Chapter XIII: Appendix (1)

[Transcriber’s Note: The Appendix contains genealogical tables of the language families. In the original, they were displayed as wide landscape pages, which could not be rendered effectively in e-book format. The information in them has been reproduced here in textual paragraphs.]

No. 1. Genealogical Table of the Aryan Family of Languages.

The Aryan Family consists of two Divisions: The Southern Division, and the Norther Division.

The Southern Division consists of two Classes: the Indic and Iranic.

The Indic Class consists of the dead languages Prakrit and Pali, Modern Sanskrit, and Vedic Sanskrit, and the modern Dialects of India, and the Dialects of the Gipsies.

The Iranic Class consists of the dead languages Parsi, Pehlevi, Cuneiform Inscriptions, Zend, and Old Armenian; the the living languages of Persia, Afghanistan, Kurdistan, Bokhara, Armenia, and Ossethi.

The Northern Division consists of six Classes: Celtic, Italic, Illyric, Hellenic, Windic, and Teutonic.

The Celtic Class consists of two Branches: Cymric and Gadhelic.

The Cymric Branch consists of the dead language Cornish, and the living languages of Wales and Brittany.

The Gadhelic Branch consists of the living languages of Scotland, Ireland, and Man.

The Italic Class consists of the dead languages Oscan, Latin, and Umbrian, together called Lingua Vulgaris, or Langue d’oc and Langue d’oil, and the living languages of Portugal, Spain, Provençe, France, and Italy.

The Illyric Class consists of the living languages of Wallachia, the Grisons, and Albania.

The Hellenic Class consists of the dead Κοινή languages, Doric, Æolic, Attic, and Ionic, and the living language of Greece.

The Windic Class consists of three Branches: Lettic, South-East Slavonic, and West Slavonic.

The Lettic Branch consists of the dead language Old Prussian, and the living languages of Lithuania, Kurland and Livonia (Lettish).

The South-East Slavonic Branch consists of the dead language Ecclesiastical Slavonic, and the living languages of Bulgaria, Russia (Great, Little, White Russian), Illyria (Slovenian, Croatian, Servian).

The West Slavonic Branch consists of the dead languages Old Bohemian and Pelabian, and the living languages of Poland, Bohemian (Slovakian), and Lusatia.

The Teutonic Class consists of three branches: High-German, Low-German, and Scandinavian.

The High-German Branch consists of the dead languages Middle High-German Old High-German, and the living language of Germany.

The Low-German Branch consists of the dead languages Gothic, Anglo-Saxon, Old Dutch, Old Friesian, and Old Saxon, and the living languages of England, Holland, Friesland, and North of Germany (Platt-Deutsch).

The Scandinavian Branch consists of the dead language Old Norse, and the living languages of Denmark, Sweden, Norway, and Iceland.

No. 2. Genealogical Table of the Semitic Family of Languages.

The Semitic Family Family consists of three Classes: the Arabic or Southern, the Hebraic or Middle, and the Aramaic or Northern.

The Arabic or Southern Class consists of the dead languages Ethiopic and the Himyaritic Inscriptions, and the living languages of Arabic and Amharic.

The Hebraic or Middle Class consists of the dead languages Biblical Hebrew, the Samaritan Pentateuch (third century, A. D.), the Carthaginian, Phœnician Inscriptions, and the living language of the Jews.

The Aramaic or Northern Class consists of the dead languages Chaldee (Masora, Talmud, Targum, Biblical Chaldee), Syriac (Peshito, second cent. A. D.), Cuneiform Inscriptions of Babylon and Nineveh, and the living language Neo-Syriac.

No. 3. Genealogical Table of the Turanian Family of Languages, Northern Division.

The Northern Division of the Turanian Family consists of five Classes: the Tungusic, Mongolic, Turkic, Samoyedic, and Finnic (Uralic).

The Tungusic Class consists of two Branches: Western and Eastern.

The Western Branch consists of the languages of the Chapogires (Upper Tunguska), Orotongs (Lower Tunguska), and the People of Nyertchinsk.

The Eastern Branch consists of the languages of the Lamutes (Coast of O’hotsk) and Mandshu (China).

The Mongolic Class consists of three Branches: Eastern or Mongols Proper, Western Mongols, and Northern Mongols.

The Eastern or Mongols Proper Class consists of the languages of the Sharra-Mongols (South of Gobi), Khalkhas (North of Gobi), and Sharaigol (Tibet and Tangut).

The Western Mongols Class consists of the languages of the Chosot (Kokonúr), Dsungur, Torgod, Dürbet, Aimaks (tribes of Persia), and Sokpas (Tibet).

The Northern Mongols Class consists of the language of the Buritäs (Lake Baikal).

The Turkic Class consists of three Branches: Chagatic, S. E., Turkic, N., and Turkic, W.

The Chagatic Branch consists of the languages of the Uigurs, Komans, Chagatais, Usbeks, Turkomans, and People of Kasan.

The N. Turkic Branch consists of the languages of the Kirgis, Bashkirs, Nogais, Kumians, Karachais, Karakalpaks, Meshcheryäks, People of Siberia, and Yakuts.

The W. Turkic Branch consists of the languages of the People of Derbend, Aderbijan, Krimea, Anatolia, and Rumelia.

The Samoyedic Class consists of two Branches: Northern and Eastern.

The Northern Branch consists of the languages of the Yurazes, Tawgi, and Yenisei.

The Eastern Branch consists of the languages of the Ostiako-Samoyedes, and the Kamas.

The Finnic (Uralic) Class consists of four Branches: Ugric, Bulgaric, Permic, and Chudic.

The Ugric Branch consists of the languages of the Hungarians, Voguls, and Ugro-Ostiakes.

The Bulgaric Branch consists of the languages of the Tcheremissians and Mordvins.

The Permic Branch consists of the languages of the Permians, Sirianes, and Votiaks.

The Chudic Branch consists of the languages of the Lapps, Finns, and Esths.

No. 4. Genealogical Table of the Turanian Family of Languages, Southern Division.

The Southern Division of the Turanian Family consists of six Classes: the Taïc, Malaic, Gangetic, Lohitic, Munda (See Turanian Languages, p. 175), and Tamulic.

The Taïc Class consists of the languages of Ahom, Laos, Khamti, and Shan (Tenasserim).

The Malaic Class consists of the languages of the Malay and Polynesian Islands. (See Humboldt, Kavi Sprache.)

The Gangetic Class consists of two Branches: the Trans-Himalayan, and the Sub-Himalayan.

The Trans-Himalayan Branch consists of the languages Tibetan, Horpa (N.W. Tibet, Bucharia), Thochu-Sifan (N.E. Tibet, China), Gyarung-Sifan (N.E. Tibet, China), Manyak-Sifan (N.E. Tibet, China), and Takpa (West of Kwombo).

The Sub-Himalayan Branch consists of the languages Kenaveri (Setlej basin), Sarpa (West of Gandakéan basin), Sunwár (Gandakéan basin), Gurung (Gandakéan basin), Magar (Gandakéan basin), Newár (between Gandakéan and Koséan basins), Murmi (between Gandakéan and Koséan basins), Limbú (Koséan basin), Kiranti (Koséan basin), Lepcha (Tishtéan basin), Bhutanese (Manaséan basin), and Chepang (Nepal-Terai).

