Chapter XX: Section C: , 1912–13, pp. 223–260; see Pl. 20, opp. p. 260

[178] Thormodus Torfaeus: Gronlandia Antiqua seu veteris Gronlandiae descriptio, Copenhagen, 1706; Tabula I, facing p. 20.

[179] Kretschmer, atlas, Pl. 13.

[180] A. E. Nordenskiöld: Periplus: An Essay on the Early History of Charts and Sailing-Directions, transl. by F. A. Bather, Stockholm, 1897, Pl. 27.

[181] Kretschmer, atlas, Pl. 19, map 3.

[182] A. E. Nordenskiöld: Facsimile-Atlas to the Early History of Cartography, transl. by J. A. Ekelöf and C. R. Markham, Stockholm, 1889, p. 67.

[183] Kretschmer, atlas, Pl. 17.

[184] A. E. Nordenskiöld, Facsimile-Atlas, Pl. 46.

[185] _Ibid._, Pl. 47.

[186] Quoted by Nansen in his “In Northern Mists,” Vol. 1, p. 260.

[187] Henry Rink: Danish Greenland, Its People and Its Products, London, 1877, pp. 306–312 and _passim_.

[188] William Hovgaard: The Voyages of the Norsemen to America (Scandinavian Monographs, Vol. 1), American-Scandinavian Foundation, New York, 1914, pp. 25 and 26.

[189] Finnur Jónsson: Grönlands gamle Topografi efter Kilderne: Österbygden og Vesterbygden, _Meddelelser on Grönland_, Vol. 20 (text, pp. 267–329), Pls. 2 and 3, 1899.

[190] _Op. cit._, p. 27.

[191] A. E. Nordenskiöld, Facsimile-Atlas, p. 49. Also copied by Joseph Fischer: The Discoveries of the Norsemen in America, With Special Relation to Their Early Cartographical Representation, transl. by B. H. Soulsby, London, 1903, p. 70.

[192] Joseph Fischer, Pls. 1–8. See also the map of Henricus Martillus Germanus (1489) in E. G. Ravenstein: Martin Behaim, His Life and His Globe, London, 1908, p. 67. The name Greenland does not appear on the latter map, but the peninsula is there.

[193] Kretschmer, atlas, Pl. 4, map 4; better facsimile reproductions in the works by Major and Lucas cited in footnotes 1 and 2, Ch. IX.

[194] Thormodus Torfaeus: Gronlandia Antiqua, seu veteris Gronlandiae descriptio. Copenhagen, 1706, Tabula II, after p. 20. Also reproduced by Gustav Storm: Studies on the Vineland Voyages, _Mémoires Soc. Royale des Antiquaires du Nord_ (Copenhagen), N. S., 1884–89, pp. 307–370 (map on p. 333); by Fridtjof Nansen: In Northern Mists, Vol. 2, p. 7; and by W. H. Babcock: Early Norse Visits to North America, _Smithsonian Misc. Colls._, Vol. 59, No. 19, Washington, D. C., 1913, map facing p. 62; by Hovgaard, _op. cit._, opp. p. 118. These are two versions, the one appearing in Torfaeus (1706), reproduced herewith (Fig. 18) and by Nansen, the other a copy of about 1670 belonging to Bishop Thordr Thorláksson, now preserved in the Royal Library of Copenhagen (Old Collection, No. 2881, 4to), of Stefánsson’s original map, which was lost. The earlier version is reproduced by Storm, Babcock, and Hovgaard.

[195] Hovgaard. p. 39.

[196] Often quoted, e. g. by Hovgaard, p. 37.

[197] Pp. 69–124 in Gustav Storm: Monumenta historica Norvegiae, Christiania, 1880; reference on p. 76. In English, e. g. in Hovgaard, p. 167.

[198] Portolano Laurenziano-Gaddiano, 1351; see Pl. 5 of facsimile in Portfolio 5 of Theobald Fischer: Sammlung mittelalterlicher Welt- und Seekarten italienischen Ursprungs, 1 vol. of text and 17 portfolios containing photographs of maps, Venice, 1877–1886.

Catalan atlas, 1375, Pls. 11–14 in A. E. Nordenskiöld: Periplus: An Essay on the Early History of Charts and Sailing-Directions, transl. by F. A. Bather, Stockholm, 1897.

Pareto map, 1455, Pl. 5 in atlas accompanying Konrad Kretschmer: Die Entdeckung Amerika’s in ihrer Bedeutung für die Geschichte des Weltbildes, 2 vols. (text and atlas), Berlin, 1892 (our Fig. 21).

[199] M. A. P. d’Avezac: Notice des découvertes faites au Moyen-Age dans l’Océan Atlantique antérieurement aux grandes explorations portugaises du quinzième siècle, Paris, 1845, pp. 8–9. See “I de Madera” on Benincasa map, 1482, in Kretschmer, atlas, Pl. 4 (our Fig. 22).

[200] Fully set forth in A. M. Reeves: The Finding of Wineland the Good, London, 1890; summarized in W. H. Babcock: Early Norse Visits to North America, _Smithsonian Misc. Colls._, Vol. 59, No. 19, Washington, D. C., 1913, pp. 64 _et seq._

[201] Reeves, pp. 42 _et seq._ This work gives facsimiles of the pages in Hauk’s Book dealing with the saga of Eric the Red, as well as the printed text in Icelandic, also a translation and notes distinguishing slight divergencies of Arna Magnæan MS. 557. I have followed the latter as slightly preferable and equally authentic and archaic in substance. William Hovgaard (The Voyages of the Norsemen to America, New York, 1914, p. 103) translates a little differently from Reeves in details but gives much the same purport.

[202] For example by Joseph Fischer: The Discoveries of the Norsemen in America, With Special Relation to Their Early Cartographical Representation, transl. by B. H. Soulsby, London, 1903, pp. 7–8.

[203] Thus quoted in Reeves, p. 15. See also Hovgaard, p. 79, where the obscure phrase in quotation marks above is rendered “Karlsefni cut wood for a house ornament.”

[204] Thormodus Torfaeus: Gronlandia Antiqua, seu veteris Gronlandiae descriptio, Copenhagen, 1706, Tabula II, after p. 20. See also footnote 20, Chapter VII.

[205] Fridtjof Nansen: In Northern Mists: Arctic Exploration in Early Times, transl. by A. G. Chater, New York, 1911, 2 vols.: reference in Vol. 1, p. 323. Cf. R. Whitbourne: A Discourse and Discovery of Newfoundland, London, 1622.

[206] E. L. Stevenson: Maps Illustrating Early Discovery and Exploration in America, 1502–1530, Reproduced by Photography from the Original Manuscripts, text and 12 portfolios, New Brunswick, N. J., 1906; reference in Portfolio 1.

