Chapter I: Front Matter

Transcriber's note:
Spelling and punctuation inconsistencies been harmonized.
Obvious printer errors have been repaired. Italic text has been
marked with _underscores_. Bold text has been marked with
=equal signs=. Subscript numbers have been rendered, as for
example for subscript 2, as _{2}.

LEATHER

_Common Commodities and Industries Series_

Each book in crown 8vo, cloth, with many illustrations, charts, etc. =2s. 6d.= net.

=Tea: From Grower to Consumer.= By A. Ibbetson.

=Coffee: From Grower to Consumer.= By B. B. Keable.

=Sugar: Cane and Beet.= By Geo. Martineau, C.B.

=Cotton: From the Raw Material to the Finished Product.= By R.
J. Peake.

=Rubber: Production and Utilisation of the Raw Product.= By C.
Beadle and H. P. Stevens, M.A., Ph.D., F.I.C.

=Iron and Steel: Their Production and Manufacture.= By C. Hood.

=Silk: Its Production and Manufacture.= By Luther Hooper.

=Tobacco: From Grower to Smoker.= By A. E. Tanner.

=Wool: From the Raw Material to the Finished Product.= By J. A.
Hunter.

=Coal: Its Origin, Method of Working, and Preparation for the
Market.= By Francis H. Wilson, M. Inst. M.E.

=Linen: From the Field to the Finished Product.= By Alfred S.
Moore.

=Timber: From the Forest to its Use in Commerce.= By William
Bullock.

=Clays and Clay Products.= By A. B. Searle.

=Leather: From the Raw Material to the Finished Product.= By K.
J. Adcock.

=Oils: Animal, Vegetable, Essential, and Mineral.= By C.
Ainsworth Mitchell, B.A., F.I.C.

=Wheat and its Products.= By A. Millar.

=Copper: From the Ore to the Metal.= By H. K. Picard, Assoc.
Royal School of Mines, Mem. Inst. of Min. and Met.

=Paper: Its History, Sources, and Production.= By H. A. Maddox.

=Glass and Glass Manufacture.= By Percival Marson.

=Soap: Its Composition, Manufacture, and Properties.= By
William H. Simmons.

=The Motor Industry.= By Horace Wyatt, B.A.

=The Boot and Shoe Industry.= By J. S. Harding.

=Gums and Resins.= By Ernest J. Parry.

=Furniture.= By H. E. Binstead.

_Other Volumes in preparation._

The Rosary Leather Mills. Ashtead]

_PITMAN'S COMMON COMMODITIES
AND INDUSTRIES_

LEATHER

FROM THE RAW MATERIAL TO THE
FINISHED PRODUCT

BY
K. J. ADCOCK

LONDON
SIR ISAAC PITMAN & SONS, LTD., 1 AMEN CORNER, E.C.4
BATH, MELBOURNE AND NEW YORK

PRINTED BY SIR ISAAC PITMAN
& SONS, LTD., LONDON, BATH,
MELBOURNE AND NEW YORK

CONTENTS

CHAP. PAGE
I. EVOLUTION OF LEATHER MANUFACTURE 1

II. HIDES AND SKINS 5

III. TANNING MATERIALS 32

IV. MACHINERY 52

V. PREPARATION OF HIDES AND SKINS FOR
TANNING 62

VI. TANNING PROCESSES 91

VII. DRESSING, DYEING, AND FINISHING OF
LEATHER 112

INDEX 159

LIST OF ILLUSTRATIONS

PAGE
BLEACHING OIL-TANNED LEATHER _Frontispiece_
MECHANICAL FLAYING 23
PIM'S SYSTEM OF FLAYING 24
WARBLE FLY 28
WARBLED KIP (584 HOLES) 29
WARBLED HIDE (MAGNIFIED) 30
TANNING EXTRACT PLANT 48
SHAVING CYLINDER 53
BLADED CYLINDER FOR BUFFING 54
BAND-KNIFE SPLITTING MACHINE 54
SHAVING KNIFE 55
SHAVING MACHINE _bet. pp._ 56 & 57
SHAVING, OLD METHOD 56
SHAVING MACHINE, KNIFE GUARD 59
SHAVING MACHINE 61
DRUM TUMBLER 67
FALLER STOCKS 67
TANNER'S BEAM 68
LIME YARD 73
DEHAIRING KNIFE 80
DEHAIRING AND FLESHING MACHINE 81
FLESHING KNIFE 83
SCUDDING KNIFE 86
BARK MILL 93
TAN-YARD 94
ROUNDING OF HIDES 95
BARKOMETER 97
PADDLE VAT 103
PINNING SOLE BUTTS 121
ROLLING MACHINE 122
ROLLING SOLE LEATHER 123
FAN FOR DRYING 124
FAN FIXED IN CHAMBER 125
SUTCLIFFE SYSTEM OF DRYING 126
SLEEKER 128
FLUFFING MACHINE 129
STRIKING-OUT AND SCOURING MACHINE 130
LEATHER-STUFFING DRUM 135
STAKING AND GLAZING MACHINE 143

LEATHER