The Lohitic Class consists of the languages of Burmese (Burmah and Arakan), Dhimâl (between Konki and Dhorla), Kachari-Bodo (Migrat. 80° to 93-1/2°, and 25° to 27°), Garo (90°-91° E. long.; 25°-26° N. lat.), Changlo (91°-92° E. long.), Mikir (Nowgong), Dophla (92° 50’-97° N. lat.), Miri (94°-97° E. long.?), Abor-Miri, Abor (97°-99° E. long.), Sibsagor-Miri, Singpho (27°-28° N. lat.), Naga tribes (93°-97° E. long.; 23° N. lat.) (Mithan) E. of Sibsagor, Naga tribes (Namsang), Naga tribes (Nowgong), Naga tribes (Tengsa), Naga tribes (Tablung N. of Sibsagor), Naga tribes (Khaü, Jorhat), Naga tribes (Angami, South), Kuki (N.E. of Chittagong), Khyeng (Shyu) (19°-21° N. lat. Arakan), Kami (Kuladan R. Arakan), Kumi (Kuladan R. Arakan), Shendus (22°-23° and 93-94°), Mru (Arakan, Chittagong), Sak (Nauf River, East), and Tungihu (Tenasserim).

The Munda Class consists of the languages Ho (Kolehan), Sinhbhum Kol (Chyebossa), Sontal (Chyebossa), Bhumij (Chyebossa), Mundala (Chota Nagpur), and Canarese.

The Tamulic Class consists of the languages Tamil, Telugu, Malayalam, Gond, Brahvi, Tuluva, Toduva, and Uraon-kol.

INDEX.

Abdu-l-Kadir Maluk, Mulla, Shah of Badáún, his general history of India,
and other works, 151 _note_.

Abhîra, or Âbhîra, at the mouth of the Indus, 204.

Abiria, the, of Ptolemy, 204.

Ablative, the, in Chinese, 119 _note_.

Abraham, the language of, 278.

Abu Saleh, his translation from Sanskrit into Arabic, 150.

Abyssinian language, ancient and modern, 281.

Academy, New, doctrines of the, embraced in Rome, 107.

Accusative, formation of the, in Chinese, 118 _note_.

Achæmenian dynasty, inscriptions of the, 210.

Adelung, his Mithridates, 142.

Adjectives, formation of, in Tibetan, 113 _note_.
in Chinese, 119 _note_.

Ælius Stilo, Lucius, his lectures in Rome, on Latin grammar, 109.

Affinity, indications of true, in the animal and vegetable world, 26, 27.

Afghanistan, the language of, 210.

Africa, South, dialects of, 64.

African language, an imaginary, 223.

_Âge_, history of the French word, 292.

Agglutination in the Turanian family of languages, 291.

Aglossoi, the, of the Greeks, 92.

Agriculture of the Chaldeans, work on the, 279.
Punic work of Mago on, 94 _note_.

Ahirs, the, of Cutch, 204.

Akbar, the Emperor, his search after the true religion, 151.

Akbar, his foundation of the so-called Ilahi religion, 151.
works translated into Persian for him, 151.
not able to obtain a translation of the Veda, 152.

_Albania_, origin of the name, 242.

Albanian language, origin of the, 201.

Albertus Magnus, on the humanizing influence of Christianity, quoted, 129
_note_.

Alchemy, causes of the extinction of the science, 19.

Alexander the Great, influence of his expedition in giving the Greeks a
knowledge of other nations and languages, 93.
his difficulty in conversing with the Brahmans, 93.

Alexandria, influence of, on the study of foreign languages, 96.
critical study of ancient Greek at, 97.

Algebra, translation of the famous Indian work on, into Arabic, 149.

Algonquins, the one case of the, 221 _note_.

America, Central, rapid changes which take place in the language of the
savage tribes of, 62.
great number of languages spoken by the natives of, 62.
Hervas’s reduction of them to eleven families, 63.

Amharic, or modern Abyssinian, 281.

Anatomy, comparative, science of, 27.

Anglo-Saxon, the most ancient epic in, 177.

Angora, in Galatia, battle of, 308.

Anquetil Duperron, his translation of the Persian translation of the
Upanishads into French, 154.
his translation of the works of Zoroaster, 168, 206.

Apollo, temple of, at Rome, 102.

AR, the root, various ramifications of, 252.

Arabic, influence of, over the Turkish language, 83.
ascendency of, in Palestine and Syria, 281.
original seat of Arabic, 281.
ancient Himyaritic inscriptions, 281.
earliest literary documents in Arabic, 281.
relation of Arabic to Hebrew, 281.

Aramaic division of Semitic languages, 276.
two dialects of, 276.

Ariana, the, of Greek geographers, 240.

_Ariaramnēs_, father of Darius, origin of the name, 241.

Aristotle on grammatical categories, 97, 126.

_Armenia_, origin of the name, 242.

Arpinum, provincial Latin of, 67.

_Article_, the, original meaning of the word, 98.
the Greek, restored by Zenodotus, 99.

Ârya. _See_ Aryan.

Ârya-âvarta, India so called, 237.

Aryan, an Indo-European family of languages, 43, 80, 177.
mode of tracing back the grammatical fragments of the Aryan languages to
original independent words, 231-233.
Aryan grammar, 234.
northern and southern divisions of the, 211.
the original Aryan clan of Central Asia, 212.
period when this clan broke up, 212.
formation of the locative in all the Aryan languages, 219.
Aryan civilization proved by the evidence of language, 235.
origin and gradual spreading of the word _Arya_, 236.
original seat of the Aryans, 238.
the Aryan and Semitic the only _families_ of speech deserving that
title, 282.
genealogical table, 394, 395.

Asia Minor, origin of the Turks of, 306.

Asiatic Society, foundation of the, at Calcutta, 158.

Aśoka, King, his rock inscriptions, 146.

_Assyria_, various forms of the name, 247.

Astrology, causes of the extinction of the science, 19.

_Astronomy_, origin of the word, 16.
the Ptolemæan system, although wrong, important to science, 26.

Auramazda, of the cuneiform inscriptions, 207. _See_ Ormuzd.

Auxentius on Ulfilas, 181-186 _note_.

Baber, his Indian empire, 299.

Babylonia, literature of, 278.
probability of the recovery of, from the cuneiform inscriptions, 278.

Barabas tribe, in the steppes between the Irtish and the Ob, 304.

Barbarians, the, of the Greeks, 91.
seemed to have possessed greater facility for acquiring languages than
either Greeks or Romans, 94.
the term Barbarian as used by the Greeks and Romans, 127.
unfortunate influence of the term, 127.

Bashkirs, race of the, in the Altaic mountains, 303.

Basil, St., his denial that God had created the names of all things, 40
_note_.

Baziane tribe, in the Caucasus, 303.

Beaver, the, sagacity of, 24.

Behar, Pâli once the popular dialect of, 146.

Beowolf, the ancient English epic of, 177.

Berber, dialects of Northern Africa, origin of the, 282.

Berners, Juliana, on the expressions proper for certain things, 72.

Berosus, his study and cultivation of the Greek language, 94.
his history of Babylon, 95.
his knowledge of the cuneiform inscriptions, 95.

Bible, number of obsolete words and senses in the English translation of
1611, 45.

Bibliandro, his work on language, 131 _note_.

Birúni, Abu Rihan al, 150.
his “Taríkhu-l-Hind,” 150.

Bishop and sceptic derived from the same root, 257.

Boëthius, Song of, age of the, 196.

Bohemian, oldest specimens of, 201.

Bonaparte, Prince L., his collection of English dialects, 70.

Booker’s “Scripture and Prayer-Book Glossary” referred to, 45.

Books, general destruction of, in China in 213, B. C. 227.

Bopp, Francis, his great work, 166.
results of his “Comparative Grammar,” 234.

_Botany_, origin of the word, 15.
the Linnæan system, although imperfect, important to science, 26.