[207] E. L. Stevenson: Marine World Chart of Nicolo de Canerio Januensis, 1502 (circa), 2 vols. (text, 1908, and facsimile in portfolio, 1907), Amer. Geogr. Soc. and Hispanic Soc. of Amer., New York, 1907–08.

[208] A. E. Nordenskiöld: Bidrag till nordens äldsta kartografi, Stockholm, 1892, Pl. 5. Also (reduced) in Nansen: In Northern Mists, Vol. 2, p. 280, and in T. J. Westropp: Brasil and the Legendary Islands of the North Atlantic: Their History and Fable (_Proc. Royal Irish Acad._, Vol. 30, Section C, 1912–13, pp. 223–260), Pl. 20, facing p. 260.

[209] Alberto Maghaghi: La carta nautica costruita nel 1325 da Angelino Dalorto, with facsimile, Florence, 1898 (published on the occasion of the Third Italian Geographical Congress). Cf. also: _idem_: Il mappamondo del genovese Angellinus de Dalorto (1325): Contributo alla storia della cartografia mediovale, _Atti del Terzo Congr. Geogr. Italiano, tenuto in Firenze dal 12 al 17 Aprile, 1898_, Florence, 1899, Vol. 2, pp. 506–543; and _idem_: Angellinus de Dalorco (_sic_), cartografo italiano della prima metà del secolo XIV, _Riv. Geogr. Italiana_, Vol. 4, 1897, pp. 282–294 and 361–369.

[210] A. E. Nordenskiöld: Periplus, Pl. 27.

[211] Kretschmer, atlas, Pl. 19, map 3.

[212] Theobald Fischer, Portfolio 11, Pl. 3.

[213] R. H. Major, transl. and edit.: The Voyages of the Venetian Brothers, Nicolò and Antonio Zeno, to the Northern Seas, in the XIVth Century, etc., _Hakluyt Soc. Publs._, 1st Ser., Vol. 50, London, 1873; and F. W. Lucas: The Annals of the Voyages of the Brothers Nicolò and Antonio Zeno in the North Atlantic, etc., London, 1898--representing opposite sides of the discussion.

[214] George Cartwright: Journal of Transactions and Events During a Residence of Nearly Sixteen Years on the Coast of Labrador, 3 vols., Newark (Engl.), 1792. Republished as “Captain Cartwright and His Labrador Journal,” with an introduction by W. T. Grenfell, Boston. 1911; reference on pp. 16–25.

[215] R. H. Major, transl. and edit.: The Voyages of the Venetian Brothers, Nicolò and Antonio Zeno, to the Northern Seas, in the XIVth Century, etc., _Hakluyt Soc. Publs._, 1st Ser., Vol. 50, London, 1873.

[216] F. W. Lucas: The Annals of the Voyages of the Brothers Nicolò and Antonio Zeno in the North Atlantic, etc., London, 1898, p. 152.

[217] _Ibid._, Pls. 13 (Mercator’s large-scale world map, 1569) and 14 (Ortelius’ large-scale world map, 1570). Ortelius’ small-scale world map, 1570, of a section of which our Fig. 10 is a reproduction, is facsimiled in A. E. Nordenskiöld: Facsimile-Atlas to the Early History of Cartography, transl. by J. A. Ekelöf and C. R. Markham, Stockholm, 1889, Pl. 46.

[218] Major, pp. 19–24.

[219] Recently on exhibition, but not accessible at present.

[220] Eugène Beauvois: La découverte du nouveau monde par les irlandais, Nancy. 1877, p. 90.

[221] Konrad Kretschmer: Die Entdeckung Amerika’s in ihrer Bedeutung für die Geschichte des Weltbildes, 2 vols. (text and atlas), Berlin, 1892; reference in atlas, Pl. 4, map 5.

[222] A. M. Reeves: The finding of Wineland the Good. London, 1890, pp. 94–95.

[223] A. E. Nordenskiöld: Periplus: An Essay on the Early History of Charts and Sailing-Directions, transl. by F. A. Bather, Stockholm, 1897, Pl. 27.

[224] Kretschmer, atlas, Pl. 19, map 3.

[225] Justin Winsor: Cartier to Frontenac: Geographical Discovery in the Interior of North America in Its Historical Relations, 1534–1700, with Full Cartographical Illustrations from Contemporary Sources, Boston, 1894, pp. 60–61.

[226] Lucas, p. 124.

[227] Lucas, p. 74.

[228] A. E. Nordenskiöld, Periplus, text maps 34 and 35, on pp. 85 and 87, and Pl. 32; _idem_: Facsimile-Atlas, Pl. 30. The first three maps are also reproduced in _idem_: Bidrag till Nordens äldsta Kartografi, Stockholm, 1892, Pls. 3, 1, 2.

[229] Joseph Fischer: The Discoveries of the Norsemen in America with Special Relation to Their Early Cartographical Representation, transl. by B. H. Soulsby, London, 1903, pp. 71 and 72 and Pls. 1–6.

[230] J. G. Kohl: A History of the Discovery of the East Coast of North America, Particularly the Coast of Maine, from the Northmen in 990 to the Charter of Gilbert in 1578 (Documentary History of the State of Maine, Vol. 1). _Colls. Maine Hist. Soc._, 2d Ser., Portland, 1869, p. 105.

[231] Kretschmer, atlas, Pl. 4, map 5.

[232] [M. F.] Santarem: Atlas composé de mappemondes, de portulans, et de cartes hydrographiques et historiques depuis le VI^e jusqu’au XVII^e siècle ... devant servir de preuves à l’histoire de la cosmographie et de la cartographie pendant le Moyen Age ..., Paris. 1842–53, Pl. 9 (Quaritch’s notation).

[233] E. L. Stevenson: Maps Illustrating Early Discovery and Exploration in America, 1502–1530, Reproduced by Photography from the Original Manuscripts, text and 12 portfolios, New Brunswick. N. J., 1906; reference in Portfolio 1.

[234] Ferdinand Columbus: The History of the Life and Actions of Adm. Christopher Columbus, and of His Discovery of the West-Indies, Call’d the New World, Now in Possession of His Catholic Majesty. Written by His Own Son, transl. from the Italian and contained in “A Collection of Voyages and Travels, Some Now First Printed from Original Manuscripts, Others Now First Published in English,” by Awnsham Churchill and John Churchill (6 vols., London, 1732), Vol. 2, pp. 501–628; reference on p. 507.

[235] E. L. Stevenson: Atlas of Portolan Charts: Facsimile of Manuscript in British Museum, _Publs. Hispanic Soc. of Amer. No. 81_, New York, 1911, folios 1b and 8b.

[236] A. E. Nordenskiöld: Bidrag till Nordens äldsta Kartografi, Stockholm, 1892, Pl. 5.

