Chapter I

To begin with, we must note that the ancient Central-American cultus of the Sun and Moon, considered as the two supreme deities, was by no means renounced by the Aztecs. Ometecutli (i.e. _twice Lord_) and Omecihuatl (_twice Lady_), or in other words supreme Lord and Lady, are the designations under which they are always indicated in the first rank in the religious formulae. All the Mexicans called themselves "children of the Sun," and greeted him every morning with hymns and with trumpet peals, accompanied with offerings. Four times by day and four times by night, priests who were attached to the various temples addressed their devotions to him. And yet he had no temple specially consecrated to him. The fact was that all temples were really his, much as in our own Christian civilization all the churches are raised in honour of God, though particular designations are severally given to them. The Sun was the _teotl_ (i.e. the god) _par excellence_. I am informed that to this very day the inhabitants of secluded parts of Mexico, as they go to mass, throw a kiss to the sun before entering the church.

Notwithstanding all this, we have to observe that, by an inconsistency which again has its analogies in other religions, the cultus of the supreme deity and his consort was pretty much effaced in the popular devotions and practices by that of divinities who were perhaps less august, and in some cases were even derived from the substance of the supreme deity himself, but in any case seemed to stand nearer to humanity than he did. More especially, the national deities of the Aztecs, the guardians of their empire, whose worship they instituted wherever their arms had triumphed, practically took the first place. It is with these national deities that we are now to make acquaintance, and we cannot do better than begin with the two great deities of the city of Mexico, whose colossal statues were enthroned on its principal temple.

But first we must form some notion of what a Mexican temple was.

The word "temple," if held to imply an enclosed and covered building, is very improperly applied to the kind of edifice in question. Indeed, a Mexican temple (and the same may be said of most of the sanctuaries of Central America) was essentially a gigantic altar, of pyramidal form, built in several stages, contracting as they approached the summit. The number of these retreating stories or terraces might vary. There were never less than three, but there might be as many as five or six, and in Tezcuco some of these quasi-pyramids even numbered nine. The one that towered over all the rest in the city of Mexico was built in five stages. It measured, at its base, about three hundred and seventy-five feet in length and three hundred in width, and was over eighty feet high. At a certain point in each terrace was the stair that sloped across the side of the pyramid to the terrace above; but the successive ascents were so arranged that it was necessary to make the complete circuit of the edifice in order to mount from one stage to another, and consequently the grand processions to which the Mexicans were so much devoted must have encircled the whole edifice from top to bottom, like a huge living serpent, before the van could reach the broad platform at the top, and this must have added not a little to the picturesque effect of these religious ceremonies. Such an erection was called a _teocalli_ or "abode of the gods." The great teocalli of Mexico commanded the four chief roads that parted from its base to unite the capital to all the countries beneath the sceptre of its rulers. It was the palladium of the empire, and, as at Jerusalem, it was the last refuge of the defenders of the national independence.

The teocalli which Fernando Cortes and his companions saw at Mexico, and which the conqueror razed to the ground, to replace it by a Catholic church, was not of any great antiquity. It had been constructed thirty-four years before, in the place of another much smaller one that dated from the time when the Aztecs were but an insignificant tribe; and it seems that frightful human hecatombs had ensanguined the foundations of this more recent teocalli. Some authorities speak of seventy-two or eighty thousand victims, while more moderate calculations reduce the number to twenty thousand, which is surely terrible enough. In front of the temple there stretched a spacious court some twelve hundred feet square. All around were smaller buildings, which served as habitations for the priests, and store-houses for the apparatus of worship, as well as arsenals, oratories for the sovereign and the grandees of the empire, chapels for the inferior deities and so on. Amongst these buildings was the temple in which, as I have said, the gods of the conquered peoples were literally imprisoned. In another the Spaniards could count a hundred and thirty-six thousand symmetrically-piled skulls. They were the skulls of all the victims that had been sacrificed since the foundation of the sanctuary. And, by a contrast no less than monstrous, side by side with this monument of the most atrocious barbarism there were halls devoted to the care of the poor and sick, who were tended gratuitously by priests.[7] What a tissue of contradictions is man!

But the Aztec religion does not allow us to dwell upon the note of tenderness. In the centre of the broad platform at the summit stood the _stone of sacrifices_, a monolith about three feet high, slightly ridged on the surface. Upon this stone the victim was stretched supine, and while sundry subordinate priests held his head, arms and feet, the sacrificing pontiff raised a heavy knife, laid open his bosom with one terrific blow, and tore out his heart to offer it all bleeding and palpitating to the deity in whose honour the sacrifice was performed. And here you will recognize that idea, so widely spread in the two Americas, and indeed almost everywhere amongst uncivilized peoples, that the heart is the epitome, so to speak, of the individual--his soul in some sense--so that to appropriate his heart is to appropriate his whole being.

Finally, there rose on the same platform a kind of chapel in which were enthroned the two chief deities of the Aztecs, Uitzilopochtli and Tezcatlipoca.[8] And here I will ask you to accompany Captain Bernal Diaz in the retinue of his chief, Fernando Cortes, to whom the king Montezuma himself had seen fit to do the honours of his "cathedral." For, as you are aware, Montezuma, divided between a rash confidence and certain apprehensions which I shall presently explain, received Cortes for a considerable time with the utmost distinction, lodged him in one of his palaces, and did everything in the world to please him. This, then, is the narrative of Bernal Diaz:[9]

"Montezuma invited us to enter a little tower, where in a kind
of chamber, or hall, stood what appeared like two altars covered
with rich embroidery." (What Bernal Diaz compared to altars were
the two _Teoicpalli_ (or _seats of the gods_), which were wooden
pedestals, painted azure blue and bearing a serpent's head at
each corner).... "The first [idol], placed on the right, we were
told represented Huichilobos, their god of war" (this was as
near as Bernal Diaz could get to Uitzilopochtli), "with his face
and countenance very broad, his eyes monstrous and terrible; all
his body was covered with jewels, gold and pearls of various
sizes.... His body was girt with things like great serpents,
made with gold and precious stones, and in one hand he held a
bow, and arrows in the other. And another little idol who stood
by him, and, as they said, was his page, carried a short lance
for him, and a very rich shield of gold and jewels. And
Huichilobos had his neck hung round with faces of Indians, and
what seemed to be the hearts of these same Indians, made of
gold, or some of them of silver, covered with blue gems; and
there stood some brasiers there, containing incense made with
copal and the hearts of three Indians who had been slain that
same day; and they were burning, and with the smoke and incense
they had made that sacrifice to him; and all the walls of this
oratory were so bathed and blackened with cakes of blood, as was
the very ground itself, that the whole exhaled a very foul
odour.

"Carrying our eyes to the left we perceived another great mass,
as high as Huichilobos. Its face was like a bear's, and its
shining eyes were made of mirrors called Tezcat. Its body was
covered with rich gems like that of Huichilobos, for they said
that they were brothers. And this Tescatepuca" (the mutilated
form under which Bernal Diaz presents Tezcatlipoca) "was the god
of hell" (this is another mistake, for Tezcatlipoca was a
celestial deity).... "His body was surrounded with figures like
little imps, with tails like serpents; and the walls were so
caked and the ground so saturated with blood, that the
slaughterhouses of Castile do not exhale such a stench; and
indeed we saw the hearts of five victims who had been
slaughtered that same day.... And since everything smelt of the
shambles, we were impatient to escape from the foul odour and
yet fouler sight."