Brahman, the highest being, known through speech, 88.

Brahmans, their deification of language, 87.
their early achievements in grammatical analysis, 88.
difficulties of Alexander in conversing with them, 93.

Brâhmanas, the, on language, 87.

Brennus, 199.

Brown, Rev. Mr. on the dialects of the Burmese, 63.

Brutes, faculties of, 351.
instinct and intellect, 353.
language the difference between man and brute, 354.
the old name given to brutes, 379.

Buddhism, date of its introduction into China, 147.

Bulgarian Kingdom on the Danube, 319.
language and literature, 200.

Bulgaric branch of the Finnic class of languages, 319.

Bulgarian tribes and dialects, 319.

Buriates, dialects of the, new phase of grammatical life of the, 64.

Burmese language and literature, 63.
dialects, 63.

Burnouf, Eugène, his studies of Zend, 168, 206.
and of cuneiform inscriptions, 168.

Cæsar, Julius, publication of his work “De analogia,” 110.
invented the term _ablative_, 110.

Carneades forbidden by Cato to lecture at Rome, 109.

Carthaginian language, closely allied to Hebrew, 280.

_Case_, history of the word, 111.

Cases, formation of, in the Aryan languages, 218.

Cassius, Dionysius, of Utica, his translation of the agricultural work of
Mago, 95 _note_.

Castor and Pollux, worship of, in Italy, 102.

Castren on the Mongolian dialects, 64.

_Cat_, origin of the word, 365.

Catherine the Great of Russia, her “Comparative Dictionary,” 143.

Cato, his history of Rome in Latin, 104.
his acquisition of the Greek language in his old age, 106.
reasons for his opposition to everything Greek, 106.

Caucasus, tribes of the, 303.

Celtic language, substantive existence of, 79.

Celtic, a branch of the Indo-European family of languages, 198.

Celts, their former political autonomy, 198.

Chaldee, in what it consisted, 276.
fragments in Ezra, 276.
language of the Targums, 277.
literature of Babylon and Nineveh, 278.
the modern Mendaïtes or Nasoreans, 279.

Changes, historical, affecting every variety of language. 44.
rapid changes in the languages of savage tribes, 44.
words or senses obsolete in English since 1611, 45.
smaller changes, 45.
grammatical changes, 46.
laws of, in language, 73.

Children, probable influence of the language of, on the gradual
disappearance of irregular conjugations and declensions, 75.

Chili, language of, 293 _note_.

China, date of the introduction of Buddhism into, 147.
Chinese Buddhist pilgrims to India, 149.
conquered by the Mongols, 299.

Chinese language, ancient, no trace of grammar in, 86, 117.
notes by M. Stanislas Julien, on Chinese substantives and adjectives,
118 _note_.
formation of the locative in Chinese, 218.
and of the instrumental, 218.
number of roots in Chinese, 265.
number of words in the Chinese dictionary, obsolete, rare, and in use,
265 _note_.
no analysis required to discover its component parts, 272.
mode of using a predicative root in, 268.
roots in Chinese, 287.
the parts of speech determined in Chinese by the position of the word in
a sentence, 288.
rudimentary traces of agglutination in Chinese, 329.
imitative sounds in, 366 _note_.
list of Chinese interjections, 369 _note_.
natural selection of roots in, 386.

Chingis-Khán, founds the Mongolian empire, 296.

Christianity, humanizing influence of, 128.

Chudic branch of the Finnic languages, 317.

Chudic, the national epic of the Finns, 317.

Cicero, his provincial Latin, 67.
quoted as an authority on grammatical questions, 109.
Cæsar’s _De analogia_ dedicated to Cicero, 110.

Class dialects, 66.

Classical, or literary languages, origin of, 65.
stagnation and inevitable decay of, 68.

Classification, in the physical sciences, 24.
object of classification, 27.

Colchis, dialects of, according to Pliny, 61.

Conjugation, most of the terminations of, demonstrative roots, 270.

Constantinople, taking of, 308.

Copernicus, causes which led to the discovery of his system, 29.

Cornish, last person who spoke, 80.

Cosmopolitan Club, 107.

Crates of Pergamus, his visit to Rome, 109.
his public lectures, there on grammar, 109.

_Cuckoo_, the word, 361.

Cuneiform inscriptions, the, deciphered by Burnouf, 168.
importance of the discovery of the inscriptions of Darius and Xerxes,
206.
progress in deciphering, 278.
letter from Sir H. Rawlinson quoted, 278.

D, origin of the letter, in forming English preterites, 231.

Dacian language, the ancient, 126 _note_, 195 _note_.

_Dame_, origin of the word, 226.

Danish language, growth of the, 71, 191.

Darius, claimed for himself an Aryan descent, 241.

Dative, case in Greek, 221.
in Chinese, 118 _note_.

_Daughter_, origin of the word, 57.

Decay, phonetic, one of the processes which comprise the growth of
language, 51.
instances of phonetic decay, 52-54.

Declension, most of the terminations of, demonstrative roots, 270.

_Dello_, _dell_, origins of the Italian, 75.

Democritus, his travels, 94.

Dialect, what is meant by, 58.

Dialects, Italian, 58, 69.
French, 59.
Modern Greek, 58.
Friesian, 59.
English, 60.
the feeders rather than the channels of a literary language, 60, 70.
Grimm on the origin of dialects in general, 60.
difficulty in tracing the history of dialects, 61.
American dialects, 63.
Burmese, 63.
of the Ostiakes, 63.
Mongolian, 64.
Southern Africa, 64.
class dialects, 66.
unbounded resources of dialects, 71.
dialectical growth beyond the control of individuals, 74.

Dictionary, Comparative, of Catherine the Great of Russia, 143.

_Did_, origin of, as a preterite, 233.

Diez, Professor, his “Comparative Grammar of the Six Romance Dialects,”
196.

Dionysius Thrax, the author of the first practical Greek grammar, 100.

Dionysius of Halicarnassus, on the Pelasgi, 125 _note_.

_Discussion_, etymology of, 52.

Dorpat dialect of Esthonian, 318.

_Du_, origin of the French, 74.

Dual, the, first recognized by Zenodotus, 99.

Dumaresq, Rev. Daniel, his “Comparative Vocabulary of Eastern Languages,”
143.

Duret, Claude, his work on language, 132 _note_.

Dutch language, work of Goropius written to prove that it was the language
spoken in Paradise, 135.
age of Dutch, 178.

Earl, origin of the title, 226.

Earth, guess of Philolaus as to its motion round the sun, 29.

Eddas, the two, 191.
the name Edda, 194 _note_.

Egypt, number of words in the ancient vocabulary of, 266.

Egyptian language, family to which it is referable, 282.

Elder, origin of the word, 226.

Elements, constituent, of language, 250.

English language, changes in the, since the translation of the Bible in
1611, 46.
richness of the vocabulary of the dialects of, 60.
real sources of the English language, 69.
Prince L. Bonaparte’s collection of English dialects, 70.
the English language Teutonic, 80.
full of words derived from the most distant sources, 84.
proportion of Saxon to Norman words, 84.
tests proving the Teutonic origin of the English language, 85.
genitives in English, 117.
nominatives and accusatives, 119.
origin of grammatical forms in the English language, 120.
number of words in the English language, 266 _note_.
number of words in Milton, Shakspeare, and the Old Testament, 267.

Ennius, 105.
his translations from Greek into Latin, 105.

Eos, original meaning of the name, 21.

Ephraem Syrus, 276 _note_.

Epicharmus, his philosophy translated into Latin by Ennius, 105.

Epicurus, doctrines of, embraced, in Rome, 107.