[237] E. g. in [Henry Harrisse]: Bibliotheca Americana Vetustissima: Additions, Paris, 1872, pp. xvi-xviii; and Ferdinand Columbus: The History of the Life and Actions of Adm. Christopher Columbus, and of His Discovery of the West-Indies, Call’d the New World, Now in Possession of His Catholic Majesty. Written by His Own Son, transl. from the Italian and contained in “A Collection of Voyages and Travels, Some Now First Printed from Original Manuscripts, Others Now First Published in English,” by Awnsham Churchill and John Churchill (6 vols., London, 1732), Vol. 2, pp. 501–628; reference on p. 512.

[238] Henry Vignaud: The Columbian Tradition on the Discovery of America and of the Part Played Therein by the Astronomer Toscanelli, Oxford, 1920, pp. 9–10; and _idem_: Le vrai Christophe Colomb et la légende, Paris, 1921, Ch. IX.

[239] A. E. Nordenskiöld: Periplus: An Essay on the Early History of Charts and Sailing-Directions, transl. by F. A. Bather, Stockholm, 1897, p. 177.

[240] E. G. Ravenstein: Martin Behaim: His Life and His Globe, London, 1908, p. 77.

[241] A. E. Nordenskiöld: Facsimile-Atlas to the Early History of Cartography, transl. by J. A. Ekelöf and C. R. Markham, Stockholm, 1889, p. 65 and Pl. 32.

[242] Pietro Martyr d’Anghiera: The Decades of the New World or West India, transl. by Rycharde Eden, London, 1597, First Decade, p. 6. For a modern edition of this work see “De Orbe Novo: The Eight Decades of Peter Martyr D’Anghera,” transl. by F. A. MacNutt, 2 vols., New York, 1912.

[243] E. L. Stevenson: Marine World Chart of Nicolo de Canerio Januensis, 1502 (circa), 2 vols. (text, 1908, and facsimile in portfolio, 1907), Amer. Geogr. Soc. and Hispanic Soc. of Amer., New York, 1907–08.

[244] Konrad Kretschmer: Die Entdeckung Amerika’s in ihrer Bedeutung für die Geschichte des Weltbildes, 2 vols. (text and atlas), Berlin, 1892; see atlas, Pl. 8, map 2.

[245] Friedrich Kunstmann: Ueber einige der ältesten Karten Amerikas, pp. 125–151 in his “Die Entdeckung Amerikas, nach den ältesten Quellen geschichtlich dargestellt,” with an atlas: Atlas zur Entdeckungsgeschichte Amerikas, aus Handschriften der K. Hof- und Staats-Bibliothek, der K. Universitaet und des Hauptconservatoriums der K. B. Armee herausgegeben von Friedrich Kunstmann, Karl von Spruner, Georg M. Thomas, Royal Bavarian Academy of Sciences, Munich, 1859; reference on Pl. 4 of atlas.

[246] Theobald Fischer: Sammlung mittelalterlicher Welt- und Seekarten italienischen Ursprungs, 1 vol. of text and 17 portfolios containing photographs of maps, Venice, 1877–86; reference in Portfolio 13 (Facsimile del planisfero del mondo conosciuto, in lingua catalana, del xv secolo), Pl. 5.

[247] [E. F.] Jomard: Les monuments de la géographie, ou recueil d’anciennes cartes européennes et orientales ... Paris, [1842–62], Pl. X, 1. In Santarem’s atlas (cf. Ch. IX, footnote 18), Pl. 31, the name is interpreted as “Atullis.”

[248] E. L. Stevenson: Atlas of Portolan Charts: Facsimile of Manuscript in British Museum, _Publs. Hispanic Soc. of Amer. No. 81_, New York, 1911, folio 9a.

[249] _Ibid._, folio 1b.

[250] Vicenzio Formaleoni: Description de deux cartes anciennes tirées de la Bibliothèque de St. Marc à Venise, pp. 91–168 of the same author’s “Essai sur la marine ancienne des Vénitiens,” transl. by the Chevalier d’Henin, Venice, 1788; reference on p. 122 and Pl. III.

[251] Alexander von Humboldt: Examen critique de l’histoire de la géographie du nouveau continent, et des progrès de l’astronomie nautique aux quinzième et seizième siècles, 5 vols., Paris, 1836–39; reference in Vol. 2, p. 193. The other mentions of Humboldt in this chapter refer to the same volume, pp. 178–211, except allusions to his correspondence with the Weimar librarian.

[252] _Ibid._, p. 211.

[253] [E. F.] Jomard: Les monuments de la géographie, ou recueil d’anciennes cartes européennes et orientales..., Paris, [1842–62], Pl. X, 1.

[254] Periplus, p. 177.

[255] W. H. Babcock: Indications of Visits of White Men to America before Columbus, _Proc. 19th Internatl. Congr. of Americanists, Held at Washington, Dec. 27–31, 1915_, [Smithsonian Institution,] Washington, D. C., 1917. map on p. 476.

[256] Gustavo Uzielli: Mappamondi, carte nautiche e portolani del medioevo e dei secoli delle grandi scoperte marittime construiti da italiani o trovati nelle biblioteche d’Italia, Part II (pp. 280–390) of “Studi Bibliografici e Biografici sulla Storia della Geografia in Italia,” published on the occasion of the Second International Geographical Congress, Paris, 1875, by the Società Geografica Italiana, Rome, 1875; reference on Pl. 8 (the second edition, Rome, 1882, does not contain the plates).

[257] E. L. Stevenson: Facsimiles of Portolan Charts Belonging to the Hispanic Society of America, _Publs. Hispanic Soc. of Amer. No. 104_, New York, 1916, Pl. 2.

[258] A. E. Nordenskiöld, Periplus, Pl. 20. Cf. also Kretschmer, atlas, Pl. 4. map 2.

[259] Kretschmer, atlas, Pl. 5.

[260] Kretschmer, atlas, Pl. 4.

[261] See footnotes 18 and 19.

[262] A. E. Nordenskiöld, Facsimile-Atlas, p. 73, map in text.

[263] Theobald Fischer, Portfolio 8 (Facsimile del Portolano di Giacomo Giraldi di Venezia dell’ anno 1426).

[264] Original in Majorca. A good copy is owned by T. Solberg, Register of Copyrights, Washington, D. C.

[265] Theobald Fischer, Portfolio 15 (Facsimile del Mappamondo di Fra Mauro dell’ anno 1457 [1459]).

[266] Kretschmer, atlas, Pl. 7.

[267] Book of the Knowledge of All the Kingdoms, Lands, and Lordships That Are in the World, and the Arms and Devices of Each Land and Lordship, or of the Kings and Lords Who Possess Them, written by a Spanish Franciscan in the middle of the 14th century, published for the first time with notes by Marcos Jiménez de la Espada in 1877, translated and edited by Sir Clements Markham, _Hakluyt Soc. Publs._, 2nd Ser., Vol. 29, London, 1912; reference on p. 29.

