
eyeless, 309;
gasteropod, 348;
pelecypod, 417;
lamellibranch, 418;
Lamarck's work on, 189.

Monet, de, 8.

Monotremes, origin from birds, 342.

Morals, 372.

Mortillet, G. de, 30.

Mountains formed by erosion, 101, 103.

Muscles, adductor, 418.

Museum of Natural History, Paris, 34.

Mya arenaria, 353, 418.

Myrmecophaga, 307.

Myrmeleon, 337.

Nails, 321.

Natural selection. Inadequacy of, 393, 397, 401, 407, 410, 413, 415,
421, 423.

Nature, balance of, 207;
definition of, 169, 345, 375.

Neck, elongation of, in birds, 274, 311, 317;
giraffe, 316, 351;
ostrich, 317.

Needs, 245, 270, 274, 281, 295, 302, 324, 334, 346, 350, 351, 352.

Neodarwinism, 422.

Neolamarckism, 2, 382, 396, 398, 422.

Ophidia, atrophy of legs of, 290, 309.

Organic sense, 325, 327, 336.

Organs, changes in, 310;
origin of, precedes their use, 223;
follows their use, 305, 346;
atrophy of, 274, 290, 303, 306, 307, 309, 311, 315;
new production of, 346, 412, 420.

Orang-outang, 364.

Osborn, H. S., 403.

Ostrich, 317.

Otter, 312.

Ox, 315.

Oyster, 419.

Palæontology, 136;
Invertebrate, 135, 149.

Pallas, 137.

Penchants, 281, 293, 328, 331.

Perrier, E., 26,411.

Petaurista, 338.

Philosophy, moral, Lamarck's, 379.

Phoca vitulina, 338, 344.

Phylogeny, 130.

Pigeons, 298; fantail, 304.

Planorbis, 387.

Plants, changes due to cultivation, etc., 251, 267, 274, 283, 296, 297;
cultivated, 298.

Population, over-, checks on, 287, 288.

Preformation, 162, 218, 222.

Propensities, 281, 293, 328, 335, 349, 351.

Proteus, 308.

Pteromys, 339.

Ranunculus Aquatilis, 251, 300.

Religion and science, 372.

Reptiles, 342.

Revolutions of the earth, 109, 142.

Rousseau, J. J., 17, 18.

Roux, W., 421.

Ruminants, 315.

Ryder, J. A., 403.

Science and Religion, 372.

Sciurus volans, 338.

Scott, W. B., 403.

Sea, former existence of, 109, 110, 148.

Seal, 338, 344.

Segments, origin of, 421.

Segregation, in man, 320, 369.

Selection, mechanical, 410.

Semper, C., 406.

Series, animal, branching, 235, 264, 282.

Serpents, origin of, 290, 309;
eyes of, 314.

Sexual selection, 219, 224.

Shell, bivalve, origin of, 418;
crustacean, 418.

Shells, deep-water, 112;
fossil, 40, 120, 125, 131;
Lamarckian genera, 183.

Simia satyrus, 367; troglodytes, 364.

Sloth, 320.

Snakes, atrophy of legs of, 290, 309;
eyes of, 314;
origin of, 290, 309;
tongue of, 313.

Sole, 314.

Species, Buffon's views on, 201, 221;
definition of, 252, 255, 262, 267, 275;
extinct, 126;
Geoffroy St. Hilaire, views on, 214;
Lamarck's views on, 183;
modification of, 131;
origin of, 131, 283;
stability of, 271, 277, 401;
variation in, 278.

Speech, 370.

Spencer, Herbert, 371, 382, 384, 415.

Spermist, 218.

Sphalax, 307.

Spines, 251, 393, 414.

Sponges, 194.

Squirrel, flying, 338, 339.

Stimulus, external, 348, 354, 393.

Struggle for existence, 207, 237, 287.

Surroundings, 214, 421;
local, 410.

Symmetry, radial, 291.

Swan, 313.

Tail, of kangaroo, 318.

Teeth, 307;
atrophy of, 307;
in embryo birds, 307;
in whales, 307.

Temperature, 410.

Tentacles of snail, 348, 354.

Tertiary shells, 110, 125, 133.

Thought, definition of, 172.

Time, geological, 119, 130, 222, 236.

Toes, modifications of, 234, 311, 315, 317, 321, 338, 344.

Tree, genealogical, first, 130, 181, 192, 193, 349.

Trout, 403.

Tubercles, origin of, 394.

Tunicata, position of, 195.

Turbot, 314.

Turtle, sea, 312.

Uniformitarianism, 130.

Use, 248, 256, 257, 302, 303, 311, 318, 384, 412.

Use-inheritance, 219, 224, 246, 276, 303, 319, 346.

Use originates organs, 276, 311, 346.

Variability, 407.

Variation, climatic, 204, 218, 401;
causes of, 218, 266.

Varieties, 401.

Varigny, H. de, 408.

Vestigial organs, 307, 308.

Vital force, 167.

Vitalism, 168.

Volucella, 338.

Wagner, M., 404.

Wallace, A. R., on origin of giraffe's neck, 351.

Wants, 245, 270, 274, 281, 295, 302, 324, 334, 346, 350, 351, 352.

Ward, L. F., 422.

Water, diversified condition of, 290.

Werner, 97.

Whale, 307, 343, 409.

Will, 319, 330, 337.

Willing, 236, 351, 412.

Weismann, A., 399.

Wings, atrophy of, in insects, 309.

Woodpecker, 313.