_Erin_, Pictet’s derivation of the name, 245.
Mr. Whitley Stokes’s remarks on the word Erin, 245 _note_.

_Espiègle_, origin of the word, 260.

Esths, or Esthonians, their language, 318.
dialects of, 318.

Estienne, Henry, his grammatical labors anticipated by the Brahmans, 500
B. C. 88.
his work on language, 131 _note_.

Ethiopic, or Abyssinian, origin of the, 281.

Eudemos, on the Aryan race, 241.

Euhemerus, of Messene, his neologian work translated into Latin, by
Ennius, 105.

Eulalia, Song of, age of the, 196.

Euripides, first translated into Latin, by Ennius, 105.

Ewald, on the relation of the Turanian to the Aryan languages, 338.

Ezour-Veda, the, 156 _note_.

Ezra, Chaldee fragments in the Book of, 276.

Fabius Pictor, his history of Rome in Greek, 104.

Fa-hian, the Chinese pilgrim to India, his travels, 149.

Families of languages, tests for reducing the principal dialects of Europe
and Asia to certain, 172.

_Fatum_, original meaning of the name, 21.

_Feeble_, origin of the word, 123.

Feizi and the Brahman, story of, 152.

_Feu_, origin of the French word, 123.

Finnic class of languages, 315.
branches of Finnic, 316.
the “Kalewala,” the “Iliad” of the Finns, 318.
tribes, original seat of the, 315.
their language and literature, 317.
national feeling lately arisen, 317.

Finnish, peculiarity of its grammar, 119.

Firdusi, language in which he wrote his “Shahnameh,” 210.

Fire-worshippers. _See_ Parsis.

Firoz Shah, translations from Sanskrit into Persian, made by order of,
150.

Flaminius, his knowledge of Greek, 103.

Flemish language and literature, 178.

French dialects, number of, 58.
laws of change in the French language, 73.
nominatives and accusatives, 119.

French, origin of grammatical terminations in French, 229.
origin of the French future in _rai_, 229.

Friesian, multitude of the dialects of, 59.
language and literature, 178.

_Fromage_, origin of the French word, 123.

Future, the, in French, 229.
in Latin, 230.
in Greek, 230.
in Chinese, 388.
in other languages, 231.

Galatia, foundation and language of, 199.

Galla language of Africa, family to which it belongs, 282.

Ganas, the, or lists of remarkable words in Sanskrit, 116.

Garo, formation of adjectives in, 113 _note_.

Gâthâs, or songs of Zoroaster, 209.

Gebelin, Court de, his “Monde Primitif,” 140.
compared with Hervas, 140.

Gees language, 281.

Genitive case, the term used in India, 111.
terminations of the genitive in most cases, identical with the
derivative suffixes by which substantives are changed into
adjectives, 112.
mode of forming the genitive in Chinese, 118 _note_.
formation of genitives in Latin, 220.

_Geometry_, origin of the word, 15.

German language, history of the, 179.

Gipsies, language of the, 211.

Glass, painted, before and since the Reformation, 20.

Gordon, Captain, on the dialects of Burmese, 63.

Goropius, his work written to prove that Dutch was the language spoken in
Paradise, 135.

_Gospel_, origin of the word, 122.

Gothic, a modern language, 122.
similarity between Gothic and Latin, 127.
class of languages to which Gothic belongs, 189.
number of roots in it, 265 _note_.

Goths, the, and Bishop Ulfilas, 187.

Grammar, the criterion of relationship in almost all languages, 85.
English grammar unmistakably of Teutonic origin, 85.
no trace of grammar in ancient Chinese, 86.
early achievements of the Brahmans in grammar, 88.
and the Greeks, 89.
origin of grammar, 90.
causes of the earnestness with which Greek grammar was taken up at Rome,
108.
the Hindú science of grammar, 116.
origin and history of Sanskrit grammar, 116.
origin of grammatical forms, 120.
historical evidence, 121.
collateral evidence, 122.
genealogical classification, 124.
comparative value of grammar in the classification of languages, 170.
comparative grammar, 214.
Bopp’s “Comparative Grammar,” 214.
origin of grammatical forms, 215.
mode of tracing back the grammatical framework of the Aryan languages to
original independent words, 231-234.
result of Bopp’s “Comparative Grammar,” 234.
Aryan grammar, 234.
Turkish grammar, 308.
Turkic grammar, 309.

Grammatici, the, at Rome, 103.

Greek language, the, studied and cultivated by the barbarians, Berosus,
Menander, and Manetho, 94, 95.
critical study of ancient Greek at Alexandria, 97.
the first practical Greek grammar, 100.
generally spoken at Rome, 101.

Greek, earnestness with which Greek grammar was taken up at Rome, 108,
110.
principles which governed the formation of adjectives and genitives, 113
_note_.
spread of the Greek grammar, 114.
genitives in Greek, 117.
the principle of classification, never applied to speech by the Greeks,
124.
Greeks and Barbarians, 125.
Plato’s notion of the origin of the Greek language, 126.
similarity between Greek and Sanskrit, 142.
affinity between Sanskrit and Greek, 159.
formation of the dative in Greek, 221.
the future in Greek, 230.
number of forms each verb in Greek yields, if conjugated through all its
voices, tenses &c., 272 _note_.
modern, number of the dialects of, 58.

Greeks, their speculations on languages, 89.
the Grammarians, 90.
reasons why the ancient Greeks never thought of learning a foreign
language, 92.
first encouragement given by trade to interpreters, 93.
imaginary travels of Greek philosophers, 94 _note_.
the Greek use of the term Barbarian, 127.

Gregory of Nyssa, St., his defence of St. Basil, 40 _note_.

Grimm, on the origin of dialects in general, quoted, 60.
on the idiom of nomads, quoted, 71.
his “Teutonic Grammar,” 167.

Growth of language, 47, 66.
examination of the idea that man can change or improve language, 48.
causes of the growth of language, 50.

Guichard, Estienne, his work on language, 132 _note_.

Guebres. _See_ Parsis.

Halhead, his remarks on the affinity between Greek and Sanskrit, quoted,
159.
his “Code of Gentoo Laws,” 159 _note_.

Hamilton, Sir W., on the origin of the general and particular in language,
377 _note_.

Harald Ilaarfagr, King of Norway, his despotic rule and its consequences,
192.

Haru-spex, origin of the name, 259.

Harun-al-Rashid, translations made from Sanskrit works at his court, 149.

Haug, his labors in Zend, 209.

Haussa language of Africa, family to which it belongs, 282.

Hebrew, idea of the fathers of the church that it was the primitive
language of mankind, 132.
amount of learning and ingenuity wasted on this question, 133.
Leibniz, the first who really conquered this prejudice, 135.
number of roots in, 265.
ancient form of the, 280.
Aramean modifications of, 280.
swept away by Arabic, 281.

Hekate, an old name of the moon, 22.

“Heljand,” the, of the Low Germans, 178.

Hellenic branch of the Indo-European family of languages, 198.

Herat, origin of the name, 247.

Hermippus, his translation of the works of Zoroaster into Greek, 96.

Herodotus, his travels, 94.
on the Pelasgi, 125 _note_.

Hervas, his reduction of the multitude of American dialects to eleven
families, 63.
his list of works published during the 16th century, on the science of
language, 131 _note_.
account of him and of his labors, 139.
compared with Gebelin, 140.
his discovery of the Malay and Polynesian family of speech, 141.

Hickes, on the proportion of Saxon to Norman words in the English
language, 84.

Himyaritic, inscriptions in, 281.