[268] Theobald Fischer: Sammlung mittelalterlicher Welt- und Seekarten italienischen Ursprungs, 1 vol. of text and 17 portfolios containing photographs of maps, Venice, 1877–86; reference in Portfolio 5 (Facsimile del Portolano Laurenziano-Gaddiano dell’ anno 1351), Pl. 4.

[269] A. E. Nordenskiöld: Periplus: An Essay on the Early History of Charts and Sailing-Directions, transl. by F. A. Bather, Stockholm, 1897, Pl. 11. Our reproduction (Fig. 5) does not extend far enough south to show the islands.

[270] Edrisi’s “Geography,” in two versions, the first based on two, the second on four manuscripts, viz.: (1) P. A. Jaubert (translator): Géographie d’Edrisi, traduite de l’Arabe en Français, 2 vols. (Recueil de Voyages et de Mémoires publié par la Société de Géographie, Vols. 5 and 6), Paris, 1836 and 1840; reference in Vol. 1, p. 201; (2) R. Dozy et M. J. De Goeje (translators): Description de l’Afrique et de L’Espagne par Edrisi: Texte arabe publié pour la première fois d’après les man. de Paris et d’Oxford, Leiden, 1866, pp. 63–64.

[271] [E. F.] Jomard: Les monuments de la géographie, ou recueil d’anciennes cartes européennes et orientales ..., Paris, [1842–62], Pl. X, 1. Also W. H. Babcock: Early Norse Visits to North America, _Smithsonian Misc. Colls._, Vol. 59, No. 19, Washington, D. C., 1913, Pls. 1 and 2.

[272] The Historical Library of Diodorus the Sicilian, in 15 Books: to which are added the fragments of Diodorus, and those published by H. Valesius, I. Rhodomannus, and F. Ursinus, transl. by G. Booth, Esq., 2 vols., London, 1814; reference in Vol. 1, Bk. 5, Ch. 2, pp. 308–309.

[273] Alexander von Humboldt: Examen critique de l’histoire de la géographie du nouveau continent et des progrès de l’astronomie nautique aux quinzième et seizième siècles, 5 vols., Paris, 1836–39; reference in Vol. 2, pp. 237–240.

[274] _Det Götheborgska Wetenskaps och Witterhets Samhällets Handlingar_, Vol. 1, 1778, pp. 106–108, and Pl. 6. See also Moedas phenicias e cyrenaicas encontradas em 1749 na ilha do Corvo, _Archivo dos Açores_, Vol. 3, pp. 11–113.

[275] Conrad Malte-Brun: Précis de géographie universelle, 8 vols., Paris, 1810–29; reference in Vol. 1 of that edition, constituting “L’Histoire de la Géographie,” 1810, p. 596.

[276] Edrisi, (Dozy and De Goeje), p. 1.

[277] S. Morewood: Philosophic and Statistical History of Inventions and Customs, ... Inebriating Liquors, Dublin, 1838, p. 322.

[278] Humboldt, Examen critique, Vol. 2, p. 227.

[279] André Thevet: La cosmographie universelle, 2 vols., Paris, 1575; reference in Vol. 2, p. 1022.

[280] The Geography of Strabo, transl. by H. C. Hamilton and W. Falconer (Bohn’s Classical Library), 3 vols., London, 1854; reference in Vol. 1, pp. 255–257.

[281] Captain Boid: A Description of the Azores, or Western Islands, London, 1834, pp. 316–317.

[282] Borges de F. Henriques: A Trip to the Azores or Western Islands, Boston, 1867, pp. 35–36.

[283] Theobald Fischer, Portfolio 5, Pl. 4.

[284] _Idem_, Portfolio 7, Pl. 4.

[285] A. E. Nordenskiöld, Periplus, Pl. 11 (not shown on Fig. 5).

[286] Gustavo Uzielli: Mappamondi, carte nautiche e portolani del medioevo e dei secoli delle grandi scoperte marittime construiti da italiani o trovati nelle biblioteche d’Italia, Part II (pp. 280–390) of “Studi Bibliografici e Biografici sulla Storia della Geografia in Italia,” published on the occasion of the Second International Geographical Congress, Paris, 1875, by the Società Geografica Italiana, Rome, 1875; reference on Pl. 8 (the second edition, Rome, 1882, does not contain the plates). Also Babcock, Early Norse Visits to North America, Pl. 4. See our Fig. 20.

[287] Konrad Kretschmer: Die Entdeckung Amerika’s in ihrer Bedeutung für die Geschichte des Weltbildes, 2 vols. (text and atlas), Berlin, 1892; reference in atlas, Pl. 4. See our Fig. 22.

[288] Borges de F. Henriques, pp. 35–36.

[289] A. E. Nordenskiöld: Facsimile-Atlas to the Early History of Cartography, transl. by J. A. Ekelöf and C. R. Markham, Stockholm, 1889, Pl. 32.

[290] E. J. Payne, edit.: Voyages of the Elizabethan Seamen to America: Select Narratives from the Principal Navigations of Hakluyt, Ser. 1, Hawkins, Frobisher, Drake, 2d edit., Oxford, 1893, p. 183. Cf. also E. W. Dahlgren’s note in _Proc. and Trans. Nova Scotian Inst. of Sci._, Vol. 11, 1902–06, p. 551.

[291] Miller Christy: On “Busse Island,” in C. C. A. Gosch: Danish Arctic Expeditions 1605 to 1620, Bk. I: Expeditions to Greenland, _Hakluyt Soc. Publs._, 1st Series, Vol. 96, London, 1897, Appendix B, pp. 164–202; reference on p. 167.

[292] Miller Christy, pp. 171 and 173.

[293] Nieuwe wassende zee caart van de Noord-Oceaen, med een gedeelte van de Atlantische, etc., Amsterdam, 1745 (as cited by Miller Christy, _op. cit._, p. 178, footnote 1).

[294] H. S. Poole: The Sunken Land of Bus, _Proc. and Trans. Nova Scotian Inst. of Sci._, Vol. 11, 1902–06, pp. 193–198. See also: Sir John Murray and R. E. Peake: On Recent Contributions to the Knowledge of the Floor of the Atlantic Ocean, Royal Geogr. Soc., London, 1904; references on pp. 8 and 10 and inset “Soundings Taken by S. S. Minia, 1903” of the accompanying chart.

[295] A. E. Nordenskiöld: Periplus: An Essay on the Early History of Charts and Sailing Directions, transl. in F. A. Bather, Stockholm, 1897, Pl. 20.

[296] Justin Winsor: Cartier to Frontenac: Geographical Discovery in the Interior of North America In its Historical Relations, 1534–1700, with Full Cartographical Illustrations from Contemporary Sources, Boston and New York, 1894, pp. 60–61.

[297] Konrad Kretschmer: Die Entdeckung Amerika’s in ihrer Bedeutung für die Geschichte des Weltbildes, 2 vols. (text and atlas), Berlin, 1892; reference in atlas, Pl. 16.

[298] Kretschmer, atlas, Pl. 23.

[299] Nordenskiöld, Facsimile-Atlas, Pl. 46.

[300] Drei Karten von Gerhard Mercator: Europa--Britische Inseln--Weltkarte: Facsimile-Lichtdruck nach den Originalen der Stadtbibliothek zu Breslau, Geogr. Soc., Berlin, 1891; reference on Weltkarte, Pls. 3 and 9. See also: [E. F.] Jomard: Les monuments de la géographie, ou recueil d’anciennes cartes européennes et orientales ..., Paris, [1842–62], Pl. XXI, 2.

[301] Kretschmer, atlas, Pl. 17.

[302] Friedrich Kunstmann: Die Entdeckung Amerikas, nach den ältesten Quellen geschichtlich dargestellt, with an atlas: Atlas zur Entdeckungsgeschichte Amerikas, aus Handschriften der K. Hof- und Staats-Bibliothek, der K. Universitaet und des Hauptconservatoriums der K. B. Armee herausgegeben von Friedrich Kunstmann, Karl von Spruner, Georg M. Thomas, Royal Bavarian Academy of Sciences, Munich, 1859; reference in atlas, Pl. 13.

[303] Alberto Magnaghi: La carta nautica costruita nel 1325 da Angelino Dalorto, with facsimile, Florence, 1898 (published on the occasion of the Third Italian Geographical Congress). Cf. also: _idem_: Il mappamondo del genovese Angellinus de Dalorto (1325): Contributo all storia della cartografia mediovale, _Atti del Terzo Congr. Geogr. Italiano, tenuto in Firenzi dal 12 al 17 Aprile, 1898_, Florence, 1899, Vol. 2, pp. 506–543; and _idem_: Angellinus de Dalorco (_sic_), cartografo italiano della prima metà del secolo XIV, _Riv. Geogr. Italiana_, Vol. 4, 1897, pp. 282–294 and 361–369.

[304] Nordenskiöld, Periplus, Pl. 8.

[305] Theobald Fischer: Sammlung mittelalterlicher Welt- und Seekarten italienischen Ursprungs, 1 vol. of text and 17 portfolios containing photographs of maps, Venice, 1877–86; reference in Portfolio 5 (Facsimile del Portolano Laurenziano-Gaddiano dell’ anno 1351), Pl. 4.

[306] [E. F.] Jomard: Les monuments de la géographie, ou recueil d’anciennes cartes européennes et orientales.... Paris, [1842–62], Pl. X, 1.

[307] Kretschmer, atlas, Pl. 5.

[308] Gustavo Uzielli: Mappamondi, carte nautiche e portolani del medioevo e dei secoli delle grandi scoperte marittime construiti da italiani o trovati nelle biblioteche d’Italia, Part II (pp. 280–390) of “Studi Bibliografici e Biografici sulla Storia della Geografia in Italia,” published on the occasion of the Second International Geographical Congress, Paris, 1875, by the Società Geografica Italiana, Rome, 1875; reference on Pl. 8 (the second edition, Rome, 1882, does not contain the plates).

[309] Drei Karten von Gerhard Mercator, Berlin, 1891; reference on Weltkarte, Pl. 13.

[310] Nordenskiöld, Facsimile-Atlas, map 82 on p. 131.

[311] _Ibid._, Pl. 49.

[312] Early Norse Visits to North America, _Smithsonian Misc. Colls._, Vol. 59, No. 19, Washington, D. C., 1913; Recent History and Present Status of the Vinland Problem, _Geogr. Rev._, Vol. 11, 1921, pp. 265–282; and Chapters VII and VIII, above.

[313] Eugène Beauvois: La découverte du nouveau monde par les irlandais, Nancy, 1875.

[314] Gustav Storm: Studies on the Vineland Voyages, _Mémoires Soc. Royale des Antiquaires du Nord_ (Copenhagen), N. S., 1884–89, pp. 307–370.

[315] Alexander von Humboldt: Examen critique de l’histoire de la géographie du nouveau continent et des progrès de l’astronomie nautique aux quinzième et seizième siècles, 5 vols., Paris, 1836–39; reference in Vol. 2, p. 107.

[316] Theobald Fischer: Sammlung mittelalterlicher Welt- und Seekarten italienischen Ursprungs, 1 vol. of text and 17 portfolios containing photographs of maps, Venice, 1877–86; reference in Portfolio 9 (Facsimile dell’ Atlante di Andrea Bianco dell’ anno 1436), Pl. 7.

INDEX

Adam of Bremen, 106;
on Greenland, 94

Anghiera. _See_ Martyr, Peter

Animal and bird names, 44

Antela, 149

Antiglia, map opp. 74, 75, 147

Antilles, 144;
identity with Antillia, 162

Antillia, 188;
as an early map item, 144;
Atlantis and, 148;
on Beccario map of 1426, 151;
on Beccario map of 1435, 70, 151;
on Benincasa map of 1482, 70, 159;
on Bianco map of 1436, 156;
Humboldt’s hypothesis of origin of name, 148;
identity with the Antilles, 162;
on Laon globe of 1493, 161;
of the mainland, 147;
Martyr’s (Peter) identification, 145;
origin of the name, 148;
other identifications, 146;
on Pareto map of 1455, 157;
on Roselli map of 1468, 155;
on Ruysch map of 1508, 145;
Seven Cities (island) and, 69, 188;
spelling of the word, 146;
unmentioned on certain notable maps, 161;
on Weimar map, 150, 159

Arctic monastery, 136–137, 138

Ari Frode, 101

Arna-Magnaean MS. No. 194, 116, 119

Arna-Magnaean MS. No. 557, on Markland, 115

Athens and Atlantis, 1, 33

Atlantic continental mass, theory of Termier, 19

Atlantic submarine banks, 24

Atlantis, Antillia and, 148;
improbability of existence, 18;
invasion of the Mediterranean, 16;
location and size, 17;
Plato’s account, 3, 11, 32, 187;
Sargasso Sea as, 29;
submergence, question of, 22;
Termier on, 14

Avezac, M. A. P. d’, 8, 114

Avienus, 27

Ayala, Pedro de, 65, 68

Azores, description, 164;
floral and faunal indications of mainland connection, 21;
Mayda and, 92;
names of islands, 21;
occurrence of name “Seven Cities” in, 78;
two series on Bianco map of 1448, 122

Babcock, W. H., “Early Norse Visits,” 6, 115, 172, 184;
“Indications of Visits,” 46, 57, 71, 86, 150

Baffin Land, 111, 184

Bahamas, 155, 163, 188

Barra, 181, 183

Basques, 8

Beauvois, Eugène, 131, 184

Beccario map of 1426, Antillia on, 151;
reproduction of a photographed section (ill.), opp. 45;
St. Brendan’s Islands on, 45