Hindústání, real origin of, 70.
the genitive and adjective in, 113 _note_.
Urdu-zeban, the proper name of Hindústání, 316.

Hiouen-thsang, the Chinese pilgrim, his travels into India, 149.

Hiram, fleet of, 202.

History and language, connection between, 76.

Hliod, or quida, of Norway, 193.
Saemund’s collection of, 193.

Hoei-seng, the Chinese pilgrim to India, his travels, 149.

Homer, critical study of, at Alexandria, 97.
influence of the critical study of, on the development of grammatical
terminology, 98.

Horace, on the changes Latin had undergone in his time, 67.

_Hors_, origin of the French word, 123.

_House_, name for in Sanskrit, and other Aryan languages, 236, and _note_.

Humanity, the word not to be found in Plato or Aristotle, 128.

Humboldt, Alex. von, on the limits of exact knowledge, quoted, 29.

Humboldt, William von, his patronage of Comparative Philology, 167.

Hungarians, ancestors of the, 320.
language of the, 320, 321.
its affinity to the Ugro-Finnic dialects, 321.

Huron Indians, rapid changes in the dialects of the, 62.

Hyades, origin of the word, 17.

Ibn-Wahshiyyah, the Chaldean, his Arabic translation of “the Nabatean
Agriculture,” 279.
account of him and his works, 279 _note_.

Iceland, foundation of an aristocratic republic in, 192.
intellectual and literary activity of the people of, 192.
later history of, 193.

Icelandic language, 190.

Iconium, Turkish, sultans of, 307.

Illumination of Manuscripts, lost art of, 20.

Illyrians, Greek and Roman writers on the race and language of the, 126
_note_.

Illyrian language, the ancient, 196 _note_.

Illyrian languages, 200.

India, the Mulla Abdu-l-Kádir Maluk’s general history of, 151 _note_.
origin of the name of _India_, 228.

Indian Philosophers, difficulty of admitting the influence of, on Greek
philosophers, 94 _note_.

_Indies, East_ and _West_, historical meaning of the names, 227.

Indo-European family of languages. _See_ Aryan.

Inflectional stage of language, 324.

Instrumental, formation of the, in Chinese, 119 _note_, 218.

Interjectional theory of roots, 367.

Interpreters, first encouragement given to, by trade, 93.

Irán, modern name of Persia, origin of the, 242.

Iranic class of languages, 205.

_Iron_, name for, in Sanskrit and Gothic, 236.

Iron, the Os of the Caucasus calling themselves, 243.

Italian dialects, number of, 58, 197.
natural growth of, 67.
real sources of, 69.

Italians, the, indebted to the Greeks for the very rudiments of
civilization, 101.

Italic class of languages, 196.

Italy, dialects spoken in, before the rise of Rome, 197.

_Its_, as a possessive pronoun, introduction of, 46.

Jerome, St., his opinion that Hebrew was the primitive language of
mankind, 132.

Jews, literary idiom of the, in the century preceding and following the
Christian era, 277.
and from the fourth to the tenth centuries, 277.
their adoption of Arabic, 277.
their return to a kind of modernized Hebrew, 277.

Jones, Sir William, his remarks on the affinity between Sanskrit and
Greek, 159.

Julien, M. Stanislas, his notes on the Chinese language, 118 _note_.

Justinian, the Emperor, sends an embassy to the Turks, 302.

“Kalewala,” the, the “Iliad” of the Finns, 318.

Kalmüks, the, 296, 300.

Kapchakian empire, the, 297.

Kara-Kalpak tribes near Aral-Lake, 304.

Karelian dialect of Finnic, 318.

Karians, Greek authors on the, 125 _note_.

Kempe, André, his notion of the languages spoken in Paradise, 135 _note_.

Kepler, quoted, 129 _note_.

Khi-nie, the Chinese pilgrim, his travels into India, 149.

Kirgis tribe, the, 305.

Kirgis Hordes, the three, 305.

Kirgis-Kasak, tribe of the, 305.

Kumüks, tribe of the, in the Caucasus, 303.

Kuthami, the Nabatean, his work on “Nabatean Agriculture,” 280.
period in which he lived, 280 _note_.

Laban, language of, 278.

Language, science of, one of the physical sciences, 11, 31.
modern date of the science of, 13.
names of the science of, 14.
meaning of the science of, 14.
little it offers to the utilitarian spirit of our age, 20.
modern importance of the science of, in political and social questions,
22.
the barrier between man and beast, 23.
importance of the science of, 33.
realm of, 35.
the growth of, in contradistinction to the history of, 38.
Dr. Whewell on the classification of, 38 _note_.
examination of objections against the science of, as a physical science,
39.
considered as an invention of man, 39.
the science of, considered as a historical science, 42.
historical changes of, 44.
almost stationary amongst highly civilized nations, 45.
growth of, 47.
the idea that man can change or improve language examined, 48.
causes of the growth of, 50.
processes of the growth of:—
1. phonetic decay, 51.
2. dialectical regeneration, 58.
laws of change in, 73.
futile attempts of single grammarians and purists to improve, 75.
connection between language and history, 77.
independent of historical events, 79.
no possibility of a mixed, 82.
the Empirical Stage in the historical progress of the science of, 87.
speculations of the Brahmans and Greeks, 87.
the classificatory stage of, 115.
empirical or formal grammar, 117.
genealogical classification of, 124.
Hervas’s catalogue of works published during the 16th century on the
science of language, 131 _note_.
Leibniz, 135 _et seq_.
Hervas, 139.
Adelung, 142.
Catherine the Great, 143.
importance of the discovery of Sanskrit, 146, 170.
value of comparative grammar, 170.
glance at the modern history of language, 173.
distinction between the radical and formal elements of, 215.
constituent elements of, 250.
morphological classification, 275, 286.
the inflectional stage of, 324.
consideration of the problem of a common origin of languages, 326 _et
seq_.
former theories, 345.
proper method of inquiry, 347.
man and brutes, faculties of, 350.
the difference between man and brute, 354.
the inward power of which language is the outward sign and
manifestation, 355.
universal ideas, 356.
general ideas and roots, 356.
the primum cognitum and primum appellatum, 370.
knowing and naming, 378.
language and reason, 383.
sound and thought, 384.
natural selection of roots, 386.
nothing arbitrary in language, 389.
origin and confusion of tongues, 391.
the radical stage of language, 285, 286.
the terminational stage, 285, 288.
the inflectional stage, 285.

Languages, number of known, 35.
teaching of foreign languages comparatively a modern invention, 91.
reason why the ancient Greeks never learned foreign languages, 91.
“The Mountain of Languages,” 93.
genealogical classification of, 166.
tests for reducing the principal dialects in Europe and Asia to certain
families of languages, 174.
genealogical classification not applicable to all languages, 174.
radical relationship, 176.
comparative grammar, 214.

Languages, formal and radical elements of, 216.
all formal elements of language originally substantial, 228.
degrees of relationship of, 284.
all languages reducible in the end to roots, 286.

Langue d’Oil, ancient song in the, 198.

Laps, or Laplanders, 319.
their habitat, 319.
their language, 319.

Latin, what is meant by, 67.
changes in, according to Polybius, 67.
the old Salian poems, 67.
provincialisms of Cicero, 67.
stagnation of Latin when it became the language of civilization, 68.
Latin genitives, 117.
similarity between Gothic and Latin, 127.
genealogical relation of Latin to Greek, 172.
the future in Latin, 230.

Leibniz, the first to conquer the prejudice that Hebrew was the primitive
language of mankind, 135.
and the first to apply the principle of inductive reasoning to the
subject of language, 135.
his letter to Peter the Great, quoted, 136.
his labors in the science of language, 137.
his various studies, 138.
on the formation of thought and language, quoted, 373.