Beccario map of 1435, Antilles, four islands, on, 153;
Antillia on, 70, 151, 153;
Daculi on, 183;
reproduction of section (ill.), 152

Behaim globe of 1492, St. Brendan’s Islands on, 47

Benedict, R. D., 38

Benincasa map of 1482, Antillia on, 70, 159;
reproduction of section (ill.), 160

Beothuks, 123, 131

Bermuda and Mayda, 93, 188

Bianco map of 1436, Antillia on, 156;
reproduction of section (ill.), 179;
Stokafixa on, 185

Bianco map of 1448, St. Brendan’s Islands on, 46;
two series of Azores, 122

Bimini (Beimini), 146

Bird names, 44

Birds, isle of, 166

Blaskets, 181

Blunt, E. M., 91

Boid, Captain, 170

Book of the Spanish Friar, 44, 55, 92, 165;
on the Azores, 165

Bourne, E. G., 55

Bra, 181

Brazil (island), on Catalan map of 1375, 58;
on Catalan map of about 1480, 61;
on Dalorto map of 1325, 50, 56, 121;
early maps, occurrence, 55;
location and shape, 57;
in place of Markland, 121;
Mayda and, 83;
on Nicolay map of 1560, 61, 121;
Norse and Irish omission of name, 66;
St. Lawrence, Gulf of, and, 59, 187;
Seven Cities (island) and, 68;
on Sylvanus map of 1511, 65;
two on the same map, 121–122

Brazil (word), derivation, 50, 52;
spellings, 50;
various applications, 121

Brendan (Brandan; Brenainn), St., adventures, Lismore version, 34;
explanations of Brendan narratives, 35;
exploration, 34, 48, 187;
probable basis of fact in narratives, 38

Brendan’s (St.) Islands, 34;
on Beccario map of 1426, 45;
on Behaim globe of 1492, 47;
on Bianco map of 1448, 46;
on Dulcert map of 1339, 42;
Hereford map testimony, 38;
on later maps, 48;
on the Pizigani map of 1367, 43

Bretons, exploration, 8, 84

Brown, A. S., 78

Buache, N., 78

Bullar, Joseph and Henry, 79

Buss Island, 174, disappearance from map, 177;
discovery, 175;
map (ill.), 176

Cabot, John, 10, 55

Canary Islands, mainland connection, question of, 21;
tradition concerning St. Brendan, 39

Canerio map, 146

Cape Breton, 118–119, 127, 132, 135, 185;
Mayda and, 92, 93

Cape Cod, Mayda and, 92, 188

Capmany, Antonio de, 54

Carthaginians, Corvo and, 167;
statues and coins, 169

Cartier, Jacques, 59

Cartwright, George, 123

Catalan map of 1375, Brazil (island) on, 58;
Mayda on, 84;
reproduction (ill.), 58

Catalan map of about 1480, Brazil (island) on, 61;
Fixlanda (Iceland) on, 141;
Greenland on, 62, 96, 120;
reproduction of section (ill.), 64

Catholique, La, 180

Cerne, 27

Chau Ju-Kua, 2

Chesapeake Bay, 119

Christy, Miller, 175, 176, 177

Churchill Collection, 140

Clavus map of 1427, Greenland on, 105, 139;
reproduction of section (ill.), 104

Coins found in Corvo, 167

Columbus, Christopher, 10

Columbus, Ferdinand, “Life of Christopher Columbus,” 69, 71, 140, 144

Conigi, Li, 8, 165, 172, 182

Coombs, Captain, 100

Coppo map of 1528, Greenland on, 96;
reproduction (ill.), 97

Corvo, 22;
ancient memorials, 166;
comparative representations on maps (ill.), 172;
equestrian statues, 168;
Mayda and, 92;
origin of name, 164;
Pizigani map of 1367 and, 168

Cuba, 153, 162, 163, 188

Daculi, 181;
on Pareto map of 1455, 183

Dalorto map of 1325, Brazil (island) on, 50, 56, 121;
mythical islands on, 181;
reproduction (ill.), 51

Dawson, S. E., 48

Demons, 37, 89;
islands of, 178

Desceliers map of 1546, Greenland on, 99;
Mayda on, 87;
reproduction of section (ill.), 76;
saintly islands on, 180;
Seven Cities (island) on, 75

Devil Rock, 91

Diodorus Siculus, 1, 4, 16, 42, 166

Disko, 184

Dragons, 37, 83, 149

Drogio, first mention, 124, 127;
meaning, 133;
region designated, 132;
spelling, 132;
on Zeno map of 1558, 126

Dulcert map of 1339, St. Brendan’s Islands on, 42

Edrisi, “Geography,” 7, 39, 166, 168;
on the isle of birds, 166

Egerton MS. 2803. _See_ World map in portolan atlas of about 1508

_Emmanuel_ (ship), 175

Emperadada, Encorporada, Encorporade (Incorporado), 180

Equestrian statues, 168

Eric the Red, 101, 108, 109, 115

Eskimos, 110, 111

Espinosa, Alonso de, 39

Esthlanda, 131

Estotiland, 122; derivation, conjectures, 130;
first mention, 124, 127;
on Prunes map of 1553, 131;
region designated, 130;
on Zeno map of 1558, 126

Estotilanders, 131

Faria y Sousa, Manuel de, 73;
on Corvo, 169

Fischer, Joseph, 61, 105, 116, 139

Fischer, Theobald, 44, 45, 46, 47, 56, 57, 84, 86, 92, 114, 122, 147,
161, 165, 172, 182, 185

Fixlanda, 96, 185;
on Catalan map of 1480, 141

Flores, 8, 171, 172, 182

Florida, 146, 155, 163, 188

Formaleoni, Vicenzio, 148

Fortunate Islands, 38, 39.
_See also_ Brendan’s (St.) Islands

Freducci, Conde, 150

Frisland, 136, 175, 185;
Buss Island and, 177;
confusion with Iceland, 141;
occurrence of name, 140;
on Zeno map of 1558, 141

Galvano, Antonio, 72

Germain, Louis, 21

Germanus, Donnus Nicolaus, world map (after 1466), Greenland on, 105,
139;
reproduction of section (ill.), opp. 105

Ginnungagap, 178

Gnupsson, Eric, 109

Gosch, C. C. A., 175

Grand Banks, 185

Grand Manan, 188

Great Abaco, 155, 162–163

Great Iceland, 184

Greeks, early exploration, 4

Green Island, 95;
on sixteenth-century maps, 97;
various islands;
shrinkage of the name, 99

Greenland, Adam of Bremen’s account, 94;
on Catalan map of about 1480, 62, 96, 120;
on Clavus map of 1427, 105, 139;
on Coppo map of 1528, 96;
on Desceliers map of 1546, 99;
on Germanus (D. N.) map, 105, 139;
insular character, 95;
intercourse with Markland, 119;
life of Icelandic colony, 106;
on Nicolay map of 1560, 98;
Norse settlements, 137;
Norse settlements (with map), 103;
origin of name, 101;
on Ortelius map of 1570, 99;
as a peninsula, 105;
on Sigurdr Stefánsson map, 106;
Thorláksson map of 1606 (ill.), 98;
on Zeno map of 1558, 105, 139

Greenlanders, early explorations, 109

Grocland, 184

Gunnbjörn’s skerries, 174

Haiti, 162

Hall, James, 177

Hand of Satan, 156, 178

Hardiman, James, 50

Harrisse, Henry, 144

Hauk’s Book on Markland, 114

Hebrides, 181, 182, 183

Helluland, 115, 116, 188

Henriques, Borges de F., 171, 173

Hereford map of 1275, St. Brendan’s Islands on, 38

Himilco, 27

Holmes, W. H., 3

Hood, Thomas, 180

Hovgaard, William, on Icelandic settlement of Greenland, 102, 109,
110, 115, 116;
suggestion of two Winelands, 119

Humboldt, Alexander von, on Antillia, 148;
on Bianco map of 1436, 157;
on Corvo, 167;
“Examen critique,” 37, 52, 55, 78, 81, 148, 167, 169, 185

Hydrographic Office, 30, 31, 32

I in Mar, 155, 188

Icaria, 136;
on Zeno map of 1558, 142

Iceland, confusion on maps, 141;
Great Iceland, 184;
Greenland discovery and relations, 101;
on Zeno map of 1558, 141

Illa Verde, 96.
_See also_ Greenland

Imagination in cartography, 143

Incorporado, 180

Ireland, submerged lands about, 25

Irish sea-roving, 5

Island of the Seven Cities. _See_ Seven Cities (island)

Islands, cataclysms, 174;
mythical and scattered, 174

Italians, exploration, 8

Jamaica, 163, 188

Janvier, T. A., 30

Jomard, E. F., 8, 30, 43, 55, 70, 83, 147, 149, 166, 179, 182

Jónsson, Finnur, 102–103

Jowett, Benjamin, 11, 18

Karlsefni, Thorfinn, 109, 115, 116;
geography of narrative and later records, 117

Kilda, St., 142, 183

Kjalarness, 116, 118

Kohl, J. G., 139

Kohl collection, 57, 85

Krakens, 149

Kretschmer, Konrad, 45, 48, 57, 58, 60, 61, 69, 70, 75, 82, 84, 86,
87, 96, 97, 98, 99, 105, 114, 117, 121, 131, 132, 140, 146,
157, 159, 162, 172, 178, 179, 180, 183

Krümmel, Otto, 30

Kunstmann, Friedrich, 146, 180

Labrador as Markland, 117

La Catholique, 180

La Man Satanaxio, 156, 178

Laon globe of 1493, Antillia on, 161

Legname, 8, 114

Leif Ericsson, 109

Li Conigi, 8, 165, 172, 182

Lismore, Book of, 34

Lucas, F. W., 122, 125;
on Drogio, 133;
on the Zeno narrative, 137, 138

Madeira Islands, as the Fortunate Islands of St. Brendan, 42;
name, 44, 114

Magnaghi, Alberto, 50, 69, 121, 181

Major, R. H., 122, 124, 129;
study of the Zeno narrative, 136

Malte-Brun, Conrad, 167

Man or Mam, 83. _See also_ Mayda

Maps (ills.), Beccario of 1426, opp. 45;
Beccario of 1435, 152;
Benincasa of 1482, 160;
Bianco of 1436, 179;
Buss Island of 1673, 176;
Catalan of 1375, 58;
Catalan of about 1480, 64;
Clavus of 1427, 104;
Coppo of 1528, 97;
Corvo representations, 172;
Dalorto of 1325, 51;
Desceliers of 1546, 76;
Egerton MS. 2803, opp. 74;
Germanus (D. N.), after 1466, opp. 105;
Greenland, Norse settlements, 103;
Nicolay of 1560, 62;
Ortelius of 1570, 77;
Pareto of 1455, 158;
Pizigani of 1367, 40–41;
Ptolemy of 1513, 82;
Prunes of 1553, 88;
Sargasso Sea, 28;
Stefánsson of 1590, 107;
Thorláksson of 1606, 98;
Zeno of 1558, 126

Marco Polo, 53

Markland, Brazil (island) in place of, 121;
Hauk’s Book account, 114;
intercourse with Greenland, 119;
Labrador as, 117;
name, 114;
Newfoundland as, 114, 188;
Nova Scotia as, 118;
on Sigurdr Stefánsson map, 116;
Zeno narrative and, 122

Martyr, Peter, d’Anghiera, “Decades,” 145;
identification of Antillia, 145

Mayda, Azores and, 92;
basis of fact about, 91, 188;
Brazil (island) and, 83;
on Catalan map of 1375, 84;
“Man” and, 84;
modern maps, persistence on, 90;
name, spelling and origin, 81;
on Ortelius map of 1570, 90;
on Pizigani map of 1367, 83;
on Prunes map of 1553, 87;
problem of, 81;
on Ptolemy map of 1513, 82;
transference, on maps, to American waters, 87;
Vlaenderen and, 89

Mediterranean Sea, Atlantean invasion, 16

Mercator, Gerhard, world map of 1569, 125, 179, 184

Miller, Konrad, 39

_Minia_ (ship), 178

Monastery in the Arctic, 136–137, 138

Montonis, 56, 181

Moorish voyages, 7

Morewood, S., 168

Mount Hope Bay, 188

Muratori, L. A., 53

Murray, Sir John, 24;
on the Sargasso Sea, 31

Murray, Sir John, and R. E. Peake, 177–178

Nansen, Fridtjof, 27, 29, 60, 61, 94, 101, 117

Navarro, L. F., 22

Navigation, early obstruction, 27

Negra’s Rock, 90, 91, 175, 186

Neome (Fair Island), 136, 140

Newfoundland, 185; as Markland, 114, 117;
on Nicolay map of 1560, 132

Nicolay map of 1560, Brazil (island) on, 61, 121;
Greenland on, 98;
Mayda on, 87;
Newfoundland on, 132;
reproduction of section (ill.), 62

Nordenskiöld, A. E., on Antillia, 144;
“Bidrag,” 61, 96, 120, 139, 141;
“Facsimile-Atlas,” 1, 48, 71, 75, 90, 99, 105, 125, 145, 161, 174,
179, 184;
“Periplus,” 27, 42, 56, 57, 58, 60, 61,69, 84, 85, 86, 87, 89, 98,
114, 121, 132, 139, 145, 150, 156, 165, 172, 178, 182;
on the Weimar map, 150