Lesbos, dialects of the island of, 59.

Lettic language, the, 199.

Lewis, Sir Cornewall, his criticisms on the theory of Raynouard, 171.

Linnæus, his system, although imperfect, important to science, 26.

Literary languages, origin of, 65.
inevitable decay of, 68.

Lithuanian language, the, 199.
the oldest document in, 199.

Livius Andronicus, 104.
his translation of the Odyssey into Latin verse, 104.

Livonians, dialect of the, 318.

Locative, formation of the, in all the Aryan languages, 219.
in Chinese, 119 _note_, 218.
in Latin, 220.

Locke, John, on language as the barrier between man and brutes, quoted,
24.
on universal ideas, quoted, 356.
his opinion on the origin of language, 40.

_Lord_, origin of the word, 122.

Lord’s Prayer, number of languages in which it was published by various
authors in the 16th century, 131 _note_.

Lucilius, his book on the reform of Latin orthography, 109.

Lucina, a name of the moon, 21.

Luna, origin of the name, 21.

Lusatia, language of, 200.

Lycurgus, his travels mythical, 94.

Macedonians, ancient authors on the, 125 _note_.

_Madam_, origin of word, 226.

Mago, the Carthaginian, his book on agriculture in Punic, 94 _note_.

_Man_, ancient words for, 381.

Man and brutes, faculties of, 349.
difference between man and brutes, 354.

Mandshu tribes, speaking a Tungusic language, 296.
grammar of, 323.
imitative sounds in, 366 _note_.

Manetho, his study and cultivation of the Greek language, 95.
his work on Egypt, 95.
his knowledge of hieroglyphics, 95.

Manka, the Indian, his translations from Sanskrit into Persian, 149.

Masora, idiom in which it was written, 277.

Maulána Izzu-d-din Khalid Khani, his translations from Sanskrit into
Persian, 150.

_Même_, origin of the French word, 57.

Menander, his study and cultivation of the Greek language, 95.
his work on Phenicia, 95.

Mendaïtes, or Nasoreans, the “Book of Adam” of the, 279.

_Ment_, origin of the termination in French adverbs, 55.

Mescheräks, tribe of the, their present settlements, 304.

Milton, John, number of words used by, in his works, 267.

Ming-ti, the Emperor of China, allows the introduction of Buddhism into
his empire, 147.
sends officials to India to study the doctrines of Buddha, 148.

Missionaries, their importance in elucidating the problem of the
dialectical life of language, 62.

Moallakat, or “suspended poems,” of the Arabs, 281.

Moffat, Rev. Robert, on the dialects of Southern Africa, 64.

Monboddo, Lord, on language as the barrier between man and brutes, quoted,
24.
his “Ancient Metaphysics” quoted, 160 and _note_.

Mongolian dialects, entering a new phase of grammatical life, 64.

Mongolian class of languages, 296.
grammar of, 323.

Mongols, their original seat, 296.
three classes of them, 296.
their conquests, 297.
dissolution of the empire, 299.
their present state, 300.
their language, 300.

_Moon_, antiquity of the word, 16.

Moravia, devastated by the Mongols, 299.

_Mortal_, origin of the word, 382.

_Much_ and _Very_, distinction between, 48.

Muhammed ben Musa, his translation of the Indian treatise on algebra into
Arabic, 149.

Mythology, real nature of, 21, 237.

Nabateans, the, supposed to have been descendants of the Babylonians and
Chaldeans, 279.
the work of Kuthami on “Nabatean Agriculture,” 280.

National languages, origin of, 64.

Nature, immutability of, in all her works, 42.
Dr. Whewell quoted, 42.

Nebuchadnezzar, his name stamped on all the bricks made during his reign,
283.

Neo-Latin dialects, 196.

Νεμέτζιοι, the, of Constantinus Porphyrogeneta, 91 _note_.

Nestorians of Syria, forms and present condition of their language, 276,
_note_.

Nicopolis, battle of, 307.

_No_ and _nay_, as used by Chaucer, 225.

Nobili, Roberto de, 155.
his study of Sanskrit, 155.

Nogái tribes, history of the, 303.

Nomad languages, 290.
indispensable requirements of a nomad language, 292.
wealth of, 71.
nomadic tribes and their wars, 315.
their languages, 316.

Nominalism and Realism, controversy between, in the Middle Ages, 22.

Norman words in the English language, proportion of, to Saxon words, 84.

Norway, poetry of, 192.
the _hliod_ or _quida_,193.
the two Eddas, 191-194.

Norwegian language, stagnation of the, 70.

Number of known languages, 35.

Obsolete words and senses since the translation of the Bible in 1611, 45.

Onomatopoieia, theory of, 358.

Ophir of the Bible, 203.

Origen, his opinion that Hebrew was the primitive language of mankind,
132.

Origin of language, consideration of the problem of the common, 326 _et
seq._

Ormuzd, the god of the Zoroastrians, mentioned by Plato, 207.
discovery of the name Auramazda in the cuneiform inscriptions, 207.
origin of the name Auramazda or Ormuzd, 207.

Os, the, of Ossethi, calling themselves Iron, 243.

Oscan language and literature, the 196.

Osmanli language, the, 301, 306.

Ostiakes, dialects of the, 63.

Owl-glass, stories of, 260.

Pâli, once the popular dialect of Behar, 146.

Panætius, the Stoic philosopher at Rome, 107.

Pânini, Sanskrit grammar of, 116.

Pantomime, the, and the King, story of, 368.

Paolino de San Bartolomeo, Fra, first Sanskrit grammar published by, 142,
158.

Paradise, languages supposed by various authors to have been spoken in,
135, 136.

Parsi, period when it was spoken in Persia, 210.

Parsis, or fire-worshippers, the ancient, 205.
their prosperous colony in Bombay, 205.
their various emigrations, 205 _note_.
their ancient language, 205, 210.

Pascatir race, the, 320.

_Pater_, origin of the Latin word, 57.

_Pay, to_, origin of the word, 124,

Pedro, Padre, the missionary at Calicut, 154.

Pehlevi, or Huzvaresh language, 210.

Pelasgi, Herodotus on the, 125 _note_.
Dionysius of Halicarnassus on the, 125 _note_.

_Percussion_, etymology of, 53.

Perion, his work on language, 131 _note_.

Permian tribes and language, 320.

Permic branch of the Finnic class of languages, 319.
the name of Perm, 319.
the Permic tribes, 320.

Persia, origin of the Turkman, or Kisilbash of, 302.

Persian language, 83.
influence of the, over the Turkish language, 83.
the ancient Persian language. _See_ Zend, Zend-avesta.

Persian, subsequent history of Persian, 210.

_Peshito_, meaning of the word, 276 _note_.

Philolaus, the Pythagorean, his guess on the motion of the earth round the
sun, 29.

Philology, comparative, science of, 31.
a historical science, 32.
aim of the science, 81.

Phœnician, closely allied to Hebrew, 280.

Plato, his notion of the origin of the Greek language, 126.
on Zoroaster, quoted, 206 _note_.

Plautus, Greek words in the plays of, 104.
all his plays mere adaptations of Greek originals, 104.

_Pleiades_, the, origin of the word, 17.

Poland invaded by the Mongols, 299.

Polish, oldest specimens of, 200.

Polybius, on the changes Latin had undergone in his time, 67.

Pons, Father, his report of the literary treasures of the Brahmans, 157.

Pott, Professor, his “Etymological Researches,” 167.
his advocacy of the polygenetic theory, 342 _note_.

Prâkrit idioms, the, 146.

Prâtiśâkhyas, the, of the Brahmans, 116.

_Priest_, origin of the word, 122.

Priscianus, influence of his grammatical work on later ages, 114.

Protagoras, his attempt to change and improve the language of Homer, 48.

Provençal, the daughter of Latin, 171.
not the mother of French, Italian, Spanish, and Portuguese, 171.
the earliest Provençal poem, 196.

Prussian, the old, language and literature of, 200.

Ptolemy, his system of astronomy, although wrong, important to science,
26.

Ptolemy Philadelphus and the Septuagint, 96 _note_.

Ptōsis, meaning of the word in the language of the Stoics, 111.

Publius Crassus, his knowledge of the Greek dialects, 106.

Pushtú, the language of Afghanistan, 210.

Pythagoras, his travels mythical, 94.

Pyrrha, original meaning of the name, 22.

Quatremère on the Ophir of the Bible, 204 _note_.

_Quinsy_, origin of the word, 380 _note_.

Quintilian, on the changes Latin had undergone in his time, 67.
on the omission of the final _s_ in Latin, 68 _note_.

Radical relationship of languages, 176.

Radicals. _See_ Roots.

Rask, Erasmus, his studies of Zend, 167, 206.

_Raven_, the word, 362.

Raynouard, his labors in comparative grammar, 171.
criticisms of his theory of the Langue Romane, 171.

Realism and Nominalism, controversy between, in the Middle Ages, 22.

Regeneration, dialectical, one of the processes which comprise the growth
of language, 58.

_Respectable_, origin of the word, 256.

Reval dialect of Esthonian, 318.

Rig-Veda, the, quoted, 88 _note_.

Romance languages, their Latin origin, 170.
modifications of, 195.
their origin in the ancient Italic languages, 196.

Romane, the Langue, 171.

Romanese language of the Grisons, 196.
translation of the Bible into, 196 _note_.
lower, or Enghadine, 196 _note_.

Romans, their use of the term Barbarian, 127.

Rome, Greek generally spoken at, 101
influence of Greece on Rome 102.
changes in the intellectual atmosphere of, caused by Greek civilization,
106.
the religious life of Rome more Greek than Roman, 107.
expulsion of the Greek grammarians and philosophers from Rome, 108.
compromise between religion and philosophy, 108.
wide interest excited by grammatical studies in Roman society, 109.

Roots or radicals, 252.
classes of roots, primary, secondary, and tertiary, 262-264.
demonstrative and predicative roots, 267.
how many forms of speech may be produced by the free combination of
these constituent elements, 275.
all languages reducible in the end to roots, 286.
the radical stage of language, 287.
general ideas and roots, 356.
origin of roots, 357.
the bow-wow theory, 358.
the pooh-pooh theory, 366.
natural selection of roots, 386.

Russia devastated by the Mongols, 299.

Sabius, a word not found in classical Latin, 103 _note_.

Sænund, Sigfusson, his collection of songs in Iceland, 193.

Sagard Gabriel, on the languages of the Hurons, quoted, 62.

Salian poems, the, and later Latin, 67.

Sálotar, translation of his work on veterinary medicine from Sanskrit into
Persian, 150.

Sanskrit, formation of adjectives in, 113 _note_.
grammar, 116.
similarity between Greek and, 142.
importance of the discovery of, 146.
history of the language, 146.
doubts as to its age and authenticity examined, 147.
accounts given by writers of various nations who became acquainted with
the language and literature of India, 148.
the Muhammedans in India, and their translations of Sanskrit works into
Arabic and Persian, 149.
European Missionaries, 155.
studies and work of Frederick Schlegel, 164.
importance of the discovery of, in the classification of languages, 172.
its genealogical relation to Greek and Latin, 172.
antiquity of, 202.
Iranic languages, relation to, 205.
formation of the locative in, 219.
number of roots in, 265.

Sassanian dynasty, Persian language of the, 210.

Saxon language, proportion of Saxon to Norman words in the English
language, 84.

Savage tribes, rapid changes which take place in the languages of, 44, 62.

Scaliger, I. I., his “Diatribe de Europæorum Linguis,” 132 _note_.

Scandinavian branch of the Teutonic class of languages, 190.
the East and West Scandinavian races, 191.

Schlegel, Frederick, his Sanskrit studies, 164.
his work “On the Language and Wisdom of the Indians,” 164.
how his work was taken up in Germany, 166.
his view of the origin of language, 216.
August W. von, his “Indische Bibliothek,” 167.
his criticism of the theory of Raynouard, 171.

Sciences, uniformity in the history of most, 14.
the empirical stage, 15.

Sciences, the necessity that science should answer some practical purpose,
19.
the classificatory stage, 25.
the theoretical or metaphysical stage, 28.
impulses received by the physical sciences from the philosopher and
poet, 29.
difference between physical and historical science, 32.

Scipios, influence of the “Cosmopolitan Club” at the house of the, 107.

Scythian words mentioned by Greek writers, 243.

Semitic family of languages, 43.
study of, 131.
constituent elements of the, 272.
divisions of the Semitic family of speech, 275.
Aramaic class, 276.
Hebraic class, 280.
Arabic class, 281.
intimate relations of the three classes to each other, 281.
Berber dialects, 282.
the Semitic and Aryan, the only _families_ of speech deserving that
title, 282.
genealogical table, 396.

_Senior_, the title, 226.

Septuagint, the, and Ptolemy Philadelphus, 96 _note_.

_Serpent_, origin of the word, 380.

Shakespeare, William, total number of words used by, in his plays, 267.

Siberia, Tungusic tribes of, 296.
Turkic tribes settled there, in, 304.
dialects, 304.

_Sibulla_, meaning of the word, 103 _note_.

Sibylla of Cumæ, oracles of the, written in Greek, 103.

Sigfusson. _See _ Sænund.

Sigismund, the Emperor, and the Bohemian schoolmaster, anecdote of, 47.

Silesia invaded by the Mongols, 299.

_Sir_, origin of the word, 226, 227.

Siriane tribes, their habitat, 320.
their language, 319.

_Sister_, origin of, 57.

“Skalda,” the, of Snorri Sturluson, 193.

Slavonic tribes, their settlement in Moesia, 196 _note_.
languages, properly so called, 200.

Slovinian language, the, 200.

Smith, Adam, his opinion on the origin of language, 40.
on the formation of thought and language, quoted, 371.
Sydney, on the superiority of mankind over brutes, quoted, 348.

Snorri Sturluson, his prose Edda, 193.
his “Heimskringla,” 193.
his “Skalda,” 193.

Solomon’s fleet of Tharshish, 202.

Song-yun, the Chinese pilgrim to India, his travels, 149.

Sound, small number of names formed by the imitation of, 365.

_Spec_, offshoots of the root, 257.

_Species_, origin of the Latin, 260.

_Squirrel_, origin of the name, 365.

Stewart, Dugald, his opinion on the origin of language, 41.
his doubts as to the age and authenticity of Sanskrit, 147.
his view of the affinity of Greek and Sanskrit, 164.
on the origin of language, quoted, 343.

Stoics, philosophy of the, in Rome, 107.

Strabo on the Barbarians, 125 _note_.

Sturluson. _See_ Snorri.

_Sugar_, origin of the word, 364.

Swedish language, growth of the, 71, 191.

Syria, origin of the Turks of, 306.

Syriac language, date of the translation of the Bible into the, 276.
meaning of Peshito, 276 _note_.
decline and present position of the language, 276.

Talmud of Jerusalem, and that of Babylon, literary idiom of the Jews in
the, 277.