Norsemen, early exploration, 5;
early settlements in Greenland, 103 (with map), 137;
Eskimos and, 111

Nova Scotia as Markland, 118

Olsen, J. E., 55

Ortelius map of 1570, demon islands on, 179;
Greenland on, 99;
Mayda on, 90;
reproduction of section (ill.), 77;
Seven Cities (island) on, 75;
Zeno additions on, 125

Pareto map of 1455, Antillia on, 157;
Daculi on, 183;
reproduction of section (ill.), 158

Payne, E. J., 175

Perseus, 16, 17

Peter Martyr. _See_ Martyr, Peter

Phoenicians, Corvo and, 167;
early explorations, 1, 3

Pizigani map of 1367, Corvo and, 168;
Daculi and Bra on, 182;
Mayda on, 83;
reproduction (ill.), 40–41;
St. Brendan’s Islands on, 43

Plato on Atlantis, 3, 11, 32, 187

Podolyn, Johan, 167

Poole, H. S., 177

Porlanda (Pomona), 136, 140

Porto Rico, 162

Porto Santo, 43

Portuguese discovery, 9;
refugees and Seven Cities island, 71

Promontorium Vinlandiae, 118, 119

Prunes map of 1553, Estotiland on, 131;
Mayda on, 87;
reproduction of section (ill.), 88;
Zeno islands on, 140

Ptolemy map of 1513, Mayda on, 82;
reproduction of section (ill.), 82

Ravenstein, E. G., 47, 71, 105, 145

Reeves, A. M., 115, 116, 131

Reylla, 188;
on Beccario map of 1435, 154;
on Roselli map of 1468, 155

Rink, Henry, on Greenland, 102, 104

Robert, M., 90

Rockall, 91, 100

Rocks, sunken, 91, 100

Romans, early exploration, 5

Roselli map of 1468, Antillia on, 155

Runic inscription in Greenland, 109–110

Ruysch map of 1508, Antillia inscription, 145;
island destroyed by combustion, 174

St. Anne, 180, 181

St. Brendan. _See_ Brendan

St. Kilda, 142, 183

St. Lawrence, Gulf of, possible identification of Brazil (island)
with, 59

St. Michael, (Azores), 78, 168, 169, 188

St. X, 180

Saintly islands, 180

Salvagio, 188;
on Beccario map of 1435, 154

Santarem, M. F., 52, 140

Sargasso Sea, 3, 18, 187;
as Atlantis, 29;
map (ill.), 28

Satanaxio, 156, 178, 188

Scandinavians. _See_ Norsemen

Scharff, R. F., 21

Schott, Gerhard, 30

Schuchert, Charles, 23

Schuller, Rudolph, 13

Scorafixa, 185

Scylax of Caryanda, 27

Seller, John, 176

Seven Cities (island), 68, 188;
Antillia and, 69;
Brazil (island) and, 68;
on Desceliers map of 1546, 75;
home of Portuguese refugees, 71;
later reappearance as an island, 75;
mainland location, 74;
name in the Azores, 78;
on Ortelius map of 1570, 75

Shepherd, Thomas, 177

Shetland, 131, 181

Ships, early, 2

Skraelings, 111

Solberg, T., 57, 161

Soley, J. C., 30, 31

Spanish Friar. _See_ Book of the Spanish Friar

Stefánsson (Sigurdr) map of 1590 (?), Greenland on, 106;
Helluland, Markland, and Vinland on, 116;
reproduction (ill.), 107

Stevens, John, 73

Stevenson, E. L., “Atlas of Portolan Charts,” 74, 141, 147;
“Facsimiles of Portolan Charts,” 57, 86, 155;
“Maps Illustrating Early Discovery,” 117, 140;
“Marine World Chart of Nicolo de Canerio Jannensis,” 146;
“Portolan Charts,” 27

Stokafixa, 185

Stokes, Whitley, 34

Storm, Gustav, 111, 184

Strabo, 42, 169

Straumey, 188

Straumfiord, 188

Submarine banks, 24

Sylvanus map of 1511, Brazil (island) on, 65

Tachylyte, 23

Termier, Pierre, on Atlantis, 14;
theory of ancient Atlantic continent, 19, 21, 23

Thevet, André, 169

Thorláksson map of 1606, reproduction (ill.), 98

Tobago, 99

Torfaeus’ “Gronlandia,” 96–97, 98, 106, 107, 116

Toscanelli, Paolo, 69, 144

Trouvères, 36

Tulloch, Captain, 100

Uzielli, Gustavo, 45, 57, 70, 86, 151, 172, 183

Valsequa map of 1439, 57

Van Keulen’s chart of 1795, 177

Vespucius, 10

Vignaud, Henry, “Columbian Tradition,” 10;
on the Toscanelli letter, 144

Vinland, 188;
Hovgaard’s suggestion, 119

Vlaenderen and Mayda, 89

Weare, G. E., 68

Weimar map (after 1481), Antillia on, 150, 159

Westropp, T. J., “Brasil,” 26, 34, 36, 60, 61, 96;
“Early Italian maps,” 54;
on submerged lands near Iceland, 25

Wiars, Thomas, 175

Wineland the Good, 116. _See also_ Vinland

Winsor, Justin, 59, 60, 65, 85, 89, 132, 178

Wonderstrands, 116, 188

World map in portolan atlas of about 1508, Antiglia on, 147;
Iceland on, 141;
reproduction of section (ill.), opp. 74;
Seven Cities (island) on, 74

Yule, Sir Henry, 53

Zaltieri map of 1566, 61, 87, 98, 132

Zeno, Antonio and Nicolò, 9, 124

Zeno, Nicolò, the younger, 124, 134, 135, 143

Zeno map of 1558, Finland and Iceland on, 141;
Greenland on, 105, 139;
Icaria on, 142;
reproduction (ill.), 126

Zeno narrative, account of the book, 124;
brief summary, 135;
discrepancies of the fisherman’s story, 133;
geographical implication, 129;
Lucas’ study, 137;
Major’s study, 136;
Markland and, 122;
narrative quoted, 128

* * * * * *

Transcriber’s note:

Punctuation, hyphenation, and spelling were made consistent when a predominant preference was found in the original book; otherwise they were not changed.

Simple typographical errors were corrected; unpaired quotation marks were remedied when the change was obvious, and otherwise left unpaired.

Footnotes originally were at the bottoms of pages. Here, they are just before the Index.

Illustrations in this eBook have been positioned between paragraphs and outside quotations. In versions of this eBook that support hyperlinks, the page references in the List of Illustrations lead to the corresponding illustrations.

The text in some maps is in different orientations, and sometimes indecipherable. Transcriber could not determine the correct orientation of the map in Fig. 7, and chose one that made some of the larger words upright.

The index was not checked for proper alphabetization or correct page references. Redundant hemi-title “Index” removed by Transcriber.