Targums, language in which they were written, 277.

Targums, most celebrated of them, 277 _note_.

“Tarikhu-l-Hind,” the, of Al Birúni, 150.

Tatar tribes, 297.
terror caused by the name, 297.
the Golden Horde, 298.

Tataric language, 297.
sometimes used in the same sense as Turanian, 297.

Tavastian dialect of Finnic, 318.

Terminations, grammatical, Horne Tooke’s remarks on, quoted, 251.

Terminology, grammatical of the Greeks and Hindus, coincidences between
the, 115.

Testament, the New, translated into Persian, 151.
Old, number of words in the, 267.

Teutonic class of languages, 177.
the English language, a branch of, 80.

Tharshish, Solomon’s fleet of, 202.

Themistocles, his acquaintance with the Persian language, 93.

Thommerel, M., on the proportion Saxon words bear to Norman in the English
language, 84.

Thracians, ancient authors on the, 126 _note_.

_Thunder_, origin of the word, 364.

Tiberius Gracchus, his knowledge of Greek, 103.

Tiberius the Emperor, and the grammarians, anecdote of, 47.

Tibetan language, how adjectives are formed in the, 113 _note_.

Timur, Mongolian empire of, 299.

Tooke, Horne, on grammatical terminations, quoted, 251.
his answer to the interjectional theory of roots, 367.

Torgod Mongols, the, 300.

Trade first encouraged the profession of interpreters, 93.

Turanian family of languages, 43.
origin of term Turanian, 238.
Turanian races, 243.

Turanian names mentioned by Greek writers, 243.
component parts of Turanian speech, 272.

Tungusic idioms, new phase of grammatical life of the, 64.

Tungusic class of languages, 296.
geographical limits of the, 296.
grammar of, 323.

Turanian family of languages, 288.
a terminational or agglutinative family of languages, 288, 291.
divisions of the Turanian family, 289.
the name Turanian, 289.
characteristic features of the Turanian languages, 290, 291.
account of the languages of the Turanian family, 296.
genealogical table, 397.

Turkic class of languages, 300.
grammar, 309.
profuse system of conjugation, 323.

Turkish language, influence of imported words over the whole native aspect
of the, 83.
two classes of vowels in, 295.
ingenuity of Turkish grammar, 308.
its advance towards inflectional forms, 337.

Turkman, or Kisil-bash, origin of the, of Persia, 302.

Turks, history of the, 301.
origin of the Turks of Asia Minor and Syria, 306.
origin and progress of the Osmanlis, 306.
spread of the Osmanli dialect, 306.

Turner, Sharon, on the proportion of Norman to Saxon words in the English
language, 84.

Turvasa, the Turanian, 243.

Twenty, origin of the word, 52.

Ugric branch of the Finnic class of languages, 320.

Ulfilas, Bishop, notice of him and of his Gothic translation of the Bible,
181.

Umbrian language and literature, 197.

Upanishads, the, translated from Sanskrit into Persian by Dárá, 154.
translated into French by Anquetil Duperron, 154.

Uralic languages, 315.

Uran’hat tribes, on the Chulym, 304.

Urdu-zeban, the proper name of Hindustání, 316.

Usbeks, history of the, 302.

Vâch, the goddess of speech, her verses quoted from the Rig-Veda, 88
_note_.

Varro, de Re Rust, on Mago’s Carthaginian agricultural work, quoted, 95
_note_.
his work on the Latin language, 109.
appointed by Cæsar librarian to the Greek and Latin library in Rome,
110.

Vasco da Gama, takes a missionary to Calicut, 154.

Vedas, the, 116.
differences between the dialect of the Vedas and later Sanskrit, 116.
objections of the Brahmans to allow the Vedas to be translated, 152.
story of Feizi, 152.

Verbs, formation of the terminations of, in the Aryan dialects, 222.
modern formations, 222.

_Very_ and _much_, distinction between, 48.

Vibhakti, in Sanskrit grammar, 116.

Voguls, the, 320.

Votiakes, idiom of the, 319.
habitat of the, 320.

Vyâkarana, Sanskrit name for grammar, 116.

Wallachian language, the, 195 _note_.

Wends, language of the, 201.

Whewell, Dr., on the science of language, 38 _note_.

Wilkins, Mr., on the affinity between Sanskrit and Greek, 160.

Windic, or Slavonic languages, 199.
divisions and subdivisions of, 199.

Witsen, Nicholas, the Dutch traveller, his collection of words, 136
_note_.

Xavier, Francis, his organization of the preaching of the Gospel in India,
154.
his gift of tongues, 154.

Yakuts, tribe of the, 304.
dialect of the, 305.

_Yea_ and _Yes_, as used by Chaucer, 225.

Zend, Rask’s studies of, 167.
Burnouf’s, 168.

Zend-avesta, the, 167.
antiquity of, 205, 206.
the words _Zend_ and _Zend-avesta_, 205 _note_.
Anquetil’s translation of, 206.
Rask and Burnouf’s labors, 206.

Zend-avesta, authority of the Zend-avesta for the antiquity of the word
Arya, 239.

Zenodotus, his restoration of the article before proper names in Homer,
99.
the first to recognize the dual, 99.

Zeus, original meaning of the word, 21.

Zoroaster, or Zarathustra, his writings (the Zend-avesta) translated into
Greek, 96.
translated by Anquetil Duperron, 168.
his Gâthâs, or songs, 209.
age in which he lived, 209.
not the same as Jaradashti in the Veda, 209.

Zoroastrians. _See_ Parsis.
original seat of the, 248.

FOOTNOTES

1 See Jessen, Was heisst Botanik? 1861.

2 Kuhn’s Zeitschrift für Vergleichende Sprachforschung, b. ix. s. 104.

3 Horne Tooke, p. 27, _note_.

4 See Curtius, Griechische Etymologie, s. 297.

5 Ideler, Handbuch der Chronologie, b. i. s. 241, 242.

6 As early as the times of Anaximenes of the Ionic, and Alcmæon of the
Pythagorean, schools, the stars had been divided into travelling
(ἄστρα πλανώμενα or πλανητά), and non-travelling stars (ἀπλανεῖς
ἀστέρες, or ἀπλανῆ ἄστρα). Aristotle first used ἄστρα ἐνδεδεμένα, or
fixed stars. (See Humboldt, Cosmos, vol. iii. p. 28.) Πόλος, the
pivot, hinge, or the pole of the heaven.

7 Bunsen’s Egypt, vol. iv. p. 108.

8 According to a writer in “Notes and Queries” (2d Series, vol. x. p.
500,) astrology is not so entirely extinct as we suppose. “One of
our principal writers,” he states, “one of our leading barristers,
and several members of the various antiquarian societies, are
practised astrologers at this hour. But no one cares to let his
studies be known, so great is the prejudice that confounds an art
requiring the highest education with the jargon of the gypsy
fortune-teller.”

9 “Man has two faculties, or two passive powers, the existence of
which is generally acknowledged; 1, the faculty of receiving the
different impressions caused by external objects, physical
sensibility; and 2, the faculty of preserving the impressions caused
by these objects, called memory, or weakened sensation. These
faculties, the productive causes of thought, we have in common with
beasts.... Everything is reducible to feeling.”—_Helvetius_.

10 “The generative organs being those which are most remotely related
to the habits and food of an animal, I have always regarded as
affording very clear indications of its true affinities.”—_Owen, as
quoted by Darwin, Origin of Species_, p. 414.

11 Die Pflanze und ihr Leben, von M. T. Schleiden. Leipzig, 1858.

12 Sir J. Stoddart, Glossology, p. 22.